EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT IN THE SCOPE OF RESEARCH

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Introduction

First co-operated research activities of the Fire Depart- ment Dortmund (FDDO) and the re-search group “Com- puter Application and Integration in Design and Planning (C.I.K.)” started in 2000 within a project on tunnel fires.

The first draft of the proposal was done from a researches perspective, relevant end user oriented aspects and results were achieved by the participation of FDDO and C.I.K. Three additional corporate projects were success- fully launched before researches on civil safety and security have been focused in European and national funding.

Within all the numerous projects C.I.K. is the interface and coordinator between civil rescue organisations, transportation service providers, additional end user groups and other project partners. As a consequence now C.I.K.

is one of the leading German institutes in this context. The grown expertise is the basis for new concepts, systems and technologies in the context of emergency planning, coordination support, training and decision support.

The C.I.K. is an interdisciplinary research group. One of the specific competencies is the analysis of end user requirements in close cooperation with stakeholders based on a broad and detailed knowledge of processes in public safety and security. Here the research is focused on the

ORGANIZACJA I ZARZĄDZANIE STRATEGICZNE

between civil rescue organisations, transportation service providers, additional end user groups and other project partners. As a consequence now C.I.K. is one of the leading German institutes in this context. The grown expertise is the basis for new concepts, systems and technologies in the context of emergency planning, coordination support, training and decision support.

The C.I.K. is an interdisciplinary research group. One of the specific competencies is the analysis of end user requirements in close cooperation with stakeholders based on a broad and detailed knowledge of processes in public safety and security. Here the research is focused on the adaption and improvement of actual requirement engineering methods. In addition research priorities are the application of software engineering methods from

conceptual design to implementation of information systems. Finally a continuous evaluation of research results and quality management in the field of product development focused on usability of software solutions is core part of the C.I.K. work (see Figure 1).

The end user focused approach even finds its way in the university education. Base is a long- term experiences and results related to the research activities in the field of public safety and security. In close cooperation with FDDO lectures and tutorials (see Figure 2) were created together with the head of FDDO, Dirk Aschenbrenner. This provides students from mechanical and industrial engineering and information technologies access to this field and attracts the next generation of researchers. The figure shows the content of the lectures

“Emergency Response and Disaster-management” (light grey) and “Information-management

for Public Safe-ty and Security” (grey) and

the linkage between them.

Figure 1 Research areas and interdependenciesFigure 1. Research areas and interdependencies adaption and improvement of actual requirement engineering methods. In addition research priorities are the application of software engineering methods from conceptual design to implementation of information systems. Finally a continuous evaluation of research results and quality management in the field of product development focused on usability of software solutions is core part of the C.I.K.

work (see Figure 1).

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer KOCH Dipl.-Inf. Christina Schäfer University of Padeborn

Institute for Fire Service and Rescue Technology

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT IN THE SCOPE OF RESEARCH

Zarządzanie kryzysowe w świetle badań

Summary

Research on IT–application in the domain of public safety and security is none of the traditional research areas in the field of emergency and disaster management. The availability of mobile and ruggedized computing equipment has been the ena- bler for these researches. C.I.K. focuses on user-integrated research in this context. Since 2007 specific funding schemes on European and national levels have been existing.

Streszczenie

Badania aplikacji IT w dziedzinie bezpieczeństwa publicznego nie były do tej pory tradycyjnymi obszarami badawczymi w zakresie np. Zarządzania kryzysowego. Dostęność mobilnego I wstrząsoodpornego sprzętu komputerowego była bodź- cem dla dla rozwoju tych badań. W tym kontekście CIK (Computer Application and Integration in Design and Planning) skupia się na badaniach dotyczących użytkownika końcowego. Od roku 2007 istnieją specjalne schematy finansowania zarówno na poziomie krajowym jak i międzynarodowym (UE).

Keywords: research in public safety and security, end user driven approach;

Słowa kluczowe: badania w dziedzinie bezpieczeństwa publicznego, bezpieczeństwo i ochrona, orientacja na użytkow- nika końcowego;

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The end user focused approach even finds its way in the university education. Base is a long-term experiences and results related to the research activities in the field of public safety and security. In close cooperation with FDDO lectures and tutorials (see Figure 2) were created together with the head of FDDO, Dirk Aschenbrenner.

This provides students from mechanical and industrial engineering and information technologies access to this field and attracts the next generation of researchers. The figure shows the content of the lectures “Emergency Response and Disaster-management” (light grey) and “Information- management for Public Safe-ty and Security” (grey) and the linkage between them.

between civil rescue organisations, transportation service providers, additional end user groups and other project partners. As a consequence now C.I.K. is one of the leading German institutes in this context. The grown expertise is the basis for new concepts, systems and technologies in the context of emergency planning, coordination support, training and decision support.

The C.I.K. is an interdisciplinary research group. One of the specific competencies is the analysis of end user requirements in close cooperation with stakeholders based on a broad and detailed knowledge of processes in public safety and security. Here the research is focused on the adaption and improvement of actual requirement engineering methods. In addition research priorities are the application of software engineering methods from

conceptual design to implementation of information systems. Finally a continuous evaluation of research results and quality management in the field of product development focused on usability of software solutions is core part of the C.I.K. work (see Figure 1).

The end user focused approach even finds its way in the university education. Base is a long- term experiences and results related to the research activities in the field of public safety and security. In close cooperation with FDDO lectures and tutorials (see Figure 2) were created together with the head of FDDO, Dirk Aschenbrenner. This provides students from mechanical and industrial engineering and information technologies access to this field and attracts the next generation of researchers. The figure shows the content of the lectures

“Emergency Response and Disaster-management” (light grey) and “Information-management

for Public Safe-ty and Security” (grey) and

the linkage between them.

Figure 1 Research areas and interdependencies

Figure 2. Content of cooperated lectures

Research Activities (Examples)

C.I.K. is involved in European and National funded projects with various core themes. In national funded projects C.I.K. fulfill both roles to participate in and also to coordinate a project. Overall C.I.K. takes part in 17 research projects with a scope on public safety and security.

The following figure shows the content direction of C.I.K which includes simulation as well as tactical information advices.

Besides the content-wise positioning of the research group, supporting all stages of disaster management - prevention, preparation, response and recovery - is an important aspect. Decreasing the likelihood for the occurrence of a crisis during the prevention, useful training and planning to be prepared for a potential incident, effective actions to resolve the crisis and at least a standardised process to get a stable state are here relevant topics. C.I.K. projects cover all stages to achieve an overall improvement. Some examples are given in Figure 4 and described further on in detail.

C.I.K. is involved in European and National funded projects with various core themes.

In national funded projects C.I.K. fulfill both roles to participate in and also to coordinate a project. Overall C.I.K. takes part in 17 research projects with a scope on public safety and security. The following figure shows the content direction of C.I.K which includes simulation as well as tactical information advices.

Besides the content-wise positioning of the research group, supporting all stages of disaster management - prevention, preparation, response and recovery - is an important aspect.

Decreasing the likelihood for the occurrence of a crisis during the

prevention, useful training and planning to be prepared for a potential incident, effective actions to resolve the crisis and at least a standardised process to get a stable state are here relevant topics. C.I.K.

projects cover all stages to achieve an overall improvement. Some examples are given in Figure 4 and described further on in detail.

Prevention and Response.

Research in public safety and security is often scenario-based. E.g. the main objectives of the projects OrGaMIR and OrGaMIRPLUS are an evaluation of the present and expected contamination of underground systems with smoke or hazardous substances by means of substance detection. Based on the calculation of the spread of such gaseous substances the specific distribution of consolidated context and organisation-specific information will be

Figure 2 Content of cooperated lectures

Figure 3 Content-wise order of C.I.K. projects

Figure 4 C.I.K. projects related to the crisis management cycle

Figure 3. Content-wise order of C.I.K. projects ORGANIZACJA I ZARZĄDZANIE STRATEGICZNE

C.I.K. is involved in European and National funded projects with various core themes.

In national funded projects C.I.K. fulfill both roles to participate in and also to coordinate a project. Overall C.I.K. takes part in 17 research projects with a scope on public safety and security. The following figure shows the content direction of C.I.K which includes simulation as well as tactical information advices.

Besides the content-wise positioning of the research group, supporting all stages of disaster management - prevention, preparation, response and recovery - is an important aspect.

Decreasing the likelihood for the occurrence of a crisis during the

prevention, useful training and planning to be prepared for a potential incident, effective actions to resolve the crisis and at least a standardised process to get a stable state are here relevant topics. C.I.K.

projects cover all stages to achieve an overall improvement. Some examples are given in Figure 4 and described further on in detail.

Prevention and Response^.

Research in public safety and security is often scenario-based. E.g. the main objectives of the projects OrGaMIR and OrGaMIRPLUS are an evaluation of the present and expected contamination of underground systems with smoke or hazardous substances by means of substance detection. Based on the calculation of the spread of such gaseous substances the specific distribution of consolidated context and organisation-specific information will be

Figure 2 Content of cooperated lectures

Figure 3 Content-wise order of C.I.K. projects

Figure 4 C.I.K. projects related to the crisis management cycleFigure 4. C.I.K. projects related to the crisis management cycle

Prevention and Response.

Research in public safety and security is often scenario- based. E.g. the main objectives of the projects OrGaMIR and OrGaMIRPLUS are an evaluation of the present and expected contamination of underground systems with smoke or hazardous substances by means of substance detection. Based on the calculation of the spread of such gaseous substances the specific distribution of consolidated context and organisation-specific information will be provided to affected passengers and all organisations involved, like subway operators, fire brigades, safety staff and train drivers.

Figure 5 shows the demonstrator of the OrGaMIR-project.

provided to affected passengers and all organisations involved, like subway operators, fire brigades, safety staff and train drivers. Figure 5 shows the demonstrator of the OrGaMIR- project.

Pedestrians in underground systems have less than 10 minutes to get out of the station before the situation becomes severe. Therefore it is important to direct them their way out as fast as possible. The main challenge is to achieve a reliable prognosis of the smoke and gas spreading within 30 seconds and furthermore dynamic escape routes for each pedestrian [1.].

See Figure 6 to get an overview about the fast development of OrGaMIR scenario. C.I.K.

aims of OrGaMIR⁺are the including of human factors in the calculation of dynamic escape routes and the designing of new actuator approaches to guide pedestrians out of the involved station. The importance of taking the individual pedestrian into account is shown in [2.]

Preparation and Response

The development of an event-driven system support command and control in emergency and rescue operations was one of the main tasks of the project PRONTO. Figure 7 and 8 show different perspectives of the PRONTO demonstrator.

Figure 5 OrGaMIR demonstrator

After5Min After10Min Event

recognition

Figure 5. OrGaMIR demonstrator ORGANIZACJA I ZARZĄDZANIE STRATEGICZNE

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Pedestrians in underground systems have less than 10 minutes to get out of the station before the situation becomes severe. Therefore it is important to direct them their way out as fast as possible. The main challenge is to achieve a reliable prognosis of the smoke and gas spreading within 30 seconds and furthermore dynamic escape routes for each pedestrian [1.]. See Figure 6 to get an overview about the fast development of OrGaMIR scenario. C.I.K.

aims of OrGaMIR+ are the including of human factors in the calculation of dynamic escape routes and the designing of new actuator approaches to guide pedestrians out of the involved station. The importance of taking the individual pedestrian into account is shown in [2.]

The development of an event-driven system support command and control in emergency and rescue operations was one of the main tasks of the project PRONTO. Figure 7 and 8 show different perspectives of the PRONTO demonstrator.

Figure 7. PRONTO Demonstrator [4]

The detection and fusion of information in an event- driven information management improves the configura- tion of common operational pictures of actual and upco- ming situations. By this the amount of manual input is reduced and different command levels are supported. [3.]

Figure 8. PRONTO Demonstrator1¹ [5]

Recovery

Another scenario is addressed by the project I-LOV.

It aims to ensure the safety of rescue forces and victims at all times during natural or man-made catastrophes. Main target is timely rescue of people who have been trapped or buried under rubble. The project covers all relevant key aspects and challenges in terms of social conditions, emergency medicine, intervention psychology, law and new technologies.

Figure 9. I-LOV demonstrator

1 Using The Observer® XT with GeoViewer™ plugin provided by Noldus Information Technology BV. Source of map extract: URL http://www.idf.nrw.de/ausbildung/einrichtun- gen/aussengelaende/aussengelaende.php

provided to affected passengers and all organisations involved, like subway operators, fire brigades, safety staff and train drivers. Figure 5 shows the demonstrator of the OrGaMIR- project.

Pedestrians in underground systems have less than 10 minutes to get out of the station before the situation becomes severe. Therefore it is important to direct them their way out as fast as possible. The main challenge is to achieve a reliable prognosis of the smoke and gas spreading within 30 seconds and furthermore dynamic escape routes for each pedestrian [1.].

See Figure 6 to get an overview about the fast development of OrGaMIR scenario. C.I.K.

aims of OrGaMIR⁺are the including of human factors in the calculation of dynamic escape routes and the designing of new actuator approaches to guide pedestrians out of the involved station. The importance of taking the individual pedestrian into account is shown in [2.]

The development of an event-driven system support command and control in emergency and rescue operations was one of the main tasks of the project PRONTO. Figure 7 and 8 show different perspectives of the PRONTO demonstrator.

Figure 5 OrGaMIR demonstrator

After5Min After10Min Event

recognition

Figure 6. process of OrGaMIR scenario (view of affected stations)

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The contribution of C.I.K. is the development of an IT support to provide dynamic, context-specific standard operation procedures for the necessary location and recue tasks.

Conclusion

End user driven researches in the domain of public safety and security are highly interdisciplinary and de- manding. They require close cooperation with end users and have to consider the mentioned and moreover further conditions. The key success factors are:

Wide spread and detailed knowledge of operating situations and end user perspective,

Definition of the required results and the methodology from the end users perspective point, e. g. in close cooperation during the definition phase,

Development of information systems to obtain first action recommendations based on few known parameters, avoiding scientifically complex solutions with an extensive parameter definition and response time, which would be in contrast to fast response required during operations,

A continuous evaluation and involvement of end users in the implementation process to achieve highly usable systems.

On the other hand possible risks like data losses and inconsistencies of IT-systems may interfere with on-going operations. For this reason IT-systems can be seen as a cri- tical infrastructure. As a consequence off-line modes and even conventional procedures without IT support have to be provided as back-up solutions.

References

Plaß M., Koch R., Providing dynamic escape routes to support self rescue in subway systems,. In: Ta- gungsband der Future Security - 5th Security Rese- arch Conference Berlin. Stuttgart: Fraunhofer Verlag, S. 298–302, 2010;

Plaß M., Schäfer C., Rahmenbedingungen für In- formationssysteme im Kontext der nicht-polizeili- chen Gefahren-abwehr, In: Engels, Gregor; Luck- ey, Markus; Pretschner, Alexander; Reussner, Ralf (Hg.): Proceedings 160 Software Engineering 2010 – Workshopband (inkl. Doktoranden-symposium).

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Zur Tagung 22.-26. Februar 2010 Paderborn. 1., Au- flage. Bonn: Köllen, S. 387–395, 2010;

Pottebaum J., Artikis A., Marterer R., Paliouras G., Koch R., Event definition for the application of event processing to intelligent resource management,. Pro- ceedings of the 8th International ISCRAM Confer- ence, Lisbon, Portugal, 2011;

Marterer R., Moi M., Koch R., An architecture for distributed, event-driven systems to collect and ana- lyze data in emergency operations and training ex- ercises. In (L. Rothkrantz, J. Ristvej and Z. Franco, eds.): Proceedings of the 9th International ISCRAM Conference, Vancouver, Canada, 2012;

Pottebaum J., Optimierung des einsatzbezogenen Lernens durch Wissensidentifikation, (english:

“Optimisation of application oriented learning by knowledge identification”). Dissertation, Univer- sity of Paderborn. MV-Verlag, Münster, Germany, 2012.

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Koch,

received his Dipl.-Ing. Maschinenbau (mech. Enginee- ring) degree at Ruhr-Universität Bochum in 1978 and his Dr.-Ing. (Ph. D.) at RWTH Aachen in 1985. Since 1989 he is full Professor at the University Paderborn, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Research Group “Computer Ap- plication and Integration in Design and Planning” (C.I.K.).

In 2000 he initiated a specific research focus on public safety and security. Moreover he has long time experience in firefighting, as a volunteer silver-level fire officer of the Fire Department Dortmund. Additionally R. Koch is ap- pointed management consultant for the Fire Department Dortmund and Scientific director of the Institute for Fire Service and Rescue Technology.

Dipl.-Inf. Christina Schäfer

received her diploma in computer science at the Univers- ity of Paderborn in 2009. She is a research assistant of Prof. Dr.-Ing. Koch since her graduation and made excel- lent contributions to the Projects OrGaMIR, OrGaMIR+

and AirShield (all funded by the Federal Ministry of Edu- cation and Research) in the area of safety and security research.

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