Some biostratigraphic prob lems of the Cam brian in the Holy Cross and Nida ar eas of Poland
Kazimiera LENDZION
Lendzion K. (2001) — Some biostratigraphic prob lems of the Cam brian in the Holy Cross and Nida ar eas of Po land. Geol. Quart., 45 (2):
107–115. Warszawa.
No Vendian or low er most Lower Cam brian de pos its have yet been en coun tered in the Holy Cross Mts. and Nida Trough. The Cam brian of the Holy Cross Mts. is rep re sented by Lower, Mid dle and Up per Cam brian de pos its, con tain ing both macro- and microfossils. The Lower Cam brian be gins with de pos its con tain ing a non-trilobite fauna that does not al low pre cise age de ter mi na tion. The over ly ing Cam brian de pos its are sub di vided on the ba sis of tri lo bite fau nas. Un for tu nately, the spe cies are of ten en demic, and cor re la tion with the Scan di na vian biostratigraphic scheme is lim ited.
Kazimiera Lendzion, Pol ish Geo log i cal In sti tute, Rakowiecka 4, PL-00-975 Warszawa, Po land (re ceived: Au gust 26, 1999; ac cepted:
No vem ber 15, 1999).
Key words: Holy Cross Mts., Cam brian, biostratigraphy, palaeobiogeography.
INTRODUCTION
The biostratigraphy of the Cam brian of the Holy Cross Moun tains is based upon trilobites rep re sented by Scan di na - vian-type and en demic spe cies. Apart from trilobites and abun - dant trace fos sils there are also foraminifers, coelenterates, worms, brachi o pods, gas tro pods, echinoderms and acritarchs.
The acritarch as sem blages found here de fine acritarch zones cor re la tive with the tri lo bite zones. Spo radically oc cur - ring index spe cies aid biostratigraphic resolution (Pożaryski et al., 1981; Mar tin and Dean, 1981, 1988; Lendzion et al., 1983;
Vanguestaine and Van Looy, 1983; Kowalczewski et al., 1987;
Volkova, 1990; Jankauskas and Lendzion, 1992).
Cam brian trilobites from the Holy Cross Mts. in di cate con - nec tions with the At lan tic-Baltic Subprovince and, some times, with the At lan tic-Mediterranean Subprovince, while the Cam - brian biota as a whole pos sessed dis tinc tive re gional char ac ter - is tics (Orłowski, 1964a, b, 1967, 1968b, c, 1974, 1975, 1985a, b, 1988a, b; Bednarczyk et al., 1965). The Cam brian from Scan di na via is the ref er ence sec tion for the At lan tic-Baltic Subprovince.
Polish Cam brian de pos its are best ex plored in the Holy Cross Mts. Tri lo bite zones and subzones have been de fined (Tomczykowa, 1968; Orłowski, 1974, 1975, 1985b, 1988a, b,
1992a–c; Orłowski and Mizerski, 1995a, b), though cor re la tion is lo cally problematic. Some of the zones are well doc u mented, while oth ers are de fined by en demic spe cies and rare taxa or even sin gle spe cies; the lat ter may have poorly de - lin eated boundaries.
HISTORICAL SUMMARY
The first stud ies on the Cam brian de pos its of the Holy Cross Mts. were by Gürich (1892), who re cog nised the Scan di - na vian-type trilobites Agnostus gibbus Linnarsson, A. fallax Linnarsson, Liostracus linnarssoni Brögger and Paradoxides cf. tessini Brongniart (ac cord ing to con tem po rary syn on ymy) in the Pieprzowe Mts. and as signed these de pos its to the Mid - dle Cam brian, cor re lat ing them with the Paradoxides tessini (=
P. paradoxissimus) Beds of Scan di na via. His con clu sions still stand. Solenopleura munsteri (Strand) and S. cf. canaliculata (Angelin) were sub se quently re cog nised by Orłowski (1964a, b, 1985b) (Fig. 1). Gürich (1896) also first noted the oc cur rence of Up per Cam brian de pos its in the vi cin ity of Mąchocice.
Later in ves ti ga tions in the Holy Cross Mts. were con ducted by Czarnocki (1919–1950) and Samsonowicz (1916–1959) and these outlined the stra tig ra phy of the Cam brian de pos its of the Holy Cross Mts. Since 1957 the Cam brian de pos its have
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been stud ied by Orłowski who de scribed new tri lo bite, brachi - o pod and eocrinoid spe cies and fur ther elaborated the litho- and biostratigraphic sub di vi sion of the Cam brian.
The stra tig ra phy of the up per most Cam brian and the prob - lem of the Cam brian/Or do vi cian bound ary in Łysogóry were ana lysed by Tomczykowa (1968) who de scribed new Up per Cam brian trilobites and dis tin guished two subzones in the top part of the Peltura Zone, and four subzones in the Parabolina Zone (a zone in tro duced later by Orłowski, 1975). These subzones cor re spond to the four subzones of the up per most Cam brian Acerocare Zone in Scan di na via.
Anal y sis of acritarchs by Vidal (in: Pożaryski et al., 1981) al lowed re vi sion of the age of de pos its pre vi ously as sumed to be Pre cam brian. Thus, rocks from Kotuszów and the Nida Trough (Jędrzejów IG 1 and Węgleszyn IG 1 bore holes) are not Pre cam brian in age but may rather be cor re lated with the Holmia Zone.
The strati graphic scheme of the Cam brian sys tem in the Holy Cross Mts., es tab lished by Orłowski (1975, 1992a–c), has been critisized by Kowalczewski (1995). He ques tioned the strati graphi cal value of ichnozones in tro duced by Orłowski in the Mid dle and Up per Cam brian and ar gued that age of some lithostratigraphical units, as de ter mined by acritarchs, is dif fer - ent than in di cated by trilobites. In his com ment Orłowski (1997) re jected the critisism point ing out that strati graphi cal sig nif i cance of acritarchs might be over es ti mated. In this pa per more ar gu ments are pre sented that call for re vi sion of the Cam - brian stra tig ra phy in the Holy Cross Mts.
LOWER CAMBRIAN
The old est sed i men tary rocks in the south ern most Holy Cross area and the Nida Trough were un til re cently con sid ered to be Up per Pre cam brian (Jaworowski et al., 1967; Jurkiewicz and Kowalczewski, 1968; Deczkowski and Tomczyk, 1969;
Jurkiewicz, 1975, 1980), partly on the ba sis of acritarchs stud - ied by Michniak (1959) and Jagielska (1963, 1965; Żakowa and Jagielska, 1970). Those au thors used the acritarch tax on - omy and biostratigraphy of Timofeev (pers. comm.), which have how ever been ques tioned by Volkova, Jankauskas and Kirjanov (pers. comm.) The con clu sions of Michniak and Jagielska were later re vised by Vidal (in: Pożaryski et al., 1981), Moczydłowska (1985 and in: Lendzion et al., 1983;
Kowalczewski et al., 1987) and Szczepanik (1988, 1993a, b, 1996) who re cog nised the Holmia Zone in these de pos its.
Kowalski (1983) came to strati graphi cal con clu sions based on ma te rial of doubt ful organic af fil i a tion; his de scrip tions do not pro vide re li able ev i dence for his recognition of the Sabellidites Zone. Kowalski (1983) also rec og nised stratigraphically use ful acritarchs such as Baltisphaeridium ornatum Volkova [= Skiagia ornata (Volkova) Downie] and Tasmanites bobrowskae Ważyńska; these are not known to oc - cur to gether with Sabellidites cambriensis Yanishevski.
The acritarch as sem blages in di cate an age not older than the Holmia Zone (Lendzion et al., 1983; Moczydłowska, 1985;
Kowalczewski et al., 1987). Kowalski’s (1983) con clu sions were in cor rect, but in spired, among oth ers, Orłowski’s biostratigraphic stud ies of the low er most Cam brian in the Holy Cross Mts.
As has been al ready stated by Kowalczewski (1995) there is lit tle sub stan tial ev i dences, ei ther, for plac ing the Osiek Sand stone For ma tion at the base of the Cam brian in the Holy Cross area (Fig. 1) (cf. Orłowski, 1981–1992; Mizerski et al., 1986; Orłowski and Mizerski, 1995b). This in ter pre ta tion can - not be in ferred from the stra tal suc ces sion in the epon y mous Osiek 141 bore hole (Lendzion, 1995). These unfossiliferous sand stones over lie the claystones and mudstones of the Czarna Shale For ma tion in which Moczydłowska (1985) found Baltisphaeridium compressum Volkova [= Skiagia compressa (Volkova) Downie]. This spe cies shows that these de pos its are not older than the Holmia Zone, and thus the Osiek Sand stones, over ly ing an ero sional sur face, are cer tainly youn ger.
Kowalczewski (1990, 1995) sug gested they may even be Mid - dle Cam brian.
The suc ceed ing zones of the low er most Lower Cam brian
— the Hyolites-Allatheca and Coleoloides Zones, dis tin - guished by Orłowski (1987), were in cluded to the Czarna Shale For ma tion. They were ear lier com bined as the Platysolenites Zone (Orłowski, 1981, 1985a). The Hyolites-Allatheca Zone is rep re sented by the en demic spe cies Allatheca kotuszowi Orłowski et Waksmundzki and Hyolites czarnae Orłowski et Waksmundzki which do not con strain the age of de pos its. The gen era Allatheca and Hyolites have broad strati graphi cal ranges (Lower Cam brian-Permian). Their oc cur rence in the south ern most Cam brian ex po sures is no proof that these are the old est Cam brian rocks. These rocks were dated as sub-Holmia on the ba sis of Platysolenites antiquissimus Eichwald, found by Michniak and Rozanov (1969) at an ex po sure be tween Kotuszów and Jasień, and may cor re late with the Lontov ho ri - zon of East ern Eu rope and the Platysolenites Zone of East ern Po land. How ever, it ap pears that Platysolenites spec i mens also oc cur in youn ger Lower Cam brian rocks in East ern Eu rope,
T a b l e 1 Strati graphi cal scheme of the Cam brian sys tem in Scan di na via,
ap plied in this pa per af ter Bergström et al. (1982)
Se ries Zone
Up per Cam brian
Acerocare Peltura
Leptoplastus and Eurycare Parabolina spinulosa
Olenus and Agnostus (Homagnostus) obesus Agnostus pisiformis
Mid dle Cam brian
Lejopyge laevigata
Erratojincella (Solenopleura) brachymetopa Ptychagnostus lundgreni and Goniagnostus nathorsti
Ptychagnostus punctuosus Hypagnostus parvirons Tomagnostus fissus Ptychagnostus gibbus Eccaparadoxides pinus Eccaparadoxides insularis
Lower Cam brian
Proampyx linnarssoni Holmia kjerulfi Group Zone bar ren in ter val
Schmidtiellus mickwitzi — Mobergella Platysolenites antiquissimus
Sabellidites cambriensis
Scan di na via, Great Brit ain and Cal i for nia (Firby-Durham, 1977; Rozanov, 1983; Bergström and Gee, 1985). In East ern Eu rope this spe cies oc curs also in the Talsi and Vergale ho ri - zons, and in Scan di na via in the Mobergella-Schmidtiellus mickwitzi Zone. De posits from the Kotuszów-Jasień ex po sures
should prob a bly be cor re lated with the last zone, as is also in di - cated by acritarchs iden ti fied by Vidal (in: Pożaryski et al., 1981) and Moczydłowska (in: Lendzion et al., 1983;
Kowalczewski et al., 1987). The pres ence of Lophosphaeridium tentativum Volkova, Micrhystridium
Fig. 2. Strati graphic di vi sions of the Cam brian in the Holy Cross Mts. with ranges of se lected fos sils and trace fos sils (af ter Orłowski, 1992c) 1 — sand stones, 2 — shales; fos sils: 1 — trilobites, 2 — brachi o pods, 3 — hyolithid, 4 — al gae, 5 — gas tro pods; or ganic traces: 1 — tri lo bite traces, 2 — Planolites, 3 — Diplocraterion, 4 — Bergaueria, 5 — Palaeophycos
tornatum Volkova [= Asteridium tornatum (Volkova) Moczydłowska] and Baltisphaeridium orbiculare Volkova [=
Skiagia orbiculare (Volkova) Downie], to gether with other abun dant spe cies, might sug gest cor re la tion with the lower part of the Holmia-Schmidtiellus Zone (at the Kotuszów ex po sures and in the Bazów IG 1, Korytnica 1 and Korytnica 2 bore - holes).
These data sug gests that the ba sis for the rec og ni tion of the Sabellidites, Hyolites-Allatheca and Coleoloides Zones in the Cam brian of the Holy Cross Mts. is rather weak.
In the up per Lower Cam brian, Orłowski dis tin guished the Holmia-Schmidtiellus and Protolenus-Strenuaeva Zones (Orłowski, 1987, 1988a, b, 1992a–c). The for mer is doc u - mented by en demic spe cies mak ing de tailed correlation im pos - si ble; it roughly cor re sponds to the Holmia inusitata and Holmia kjerulfi Zones es tab lished in Scan di na via.
The Protolenus-Strenuaeva Zone is doc u mented by two cos mo pol i tan spe cies Serrodiscus speciosus (Ford) and Cobbolidites comleyensis (Cobbold) cited by Czarnocki (1927), Samsonowicz (1956, 1959a, b, 1960, 1962) and Orłowski (1968a, 1975), as well as by en demic spe cies rep re - sented by Strettonia cobboldi Orłowski et Bednarczyk, Protolenus (P.) czarnocki Orłowski et Bednarczyk, P. (P.) expectans Orłowski, P. (L.) glabellosus Orłowski, Ellipsocephalus sanctacrucensis (Samsonowicz), E. sim plex Orłowski, E. kiaeri (Samsonowicz), Elatius in te ger Orłowski, Strenuaeva orlowinensis Samsonowicz, Micmacca (Acanthomicmacca) klimontowi Orłowski and Serrodiscus primarius Orłowski.
There is some ev i dence that this as sem blage should be aug - mented by Protolenus bodzanti Bednarczyk, P. medius Bednarczyk and Jakutus kielcensis Bednarczyk, found at Brzechów and as signed by Bednarczyk (1970) and Orłowski (1985b) to the lower Mid dle Cam brian, be cause these spe cies oc cur in the ex po sure to gether with Eccaparadoxides oelandicus (Sjögren). I do not ques tion the iden ti fi ca tion of this Mid dle Cam brian tri lo bite but I doubt whether it oc curs to - gether with Protolenus spe cies in the same piece of rock. As far as I know, the Protolenus and Eccaparadoxides spec i mens come from talus, so there is no sub stan tial rea son to change the ear lier con clu sions of Czarnocki (1927) sug gest ing an early Cam brian age for the strata from Brzechów. This idea was al - ready put for ward by Masiak and Żylińska (1994).
The Mid dle Cam brian species Eccaparadoxides oelandicus (Sjögren), even if oc curs in situ, does not constitute ev i dence against the pres ence of the Protolenus Zone in the ex - po sure. A con tin u ous tran si tion from Lower to Mid dle Cam - brian de pos its, sim i lar to that sug gested in the vi cin ity of Jugoszów-Usarzów and prob a bly on the north ern slope of Słowiec Mt., Ociesęki Range, and in the Zamczysko Range (Orłowski, 1964a, b, 1975, 1988a, b, 1992a–c; Mizerski et al., 1986), is pos si ble here. An ad di tional ar gu ment sug gest ing the oc cur rence of the Protolenus Zone in Brzechów may be the pres ence of Jakutus kielcensis Bednarczyk. The typ i cal Si be - rian ge nus Jakutus is mainly of up per Lower Cam brian dis tri - bu tion and oc curs in as so ci a tion with Protolenidae taxa (Suvorova, 1983; Egorova et al., 1983).
It should be stressed that rare spec i mens of the typ i cal Lower Cam brian ge nus Protolenus can oc cur also in the low er -
most Mid dle Cam brian. Such oc cur rences have been spo rad i - cally re ported from Mid dle Cam brian de pos its of the Holy Cross Mts. (Orłowski, 1964a, b, 1985b), Frankenwald and Lower Lausitz-Doberlug (Sdzuy, 1957, 1964).
MIDDLE CAMBRIAN
The Mid dle Cam brian fauna of the Holy Cross Mts. shows af fin i ties to that from Scan di na via. This should be re flected in the biostratigraphy, though Orłowski con tin ues to in clude the Paradoxides insularis and Paradoxides pinus Zones (Fig. 2) into his biostratigraphic scheme of the lower Mid dle Cam brian, though these taxa are now re ferred to as Eccaparadoxides insularis and E. pinus (Bergström and Levi-Setti, 1978;
Table 1).
Higher, in the Mid dle Cam brian sec tion, Orłowski (1975) dis tin guished the Paradoxides polonicus Zone, based on en - demic spe cies of Paradoxides. Apart from abun dant Paradoxides spec i mens, there are also Ptychagnostus gibbus (Linnarsson), Solenopleura munsteri (Strand), S. linnarssoni (Brögger) and Peronopsis fallax (Linnarsson) that in di cate con nec tions be tween the Paradoxides polonicus Zone and some of the tri lo bite zones of the Paradoxides paradoxissimus Superzone in Scan di na via.
The age of de pos its over ly ing the Paradoxides polonicus Zone is poorly con strained. The sub di vi sion of this part of the Mid dle Cam brian sec tion into the Solenopleura and Cruziana barbata Zones (Fig. 2), pro posed by Orłowski (1988a, b, 1992a–c; Orłowski and Mizerski, 1995a, b), is based on scant palaeontological data. The Solenopleura Zone is doc u mented merely by one spec i men of Solenopleura cf. canaliculata (Angelin) in di cat ing that the zone may cor re spond to the Solenopleura brachymetopa Zone of the Paradoxides forchhammeri Superzone of Scan di na via (Westergard, 1946).
The Cruziana barbata (or Cruziana) Zone spans the uppermost Mid dle Cam brian de pos its, so it would cor re spond to the Lejopyge laevigata Zone of Scan di na via (Westergard, 1946) on the ev i dence of acritarchs iden ti fied by Szczepanik (in: Studencki, 1994). The trace fos sil zone of Cruziana barbata should not strictly be in cluded within the tri lo bite biostratigraphic scheme (Lendzion, 1995). Moreover, ac cord - ing to Seilacher (1970) the ichnospecies Cruziana barbata is not lim ited to the up per part of the Mid dle Cam brian (see also Kowalczewski’s re marks, 1995). Current knowl edge of the up - per most Mid dle Cam brian in di cates that it is better to leave this part of the sec tion un named.
UPPER CAMBRIAN
The Up per Cam brian of the Holy Cross area was sub di - vided by Orłowski (1975) into four tri lo bite zones of, from bot - tom to top: “Olenus”, Protopeltura, Peltura, Parabolina (Fig. 2), which can be cor re lated with six Scan di na vian zones.
The re duc tion in the num ber of zones com pared with the Scan - di na vian stratotype pro file might have been due to a lack of ex - po sures and in com plete drillcores through Up per Cam brian
strata. Orłowski in di cated that the Up per Cam brian fauna re - cord is frag men tary, with unfossiliferous in ter vals.
The “Olenus” Zone, which ac cord ing to Orłowski (1975) spans the Scan di na vian Agnostus pisiformis and Olenus + Homagnostus obesus Zones and the lower part of the Parabolina spinulosa Zone, is poorly doc u mented. En demic spe cies, as so ci ated with this zone and found mostly at the Wąworków ex po sure and de scribed by Orłowski (1968b, c), are rep re sented by “Olenus” rarus Orłowski, Protopeltura olenusorum Orłowski, P. sp., Orusia cf. lenticularis (Wahlenberg), Acrotreta multa Orłowski, Obolus sp. and Cambrocrinus regularis Orłowski. All these spe cies, ex clud ing Acrotreta multa Orłowski, oc cur (Orłowski, 1967, 1968b, c) within the Scan di na vian Olenus + Homagnostus obesus Zones and the lower part of the Parabolina spinulosa Zone. There - fore, there is lit tle ev i dence that the Olenus Zone of the Holy Cross area spans also the Agnostus pisiformis Zone of Scan di - na via.
The spe cies “Olenus” rarus Orłowski, cited by Orłowski (1992a–c; Orłowski and Mizerski, 1995a) from the Wiśniówka Duża quarry, is not pre cisely localised. A spec i men found there and ten ta tively iden ti fied as “Olenus” rarus Orłowski is not proof of the Olenus Zone, whereas the zonal name in the Up per Cam brian biostratigraphic scheme should not be put in quo ta tion-marks (see also Lendzion, 1995). The
“Olenus” Zone was es tab lished on the abun dance of “Olenus”
rarus Orłowski oc cur ring in sand stones ex posed at Wąworków and as signed to the Wiśniówka Sand stone For ma tion (Orłowski, 1975).
The Protopeltura Zone was dis tin guished and cor re lated by Orłowski (1975) with the top of the Parabolina spinulosa Zone and with the Leptoplastus Zone from Scan di na via. This zone in the Holy Cross Mts., how ever, con tains no fauna at all and thus there seems lit tle ba sis for plac ing such a zone in the Up per Cam brian strati graphic scheme.
The up per most zones of Peltura and Parabolina (Tomczykowa, 1968; Orłowski, 1968b, c) are the best- documented. The for mer cor re sponds only to the mid dle and up per parts of the Peltura Zone from the stratotype Scan di na - vian sec tion, i.e. to the Peltura mi nor and Peltura scarabaeoides Subzones. No equiv a lent of the lower subzone in Scan di na via, of Protopeltura praecursor, have been found.
The po si tion of the lower bound ary of the Peltura Zone is also un known.
The Parabolina Zone is ev i dently the equiv a lent of the Acerocare Zone of Scan di na via. Tomczykowa (1968) dis tin - guished four subzones within this in ter val of (from bot tom to top): Parabolina latilimbata, Beltella rotundata, P. bukowiana and P. acanthura; these cor re spond to the four subzones of the Acerocare Zone es tab lished by Westergard (1922) and Henningsmoen (1957) in Scan di na vian pro files (Table 1).
GENERAL CONCLUSIONS FROM THE INTERREGIONAL COMPARISON
OF CAMBRIAN MACROFAUNA
Cam brian trilobites from the Holy Cross Mts., neigh bour - ing platformal ar eas of Po land and the Up per Silesian
Foredeep, are re lated to Scan di na vian trilobites char ac ter is tic of the At lan tic-Baltic Subprovince (= Baltica). This sub - province com mu ni cated with other ar eas of the At lan tic Prov - ince and be yond. Spe cies of the gen era Schmidtiellus, Holmia, Kjerulfia, Strenuaeva and Ellipsocephalus, oc cur ring in the Holmia-Schmidtiellus Zone of the Holy Cross Mts. and Up per Silesia as well as in the Holmia Zone of the East Eu ro pean Craton, in di cate strong re la tions with the Bal tic-Scanian part of the plat form and with the fore land of the Scan di na vian Caledonides. The pres ence of the ge nus Postfallotaspis in the Holy Cross Mts., re lated to the Mo roc can ge nus Fallotaspis, shows that trilobites from the At lan tic-Mediterranean Subprovince (= Gond wana) mi grated into the area of Po land.
The cos mo pol i tan ge nus Fallotaspis was very wide spread. Its abun dance en ables dis tinc tion of the Fallotaspis Zone in the lower part of the Lower Cam brian of Mo rocco, Cal i for nia, Ne - vada, Can ada and McKenzie Mts. as well as in the Atdaban Zone of the Si be rian Plat form (Fritz, 1976; Repina, 1976; Nel - son, 1978). Sin gle spec i mens of Fallotaspis have been found in Lower Cam brian de pos its of the Pol ish part of the East Eu ro - pean Craton (Lendzion, 1978), Swe den (Ahlberg, 1984) and in Eng land (Cowie et al., 1972).
The in ter val span ning the up per most Lower Cam brian (Protolenus-Strenuaeva Zone) to the top of the Up per Cam - brian (Parabolina Zone) is only rep re sented in Po land in the Holy Cross Mts. and — in the Protolenus Zone — in the East Eu ro pean Craton. Tri lo bites mi grated into these ar eas from the area pres ent-day Spain and Mo rocco via Lausitz (Görlitz Syncline) and Frankenwald, and with Eng land — via Nor - mandy. Such a con clu sion can be in ferred mainly from the pres ence of Protolenus, Lusatiops (in the vi cin ity of Görlitz) and Serrodiscus (Hupé, 1960; Sdzuy, 1960, 1962, 1964;
Rushton, 1966; Cowie et al., 1972; Orłowski, 1974, 1985a;
Lendzion, 1983a, b; Geyer and Elicki, 1995). Com mu ni ca tion with ar eas west of Po land also ex isted later, al though con tact be tween the At lan tic-Baltic and North At lan tic Subprovinces (= Baltica and Laurentia) were es tab lished since Mid dle Cam - brian times. Com mon and closely re lated taxa of the Paradoxidae and Agnostidae oc curred in the Holy Cross Mts., plat form ar eas of Po land, Scan di na via, Eng land and New - found land (Hutch in son, 1962; Rushton, 1966; Orłowski, 1964a, 1985b; Cowie et al., 1972; Bergström and Levi-Setti, 1978; Lendzion, 1983a, b; Mar tin and Dean, 1988). Many rep - re sen ta tives of these fam i lies are cos mo pol i tan forms, and the in dex spe cies from Scan di na via de fine the Mid dle Cam brian zones show ing anal o gous or sim i lar ranges even out side this prov ince in Kazakhstan and Aus tra lia. In the Si be rian Plat form and West ern Mon go lia they are rep re sented by only a few spe - cies (Dumicz et al., 1970; Daily and Jago, 1975; Öpik, 1979;
Ergaliev, 1980; Lazarenko and Repina, 1983). The Mid dle Cam brian tri lo bite as sem blage of the Holy Cross Mts., dom i - nated by en demic spe cies of the gen era Paradoxididae and Ellipsocephalidae, does not in di cate a sep a rate ecologic niche be cause the co eval forms of Kingaspis, Solenopleura and Solenopleurina show that the Holy Cross area was sit u ated within a zone where the typ i cal At lan tic-Baltic fauna mixed with an At lan tic-Mediterranean one.
The Up per Cam brian of Łysogóry and the plat form area is rep re sented by taxa of the fam i lies Olenidae and Agnostidae also oc cur ring in Up per Cam brian de pos its of Scan di na via,
Eng land and New found land. There is no ev i dence of con nec - tion with other ar eas.
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