European Shortsea Shipping
Proceedings from the
First European Research Roundtable Conference
on Shortsea Shipping
(26-27 November 1992, Technical University Delft,
The Netherlands)
E D I T E D B Y
Professor Dr. Ir. N . Wijnolst
Faculty of Mechanical Engiiiecririf^ and Manne Technnloi^y Tcchnifal Universily Delft
Professor Dr. C. Peeters
DeparlmenI of Transport Economics Uniüarsity of Antwerp, RUCADrs. P. Liebman
Managing Director, Theodora TankerK The Nelheriands TECHNISCHE UE'jSVERSITEIT Laboratorium voor Scheepshydromechanica Archief Mekelweg 2. 2628 CD Delft t a b 015 - 7868rj - Fax: 015 - 781838
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L O N D O N N E W Y O R K H A M B U R G H O N G K O N GL L O Y D ' S OF L O N D O N PRESS L T D .
1993
Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. Legal Publishing Division 27 Swinton Street London WC I X 9NW
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© First European Research Roundtable Conference on Shortsea Shipping, 1993 First published in Great Britain, 1993
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Contents
Page
Contributors xix Introduction xxi Introductory' Speeches
Speech of Mrs. Hanja Maij-Weggen, Minister of Transport, The
Netherlands xxv Speech of Drs. J. H. G. Jacobs, Directorate-General, Shipping and
Maritime Affairs xxvi Speech of A. Guinier, Secretary-General, European Community's
Shipowners Associations, Brussels xxviii Key-note address by Prof. Dr. C. Peeters xxx Closing Speech (summary) by Dr. W. Blonk, European Comniission,
DG VII, Brussels xxxiii Policy Recommendations xxxv 1. S H O R T S E A S H I P P I N G A N D T H E W O R L D C A R G O C A R R Y I N G F L E E T — A S T A T I S T I C A L S U M M A R Y J. Crilley, C. J. Dean Abstract -^^ Introduction 2 1. Overall perspective 3
2. The world cargo-carrying fleet—registration and ownership 5 3. Ownership ofthe shortsea and deepsea components ofthe world
cargo-carrying fleet—by ship type categories 7
4. European owned shortsea and deepsea fleets 9
5. Annual ship completions and losses/scrappings 9
Appendix 1 22 Appendix 2A -1^3 Appendix 2B -^5 Appendix 3 Appendix 4 27 Appendix 5 20 2. T H E P O T E N T I A L FOR F A S T S H I P S I N E U R O P E A N F R E I G H T T R A N S P O R T K.Levander
Can sea transportation be fast? 22
Industry life cycle 23
vi Contents
Page
The new shipbuilding wave 24 Technical possibilities 25 Payload and speed 26 Best solution depends on size 27
High speed hull forms 28 Monohull, Catamaran or Trimaran 28
Winter navigation 30 Cargo unit trends 31
European shipping 31 Regular daily service 33 Speed in port 34 Speed at what cost? 35
The inter-modal port 35 Are the economics feasible? 37 Future sliip concepts 37
Bibliography 38 Terminology 38 3. L O G I S T I C R E Q U I R E M E N T S A N D S H O R T S E A S H I P P I N G
F. N. Caspers. R. ter Brugge
Abstract 40 1. Introduction 40 2. Broken and unbroken transport chains 41
3. Logistical requirements 44 4. Possibilities for innovations in shortsea shipping 48
5. Policy and R & D recommendations 49
Policy recommendations 49 R & D recommendations 50 50 References Bibliography 51 4. A U T O S T R A D E D E L M A R E R.C. Bagchus.B. Kuipers Abstract 52 Introduction 52 Government policy 53 Combined transport 53 Policy consequences in the Netherlands 55
Economic functions of goods transport 56
Transport function indicators 57 Shift from road transport to coastal shipping:
Netherlands-Portugal 57 Consequences for consignors 59
Logistics 59 Other obstacles
External costs versus policy costs 61 Conclusions
Contents vii Page Annex 2 64 Bibliograpliy 65 5. I N N O V A T I O N I N M U L T I - M O D A L L O G I S T I C S S O L U T I O N S S.N.A.WeUs 66 Enviroliner 75 6. I M P A C T OF N E W T E C H N O L O G I E S ON S H O R T S E A
S H I P P I N G I N G R E E C E H. N.P sara ftis. A.D. Papan ikolau
Abstract 79 1. Introduction 79 2. The Greek coastal shipping system: status quo SO
2.1 Geography 80 2.2 Fleet composition g] 2.3 Volume of traffic 83 2.4 Network design 85 2.5 Port infrastructure 86 2.6 Other system features 86
3. Future prospects 87 3.1 New institutional environment 87
3.2 New ship technologies: advanced marine vehicles 88 3.3 New transport network design and infrastructure 90
4. Conclusions and policy recommendations 91
4.1 Conclusions 91 4.2 Policy recommendations 91 5. Acknowledgments 92 References 92 7. I N F O R M A T I O N S Y S T E M FOR I M P R O V I N G M A R K E T A C T I V I T I E S I N T H E S H O R T S E A T R A D E A.J Bos H. de Vos Abstract 95 I . Introduction 95
1.1 Functioning of the shortsea trade 95
1.1.1 Segmentation 95 1.1.2 Supply and demand 96
1.2 Co-operation 96 2. Expectations 96 3. Bottlenecks and systems 97
3.1 Bottlenecks 97 3.2 Systems 9g 4. Modelling the market 98
4.1 Description of the hierarchic model for decision making 98
4.2 The model 99 4.3 Explanation of results 99
v i i i Contents
Page
5. Conclusions 99 5.1 General 99 5.2 Supply and demand 101
5.3 Policy recommendations 101
Appendix. The model 102 8. S T A T U S A N D P E R S P E C T I V E S OF T E C H N O L O G I C A L
D E V E L O P M E N T I N E U R O P E A N S H O R T S E A S H I P P I N G
H. Linde
I. Introduction 107
2. Cargo pattern and ship typology of European shortsea shipping 109
3. Sizes of ships 112 4. Speeds of ships 114 5. Other major elements of technological performance 116
(a) Shipborne cargo gear 116 (b) Container suitabihty of dry-cargo ships 116
(c) Specific cargo volume capacity (stowage factors) 119
(d) Navigation on inland waterways 120
(e) Navigation i n ice 121 (f) Tanker safety 122 (g) Safety of ro-ro ships 123 6. Summary/outlook 123 7. Policy recommendations 124 9. A N E W I N L A N D T R A N S P O R T S Y S T E M FOR C O N T A I N E R S B E T W E E N R O T T E R D A M A N D A N T W E R P R. Groenveld, M. Adler Abstract 125 1. Introduction 125 1.1 General 125 1.2 Methodology 126 2. Problem definition 127 3. Descriptionof the system 128 4. The simulation model 129
4.1 Description of the model 129 4.2 Schematizations and limitations 132
4.3 Input data 132 Throughput 132 Sailing times 133 Transit times between Volkerak locks and Kreekrak locks 133
4.4 Output ofthe model 134 5. Simulation results 134
5.1 Number ofbarges and pushers in the system 135
5.2 Runs with a fixed number of barges 135
5.3 Reliability 135 5.4 Throughput capacity 136
Contents ix
Page
5.5 Sclieduled departures from the parking areas of Rotterdam and
Antwerp 137 5.6 Variance and distribution of containers to be transported 138
6. Policy recommendations and conclusions 138
7. Acknowledgments 139 8. References 139 10. H Y D R A U L I C R E S E A R C H S T U D I E S I N C R E A S E
E F F I C I E N C Y A T N O R T H SEA PORTS D.H.Cooper,
N. E. Denman, F. D. R. Yell
1. Introduction
2. The problem—the ship access 'window' 3. Methods of investigation
3.1 Physical models 3.2 Mathematical models 4. Description of studies
4.1 Lowestoft
Objectives ofthe wave studies 4.2 King's Lynn 4.2.1 General 4.2.2 Sector gates 4.2.3 River berth 4.3 Grimsby 4.3.1 General
4.3.2 Extent of research studies 4.3.3 Hydrodynamic numerical model 4.3.4 Cohesive sediment model 4.3.5 Discussion
4.4 H u l l
4.4.1 General
4.4.2 Extent of research studies 4.4.3 Coarse grid model
4.4.4 Fine grid model 4.4.5 Model results
5. General guidelines to good port design and management 6. Conclusions
7. References
11. H I S T O R Y OF C O M M U N I T Y N E T W O R K S I N T H E U N I T E D K I N G D O M M. Garratt, S. Garston,
C. G. Rabbitts, N. A. Theophilopoulos
The role of the community network 174 Coverage of the extended community system 176
The requirements for rail 177 Extensions of the community system concept special consignment
tracking 178 The European Community 178
140 140 142 142 143 143 143 143 147 147 152 152 157 157 157 160 161 163 163 163 164 166 166 167 170 171 171
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Page
Statistics 180 VTS/MARPOL 180 Transplanting the community network concept 181
Small company considerations 181
The role of ports 182 Coordination 183 12. C O A S T A L S H I P P I N G , O P P O R T U N I T I E S I N A C H A N G I N G
I M A R K E T J. R. van Willigenburg, S. Hollander Abstract
Introduction Market trends
Maritime transport developments General
Port developments First generation ports Second generation ports Third generation ports Shortsea shipping
Vessel traffic service and the coastal trade From VTS history to VTS future VTS and the environment Policy recommendations Bibliography 13. E D I K E Y FOR S H O R T S E A S H I P P I N G D E V E L O P M E N T : T H E A R C A N T E L P L A T F O R M M.A.Pesquera,L.delaHoz Abstract 193 References 193 1. Shortsea shipping: logistics are essential 193
2. Logistics: EDI essential 196 3. Ports as the 'brains' of the whole transportation network 198
4. The Arcantel platform key for shortsea shipping support 201 5. Santander port projects integrating physical and information flow
within Arcantel 204 5.1 EDISAN project for development of shortsea shipping 204
5.2 Supporting shortsea shipping: SECAR and CARS projects 206
6. Teleport: key for integrating chains 208
References 209 14. U . K . S H O R T S E A F E R R Y S E R V I C E S , A B A S E L I N E M O D E L
A P P R O A C H F O R P O L I C Y D E C I S I O N M A K I N G H.Heijveld,
R. Gray
Abstract 211 U.K.-Continent ferry market 211
Product policy for ferry services 211 184 184 184 185 185 185 186 186 186 187 189 189 191 191 192
Contents x i
Page
Results and findings 217 Policy application of baseline model 218
Conclusion 220 Bibliography 220 15. T H E F I N N I S H L I N E R S H I P P I N G M A R K E T L. Ojala
1. Introduction 233 2. Definitions and types in liner shipping 234
3. The structure of Finnish liner shipping transports 235 3.1 Unitized cargo volumes in export and import traffic 236 3.2 Concentration of shippers in imports and exports 239 3.3 Ownership arrangements in Finnish liner shipping 240
4. Conclusions 241 5. Policy considerations 242
References 244 16. IS C O N T I N E N T A L A N D I N T E R - C O N T I N E N T A L C A R G O
W A I T I N G FOR S H O R T S E A S H I P P I N G ? L.A. uan Glinsteren.
T. van Popta. R. E. G. Ravenhorst
Abstract 245 1. Introduction 245 2. The NOB Wegtransport 246
3. Shortsea shipping 246 4. What does the customer want? 249
5. Points of contact between shortsea shipping and road transport 249 6. Strategic co-operation amongst modalities on (intra)-continental
corridors 250 A. The required change of attitude 251
B. The inland barge trade 251
C. Road hauliers 252 D. Main ports and inland waterway terminals 253
E. Shuttle organizations 253 F. Rail companies 253 G. Strategic co-operation 254 Conclusions 254 References 254 17. D I F F U S I O N OF I N N O V A T I O N S I N C O A S T A L S H I P P I N G
L.A. van Gunsteren
Abstract 257 Introduction 257 The adoption of Kort-nozzles on Vancouver tugboats 258
The 'wing' nozzle innovation 258 Causes and effects of conservatism 262
Example 1: New chemical for blasting rock 264
xii Contents Page Conclusions 265 References 265 18. S E L F - U N L O A D I N G V E S S E L S F O R I N T R A - E U R O P E A N B U L K T R A D E S C.Wright Abstract 266 History 266 Technical features 267
Cargo recovery within the ships hold 267
Cargo elevation 267 Overside discharge 269 Comparison of different self-unloader types 270
Intra European bulk trades 272
Grains 273 Coal 273 Iron ore 274 Aggregates 274 Kaolin clay 274 Fertilizers 274 Cement and clinker 274
Gypsum 274 Case studies 274 Case study 1 275 Case study 2 276 Conclusions 276 References 277 Glossary of terms 277 Annex 1 277 Companies offering self-unloading equipment 277
Self-unloader fleets currently operating in Europe 277 19. F E R R Y T R A N S P O R T I N T H E S O U T H E R N B A L T I C SEA
A N D I T S P R O S P E C T S K.H.Breitzman
Abstract 279 1, Towards an economic Baltic region 279
2, Baltic ferry traffic and its determining factors 282
3, Port competition in ferry traffic 285 20. S H O R T S E A S H I P P I N G I N E U R O P E A N D T H E A M E R I C A S :
S T A T U S A N D P R O S P E C T S B.Dibner
Abstract 289 Shortsea shipping in a new world order 289
Implications of regional economic communities on shortsea shipping 290
Rationalization 291 Consumer trade growth 291
Contents x i i i Page
Increasing modal competition 292 Globalisation of competition 292 European shortsea shipping from an American perspective 293
A favourable geography and network 293
Market mechanisms 294 Technological innovation i n self-propelled shipping 294
Vital aftermarkets 295 American shortsea shipping from an American perspective 295
The domestic trade 295 The intemational shortsea trade 296
State of technology in the U.S. shortsea fleet 297 Observations and recommendations based upon comparison ofthe
North American and European shortsea industries 298 1. The European shortsea industry possesses more strategic
advantages than its North American counterparts 298 2. North American shortsea shipping companies must make major
adjustments in the strategies and tactics i f they are to participate
in the shortsea opportunities within their region 298 3. The primary difference between European and American
cabotage law stems from the American build provision 298 4. Expansion of a regional economy under free trade tends to reduce
the number and complexity of trade patterns and to increase
average sizes of cargo carried 298 5. European ship operations and technologies w i l l continue to be a
more preferable model for merchant marine development than the American model of tug barge development. European regulatory structures must support this by remaining in concordance with world standards. The U.S. model proves that separate rational regulation is a major obstacle to national
competitiveness 299 6. Governments should not provide financial assistance to
shipowners or shipbuilders because intervention prevents
national business development and is ultimately destructive 299 7. The integration of ship ownership, ship operations, shipbuilding,
ship repair and marine technology development is a vital
element of successful long term market evolution 300 8. Limited participation by private fleets i n shortsea shipping is a
valuable indicator of its capability and competitiveness 300
9. Massive consolidation of the industry is likely 300 21. T H E E C O N O M I C S T R U C T U R E OF G R E E K P A S S E N G E R
C O A S T A L S H I P P I N G A. M. Goulielmos, M. Lekakos
1. Abstract 301 2. The supply side in GPCS 301
2.1 The costs for providing the services in GPCS 304
3. The demand side i n GPCS 304 3.1 The problem ofpeak season demand in GPCS 306
xiv Contents
Page
4. Price war in pre-1950s GPCS 306 5. Analysis ofthe present legal framework for GPCS (1990-1991) 307
6. The informal cartel that was formed i n 1976 in GPCS 309
6.1 Introduction 309 6.2 Certificate of state approval that investment is feasible 309
6.3 Rate hearings i n the Advisory Committee 310
7. Investment behaviour in GPCS 312 8. Quality ofservice in GPCS 313 9. Policy recommendations 314 References 315 22. A S S E S S M E N T OF L A N D / S E A F E E D E R T R A F F I C F L O W S I N E U R O P E M.Zachcial 1. Abstract 316 2. Feeder shipping services 316
2.1 Major routes and trading areas 316
2.2 Growth tendencies 317
2.3 Ports 317 2.4 Operating conceptions and alternatives 318
3. Competitionof land feeder services 318 3.1 Assessment of land feeder traffic volumes between Scandinavia
and North Range ports 318 3.2 Assessment of sea feeder traffic volumes between Scandinavia
and German ports 319 4. Potentials for further sea feeder traffic 320
23. C O A S T A L A N D S H O R T S E A S H I P P I N G I N S W E D E N ; A P R E L I M I N A R Y S T U D Y A.Sjöbris
Preface 328 Summai-y of the pre-study 329
Collecting and distributing 330
The terminals 330 The vessel 330 Booking and cargo control system 331
Environmental effects 331 Result and conclusions 331 The progr ess of the study 331 24. T H E D E M A N D FOR SEA T R A N S P O R T I N S M A L L E R S E A
PORTS: A N A P P L I C A T I O N TO T H E P O R T OF B R U S S E L S B.Dewulf,H. Meersman, E. vande Voorde
Problem 333 1. Technical characteristics 333
2. Sea transport in the port of Brussels 334 2.1 Statistical outline of sea transport in Brussels 336
Contents xv
Page
2.2 Model specification and empirical results 338
2.2.1 Incoming sea transport 338 2.2.2 Outgoing sea transport 342
Conclusion 343 Bibliography 344 25. F A C I L I T A T I O N OF S H O R T S E A S H I P P I N G : I M P R O V E M E N T I N T H E S E A / L A N D I N T E R F A C E ( T H E D U T C H C A S E ) J. Hoogerbeets. P. Melissen 1. Background 346 2. Objectives 346 3. The role of shortsea shipping 347
4. Identification of bottlenecks 34g
5. What next? 349
Summary and conclusions 35O 26. T H E I M P A C T OF P O L I T I C A L A N D E C O N O M I C C H A N G E
O N P O L I S H S H O R T S E A S H I P P I N G Z. Sawiczewska
1. Introduction 35I
2. Privatisation of the Polish maritime economy 353 3. Polish shortsea shipping industry—trends and perspectives 355
Conclusions 359 References 360 27. R E C E N T D E V E L O P M E N T S I N F E E D E R T R A N S P O R T B Y
C O A S T E R S C. Cheetham. P. Hornby, R. Papenhuijzen
1. Introduction 364
2. Maritime transport systems in Europe 364
Ferries 364 Coaster traffic 365 Inland water traffic 365
3. The world ofthe river-sea vessel 366 4. Transport needs—expected changes 367
5. Problems and changes 367 5.1 Infrastructure 367 5.2 Identifying new patterns oftrade for the economic future 368
5.3 Energy consumption 369 5.4 Economic consideration 369
6. The Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses 370
7. Innovations in complete door to door concepts—examples 370
Steel from Duisburg to Goole 371 Steel from Flixborough to the Rhine 37I Steel coils from Mostyn to Gennevilliers, Paris 371
China clay from Fowey to Lixhe on the Albert Canal 371
The journey ofthe Sormovskiy 45 372 Containers from Boston to Duisburg direct—R.M.S. service 372
xvi Contents
Page
8. Infrastructure 373 9. New ship types for river-sea work 374
River-sea feeder container vessels 374
The Type 212 design 374 Sea Orade—no propeller, just pump jets 374
The K r u i p l i j n tanker 375 Other shortsea and river tankers 375
The split-ship design from M.D.I. Chichester, U.K. 376
10. Prospects 377 11. Conclusion 377 28. G E N E R A T I N G L O G I S T I C A L C H A I N S S C E N A R I O S FOR
M A R I T I M E P O L I C Y M A K E R S L. Kondratowicz
1. The challenge 379
2. Justification for new modelling approach 379
3. Premises and the goal 380 4. Historic background of the research 380
5. Main features of Multimod 381 6. Organisation of the Multimod system 382
6.1 Multimod simulation modelling system 382 6.2 Multimod simulation execution system 383 6.3 Multimod simulation analysis system 383 7. Example models and simulations 384
7.1 Repositioning of containers 384 Multimod System—(Release 2.11) 385
Model structure 385 Simulation process parameters 385
Multimod System (Release 2.11) 387 Results of simulation run # 1 387
Repositioning of containers 387 7.2 North European alternative transport systems 390
Multimod System—(Release 2.8) 392
Model structure 392 Simulation process parameters 392
Multimod System (Release 2.11) 395 Results of simulation run #2 395
North European transport system. Part B/R 395
Multimod System (Release 2.11) 398 Results of simulation run #7 398
North European transport system. Part B/R 398
References 401 C O M M E N T A R I E S O N T H E P A P E R S
1. Shortsea shipping and the world cargo carrying fleet—a statistical
summary Comment by Th. H. de Meester 403 2. The potential for fast ships i n European freight transport Comment
3. Logistic requirements and shortsea shipping Comment by P. B.
Marlow
4. Autostrade del mare Comment by G. Migliorino
5. Innovation in multi-modal logistics solutions Comment by
R. C. Bagchus and Bari Kuipers
6. Impact of new technologies on shortsea shipping in Greece Comment by ƒ<•. Levander
7. Information system for improving market activities in the shortsea trades Comment by M. Garratt
8. Status and perspectives of technological development in European shortsea shipping Comment by H. N. Psaraftis
9. A new inland transport system for containers between Rotterdam and Antwerp No comment
10. Hydraulic research studies increase efficiency at North Sea ports Comment by iï. Groenveld
11. History of local community networks i n the United Kingdom Comment by A. Verbeke
12. Coastal shipping, opportunities in a changing market Comment by
M. Zachcial
13. EDI key for shortsea shipping development: the Arcantal platform Comment by Ir. T. van Popta andR. E. G. Ravenhorst
14. United Kingdom shortsea ferry services, a baseline model approach for policy decision making Comment by A. M . Goulielmos
15. The Finnish liner shipping market Comraenihy H. Heijveld andR.
Gray
16. Is continental and inter-continental cargo waiting for shortsea shipping? Comment by A. J. Bos andH. de Vos
17. Diffusion of innovations in coastal shipping Comment by C. Wright 18. Self-unloading vessels for intra-European bulk trades Comment by
H. Linde
19. Ferry transport in the southern Baltic sea and its prospects Comment by J. R. van Willigenburg
20. Short sea shipping in Europe and the Americas: status and prospects Comment by G. Lebreton
21. The economic structure of Greek passenger coastal shipping Comment by L . Ojala
22. Assessment of land/sea feeder traffic flows in Europe Comment by
F. N. Caspers and Drs. R. ter Brugge
R O U N D T A B L E 26-27 N O V E M B E R 1992: P A R T I C I P A N T S A N D A U T H O R S
