Identities, Differentiation and Interactions on the Central European Plain in the 3rd millennium BC

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27 _{D8#c0#183)0T8+72 3119b- 332M335/} 28 _{#/ %/ X'1\*b,\1)' 2:7:- 98< Nbd&,') 2:8:- 519/}

(4)

T2b,-5'1)- F6db4b2#" b0#b )+3_* HBD DXD S#+b0)1 Q-22#07 $0b%+#,21 Q'21 b,".-12&-*#1 Q-22#07$0b%+#,21 Q'21 b,".-12&-*#1 B/ S#1d3# #6db4b2'-,1 -, 2&# 20b,1.F30-.#b, %b1 .'.#*',# 0-32# )L37b4'b 1#d2'-,*< 1## D8#c0#183) 3111b< T8+72 3111 C-8a#(#5'd# 26 )HB[ 494* M 2: M M M M C-8a#(#5'd# 33 )HB[ 492* M :12 26 64 2 25- DXD .&b1#1 C-8a#(#5'd# 39 )HB[ 493* M 2591 7 8 M+ + , b DXD %0b4# D&bc1)- 35 )HB[ 445* M 5 M M M M D&bc1)- 52 )HB[ 44:* M 31 M 74 2 M D'#d&08 3 )HB[ 486* M 69 6 4 M M

D'#d&08 36 )HB[ 484* M 5347 32 6 M+ + , 3 DXD %0b4#1< 2&0## HBD .&b1#1

D'#d&08 43 )HB[ 483* M 3 M M M M E8'#5b 25 )HB[ 524* M 7 M 6 M M Lb0d87, 34 )HB[ 4:8* M 437 2+ M M + , 3 HBD )@* %0b4#1 Lb0d87, 43 )HB[ 4:4* M 4 M M M M L3d8)-5- 2 )HB[ 219* M 71:5 29 21 M $-30 HBD .&b1#1 L3d8)-5- 6 )HB[ 21:* M 248: 38+ 4 2++ + , b HBD@ %0b4#< ++ , 3 DXD %0b4#1< 25- HBD .&b1#1 rbf)-d', 2 )HB[ 513* M 3:3 6 3 M 25- HBD .&b1#1 Sb"-(#5'd# 3: )HB[ 514* M 92 4+ M M + , b HBD@ %0b4# Sb"-(#5'd# 41 )HB[ 515* M 2 M M M M S-8a,'b27 3 )HB[ 499* M 3 2 M M M S8b")5', 33 )HB[ 476* M 5: 2 M M 25- HBD .&b1#1 T','b08#5- 2 )HB[ 8:M91* M 2143 34+ 68 4++ + , b HBD@ %0b4#< ++ , b DXD %0b4#< $-30 HBD .&b1#1< 25- DXD .&b1#1 T{b51)- X'#*)'# 23 )HB[ 495* M 249 3+ 3 M + , b HBD@ %0b4# T208#*d#.L0878b,,b 51 )HB[ 475* M 215 4 M M M [abc,- 42 )HB[ 452* M 398 5 762+ 6 + GCD0DXD

[a#%-2)' 3 )HB[ 489* M 3688 34 21 2 2&0## HBD .&b1#1< 25- DXD .&b1#1

[a#%-2)' 4 )HB[ 488* M 45: 3 3 M 25- HBD .&b1#1 [a#%-2)' 5 )HB[ 487B* M 543 4 M M M [a#%-2)' 6 )HB[ 487* M 645 22 3 M 25- HBD .&b1#1 [a#%-2)' 27 )HB[ 48:* M 54 M 3 M M [a#%-2)' 29 )HB[ 491* M 384 5 35 M M C/ S#1d3# #6db4b2'-,1 -, 2&# *-db* %b1 .'.#*',#1 )L37b4'b 1#d2'-,*< 1## T8+72 3115c< Nb)b0-5'd8 3115 Cbcb 23 )HNX 24* 3:1 77 6 M M M Cbd&-0d# 5 )HNX 45* 985 28: 5 M M M Cbd&-0d# : )HNX 46* 386 2 M M M M D&bc1)- 44 )HNX 56* 21:1 22 M M M M I32b Qb",'#51)b 7 )HNX 51* 621 6 M 6 M M I32b Qb",'#51)b 8 )HNX 52* 531 227 4 7 M M J8"c7 2 )HNX 55* 311 2 M M M M J8"c7 3 )HNX 54* 461 21 6 4 M M N-%'*,- 22 )HNX 25* 761 252 M M M M Qb",'#5)- 52 )HNX :* 273 9 M M M M Qb",'#5- 42 )HNX 7* 596 7 2 M M M Qb*#f"8'# E-*,# 26 )HNX 3* 641 3 M M M M Q'#d)' 2 )HNX 42* 3211 259 3 M M M Q'#d)' 9 )HNX 43* 2285 418 3 M M M S8b")5', 32 )HNX 33* 471 363 4 M M M T{b51)- E-*,# 49 )HNX 37* 3:6 77 3 M M M T208#*d# 49 )HNX 32* 621 28 2 M M M D/ S#1d3# #6db4b2'-,1 -, 2&# +-2-05b71 B3 b," T22 )H0#b2 Q-*b,"* C'b{#f8a7d# 2 )BVU 41:* M 8 ? 4 M M M

C'b{#f8a7d# : )BVU 424* M 32 2 39 5 25- DXD .&b1#1

C'#%b,-5- 23 )BVU 436* M 23 M 71 M 25- DXD .&b1#1

D&#{+,- 5 )BVU 545* M 53 M :5 3 25- DXD .&b1#1

D'#1\*# 2: )BVU 213* M 5 M M M M

D'd&+'b,b 3 )BVU 552* M 2 M 8 M 25- DXD .&b1#1

D'd&+'b,b 6 )BVU 54:* M 7 M 3 M M

H{3d&-5- 2 )BVU 256* M 5: 4 ? 211 3+ + b," 3 DXD %0b4#1< 25- DXD .&b1#1

H{3d&-5- 35 )BVU 259* M M M 3 M M

(5)

1#22*#+#,21 -$ 2&# HBD b," DXD &b1 c##, d-*. *#d2#" ', 2&# $0b+#5-0) -$ 2&0## 0#1d3# .0-(#d21 )-, 2&# 20b,1.F30-.#b, %b1 .'.#*',# 0-32#- *-db* %b1 .'.#*',#1 b," 2&# B2 +-2-05b7* b1 5#** b1 $-0 d-+.b0'1-,- -,# 1- db**#" 12b2'-,b07 .0-. %0b++# )P.b2-5'd# M Q0-)-.'b)(1 N-3,2*/ U&# "b2b d-**#d2#" &#0# "#0'4#1 $0-+ 4b0'-31 .b021 -$ 2&# M-5*b,"1; L37b4'b- 2&# +'""*# Xb02b b," 2&# +'""*# P"0b cb1',1/ U&b,)1 2- 0#1d3# #6db4b2'-, 2&# 1- db**#" -c1#04b2'-, *',# d0-11',% 2&'1 b0#b $0-+ 5#12 2- #b12 &b1 c##, 0#d-4#0#"/ Ub)',% ',2-bdd-3,2 '21 "'0#d2'-,- #,2'0#*7 ',"#.#,"#,2 -$ b0. d&b#-*-%'121- b 0b,"-+ 1#0'#1 -$ 1'2#1 5#0# ',4#1. 2'%b2#"/ B .0-%0b++# -$ 12b2'-,b07 0#1#b0d& '1 "#. 1'%,#" b1 b d-,20-* $bd2-0- -,# 2&b2 $-d31#1 -, b d&-1#, $0b%+#,2 -$ L37b4'b- 2- c# .0#d'1#- 2&# Q0-)-.'b)(1 N-3,2 ', P.b2-5'd#29_{/ J,} b""'2'-,-', 1.'2# -$ "'$$#0b""'2'-,-',% #6db4b2'-, 5-0) )0#1d3# 4#0. 131 12b2'-,b07*- b,b*71'1 -$ 1-30d#1 5b1 cb1#" -, b,b*-%-31 +#2&-"-*-%'db* b113+.2'-,1 b," d-,. "3d2#" ', 2&# 1b+# 5b7- 5&'d& ', 2&# $'#*" 3,"#0 "'1d311'-, db, c# 1b'" 2- %3b0b,2## 0#*b2'4#*7 d-+.b0bc*# 0#13*21/ 3/3 G-0+1 -$ 1#22*#+#,2 1'2#1 Ubc*# 2 .0#1#,21 "b2b ', 0#1.#d2 2- 75 HBD "-. +#12'd 1'2#1 b," 52 -$ DXD2:_{- 5&'d& 5#0# $-3,"} ', 4b0'-31 #,4'0-,+#,21/ B1 $b0 b1 2&# $-0+#0 '1 d-,d#0,#"- 2&#0# 5-3*" b..#b0 2- c# b d*#b0 0#*b. 2'-,1&'. c#25##, "'$$#0#,2'b2',% 2&# ,b230b* #,4'0. -,+#,2 -$ 2&# M-5*b,"1 b," 2&b2 -$ '21 0#1.#d2'4# d3*230#131_{/ G-0 #6b+.*#- 2&# *b0%#12 HBD 1'2#1} )5'2& -4#0 b 2-111 d#0b+'d $0b%+#,21* b0# 2- c# +b',*7 $-3," ', L37b4'b b," ', 2&#'0 1300-3,"1--, 2&# L37b4'b Q*b2#b3/ U&# 1b+# db,,-2 c# 1b'" -$ 2&# DXD M 13d& b 120-,% *',) 2- 2&# -,# 0#%'-, '1 ,-2 "'1d#0,bc*#/ B, -4#04'#5 -$ d-**#d2#" "b2b b**-51 $-0 2&# $-*. *-5',% d-,d*31'-,1; M 2&# 1'2#1 ',4#12'%b2#"- 0#%b0"*#11 -$ d3*230#-1&b0# 1#4#0b* d-++-, 20b'21 )#1.#d'b**7 2&# ,3+c#0 -$ b02#$bd21*< M b +b0)#0 -$ /3b*'27 '1 2&# .0#1#,d# -0 *bd) -$ "'1d#0,bc*# )2- b %0#b2#0 -0 *#11#0 #62#,2 0#*'. bc*#* 0#+b',1 -$ &-31',% -0 -2&#0 "-+#12'd d-,1203d2'-,1 )13d& b1 &321*- 5&#0# -,*7 HBD 1'2#1 &b4# c##, "-d3+#,2#"<

M b 13++b07 b,b*71'1 )G'%/ 4M5* 1&-51 2&b2 2&# 4b0'bc'*'27 -$ HBD 1#22*#+#,2 1'2#1 '1 1'%,'$'db,2*7 %0#b2#0 2&b, 2&b2 -$ 2&# DXD- 5&'d& b0# 313b**7 1+b**#0- c#b0 1+b**#0 d-,d#,20b2'-,1 -$ d#0b+'d1 5'2& $#5#0 #*#+#,21 +b)',% 31# -$ #b02&#, d-,. 1203d2'-,1 ).'21- &#b02&1 -0 .-12&-*#1*< M HBD d-+.*#6#1 &b4# b *b0%# 0b,%# -$ d&b,%#. bc'*'27 b1 $b0 b1 2&# b+-3,2 -$ d#0b+'d 5b0# ', b %'4#, 1'2# )2M7-111* b1 5#** b1 2&# .0#1#,d# -$ bc-4# +#,2'-,#" %0-3," $#b230#1 )2M38*< M $-0 2&# DXD d&b,%#bc'*'27 '1 +3d& *#11#0 $-0

d-,d#,20b2'-, -$ d#0b+'d1 )2M261*- b," $-0 1#2. 2*#+#,2 -c(#d21 )2M:*<

M /3'2# -$2#,- b," b*5b71 ', 0#*b2'-, 2- *b0%#0 d-**#d. 2'-,1 )-4#0 2-111 HBD d#0b+'d $0b%+#,21 b," -4#0 81 -$ DXD*- b2 2&# 1'2# 2&#0# &b4# c##, '"#,2'$'#" 2&# 0#+b',1 -$ b2 *#b12 25- 1#22*#+#,2 .&b1#1/ W'#51 .32 $-05b0" #*1#5&#0#32_{2&b2 2&# +-12 "'$$'.}

d3*2 )#,'%+b2'd* 0#+b',1 -$ "-+#12'd 1'2#1 3,"#0 T2b,-5'1)- F6db4b2#" b0#b )+3_* HBD DXD S#+b0)1 Q-22#07 $0b%+#,21 Q'21 b,".-12&-*#1 Q-22#07$0b%+#,21 Q'21 b,".-12&-*#1 L-8b,)' Q-"*#1\,# 3 )BVU 569* M M M 2 M M L0bf%-*b 6 )BVU 484* M M M 225 M DXD0GCD

L0bf%-*b 7 )BVU 489* M M M 263 28 2&0## DXD .&b1#1

M3c08b 22 )BVU 53* M 2 M 27 M M M3c08b 53 )BVU 44* M 3 M 62 M M M32-* 47 )BVU 65* M 52 M 97 2 25- DXD .&b1#1 N{-"8'#(#5'd# 32 )BVU 438* M M M 31 2+ + .'2 -0 %0b4# Q-8,b,\.X'*"b 73 )BVU 275* M 2: M 2 M M Q-8,b,\.X'*"b 35: )BVU 274* M 21 M M M M S-8a,'b2-\5 L-*-,'b 6 )BVU 561* M 7 M 8 M M S-8a,'b2-\5 L-*-,'b 21 )BVU 564* M 6 M 3 M M Kb1208#fc'#d 3 )T 228* M 318 2 87 2 M E/ T2b2'-,b07 Q0-%0b++# ', P.b2-5'd# )Q0-)-.'b)(1 N-3,2- L37b4'b< -,*7 .3c*'1&#" "b2b*< 1## LPTLP0T[NZU 3117< 3118b< 3118c P.b2-5'd# 2 413/6 497+ 2 56 M + , 2 4#11#* 25- HBD .&b1#1 P.b2-5'd# 44 396/6 783 4 57 M 25- HBD .&b1#1@ P.b2-5'd# 53 681/6 :49 M 255 M 25- HBD .&b1#1@< 25- DXD .&b1#1 Ubc 2/ )d-,2',3#"* M'12 -$ ,#5 1'2#1 5'2& 0#*'d21 -$ H*-c3*b0 B+.&-0b d3*230# b," D-0"#" Xb0# d3*230# ', 2&# b0#b 3,"#0 "'1d311'-,/

29 _{L-1\)-0T8+72 3117< L-1\)-0T8+72 3118b< L-1\)-0T8+72}

3118c/

2: _{U&#1# 1'2#1 &b4# ,-2 0#4#b*#" b,7 20bd#1 -$ 1#.3*d&0b* -c.}

(#d21- 5&'*# 2&# ,b230# -$ d#0b+'d 5b0# )&'%&*7 "#2b'*#"* .0#. d*3"#1 c30'b* 31#/

(6)

',4#12'%b2'-, b0# 2&-1# -$ 2&# DXD 2&#0#$-0# -3%&2 2- c# b$$'0+#"/ J2 1&-3*"- &-5#4#0- c# ,-2#" 2&b2 2&# "b2b .0#1#,2#" &#0# d-4#01 2&# *b0%#12 1#0'#1 -$ 1#22*#+#,2 1'2#1 -$ 2&'1 d3*230# -, 2&# D#,20b* F30-.#b, Q*b',/ 3/4 U7.#1 -$ HBD b," DXD %0b4#1 B+-,% HBD b," DXD %0b4#1 -, 2&# M-5*b,"1 '2 '1 .-11'c*# 2- .32 $-05b0" 1#4#0b* 27.#1 b," 13c. 27.#1 2&b2 5#0# "#2b'*#" ', 4b0'-31 +-,-%0b.&133_/ B/ HBD %0b4#1 J, 2&# 2b6-,-+7 -$ HBD %0b4#134_{2&0## +b(-0 -..} .-1'2'-,1 b0# 2b)#, ',2- bdd-3,2; M %0b4#1 5'2& 12-,# d-,1203d2'-,1 b1 b%b',12 2&-1# 5'2&-32<

M 12-,# d'12 %0b4#1 b1 b%b',12 2&-1# 5'2& -2&#0 12-,# d-,1203d2'-,1 ).1#3"-.+#%b*'2&'d \13c. +#%b*'2&'d^- .b11b%# %0b4#1- %0b4#1 5'2& 12-,# cb00'#01 -0 5'2& 1',%*# 12-,#1 ', 2&# $'** \d-cc*# 12-,#1^*< M %0b4#1 5'2& ',"'4'"3b* c30'b*1- "-3c*# c30'b*1 -0 5'2& d-**#d2'4# c30'b*1/ P, 2&# b0#b 3,"#0 ',4#12'%b2'-, )#1.#d'b**7 ', L37b4'b*- %0b4#1 5'2& b 12-,# d-,1203d2'-, d*#b0*7 "-+',b2# b," 2&# +-12 27.'db* -,#1 b0# 1&b.#" 1'+'*b0 2- d'12 %0b4#1- 2&-3%& ,-2 b*5b71 ', b 0#%. 3*b0 0#d2b,%*#/ U&# M-5*b,"1 HBD %0b4#1 2&#0#$-0# 4b07 $0-+ d-,2b',',% 2&# 0#+b',1 -$ -,# .#01-, 2-2&-1# -$ 3. 2- 41 .#-.*# )G'%/ 6*/ U&31 2&# "b2b 1&-5 2&b2 ',"'4'"3b* c30'b*1 bdd-3,2 $-0 44/4 & -$ c30'b*1- "-3c*# M 2:/2 &- b," 2&0## -0 +-0# $-0 58/7 & -$ %0b4#135_/ U&# +b(-0'27 -$ 12-,# d-,1203d2'-, %0b4#1 c#b0 2&# 0#+b',1 -$ b"3*21/ O-,#2&#*#11- ', 1-+# d-**#d. 2'4# c30'b*1- d&'*"0#, d-,12'232# 46 & )L'#08)-5--1'2# 2*36 _{-0 #4#, -4#0 51 & -$ ',"'4'"3b*1 $-3,"} )T208#*d#- 1'2# 3- 2-+c JJ*37_{/ J, ',"'4'"3b* %0b4#1- -c.}

(#d21 -$ 1- db**#" 0'd& $30,'1&',% 5#0# $-3," 13d& b1 1#4#0b* 4#11#*1- $*',2 -c(#d21 )$-0#+-12 b6#1*- c-,# b02#$bd21- b+c#0 b," +#2b* )'/ #/ T2b07 C08#1\d\ L-*-. ,'b- 1'2# 2*38_{/ U&#0# b0# b*1- %0b4#1 5'2& -,*7 -,#} 4#11#* b," 1-+#2'+#1 b $*',2 b6# bdd-+.b,'#" 2&# 1)#*#2-, )'/ #/ X'#,'#d- 1'2# 2*39_{/ J, "-3c*# -0 d-*.} *#d2'4# %0b4#1- &-5#4#0- 2&# +'6 -$ %0b4# %--"1 G'%/ 4/ O3+c#0 -$ .-21&#0"1 -, HBD b," DXD 1'2#1 ', 2&# b0#b 3,"#0 "'1d311'-,/ G'%/ 5/ O3+c#0 -$ 1#22*#+#,2 $#b230#1 ).'21 b," .-12&-*#1* -, HBD b," DXD 1'2#1 ', 2&# b0#b 3,"#0 "'1d311'-,/ 33 _{#/ %/ X'1\*b,\1)' 2:77< Q-1.'#18,7 311:/} 34 _{X'1\*b,\1)' 2:77< T8+72 2::7/} 35 _{G-0 d-+.b0'1-,- 1',%*# c30'b*1 +b"# 3. 51 & -$ %0b4#1 ',}

2&# #b12 HBD %0-3. b," 86 & ', 2&# 5#12 )N'22#*#*c#.Tbb*#. H#c'#2*< 1## T8+72 3113- 334/

36 _{C3",')0X08#1',\1)' 3113/} 37 _{X-)0-( 2:6:/}

38 _{X'1\*b,\1)' 2:77- 341/} 39 _{X'1\*b,\1)' 2:77- 343M345/}

(7)

5b1 "'$$#0#,2/ G-0#+-12- ', 0#1.#d2 2- 2&# -$2#, #+. .&b1'1#" "#1203d2'-, -$ c-,# 0#+b',1 M ', 1-+# db1#1 ',2#,2'-,b* .#0&b.1 c#db31# -$ 0#.#b2#" c30'b* 0'2#13:_{M '2 '1 ,-2 .-11'c*# 2- 0#*b2# 2&# #*#.}

+#,21 $-3," b+-,% 2&# %0b4# %--"1 5'2& 2&b2 -$ &3+b, 0#+b',1 )#/ %/ L'#08)-5-- 1'2# 2< T)-d8)b-1'2# 2< T208#*d#- T)-d8)b-1'2# 3 b," 4*/ U&# #6b+.*# -$ -,# %0b4# 5&#0# b "#2b'*#" d&0-,-*-%7 -$ 13c1#/3#,2 c30'b*1 '1 .-11'c*# )Ob)-,-5-- 1'2# 28*- "#+-,. 120b2#1 2&b2 2&#'0 d-,1'"#0bc*# 0b,%# 2&0-3%& 2'+# )b2 *#b12 236 7#b01- b2 +-12 326* '1 ,-2 0#$*#d2#" ', 2&# 4b0'b2'-, -$ &-5 b %0b4# '1 $30,'1&#"41_{/ J2 '1 .-1.}

1'c*# 2- d-,d*3"# 2&#0#$-0# 2&b2 $-0 d-**#d2'4# %0b4#1 2&#0# b0# 3,'"#,2'$'bc*# .-',2#01 2- b 1-db**#" ',"'4'"3b*'1b2'-, ', 2&# db1# -$ %0b4# %--"1/ J, 2&# +b',- L37b4'b, 2-+c1 5#0# d-4#0#" c7 +-3,"142_{- 5&'d& b0# 5#** "-d3+#,2#" b1 5#** b1}

2&# $bd2 2&b2 2&#1# 5#0# b*1- $-3," ', -*"#0 +-3,"1 )'/ #/ Kb,'18#5#) b," [c#087,- 1'2# 4*43_/

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(8)

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(9)

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