• Nie Znaleziono Wyników

View of Demokracja lokalna a idea ograniczenia liczby kadencji wójtów(burmistrzów, prezydentów miast)

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "View of Demokracja lokalna a idea ograniczenia liczby kadencji wójtów(burmistrzów, prezydentów miast)"

Copied!
24
0
0

Pełen tekst

(1)

Political Preferences

Preferencje polityczne

10/2015

Redakcja naukowa: Robert Alberski Zbigniew Widera Katowice 2015

(2)

Rada Naukowa:

SURI GU KDE 5RPDQ %lFNHU 8QLZHUV\WHW 0LNRáDMD .RSHUQLND Z 7RUXQLX 3ROVND  SURI GU KDE 7DGHXV] *RGOHZVNL 8QLZHUV\WHW 0LNRáDMD .RSHUQLND Z 7RUXQLX 3ROVND  SURI GU KDE ,ZRQD -DNXERZVND%UDQLFND 8QLZHUV\WHW :DUV]DZVNL 3ROVND  SURIGUKDE6ODYRPLU0DJiO 8QLZHUV\WHWĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMD  SURI GU KDE -R]HI 0DW~ã 8QLZHUV\WHW ĞZ &\U\OD L 0HWRGHJR Z 7UQDZLH 6áRZDFMD  SURI GU KDE /LERU 3DYHUD :\ĪV]D 6]NRáD +DQGORZD 3UDJD &]HFK\  SURI GU KDE 'DQD3HWUDQRYi 8QLZHUV\WHWĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMD SURIGUKDE 2OJD3URNRSHQNR 6XPVNL8QLZHUV\WHW1DURGRZ\8NUDLQD SURIGUKDE7HUHVD6DVLĔVND.ODV 8QLZHUV\WHW -DJLHOORĔVNL Z .UDNRZLH 3ROVND  SURI GU KDE -HU]\ 6LHOVNL 8QLZHUV\WHW 6]F]HFLĔVNL3ROVND GU0DUFMDQQD$XJXVW\Q 8QLZHUV\WHWZ+XOO$QJOLD SURI-DQD*DOHUD 0DW~ãRYi 8QLZHUV\WHWĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMD  .ROHJLXPUHGDNF\MQH GUKDE$JQLHV]ND7XUVND.DZD UHGDNWRUQDF]HOQD PJU0DFLHM0DUPROD VHNUHWDU] GUKDE5REHUW$OEHUVNL UHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\V\VWHP\L]DFKRZDQLDZ\ERUF]H  GUKDE'DQXWD3OHFNDSURI80. UHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\LGHQW\¿NDFMHSROLW\F]QH  GUKDEàXNDV]7RPF]DN UHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\SDUWLHSROLW\F]QH  GUKDE=ELJQLHZ:LGHUDSURI8( UHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\PDUNHWLQJSROLW\F]Q\  GUKDE:DOGHPDU:RMWDVLN UHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\V\VWHP\SDUW\MQH  PJU3U]HP\VáDZ*U]RQND UHGDNWRUVWDW\VW\F]Q\  3URMHNWRNáDGNL-DURVáDZ:LFKXUD :HUVMDSLHUZRWQDF]DVRSLVPDSDSLHURZD 5HFHQ]HQFL

GU KDE $JQLHV]ND .DVLĔVND0HWU\ND SURI 8-. Z .LHOFDFK 8QLZHUV\WHW LP -DQD .RFKDQRZVNLHJRZ.LHOFDFK GUKDE0DFLHM'U]RQHN 8QLZHUV\WHW6]F]HFLĔVNL GUKDE -DFHN6XU]\Q 8QLZHUV\WHWĝOąVNLZ.DWRZLFDFK SURIGUKDE+DQD3UDYGRYi 8QLZHUV\WHW ĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMD SURIGUKDEďXGPLODýiE\RYi 8QLZHUV\WHW ĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMD GUKDE-XOLiQD0LQiULNRYi 8QLZHUV\WHWĞZ &\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMD  ‹&HQWUXP,QQRZDFML7UDQVIHUX7HFKQRORJLLL5R]ZRMX)XQGDFMD8QLZHUV\WHWXĝOąVNLHJR Katowice 2015

:\GDZFą F]DVRSLVPD MHVW ,QVW\WXW 1DXN 3ROLW\F]Q\FK L ']LHQQLNDUVWZD 8QLZHUV\WHWX ĝOąVNLHJRRUD]&HQWUXP,QQRZDFML7UDQVIHUX7HFKQRORJLLL5R]ZRMX)XQGDFMD8QLZHUV\WHWX ĝOąVNLHJR 3DWURQDWQDGSURMHNWHPVSUDZXMą3ROVNLH7RZDU]\VWZR1DXN3ROLW\F]Q\FKRUD]7RZDU]\VWZR ,QLFMDW\Z1DXNRZ\FK ISSN: 2083-327X 'UXN5(0$5ZZZUHPDUVRVQRZLHFSOHPDLOZ\GDZQLFWZR#UHPDUVRVQRZLHFSO

(3)

63,675(ģ&,

:VWĊS ... 7 Waldemar Wojtasik 8QLZHUV\WHWĝOąVNLZ.DWRZLFDFK3ROVND

3ROVNLZ\ERUFDZSHUVSHNW\ZLHPRGHOXJáRVRZDQLDUHWURVSHNW\ZQHJR ... 9 àXNDV]7RPF]DN 8QLZHUV\WHW6]F]HFLĔVNL3ROVND :\ERUF\SROVNLFKSDUWLLSROLW\F]Q\FKZREHFSUREOHPXUR]ZDUVWZLHQLD VSRáHF]QHJR ... 23 $JQLHV]ND7XUVND.DZD 8QLZHUV\WHWĝOąVNLZ.DWRZLFDFK3ROVND &]\QQLNJRVSRGDUF]\MDNRSUHG\NWRU]DFKRZDĔZ\ERUF]\FK ... 37 .DUROLQD7\EXFKRZVND+DUWOLĔVND 8QLZHUV\WHW:DUPLĔVNR0D]XUVNL Z2OV]W\QLH3ROVND 3DUW\F\SDFMDSROLW\F]QDZ3ROVFH ... 51 5REHUW$OEHUVNL 8QLZHUV\WHW:URFáDZVNL3ROVND

Danuta Plecka 8QLZHUV\WHW0LNRáDMD.RSHUQLNDZ7RUXQLX3ROVND

2E\ZDWHOVNLHNRPSHWHQFMHSROLW\F]QHDZ\EUDQHPRW\Z\SRGHMPRZDQLD GHF\]MLZ\ERUF]\FK ... 71 0DJGDOHQD0XVLDá.DUJ 8QLZHUV\WHW$GDPD0LFNLHZLF]DZ3R]QDQLX3ROVND

*áRVRZDQLHHOHNWURQLF]QHMDNRDOWHUQDW\ZQDPHWRGDXF]HVWQLF]HQLD

ZZ\ERUDFKRSLQLH3RODNyZ ... 87 Maciej Marmola 8QLZHUV\WHWĝOąVNLZ.DWRZLFDFK3ROVND

6SRáHF]QHSRVWU]HJDQLHLQVW\WXFMLrecall i weta ludowego w warunkach

polskich ... 109 $JQLHV]NDàXNDVLN7XUHFND .DWROLFNL8QLZHUV\WHW/XEHOVNL-DQD3DZáD,,3ROVND

3RSDUFLHNDQG\GDWDSU]H]OLGHUDSDUWLLDGHF\]MHZ\ERUFyZ

(4)

Agata Olszanecka-Marmola 8QLZHUV\WHWĝOąVNLZ.DWRZLFDFK3ROVND 5HNODPDQHJDW\ZQDLZL]HUXQNRZDZRGELRU]HSROVNLHJRHOHNWRUDWX ... 133 7RPDV]2OF]\N 8QLZHUV\WHW:DUV]DZVNL3ROVND 6LáDFHOHEU\WyZZNDPSDQLLZ\ERUF]HM ... 147 -DQLQD.RZDOLN 8QLZHUV\WHW-DQD.RFKDQRZVNLHJRZ.LHOFDFK3ROVND 'HPRNUDFMDORNDOQDDLGHDRJUDQLF]HQLDOLF]E\NDGHQFMLZyMWyZ EXUPLVWU]yZ SUH]\GHQWyZPLDVW ... 159 'RPLQLN6]F]HSDĔVNL 8QLZHUV\WHW5]HV]RZVNL3ROVND :\EyURSFMLF]\RVRE\"'HWHUPLQDQW\]DFKRZDĔZ\ERUF]\FKPLHV]NDĔFyZ ZRMHZyG]WZDSRGNDUSDFNLHJRZZ\ERUDFKGR3DUODPHQWX(XURSHMVNLHJR ZUZĞZLHWOHEDGDĔHPSLU\F]Q\FK ... 177 Summaries ... 195

(5)

,QWURGXFWLRQ ... 7 Waldemar Wojtasik 8QLYHUVLW\RI6LOHVLDLQ.DWRZLFH3RODQG

3ROLVKYRWHULQWKHSHUVSHFWLYHRIUHWURVSHFWLYHYRWLQJPRGHO ... 9 àXNDV]7RPF]DN 6]F]HFLQ8QLYHUVLW\3RODQG 3ROLVKSROLWLFDOSDUWLHVYRWHUVDQGVRFLDOVWUDWL¿FDWLRQSUREOHP ... 23 $JQLHV]ND7XUVND.DZD 8QLYHUVLW\RI6LOHVLDLQ.DWRZLFH3RODQG (FRQRPLFIDFWRUDVDSUHGLFWRURIYRWLQJEHKDYLRXU ... 37 .DUROLQD7\EXFKRZVND+DUWOLĔVND 8QLYHUVLW\RI:DUPLDDQG0D]XU\LQ 2OV]W\Q3RODQG 3ROLWLFDOSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQ3RODQG ... 51 5REHUW$OEHUVNL 8QLYHUVLW\RI:URFáDZ3RODQG

Danuta Plecka 1LFRODXV&RSHUQLFXV8QLYHUVLW\LQ7RUXĔ3RODQG &LYLOSROLWLFDOFRPSHWHQF\DQGFKRVHQUHDVRQVZKHQWDNLQJ

electoral decisions ... 71 0DJGDOHQD0XVLDá.DUJ $GDP0LFNLHZLF]8QLYHUVLW\LQ3R]QDĔ3RODQG

(OHFWURQLFYRWLQJDVDQDOWHUQDWLYHPHWKRGRISDUWLFLSDWLRQLQWKHHOHFWLRQV± RSLQLRQVRI3ROHV ... 87 Maciej Marmola 8QLYHUVLW\RI6LOHVLDLQ.DWRZLFH3RODQG

7KHVRFLDOUHFHSWLRQRIUHFDOODQGSHRSOH¶VYHWRDPRQJ3ROLVKHOHFWRUDWH ... 109 $JQLHV]NDàXNDVLN7XUHFND 7KH-RKQ3DXO,,&DWKROLF8QLYHUVLW\RI/XEOLQ 3RODQG

Support the candidate by the party leader and the decisions of voters.

(OHFWRUDOVWXG\ ... 121

(6)

Agata Olszanecka-Marmola 8QLYHUVLW\RI6LOHVLDLQ.DWRZLFH3RODQG 1HJDWLYHDQGYLVXDODGYHUWLVLQJLQWKHUHFHSWLRQRI3ROLVKHOHFWRUDWH ... 133 7RPDV]2OF]\N :DUVDZ8QLYHUVLW\3RODQG 7KHVWUHQJWKRIFHOHEULWLHVLQWKHHOHFWLRQFDPSDLJQ ... 147 -DQLQD.RZDOLN 7KH-DQ.RFKDQRZVNL8QLYHUVLW\LQ.LHOFH3RODQG /RFDOGHPRFUDF\DQGWKHLGHDRIWHUPOLPLWVYRLWV PD\RUV ... 159 'RPLQLN6]F]HSDĔVNL 8QLYHUVLW\RI5]HV]yZ3RODQG 6HOHFWLQJWKHSHUVRQ"'HWHUPLQDQWVRIYRWLQJEHKDYLRULQKDELWDQWVRIWKH 6XEFDUSDWKLDQ9RLYRGHVKLSLQHOHFWLRQVWRWKH(XURSHDQ3DUOLDPHQWLQ in the light of empirical research ... 177 Summaries ... 195

(7)

Ä3ROLWLFDO3UHIHUHQFHV´1R '2,P¿JVKDUH

-DQLQD.RZDOLN

8QLZHUV\WHW-DQD.RFKDQRZVNLHJRZ.LHOFDFK3ROVND

'(02.5$&-$/2.$/1$$,'($

2*5$1,&=(1,$/,&=%<.$'(1&-,:Ð-7Ð:

%850,675=Ð:35(=<'(17Ð:0,$67

Abstract:

)RUVRPHWLPHWKHUHLVDGHEDWHRQWKHWHUPRIR൶FHPD\RUVDQGSUHVL GHQWVRIFLWLHV6XEMHFWRIWKHDUWLFOHLVWRDQDO\]HYLHZVRQGHPRFUDF\DQG LQGLFDWRUVRIGHPRFUDF\LQFOXGLQJWKHORFDOGLPHQVLRQLQWKHFRQWH[WRIWKH controversy over the long cadence reeves impact on the functioning of local JRYHUQPHQW7KHDXWKRUDOVRH[WHQGVWRSXEOLFRSLQLRQSROOVRQWKHLVVXHRI OLPLWLQJWKHFDGHQFHRIPD\RUV:HDUHDQDO\]LQJWKHDUJXPHQWVRIVXSSRUWHUV DQGRSSRQHQWVRIOLPLWLQJWKHFDGHQFHRIH[HFXWLYHSRZHULQPXQLFLSDOLWLHV DVZHOODVWKHGLOHPPDVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHFRQVHTXHQFHVRIVXFKUHVWULFWLRQV IRU WKH TXDOLW\ RI GHPRFUDF\ /LPLWLQJ FDGHQFH KDV DV PDQ\ VXSSRUWHUV DV RSSRQHQWV±ERWKVLGHVKDYHVHULRXVDUJXPHQWVIRUWKHLUSRVLWLRQV

Key words:

GHPRFUDF\ORFDOGHPRFUDF\ORFDOHOHFWLRQVFDGHQFHVPD\RUVDQGSUHVLGHQWVRIFLWLHV

2GGHPRNUDFMLGRGHPRNUDFMLORNDOQHM

3R  ODWDFK RG SU]HáRPX WUDQVIRUPDF\MQHJR Z 3ROVFH VWZLHUG]HQLH ĪH Ī\MHP\ Z NUDMX GHPRNUDW\F]Q\P GR WHJR VWRSQLD QLH EXG]L QLF]\LFK ZąWSOLZRĞFLĪHSU]HZDĪQLHQLHGRVWU]HJDVLĊSRWU]HE\G\VNXVMLQDWHQWHPDW 'HPRNUDFMDSRSURVWXMHVWMDNSRZLHWU]HNWyU\PRGG\FKDP\,QQąNZHVWLąMHVW IDNWMDNLHNRQRWDFMHZLąĪHVLĊ]SRMĊFLHPGHPRNUDFMLLMDNSRMPXMHMHMLVWRWĊ 7RF]ąFHVLĊRGG]LHVLĊFLROHFLG\VNXVMHQDWHPDWLVWRW\GHPRNUDFMLSRUXV]DMą ZLHOHZąWNyZ>V]HU]HM$QWRV]HZVNL@MHGQDN±ZSHZQ\PXSURV] F]HQLX±SU]\ELHUDMąGZD]DVDGQLF]HQXUW\QXUWWUDNWXMąF\GHPRNUDFMĊMDNRVZRLVW\ URG]DM UHĪLPX SROLW\F]QHJR ]EXGRZDQHJR QD ZDUWRĞFLDFK ZROQRĞFL UyZQRĞFL SRG]LDáX ZáDG]\ L ]DEH]SLHF]DMąF\ UHODFMH SRPLĊG]\ SRGPLRWDPL SROLW\NL ZSRVWDFLXVWDORQ\FKUHJXáJU\SROLW\F]QHM>(DVWRQ@RUD]QXUWX]QDMąF\]D

(8)

:ĂŶŝŶĂ<ŽǁĂůŝŬ

LVWRWĊGHPRNUDFMLSURFHGXU\SROLW\F]QHWDNLHMDNF\NOLF]QHZ\ERU\ZZDUXQNDFK U\ZDOL]DFML L VZRERG\ DUW\NXODFML LQWHUHVyZ F]\ RGSRZLHG]LDOQRĞü HJ]HNXW\Z\ >6FKXPSHWHU+XQWLQJWRQ@:VSyáF]HĞQLEDGDF]H>$QWRV]HZVNL @SUREOHPDW\NLGHPRNUDFMLGRVWU]HJDMąGH¿F\W\ZREXQXUWDFKLSRV]XNXMą PRĪOLZRĞFLLFKZ\SHáQLHQLDSRSU]H]XMĊFLHGHPRNUDFMLMDNRSROLW\F]QHJRHIHNWX ZGURĪHQLDQRUPLZ]RUFyZV\VWHPXGHPRNUDW\F]QHJRGRIDNW\F]Q\FK]DFKRZDĔ SRGPLRWyZSROLW\F]Q\FKLF]áRQNyZVSRáHF]HĔVWZD7RRVWDWQLHSRGHMĞFLHNRQZH QLXMHZQLQLHMV]\PDUW\NXOH]HVSRVREHPXMĊFLDGHPRNUDFMLZNRQWHNĞFLHSURFHVyZ SROLW\F]Q\FKPDMąF\FKPLHMVFHQDQDMQLĪV]\PV]F]HEOXVDPRU]ąGXWHU\WRULDOQHJR Z3ROVFH:\GDMHVLĊERZLHPĪHSRXSá\ZLHüZLHUüZLHF]DRG]DSRF]ąWNRZDQLD SROVNLFK SU]HPLDQ WUDQVIRUPDF\MQ\FK QLHZ\VWDUF]DMąFH MHVW SU]\ZRá\ZDQLH QD GRZyG LVWQLHQLD GHPRNUDFML Z\áąF]QLH QRPLQDOQ\FK QRUP VWDQRZLąF\FK MHM NRQVW\WXF\MQHJZDUDQFMHMDNLVWQLHQLHSRGVWDZRZ\FKSUDZLZROQRĞFLRE\ZD WHOVNLFK SUDZ Z\ERUF]\FK L SUDZ GR UHSUH]HQWDFML SROLW\F]QHM UHDOL]RZDQ\FK ZF\NOLF]QLHRGE\ZDMąF\FKVLĊZ\ERUDFKUyZQRĞFLL]DND]XG\VNU\PLQDFMLSOXUD OL]PXSROLW\F]QHJRRUD]SRG]LDáXLUyZQRZDJLZáDG]Ä/LEHUDOQDNRQFHSFMDGHPR NUDFMLMHVWMHGQDNW\ONRUR]ZLą]DQLHPSURFHGXUDOQ\PLSUDZQRLQVW\WXFMRQDOQ\P VNXWHF]QLHVSHáQLDMąF\PZ\]QDF]RQHPXIXQNFMHWDPJG]LHZVSyáF]HĞQLHLVWQLHMH W]Z]UyZQRZDĪRQHVSRáHF]HĔVWZR´>.RUQDĞ'DQHO@=DSLVDQHZGRNXĪRQHVSRáHF]HĔVWZR´>.RUQDĞ'DQHO@=DSLVDQHZGRNXRQHVSRáHF]HĔVWZR´>.RUQDĞ'DQHO@=DSLVDQHZGRNXĔVWZR´>.RUQDĞ'DQHO@=DSLVDQHZGRNXVWZR´>.RUQDĞ'DQHO@=DSLVDQHZGRNX PHQWDFKQRUP\F]\QLąSDĔVWZRGHPRNUDW\F]Q\PGRSLHURZV\WXDFMLNLHG\VWDMąVLĊ SUDNW\NąIXQNFMRQRZDQLDLQVW\WXFMLLVSRáHF]HĔVWZDNLHG\QDVWąSLWUZDá\SURFHVLFK LQVW\WXFMRQDOL]DFMLDOERMDNFKFąQLHNWyU]\±NRQVROLGDFML,VWRWQ\PZVNDĨQLNLHP NRQVROLGDFMLGHPRNUDFMLMHVWSRZV]HFKQDDNFHSWDFMDVSRáHF]HĔVWZDGODZDUWRĞFL OHĪąF\FKXSRGVWDZGHPRNUDW\F]QLHXVWDQRZLRQHJRV\VWHPXSROLW\F]QHJR V]F]H JyOQLHZROQRĞFLLUyZQRĞFL LDNW\ZQHXF]HVWQLFWZRZMHJRLQVW\WXFMDFK VSRáH F]HĔVWZR RE\ZDWHOVNLH  RUD] ZDUXQNL GOD XF]FLZHM U\ZDOL]DFML SRGPLRWyZ QD VFHQLHSROLW\F]QHMLDOWHUQDFMLZáDG]\ F\NOLF]QHLXF]FLZHZ\ERU\ZZDUXQNDFK U\ZDOL]DFML  8RJyOQLDMąF L VXPXMąF SRGHMĞFLD GR UR]XPLHQLD LVWRW\ GHPRNUDFML UyZQLHĪ QXUW\ QLHSU]\ZRá\ZDQH SU]H] DXWRUNĊ  Z\SDGD ]DF\WRZDü SRJOąG Z\UDĪRQ\SU]H]3DXOLQĊ6HNXáĊLĪQDVWĊSXMąFHSRVRELHZL]MHLGRĞZLDGF]HQLD GHPRNUDFML ± RG SURFHGXUDOQHM NRQFHQWUXMąFHM VLĊ QD VSRVREDFK NUHRZDQLD ZáDG]\ SU]H]OLEHUDOQą ]ZUDFDMąFąXZDJĊQDSUDZDMHGQRVWNLRUD]PHFKDQL]P\ NRQWUROLVSRáHF]QHMQDGSURFHVDPLGHF\]\MQ\PL SRSU]H]GHPRNUDFMĊSDUW\F\SD F\MQą NáDGąFąQDFLVNQDRVRELVWHXF]HVWQLFWZRZVIHU]HSXEOLF]QHMSDĔVWZRZHM LVDPRU]ąGRZHM DĪGRNRQFHSFMLGHOLEHUDW\ZQHM SRGNUHĞODMąFHMZDJĊG\VNXUVX SXEOLF]QHJRQDHWDSLHSU]HGGHF\]\MQ\P ±QLHVą]HVREąVSU]HF]QHDNXPXOXMąVLĊ WZRU]ąFPRGHOGHPRNUDFMLMDNRZDUWRĞFLVDPHMZVRELH>6HNXáD@ :W\PPLHMVFXSRMDZLDVLĊSUREOHPRFHQ\VWDQXGHPRNUDFMLZ3ROVFH 'HPRNUDW\F]QHLQVW\WXFMHVWDQRZLąFHSRGVWDZĊXVWURMXLVWQLHMąRGGDZQDLQLH ]PLHQLDMąVLĊMHGQDNĪHUHJXODFMHXVWDZRZHGRW\F]ąFHSUDNW\NLLFKVWRVRZDQLD

(9)

ĞŵŽŬƌĂĐũĂůŽŬĂůŶĂĂŝĚĞĂŽŐƌĂŶŝĐnjĞŶŝĂůŝĐnjďLJŬĂĚĞŶĐũŝǁſũƚſǁ;ďƵƌŵŝƐƚƌnjſǁ͕ƉƌĞnjLJĚĞŶƚſǁ͘͘͘

QDSU]\NáDGVSRVREXSU]HSURZDG]DQLDZ\ERUyZ RUG\QDFMH.RGHNVZ\ERUF]\  VSRVREXUR]VWU]\JDQLDLFKZ\QLNyZRNUĊJyZZ\ERUF]\FKLWGVąQLHXVWDMąF\P SU]HGPLRWHP NRUHNW L ]PLDQ QLHNLHG\ ]DOHĪQ\FK RG LQWHUHVyZ ZLĊNV]RĞFL SDUODPHQWDUQHMFRQLHZVSRPDJDNRQVROLGDFMLGHPRNUDFML

= GUXJLHM VWURQ\ LVWRWQ\P ZVNDĨQLNLHP VWDQX NRQVROLGDFML Vą SRVWDZ\ VSRáHF]QHZREHFGHPRNUDFMLLLQVW\WXFMLGHPRNUDW\F]Q\FK2LOHZEDGDQLDFKGRW\ F]ąF\FKVWRVXQNX3RODNyZGRGHPRNUDFMLUHDOL]RZDQ\FKF\NOLF]QLHSU]H]&%26 ]ZROHQQLF\GHPRNUDFML1RVLąJQĊOLZPDUFXUSR]LRPWRMHGQDNFRWU]HFL EDGDQ\  E\áVNáRQQ\SRSU]HüVWZLHUG]HQLHĪHÄQLHNLHG\U]ąG\QLHGHPRNUD W\F]QHPRJąE\üEDUG]LHMSRĪąGDQHQLĪGHPRNUDW\F]QH´DFRF]ZDUW\E\áVNáRQQ\ SRSU]HüVWZLHUG]HQLHĪHÄU]ąG\RSDUWHQDVLOQ\PSU]\ZyG]WZLHVą]GHF\GRZDQLH OHSV]HRGGHPRNUDW\F]Q\FK´  >&%26@$PELZDOHQWQ\VWRVXQHN GRGHPRNUDFMLZ\ND]XMHNRUHODFMĊ]SR]LRPHP]DGRZROHQLD]HVSRVREXIXQNFMR QRZDQLDGHPRNUDFMLZ3ROVFH±SR]\W\ZQąRFHQĊZ\UDĪD]DĞQLH]DGRZROHQLH EDGDQ\FK3RVWDZ\VSRáHF]QHZREHFGHPRNUDFMLWRUyZQLHĪV]HUHJZVNDĨ QLNyZRSLVXMąF\FKNZHVWLHPHQWDOQRĞFLF]\WHĪQDWĊĪHQLDGHPRNUDW\F]QHMNXOWXU\ SROLW\F]QHMUR]XPLDQHMMDNRVSHF\¿F]QHQDVWDZLHQLHZREHFXVWURMXSROLW\F]QHJR ZFDáRĞFLLMHJRIUDJPHQWyZRUD]GRRFHQ\UROLMDNąZUDPDFKV\VWHPXPRĪH RGHJUDüMHGQRVWND>.XELDN@1DSURGHPRNUDW\F]QąNXOWXUĊSROLW\F]Qą VNáDGDMąVLĊPLQDNW\ZQRĞüQDQLZLHSXEOLF]QHM ZW\PXF]HVWQLFWZRZJáRVRZD QLDFK NRPSHWHQFMHRE\ZDWHOVNLH ZW\PSRF]XFLHZSá\ZXQDVSUDZ\SXEOLF]QH  F]\XF]HVWQLFWZRZGREURZROQ\FKVWRZDU]\V]HQLDFK>6HNXáD@ 3U]\MPXMąFZV]\VWNLHSRZ\ĪV]HQXUW\DQDOL]\GHPRNUDFMLRUD]X]QDMąF NRPSOHPHQWDUQRĞü GHV\JQDWyZ QD NWyUH NáDGą RQH QDFLVN QDOHĪ\ X]QDü ĪHVąRQHUyZQLHĪDNWXDOQHZVWRVXQNXGR]MDZLVNDGHPRNUDFMLORNDOQHMDZLĊF SURFHVyZGHPRNUDW\F]Q\FKRGE\ZDMąF\FKVLĊQDSR]LRPLHPH]RWMQDSR]LRPLH ORNDOQ\FKZVSyOQRWL]ELRURZRĞFLZ\]QDF]DQ\FKSU]H]DGPLQLVWUDF\MQH LRF]\ ZLĞFLH NXOWXURZRPHQWDOQRĞFLRZH  SRG]LDá\ L JUDQLFH Ä1D SR]LRPLH ]ELRUR ZRĞFLORNDOQHM]DFKRG]L]MDZLVNRKDUPRQLMQHJRáąF]HQLDVWRVXQNyZSLHUZRWQ\FK MHGQRVWHN]DZLHUDMąF\FKVLĊZVIHU]HSU\ZDWQRĞFLZ\]QDF]DMąFHMLFKWRĪVDPRĞü RSDUWąQDZDUWRĞFLDFKLLQWHUHVDFK]HVIHUąSXEOLF]Qą´>0LV]WDO@ 8FLHOHĞQLHQLHPORNDOQHMGHPRNUDFMLMHVWVDPRU]ąGJPLQQ\-HJR]DLVWQLHQLH Z3ROVFHE\áRXZDUXQNRZDQHSU]HNV]WDáFHQLHPXVWURMXQDGHPRNUDW\F]QHWRU\LZGUR ĪHQLHPV]HUHJXLQVW\WXFMLLSURFHGXUGHPRNUDW\F]Q\FKDSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPGHFHQ WUDOL]DFMLZáDG]\SDĔVWZRZHM7\PVDP\PGHPRNUDFMDZ3ROVFH]\VNDáDGRGDWNRZ\ Z\PLDUORNDOQ\NWyU\UyZQLHĪSRGOHJDRFHQRPZ]DNUHVLHVWDQXLQVW\WXFMRQDOL]DFML RUD]LQWHUQDOL]DFMLZDUWRĞFLGHPRNUDW\F]Q\FKSU]H]F]áRQNyZ]ELRURZRĞFL

1 -DNR ]ZROHQQLNyZ GHPRNUDFML SRWUDNWRZDQR RGSRZLDGDMąF\FK SR]\W\ZQLH QD S\WDQLH

&]\]JDG]DVLĊ3DQ L ]HVWZLHUG]HQLHPĪHGHPRNUDFMDQLHMHVWZSUDZG]LHGREU\PXVWURMHP DOHQLHPDXVWURMXOHSV]HJR"

(10)

:ĂŶŝŶĂ<ŽǁĂůŝŬ

3RF]ąZV]\RGSLHUZV]HMXVWDZ\RVDPRU]ąG]LHWHU\WRULDOQ\P]PDUFD 1990 r.2 VDPRU]ąGRZL JPLQQHPX ]DEH]SLHF]RQR ZV]\VWNLH LQVW\WXFMRQDOQH

SRGVWDZ\GHPRNUDW\F]QHJRIXQNFMRQRZDQLD]DZDUWHSLHUZRWQLHZ (XURSHMVNLHM .DUFLH6DPRU]ąGX/RNDOQHJR3MDNRXFLHOHĞQLHQLHGHPRNUDFMLRUD]]DVDG\VXEV\ GLDUQRĞFLZUD]]LFKNRQVW\WXF\MQ\PLJZDUDQFMDPL.ROHMQHODWDGRĞZLDGF]HĔ ZSUDNW\NRZDQLXVDPRU]ąGQRĞFLJPLQQHMSU]\QRVLá\GRĞZLDGF]HQLDLZ\QLNDMąFH ]QLFK]PLDQ\XVWDZRGDZVWZDZW\PREV]DU]H:áDG]HFHQWUDOQHDGRNáDGQLH U]HF]XMPXMąFNRDOLFMH]PLHQLDMąFHVLĊZSDUODPHQFLHPLDá\GRĞü]UyĪQLFRZDQą ZL]MĊ UROL VDPRU]ąGX ORNDOQHJR L ORNDOQHM GHPRNUDFML Z ]DU]ąG]DQLX GREUHP ZVSyOQ\PZJPLQDFK3ROLW\NDEXGRZ\GHPRNUDW\F]QHJRXVWURMXZSDĔVWZLH SRSU]H] Z\NRU]\VWDQLH VDPRU]ąGX ORNDOQHJR Z SLHUZV]\FK ODWDFK SU]HPLDQ ]DPLHQLDáDVLĊZV\VWHPRZHEORNRZDQLHMHJRUR]ZRMXE\QDVWĊSQLHSU]HMĞüGR SU]HNRQDQLDĪHMHVWRQMHG\Q\PPHFKDQL]PHPUR]ZLą]\ZDQLDQDMWUXGQLHMV]\FK SUREOHPyZVSRáHF]Q\FKLZ]ZLą]NX]W\PQDOHĪ\]DZV]HONąFHQĊUDWRZDüMHJR NRQG\FMĊ3U]HNRQDQLHRW\PĪHVDPRU]ąGRZHZáDG]HZJPLQDFKPLDVWDFKVą SROLW\F]QLHQLHLVWRWQHV]\ENR]PLHQLáRVLĊZLPSHUDW\ZGODRJyOQRSROVNLFKSDUWLL SROLW\F]Q\FK DE\ ]GRE\ZDü MDN QDMZLĊNV]H ZSá\Z\ Z JPLQDFK D QDVWĊSQLH ZSRZLDWDFKLUHJLRQDFK JG\ĪWDPMHVWU]HF]\ZLVWDZáDG]DLSLHQLąG]HÄ=SXQNWX ZLG]HQLDSDUWLLSROLW\F]Q\FKVDPRU]ąGWHU\WRULDOQ\MHVWDWUDNF\MQ\PPLHMVFHP UHDOL]DFML LFK LQWHUHVyZ  DNW\ZQRĞü QD DUHQLH VDPRU]ąGRZHM ZLąĪH VLĊ ] EXGRZDQLHP SODWIRUP\ Z\ERUF]HM XJUXSRZDQLD JG\Ī NDQG\GDFL SDUWLL GR VDPRU]ąGXVą]RERZLą]DQLGRSURSDJRZDQLDSURJUDPXSDUWLLWDNDE\]MHGQDüGOD QLHMMDNQDMZLĊFHM]ZROHQQLNyZ3DUWLDWUDNWXMHVDPRU]ąG]DUyZQRMDNRSDSLHUHN ODNPXVRZ\ ORMDOQRĞFL ZáDVQ\FK F]áRQNyZ MDN L PLHMVFH UHNUXWDFML QRZ\FK ]ZROHQQLNyZ0RĪHVLĊRQVWDüSRĞUHGQLPHWDSHPNDULHU\SROLW\F]QHM´>'RMZD 7XUF]\ĔVNL@:HIHNFLHZáDG]HFHQWUDOQHSRGMĊá\VWDUDQLDRZ\SUDFR ZDQLHSR]\W\ZQHJRVWRVXQNXVSRáHF]HĔVWZDGRVDPRU]ąGXRUD]Z]PRFQLHQLH SRF]XFLDRE\ZDWHOVNRĞFLL]DDQJDĪRZDQLDZVSUDZ\ORNDOQHMDNRZ\SHáQLHQLD LGHLORNDOQHMGHPRNUDFMLSDUW\F\SDF\MQHM

-DNRĞü GHPRNUDFML VDPRU]ąGRZHM PRĪQD RFHQLDü ZHGáXJ UyĪQ\FK NU\WHULyZ 1D XĪ\WHN QLQLHMV]\FK UR]ZDĪDĔ LVWRWQH Z\GDMH VLĊ RV]DFRZDQLH QDVWĊSXMąF\FKZVNDĨQLNyZ  UyZQRZDJLZáDG]\LNRQWUROLHJ]HNXW\Z\SU]H]RUJDQNROHJLDOQ\  SR]LRPU\ZDOL]DF\MQRĞFLZZDOFHRPDQGDW\UDGQ\FKLZáDG]ĊZ\NRQDZF]ą ]PLHQQRĞüXVWHUXZáDG]\GRPLQDFMDRSFMLSROLW\F]QHMF]\RVRE\   VWDQNRQWUROQHMIXQNFMLORNDOQ\FKPHGLyZLQLH]DOHĪQRĞFLRGZáDG]\  DGPLQLVWUDFMDVDPRU]ąGRZDQLH]DOHĪQDRGSROLW\F]Q\FKQDFLVNyZ  SDWRORJLDZáDG]\±QHSRW\]PNOLHQWHOL]PNRUXSFMDSROLW\F]QD 2 ']8]URNXQUSR] 95. 3 (XURSHMVND.DUWD6DPRU]ąGX/RNDOQHJRSU]\MĊWDZ6WUDVEXUJXSDĨG]LHUQLNDU UDW\¿NRZDQDZFDáRĞFLSU]H]3ROVNĊ']8QUSR]

(11)

ĞŵŽŬƌĂĐũĂůŽŬĂůŶĂĂŝĚĞĂŽŐƌĂŶŝĐnjĞŶŝĂůŝĐnjďLJŬĂĚĞŶĐũŝǁſũƚſǁ;ďƵƌŵŝƐƚƌnjſǁ͕ƉƌĞnjLJĚĞŶƚſǁ͘͘͘

:]PRFQLHQLHHJ]HNXW\Z\VDPRU]ąGRZHM

:ĞUyG OLF]Q\FK NRUHNW SUDZD VDPRU]ąGRZHJR NOXF]RZH ]QDF]HQLH QDOHĪ\SU]\SLVDüLVWRWQHM]PLDQLHXVWURMXZáDG]ORNDOQ\FKZHIHNFLHXVWDZ\ ]GQLDF]HUZFDUREH]SRĞUHGQLPZ\ERU]HZyMWDEXUPLVWU]DLSUH]\ denta miasta4 : LQVW\WXFMRQDOQ\P SRG]LDOH ZáDG] QD VWDQRZLąFą L Z\NR

QDZF]ąGRNRQDáDRQD]DVDGQLF]HJRZ]PRFQLHQLDSR]\FMLXVWURMRZHMZáDG]\ L]QDF]HQLDPRQRNUDW\F]QHJRRUJDQXZ\NRQDZF]HJR ZyMWDEXUPLVWU]DSUH]\ GHQWDPLDVWD ZVWRVXQNXGRZáDG]\UDG\JPLQ\=DVDGQLF]\FHOWHMXVWDZ\ ± VWDELOL]DFMD ZáDG]\ Z JPLQLH SRSU]H] Z]PRFQLHQLH SR]\FML HJ]HNXW\Z\ ZVWRVXQNXGRRUJDQXVWDQRZLąFRNRQWUROQHJR]RVWDáRVLąJQLĊW\1LHVWHW\QLH XGDáRVLĊZ\HOLPLQRZDüQDWUZDáHNRQÀLNWXSRPLĊG]\W\PLGZRPDRUJDQDPL DMHG\QLHRGZUyFLüVLá\$SU]HFLHĪLVWRWąGHPRNUDFMLMHVWZVSyáSUDFDQDU]HF] GREUD SXEOLF]QHJR Ä.RQÀLNW VWDá VLĊ UHJXáą ZVSyáLVWQLHQLD REX RUJDQyZ ZW\FKJPLQDFKJG]LHZáDG]DZ\NRQDZF]DUHSUH]HQWXMHLQQąRSFMĊSROLW\F]Qą QLĪZLĊNV]RĞüZUDG]LH´>%REHULLQUyZQLHĪ.RZDOLN@ =E\WVLOQ\PGRWHJRF]DVXUDGRPJPLQ\Z\WUąFRQR]UąNEURĔZSRVWDFLPRĪOL ZRĞFLRGZRá\ZDQLD]DU]ąGyZJPLQ]DUyZQR]X]DVDGQLRQ\FKMDNLQLHX]DVDG QLRQ\FKSRZRGyZFRPLDáRXVXQąüSU]\F]\Q\NRQÀLNWyZQDOLQLLOHJLVODW\ZD HJ]HNXW\ZDRUD]]QLZHORZDüSU]HGáXĪDQLHSURFHGXUGHF\]\MQ\FK3UREOHP\ ]ZLą]DQH ]H VáDEQąF\P RG SHZQHJR F]DVX ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLHP VSRáHF]QRĞFL VSUDZDPL VDPRU]ąGRZ\PL L UHODW\ZQLH QLVNLPL IUHNZHQFMDPL Z Z\ERUDFK VDPRU]ąGRZ\FKPLDá\]RVWDüUR]ZLą]DQHSRSU]H]SHUVRQDOL]DFMĊZáDG]\LLGHQ W\¿NDFMĊRGSRZLHG]LDOQRĞFLZyMWD EXUPLVWU]DSUH]\GHQWDPLDVWD 5. Niewielki

SU]\URVW IUHNZHQFML Z\ERUF]HM Z HOHNFMDFK VDPRU]ąGRZ\FK ]QDF]QH SU]\ HOHNFMDFK VDPRU]ąGRZ\FK ]QDF]QH SU]\HOHNFMDFK VDPRU]ąGRZ\FK ]QDF]QH SU]\ VSLHV]HQLHSURFHGXUGHF\]\MQ\FKZJPLQDFKZ]URVWSRF]XFLDSRGPLRWRZRĞFL LSRF]XFLDZSá\ZXQDVSUDZ\QDMEOLĪV]HJRRWRF]HQLDLZ\UDĨQ\Z]URVW]DLQ

WHUHVRZDQLD VSRáHF]HĔVWZD VSUDZDPL ORNDOQ\PL Z NRQWHNĞFLH IXQNFMRQR ZDQLDZáDG]ORNDOQ\FKLNROHMQ\FKZ\ERUyZWRQLHZąWSOLZLHSR]\W\ZQHVNXWNL XPRFQLHQLDSR]\FMLXVWURMRZHMZáDG]\Z\NRQDZF]HMZ JPLQLH-HGQDNZUD] ]SU]HELHJLHPNROHMQ\FKNDGHQFMLLNROHMQ\FKHOHNFMLSRMDZLá\VLĊSUREOHP\ NWyU\FKQLHSU]HZLG]LDQRRUG\QXMąFGRĞüGUDVW\F]QHOHNDUVWZRQDSUREOHP\

4 ']8]URNXQUSR]

5 3R ZSURZDG]HQLX XVWDZ\ R EH]SRĞUHGQLP Z\ERU]H ZyMWD EXUPLVWU]D SUH]\GHQWD PLDVWD  QDVWąSLáZSUDZG]LHZ]URVWXF]HVWQLFWZDZJáRVRZDQLDFKVDPRU]ąGRZ\FKDOHQLHE\áWRZ]URVW ODZLQRZ\: SU]HNRQDQLX DXWRUNL NWyUH WUXGQR RF]\ZLĞFLH XGRZRGQLü JG\E\ QLH E\áR WHM XVWDZ\QDVWĊSRZDáE\GDOV]\UHJUHV]DLQWHUHVRZDQLDVSRáHF]HĔVWZDVSUDZDPLVDPRU]ąGRZ\PL ZW\PUyZQLHĪIUHNZHQFMLZ\ERUF]HM7RWHĪSU]HFLĊWQ\RNSXQNWRZ\Z]URVWIUHNZHQFML QDOHĪ\SU]\SLVDüG]LDáDQLXXVWDZ\FKRüMHMWZyUF\OLF]\OLQD]GHF\GRZDQLHZLĊNV]\HIHNW  3RGPLRWRZRĞüLVSUDZVWZRZVSUDZDFKGRW\F]ąF\FKQDMEOLĪV]HJRRWRF]HQLDVąSU]HGPLRWHP

EDGDĔ &%26 RG SRF]ąWNX SROVNLFK SU]HPLDQ :  U SRF]XFLH ZSá\ZX QD VSUDZ\ ORNDOQHGHNODURZDáREDGDQ\FKREHFQLH>&%26@GHNODUXMHMH

(12)

:ĂŶŝŶĂ<ŽǁĂůŝŬ

XMDZQLRQHZSLHUZV]\FKWU]HFKNDGHQFMDFKVDPRU]ąGXJPLQQHJR:ĞUyGQLFK QDOHĪ\ ZVND]Dü NXPXODFMĊ ZV]HONLHM ZáDG]\ Z UĊNDFK RUJDQX Z\NRQDZ F]HJR7 LVWRWQą G\VIXQNFMĊ ORNDOQHM GHPRNUDFML Z SRVWDFL SRZDĪQHM EORNDG\

ZDOWHUQDFMLZáDG]\Z\NRQDZF]HM ZyMWD SU]\MHMQLHPDOFDáNRZLW\PXQLH]D OHĪQLHQLXVLĊRGUDG\LXWUDW\SU]H]UDG\IXQNFMLNRQWUROQ\FK]ZLHU]FKQLFWZR ZyMWD EXUPLVWU]DSUH]\GHQWDPLDVWD QDGDGPLQLVWUDFMąJPLQQąRUD]ZSá\Z QDNDGU\ZSRGOHJá\FKVSyáNDFKNRPXQDOQ\FKJHQHUXMąF\SDWRORJLF]Q\NOLHQ WHOL]PLQHSRW\]PXMDZQLDMąFHVLĊZFDáHMRND]DáRĞFLQLH]DOHĪQLHRGZLHONRĞFL JPLQ\PLDVWDWUXGQRĞFL]RGZRáDQLHPZyMWD EXUPLVWU]DSUH]\GHQWDPLDVWD  ZV\WXDFMLXWUDW\SU]H]QLHJR]DXIDQLDVSRáHF]QHJR .RQVHNZHQFMą W\FK ]MDZLVN MHVW XMDZQLDMąFH VLĊ RG NLONX HOHNFML ]MDZLVNRSRZWyUQ\FKL NROHMQ\FKZ\ERUyZW\FKVDP\FKRVyEQDVWDQRZLVND ZyMWD EXUPLVWU]D SUH]\GHQWD PLDVWD : ODWDFK  V]yVWą NDGHQFMĊ VSUDZRZDáR  EXUPLVWU]yZ L  ZyMWyZ D RNRáR WU]\ F]ZDUWH ZáRGDU]\ PLDVW L JPLQ ]DU]ąG]DáR RG SRQDG WU]HFK NDGHQFML: GZyFK ODWDFK Z\ERUáR RG SRQDG WU]HFK NDGHQFML: GZyFK ODWDFK Z\ERU RG SRQDG WU]HFK NDGHQFML: GZyFK ODWDFK Z\ERU F]\FK ±  L  QDMZ\ĪV]\ VWRSQLHĔ SRZWDU]DOQRĞFL Z\ERUX VWZLHU G]RQR Z Z\ERUDFK SUH]\GHQWyZ PLDVW8 NWyU\P Z\ERUF\ ]DXIDOL SRQRZQLH

ZSU]\SDGNyZ1LHPDOUyZQLHF]ĊVWąSRZWDU]DOQRĞüZ\ERUXRGQRWRZDQR ZSU]\SDGNXZyMWyZ RN 6WRVXQNRZRQDMPQLHMSRZWyUQ\FKZ\ERUyZ E\áRZĞUyGEXUPLVWU]yZ RN >.ZLDWNRZVNLLLQ@:Z\ERUDFK VDPRU]ąGRZ\FK  U PLHV]NDĔF\ PLDVW ]DXIDOL SRQRZQLH  SUH]\ GHQWyZDOHMXĪV\WXDFMDZNWyUHMVSUDZXMąF\ZSRSU]HGQLHMNDGHQFMLZáDG]Ċ OLGHUNDQG\GRZDáLSU]HJU\ZDáZ\ERU\GRW\F]\áDPLDVWSUH]\GHQFNLFK 3RUyZQXMąF WH Z\QLNL QDOHĪ\ VWZLHUG]Lü ]DXZDĪDOQ\ VSDGHN OLF]E\ SUH]\ GHQWyZRVLąJDMąF\FKVXNFHVZNROHMQ\FKZ\ERUDFK>7UXWNRZVNL.XUQLHZLF] @1DMPRFQLHMGRZ\REUDĨQLVSRáHF]HĔVWZDSU]HPDZLDá\MHGQDNVWDW\ VW\NLMDNLHSDGDá\]WU\EXQ\VHMPRZHMZU9ĪHSU]HGZ\ERUDPLZU

QDRJyOQąOLF]EĊ JPLQZáRGDU]\ WM  SHáQLáRVZRMąIXQNFMĊ RGUDZLĊFRGODW3RZ\ERUDFKUZyMWyZEXUPLVWU]yZOXE SUH]\GHQWyZPLDVW]RVWDáRZ\EUDQ\FKQDVZRMąV]yVWąNDGHQFMĊ>$GDPRZLF] @2]QDF]DWRĪHZW\FKSU]\SDGNDFKFDáHSRNROHQLHPLHV]NDĔFyZ JPLQ\XURG]LáRVLĊLGRMU]DáRZF]DVLHWUZDQLDMHGQHJRF]áRZLHNDXZáDG]\

7 -XĪ Z SRáRZLH ;,; ZLHNX $OH[LV GH 7RFTXHYLOOH REVHUZXMąF UR]GUREQLHQLH IXQNFML Z\NRQDZF]\FKZ$PHU\FHSLVDáĪHZ]PDFQLDQLHZáDG]\Z\NRQDZF]HMZ]PDJDSRNXVĊ NXPXODFMLZáDG]\LZSá\ZyZ

8 :3ROVFHLVWQLHMHPLDVWSUH]\GHQFNLFK

9 :\JáDV]DOL MH SRVáRZLH ] yZF]HVQHJR 5XFKX 3DOLNRWD RSWXMąF\ ]D ]PLDQą .RGHNX Z\ERUF]HJRZW\P]DNUHVLH

(13)

ĞŵŽŬƌĂĐũĂůŽŬĂůŶĂĂŝĚĞĂŽŐƌĂŶŝĐnjĞŶŝĂůŝĐnjďLJŬĂĚĞŶĐũŝǁſũƚſǁ;ďƵƌŵŝƐƚƌnjſǁ͕ƉƌĞnjLJĚĞŶƚſǁ͘͘͘

:LHORNDGHQF\MQRĞü ± GHF\]MD ZROQ\FK Z\ERUFyZ F]\ VNXWHN

ZDGOLZHJRSUDZD"

%LODQVZLHORNDGHQF\MQ\FKZyMWyZSRZ\ERUDFKUQLHFRXFLHUSLDá QDWOHSRSU]HGQLFKHOHNFML3U]\F]\QWHMVWRVXQNRZRRGPLHQQHMWHQGHQFMLQLH VSRVyEXRJyOQLDüJG\ĪWHZ\ERU\RGE\ZDMąVLĊQDQLHPDOW\VLąFDFKSyO U\ZDOL]DFML-DNPRĪQDVąG]LüPyJáE\üWRHIHNWWRF]ąFHMVLĊZF]DVLHRVWDWQLHM NDGHQFML SXEOLF]QHM G\VNXVML R ZDGDFK ZLHORNDGHQF\MQRĞFL QDJáDĞQLDQLD SURMHNWyZ]PLDQXVWDZRZ\FKVNáDGDQ\FKSU]H]SDUWLHRSR]\F\MQHZ6HMPLH RUD]URG]ąFHMVLĊIDOLQDVWURMyZVSRáHF]Q\FKQDVWDZLRQ\FKUDF]HMQD]PLDQ\ QLĪQDVWDELOL]DFMĊ8WU]\PDQLHVLĊWHJRWUHQGXZ\GDMHVLĊPRĪOLZHZREOLF]X VRQGDĪ\ SRSDUFLD GOD SDUWLL SR]RVWDMąF\FK Z RVWDWQLHM NDGHQFML Z RSR]\FML 3RWHQFMDOQDZ\JUDQD3UDZDL6SUDZLHGOLZRĞFLZZ\ERUDFKSDUODPHQWDUQ\FK SU]\]DáRĪHQLXĪHWDSDUWLDGRWU]\PD]DSRZLHG]LZW\PZ]JOĊG]LHPRĪHGRSUR ZDG]LüGRXVWDZRZHJRRJUDQLF]HQLDOLF]E\NDGHQFMLZyMWyZ 7\PF]DVHPWDNLFKRJUDQLF]HĔQLHPD-HVWQDWRPLDVWSUREOHPWHRUHW\F]Q\ ±F]\RSLVDQDV\WXDFMDZNWyUHMPRQRNUDW\F]QąZáDG]ĊZ]QDF]QHMF]ĊĞFLSROVNLFK JPLQVSUDZXMąMHGQHLWHVDPHRVRE\SU]H]DQLHNLHG\LODWMHVWNZLQ WHVHQFMąGHPRNUDFMLF]\WHĪMHMÄNDU\NDWXUą´"-HVWWRUyZQLHĪSUREOHPSUDNW\F]Q\ ± Z OLF]Q\FK JPLQDFK QD WHUHQLH NUDMX Z ZDUXQNDFK XWUZDORQHJR ÄNRQWUDNWX Z]DMHPQ\FKLQWHUHVRZQLH´QLHPDPRĪOLZRĞFLGRNRQDQLD]PLDQ\XVWHUXZáDG]\ 3U]\VWĊSXMąFGRDQDOL]\LZDĪHQLDDUJXPHQWyZ]DLSU]HFLZ]PLDQLHLVWQLH MąFHJRZW\PZ]JOĊG]LHSUDZDDXWRUNDGHNODUXMHLĪQLHPDZWHMNZHVWLLMHGQR ]QDF]QHJRSU]HNRQDQLDGODĪDGQHMRSFML&HOHPDQDOL]\MHVWXND]DQLHZSá\ZX ZVND]\ZDQ\FKSU]H]RSRQHQWyZUDFMLQDVWDQLMDNRĞüGHPRNUDFMLORNDOQHMZMHM LQVW\WXFMRQDOQ\PSURFHGXUDOQ\PF]\SDUW\F\SDF\MQ\PZ\PLDU]H

$UJXPHQW\]ZROHQQLNyZRJUDQLF]HQLDOLF]E\NDGHQFML

3URMHNW\XVWDZRZ\FK]PLDQGRW\F]ąF\FKPDNV\PDOQHMGáXJRĞFLVSUD ZRZDQLD ZáDG]\ Z\NRQDZF]HM Z JPLQLH DOER WHĪ ]DSRZLHG]L SROLW\F]Q\FK G]LDáDĔ Z W\P NLHUXQNX VNáDGDQH E\á\ EH] SRZRG]HQLD SU]H] 3L6 SURMHNW RGU]XFRQ\ZSLHUZV]\PF]\WDQLX SU]H]yZF]HVQ\5XFK3DOLNRWDZU QLHX]\VNDáSRSDUFLD6HMPX SRQRZQLH]DSRZLDGDQ\MHVLHQLąUSU]H] 3L6ZHZVSyáSUDF\]3ROVNą5D]HP-DURVáDZD*RZLQD6NáRQQRĞüGRWDNLFK UR]ZLą]DĔ Z\ND]XMą UyZQLHĪ SRMHG\QF]\ SRVáRZLH LQQ\FK XJUXSRZDĔ :ĞUyG NU\W\NXMąF\FK REHFQ\ V\VWHP EUDNX RJUDQLF]HĔ OLF]E\ PRĪOLZ\FK NDGHQFMLZáDG]\Z\NRQDZF]HMZJPLQDFKSRMDZLDMąVLĊDUJXPHQW\RGQRV]ąFH VLĊGRPRGHORZ\FKFHFKGHPRNUDFMLDOHWHĪDUJXPHQW\QDWXU\PRUDOQHMZ\QL NDMąFH]SRF]XFLDVSUDZLHGOLZRĞFLVSRáHF]QHM MDNNROZLHNE\MHMQLHUR]XPLHü 

(14)

:ĂŶŝŶĂ<ŽǁĂůŝŬ

1DMF]ĊĞFLHMSU]\ZRá\ZDQ\PLDUJXPHQWDPLVą

  3RZDĪQH ]DNáyFHQLH UyZQRZDJL RUJDQyZ ZáDG]\ Z JPLQLH QD U]HF] HJ]HNXW\Z\ L QLHPDO FDáNRZLWD PDUJLQDOL]DFMD RUJDQX NROHJLDOQHJR :yMW EXUPLVWU]SUH]\GHQWPLDVWD SR]RVWDMąF\XZáDG]\SU]H]NROHMQH NDGHQFMH PDMRU\]XMH SURFHV VWDQRZLHQLD SUDZD Z JPLQLH NLHUXQNL VWUDWHJLH GHF\]MH QRPLQDF\MQH LWG  SU]\ EH]VLOQHM EH]UDGQRĞFL UDG\ :yMWG\VSRQXMąFHNVSHUWDPLLGRUDGFDPLPDPHU\WRU\F]QąSU]HZDJĊ QDG UDGQ\PL Z ZLHOX REV]DUDFK L QDMF]ĊĞFLHM QLH Vą RQL Z VWDQLH Z NRPSHWHQWQ\ VSRVyE NRQWURORZDü MHJR G]LDáDĔ 1DZHW ZSá\Z QD WUHĞüQDMZDĪQLHMV]HMXFKZDá\±WHMGRW\F]ąFHMEXGĪHWXMHVWQLH]Z\NOH RJUDQLF]RQ\>%REHULLQ@=NROHLLQVWUXPHQWNRQWUROLZSRVWDFL DEVROXWRULXPMHVWSRGW\PZ]JOĊGHP]XSHáQLHQLHVNXWHF]Q\5\]\NRZQH MHVW GOD UDG\ SRGMĊFLH LQLFMDW\Z\ UHIHUHQGDOQHM Z VSUDZLH RGZRáDQLD RUJDQX Z\NRQDZF]HJR JG\Ī Z V\WXDFML EUDNX SRSDUFLD VSRáHF]QHJR VDPD UDGD PXVLDáDE\ RGGDü ZáDG]Ċ 7\P VSRVREHP UDGQL ± QDZHW PDMąFZLHG]ĊRQLHSUDZLGáRZRĞFLDFK±QLHZLHOHPRJą]URELü-HĞOLEĊGą SRGHMPRZDüG]LDáDQLDFKRüE\QDMUR]VąGQLHMV]HLSRG\NWRZDQHWURVNą RGREURZVSyOQHDOHSU]HFLZQHZREHFSURMHNWyZZyMWDVSRáHF]QRĞü ORNDOQDREUyFLVLĊSU]HFLZNRQLP]DU]XFDMąFLPNáyWOLZRĞüLU]XFDQLH NáyGSRGQRJLJRVSRGDU]RZLJPLQ\NWyU\FKFHUR]ZLą]DüLFKSUREOHP\   2JUDQLF]HQLH SROD GHPRNUDW\F]QHM U\ZDOL]DFML Z HIHNFLH ]QDF]QHM UyĪQLF\ Z V]DQVDFK QD UHHOHNFMĊ ZyMWD EXUPLVWU]D SUH]\GHQWD PLDVWD  MXĪ VSUDZXMąFHJR ZáDG]Ċ Z VWRVXQNX GR MHJR SRWHQFMDOQ\FK NRQNXUHQWyZ]QLHFKĊFDLFKGRVWDZDQLDZV]UDQNLZ\ERUF]H'HPRNUDFMD MHVWUH]XOWDWHPRELHNW\ZQHMG\VWU\EXFML]DVREyZSROLW\F]Q\FKPLĊG]\ UyĪQ\PL SRGPLRWDPL ] NWyU\FK ĪDGHQ QLH MHVW Z VWDQLH RVLągnąü SROLW\F]QHM GRPLQDFML FR Z SU]\SDGNX ZLHORNDGHQF\MQ\FK ZyMWyZ EXUPLVWU]yZLSUH]\GHQWyZPLDVWMHVWQLHPRĪOLZHGR]DEH]SLHF]HQLD :W\FKZDUXQNDFKNDQG\GDFLGRWHMIXQNFMLPDMąF\LQQHSRJOąG\QD WHPDWNLHUXQNyZUR]ZRMXJPLQ\LG]LDáDQLDVDPRU]ąGXORNDOQHJRPDMą RJUDQLF]RQHV]DQVHSRGMĊFLDZDONLRLFKZGURĪHQLH   2JUDQLF]HQLHPRĪOLZRĞFLXF]FLZHMNRQNXUHQFMLZV\WXDFMLJG\XU]ĊGXMąF\ ZyMWEXUPLVWU]OXESUH]\GHQWPLDVWDSRVáXJXMHVLĊZNDPSDQLLFDá\P DSDUDWHPXU]ĊGQLF]\PZ\NRU]\VWXMHGRVWĊSQHPRĪOLZRĞFLSURZDG]HQLD NDPSDQLLSU]\RND]MLVSUDZRZDQLDIXQNFMLUHSUH]HQWDF\MQ\FK

  8U]ĊGXMąF\ ZyMW EXUPLVWU] SUH]\GHQW PLDVWD PDMąF ]ZLHU]FKQLFWZR QDG DGPLQLVWUDFMą JPLQQą L VSyáNDPL NRPXQDOQ\PL MHVW QDMZLĊNV]\P SUDFRGDZFą D ] F]DVHP VWDMH VLĊ ÄV]DIDU]HP áDVN L SU]\ZLOHMyZ´ 1DZHW Z V\WXDFML XWUDW\ ZLĊNV]RĞFL Z UDG]LH PDMąF GR G\VSR]\FML SRZDĪQH]DVRE\GRĞüV]\ENRPRĪHWĊZLĊNV]RĞü]EXGRZDü:WUXGQHM

(15)

ĞŵŽŬƌĂĐũĂůŽŬĂůŶĂĂŝĚĞĂŽŐƌĂŶŝĐnjĞŶŝĂůŝĐnjďLJŬĂĚĞŶĐũŝǁſũƚſǁ;ďƵƌŵŝƐƚƌnjſǁ͕ƉƌĞnjLJĚĞŶƚſǁ͘͘͘

V\WXDFML QD U\QNX SUDF\ VDPRU]ąG G\VSRQXMH SRNDĨQ\P DUVHQDáHP ]DWUXGQLDQLDRE\ZDWHOLLNRQWURORZDQLDORNDOQHJRU\QNXSUDF\SUDFDPL LQWHUZHQF\MQ\PLURERWDPLSXEOLF]Q\PLSUDFDPLVSRáHF]QLHXĪ\WHF]Q\PL VWDĪDPLSUDNW\NDPLF]\ZUHV]FLHSRVDGDPLLVWDQRZLVNDPLZXU]ĊG]LH LSR]DXU]ĊGHPQSZV]NRáDFKLQVW\WXFMDFKNXOWXU\>%XNRZVNL@ 5HHOHNFMąXU]ĊGXMąFHJRZyMWDMHVW]DLQWHUHVRZDQ\FKZLHOXEHQH¿FMHQWyZ MHJR ZáDG]\ 'áXJRWUZDáH U]ąG]HQLH Z JPLQLH PRĪH E\ü VNXWNLHP NOLHQWHOL]PX L SRZLą]DĔ QLHIRUPDOQ\FK QD V]F]HEOX JPLQQ\P PRĪH Z\ZRá\ZDü ]MDZLVNR LQHUFML SROLW\F]QHJR ]DDQJDĪRZDQLD ]H VWURQ\ Z\ERUFyZLRJyOQLH]áHMNRQG\FMLNXOWXU\SROLW\F]QHMQDGDQ\PREV]DU]H   :LHORNDGHQF\MQL ZyMWRZLH EXUPLVWU]RZLH SUH]\GHQFL PLDVW 

SRGSRU]ąGNRZXMą VRELH UyZQLHĪ ORNDOQH PHGLD ]Z\NOH XZLNáDQH Z]QDF]Q\PVWRSQLXZLQWHUHV\]ZLą]DQH]H]OHFHQLDPLXU]ĊGyZJPLQ\ FR Z HIHNFLH SURZDG]L GR ]QDF]QHJR RJUDQLF]HQLD NRQWUROQHM IXQNFML PHGLyZZREHFGHF\GHQWDRUD]EORNXMHXSRZV]HFKQLDQLHZVSRáHF]QRĞFL ORNDOQHMLQIRUPDFMLRV]F]HJyáDFKIXQNFMRQRZDQLDZáDG]\

  &KFąFXWU]\PDüVLĊXZáDG]\ZLHORNDGHQF\MQ\ZyMW EXUPLVWU]SUH]\GHQW PLDVWD PXVLZ\ND]\ZDüVLĊZREHFHOHNWRUDWXDWUDNF\MQ\PLLQZHVW\FMDPL QLH ]DZV]H QDMEDUG]LHM UDFMRQDOQ\PL DOH QDGHU F]ĊVWR SURZDG]ąF\PL GRSRZDĪQHJR]DGáXĪHQLDJPLQ\>6WĊSLHĔ@6FHQDULXV]HSU]HELHJX LQZHVW\FMLNUHRZDQHVąSU]H]F\NOZ\ERUF]\WDNDE\ZURNXZ\ERUF]\P VSRáHF]QRĞüPRJáDRWU]\PDüZV]HONLH¿QLV]HRWZDUFLDLERQXV\

  -HGHQF]áRZLHNWU]\PDMąF\SU]H]NROHMQHNDGHQFMHZVZ\FKUĊNDFK ZV]HONLHZSá\Z\ZORNDOQ\FKUHDOLDFKLSR]EDZLRQ\UHDOQHMNRQWUROL PRĪH XWUZDODü VZRMą ZáDG]Ċ L SRV]HU]Dü MHM ]DVLĊJ X]DOHĪQLDMąF RG VZRLFK GHF\]ML NROHMQ\FK OXG]L Z W\P SU]HGVWDZLFLHOL RSR]\FML SROLW\F]QHM SRV]F]HJyOQ\FK UDGQ\FK RVRE\ ZSá\ZRZH 7R ]DĞ SURZDG]L GR HOLPLQRZDQLD ] ORNDOQHM SU]HVWU]HQL MDNLHMNROZLHN DOWHUQDW\Z\GODVSUDZXMąFHJRZáDG]ĊLMHJRHNLS\   6NXWNLHPZLHORNURWQHJRSRZLHU]DQLDZáDG]\MHGQHMRVRELHMHVWXWUZDOHQLH VFKHPDWXP\ĞOHQLDRW\PNWRZJPLQLHSRVLDGDUHDOQąZáDG]ĊLZ\JDV]DQLH VLĊVSRáHF]QHMDNW\ZQRĞFLZVSUDZDFKVDPRU]ąGRZ\FKDFR]DW\PLG]LH ZV]HONLHJRG\VNXUVXSXEOLF]QHJRQDWHPDWVSUDZORNDOQ\FKLPRĪOLZ\FK VFHQDULXV]\LFKUR]ZLą]\ZDQLD7R]MDZLVNRNRUHOXMH] obserwowanym RG SHZQHJR F]DVX ]MDZLVNLHP VSDGNX OLF]E\ NDQG\GDWyZ QD UDGQ\FK LNDQG\GDWyZQDZyMWD EXUPLVWU]DSUH]\GHQWDPLDVWD L]H]QDF]QąOLF]Eą JPLQZNWyU\FK]DPLDVWU\ZDOL]DF\MQ\FKZ\ERUyZRGE\ZDVLĊSOHELVF\W ZVSUDZLHZ\ERUXMHG\QHJRNDQG\GDWD ]REWDEHOD 

(16)

:ĂŶŝŶĂ<ŽǁĂůŝŬ

:VND]DQ\ SRZ\ĪHM DUJXPHQW GRW\F]ąF\ RVáDELHQLD SDUW\F\SDFML VSRáHF]QHM QLHGRZáDGX ZVSyáG]LDáDQLD ] RUJDQL]DFMDPL SR]DU]ąGRZ\PL LVSDGNXMDNRĞFLVSUDZRZDQLDXU]ĊGXZRF]DFKPLHV]NDĔFyZZV\WXDFMLVSUD ZRZDQLDZáDG]\SU]H]WĊVDPąRVREĊZNROHMQ\FKNDGHQFMDFKSRWZLHUG]DMą PLQ EDGDQLD MDNRĞFLRZH SURZDG]RQH SR Z\ERUDFK  U SU]H] 0,67L$ Z.UDNRZLH>.ZLDWNRZVNLLLQ@ 7DEHOD6WDW\VW\NDNDQG\GDWyZQDUDGQ\FKJPLQLZyMWyZ EXUPLVWU]yZ SUH]\GHQWyZPLDVW ZODWDFK 2002 r. U 2010 r. 2014 r. /LF]EDNDQG\GDWyZQDUDGQ\FKJPLQ 227 437 194 387  154 590 /LF]EDPDQGDWyZZUDGDFKJPLQ 39 519 39 478 39 489  /LF]EDNDQG\GDWyZQDZyMWyZ ESP 10 371 8 227 7 775 8 029 /LF]EDPDQGDWyZZyMWyZ ESP 2 478 2 478 2 479 2 478 /LF]EDRNUĊJyZZNWyU\FKQLHSU]HSURZDG]RQR JáRVRZDQLDGRUDG]HZ]JOĊGXQD]JáRV]HQLH PQLHMV]HMOLF]E\NDQG\GDWyZQLĪPDQGDWyZ GRREVDG]HQLD 301 1020 1001 1 733 /LF]EDJPLQZNWyU\FKZ\VWDZLRQRMHGQHJR NDQG\GDWDQDZyMWD ESP 27  302 251 ħUyGáRRSUDFRZDQLHZáDVQHQDSRGVWDZLHGDQ\FK3.:RUD]>&\UDQNLHZLF]@

1LHNRU]\VWQH GOD SURFHVyZ GHPRNUDW\F]Q\FK MHVW UyZQLHĪ ]MDZLVNR HOLPLQRZDQLDRE\ZDWHOL]SURFHVyZGHF\]\MQ\FK U]DGNLHLUDF]HMIDVDGRZH NRQVXOWDFMHSU]HGGHF\]\MQH L RJUDQLF]DQLDLFKUROLZ\áąF]QLHGRXF]HVWQLFWZD ZDNFLHZ\ERUF]\PUD]QDODWD3DUDGRNVDOQLHPDQNDPHQWHPZ\VWĊSXMąF\P ZSROVNLPVDPRU]ąG]LHJPLQQ\PQLH]DOHĪQLHRGZLHONRĞFLMHVW]QDF]ąFDVWDW\ VW\ND SR]DSDUW\MQ\FK NRPLWHWyZ Z\ERUF]\FK ZVSLHUDMąF\FK ZLHORNDGHQ F\MQ\FKZyMWyZ3UREOHPSROHJDQDW\PĪHIXQNFMRQXMąRQHZ\áąF]QLHQDNLOND PLHVLĊF\SU]HGZ\ERUDPLZHGáXJVZRLVWHMIRUPXá\ÄSDUWLLRNUHVRZHM´SRF]\P SU]H] FDáą NDGHQFMĊ QLH XF]HVWQLF]ą Z Ī\FLX SROLW\F]Q\P QLH REDUF]DMąVLĊ ELHĪąF\PL XWDUF]NDPL NWyU\PL Ī\MH VIHUD SROLW\F]QD Z JPLQLH DE\ SU]HG NRĔFHPNDGHQFMLZ\Sá\Qąü]QRZXMDNRÄDSROLW\F]QD´LÄDQW\SDUW\MQD´JUXSD QLH]EUXNDQDĪDGQąRGSRZLHG]LDOQRĞFLąLSRSLHUDMąFDNDQG\GDWDNWyU\U]ąG]Lá LZLHOHRVLąJQąá3U]\SLV\ZDQLHVRELHSU]H]WDNLHSDUDSDUWLHFHFKORNDOQ\FK VWRZDU]\V]HĔQDOHĪąF\FKGRÄWU]HFLHJRVHNWRUD´Z\GDMHVLĊOHNNLPQDGXĪ\FLHP

(17)

ĞŵŽŬƌĂĐũĂůŽŬĂůŶĂĂŝĚĞĂŽŐƌĂŶŝĐnjĞŶŝĂůŝĐnjďLJŬĂĚĞŶĐũŝǁſũƚſǁ;ďƵƌŵŝƐƚƌnjſǁ͕ƉƌĞnjLJĚĞŶƚſǁ͘͘͘

$UJXPHQW\ SU]HFLZQLNyZ RJUDQLF]DQLD OLF]E\ NDGHQFML ZyMWyZ

EXUPLVWU]yZLSUH]\GHQWyZPLDVW

0LPRNLONDNURWQ\FKSUyE]PLDQ\LVWQLHMąFHJRSUDZDZNLHUXQNXRJUD QLF]HQLDPRĪOLZRĞFLVSUDZRZDQLDZáDG]\SU]H]NROHMQHNDGHQFMHQLHXGDáR VLĊGODQLFK]QDOHĨüSRSDUFLDZ6HMPLH$UJXPHQW\SU]HFLZQLNyZ]PLDQFKRü PQLHMVSHNWDNXODUQHVąMHGQDNZDUWHUR]ZDĪHQLD

  3RGVWDZRZą SU]\F]\Qą ZLHORNDGHQF\MQRĞFL MHVW ]DGRZROHQLH PLHV]NDĔFyZ]U]ąGyZVWDáH]DVSRNDMDQLHLFKSRWU]HERUD]GREURVWDQX HNRQRPLF]QHJRPLHV]NDĔFyZ>'U]RQHNL Q@

  -HĞOL UHODFMH ZLHORNURWQHJR ZyMWD EXUPLVWU]D SUH]\GHQWD PLDVWD  ]H VSRáHF]HĔVWZHP NV]WDáWXMą VLĊ SR]\W\ZQLH D RVRED VSUDZXMąFD XU]ąG VSUDZG]D VLĊ QD VWDQRZLVNX SU]H] NROHMQH NDGHQFMH WR MHĞOL W\ONRZ\NDĪHLQLFMDW\ZĊGODGDOV]HJRNDQG\GRZDQLDPRĪHVSUDZRZDü ZáDG]ĊSU]H]GáXJLHODWD]NRU]\ĞFLąGODJPLQ\

  %UDN RJUDQLF]HĔ OLF]E\ NDGHQFML GDMH RUJDQRZL Z\NRQDZF]HPX RGSRZLHGQLUR]PDFKE\PyFSODQRZDüSU]\V]áRĞüJPLQ\GáXJRIDORZR FRMHVW]GHF\GRZDQLHOHSV]HQLĪSODQRZDQLHQDNUyWNLG\VWDQVF]DVRZ\   =MDZLVNDNRUXSFMLF]\QHSRW\]PXZĞUyGRVyEVSUDZXMąF\FKIXQNFMHZyMWyZ

EXUPLVWU]yZ SUH]\GHQWyZ PLDVW  Vą SU]HVWĊSVWZHP D ]DWHP QD UyZQL ]LQQ\PLSU]HVWĊSVWZDPLSRZLQQ\E\üĞFLJDQHSU]H]VWRVRZQHLQVW\WXFMH QLH]DOHĪQLHRGWHJRMDNZDĪQąSROLW\F]QLHIXQNFMĊSHáQLąSU]HVWĊSF\

  :VSLHUDQLH GHPRNUDFML SRSU]H] VWRVRZDQLH QDND]yZ L ]DND]yZ Z\GDMH VLĊ ]DELHJLHP DEVXUGDOQ\P SRQLHZDĪ VDPRU]ąGQRĞü SROHJD QDW\PĪHVSRáHF]HĔVWZRVDPRUR]ZLą]XMHVZRMHSUREOHP\:V]HONLH ]DND]\ RJUDQLF]DMą VDPRU]ąGQRĞü L GHPRNUDFMĊ >SRU ] Z\SRZLHG]L -5HJXOVNLHJR@   : G\VNXVMDFK VHMPRZ\FK GRW\F]ąF\FK XVWDZ\ OLPLWXMąFHM GáXJRĞü VSUDZRZDQLDZáDG]\SU]H]ZyMWyZMHMSU]HFLZQLF\±SRVáRZLHNRDOLFML 32L36/±ZVND]\ZDOLQDWRĪHZV]\VWNLHSUREOHP\VDPRU]ąGyZNWyUH ±]GDQLHP]ZROHQQLNyZ]PLDQ\±Z\QLNDMą]EUDNXOLPLWXNDGHQFMLQD VWDQRZLVNXZyMWDVąUR]ZLą]\ZDOQHDOERSRSU]H]LVWQLHMąFHLQVW\WXFMH kontrolne iĞOHGF]HDOERSU]H]ZVSyOQRWĊORNDOQąZGURG]HUHIHUHQGXP L Z\ERUyZ 6]WXF]QD UHJXODFMD SUDZQD EĊG]LH XGHU]Dü Z WH JPLQ\ LW\FKZyMWyZNWyU]\GREU]HVSHáQLDMąVZRMH]DGDQLDLPLHV]NDĔF\QLH FKFąLFK]PLHQLDü>$GDPRZLF]@

  5yZQLHĪZRSLQLLSUH]\GHQWyZSROVNLFKPLDVWXF]HVWQLF]ąF\FKZGHEDFLH R SU]\V]áRĞFL SROVNLHJR VDPRU]ąGX L SUREOHPLH ZLHORNDGHQF\MQRĞFL Z WUDNFLH (XURSHMVNLHJR .RQJUHVX 6DPRU]ąGyZ  PDMD  U  QLHQDOHĪ\]PLHQLDüOXG]LNWyU]\GREU]HU]ąG]ąL]DSHZQLDMąJPLQRP

(18)

:ĂŶŝŶĂ<ŽǁĂůŝŬ

UR]ZyM 6WDELOL]DFMD ZáDG]\ VSU]\MD UR]ZRMRZL L ]áą GHF\]Mą E\áRE\ RGHMĞFLHRGJHQHUDOQHMNODX]XOLRERZLą]XMąFHMZGHPRNUDFML±VZRERG\ SRGHMPRZDQLDGHF\]ML>)RUXP(NRQRPLF]QH@

  3R]RVWDZLHQLHPRĪOLZRĞFLVSUDZRZDQLDZáDG]\SU]H]ZyMWyZSU]H] QLHRJUDQLF]RQąOLF]EĊNDGHQFMLMHVWSU]HMDZHPV]DFXQNXGODZROQRĞFL L GHPRNUDFML ± XVWDZRGDZFD ]DEH]SLHF]\á RE\ZDWHORP ZV]HONLH PRĪOLZRĞFL NUHRZDQLD ZáDG]\ Z Z\ERUDFK L NRUHNW\ GRNRQDQ\FK Z\ERUyZ Z V\WXDFML ]HEUDQLD RGSRZLHGQLHM ZLĊNV]RĞFL = GUXJLHM VWURQ\WUXGQR]QDOHĨüORJLF]QHDUJXPHQW\]DRJUDQLF]HQLHPELHUQHJR SUDZD Z\ERUF]HJR GOD XU]ĊGXMąF\FK ZyMWyZ FK\ED ĪH SRWUDNWXMH VLĊ XVWUyM ZáDG]\ Z JPLQLH MDNR DQDORJLĊ V\VWHPX SUH]\GHQFNLHJR JG]LHWDNLHRJUDQLF]HQLH]GDMHVLĊQLHáDPDüUHJXáGHPRNUDW\F]Q\FK

/LPLWRZDQLH NDGHQFML ZyMWD EXUPLVWU]D SUH]\GHQWD PLDVWD 

ZRSLQLL3RODNyZ

'\VNXVMHSURZDG]RQHSU]H]SDUODPHQWDU]\VWyZSU]\RND]MLZLHORNURWQ\FK SUyE XVWDZRZHJR OLPLWRZDQLD GáXJRĞFL VSUDZRZDQLD ZáDG]\ Z\NRQDZF]HM ZJPLQLHVNáRQLá\&%26WXĪSU]HGMHVLHQQ\PLZ\ERUDPLZUGR]EDGDQLD RSLQLLSXEOLF]QHMZW\PZ]JOĊG]LH3U]HZDĪDMąFDF]ĊĞüEDGDQ\FK  RFHQLáD SR]\W\ZQLHSURSR]\FMĊRJUDQLF]HQLDPRĪOLZRĞFLVSUDZRZDQLDZáDG]\GRGZyFK NDGHQFML ODW ]DĞMHGQDWU]HFLD  VSU]HFLZLáDVLĊRGHEUDQLXSUDZDGRSHáQLHQLD W\FKIXQNFMLGáXĪHMQLĪSU]H]GZLHNDGHQFMH%DGDQLDSRZWyU]RQRZPDMXU :yZF]DV ]ZROHQQLF\ RJUDQLF]HQLD OLF]\OL  QDWRPLDVW SU]HFLZQLF\  1HJDW\ZQD RFHQD ZSURZDG]HQLD SUDZD NWyUH RJUDQLF]DáRE\ PDNV\PDOQ\ F]DV VSUDZRZDQLDIXQNFMLZyMWD EXUPLVWU]DSUH]\GHQWDPLDVWD E\áDF]ĊVWV]DZĞUyG PĊĪF]\]QUHVSRQGHQWyZPáRGV]\FKPLHV]NDĔFyZZVLLQDMPQLHMV]\FKRĞURGNyZ PLHMVNLFKDQNLHWRZDQ\FK]Z\ĪV]\PZ\NV]WDáFHQLHPRUD]RVyERSUDZLFRZ\FK LFHQWURZ\FKSRJOąGDFKSROLW\F]Q\FK>&%26@ 7DEHOD&]\GODOHSV]HJR]DU]ąG]DQLDJPLQą PLDVWHP NRU]\VWQHE\áRE\ RJUDQLF]HQLHPRĪOLZRĞFLVSUDZRZDQLDZáDG]\SU]H]ZyMWD EXUPLVWU]DSUH]\GHQWD PLDVWD GRGZyFKNDGHQFML]PRĪOLZRĞFLąSRQRZQHJRVWDUWXSRSU]HUZLH" Zdecydowanie 1,( 5DF]HM1,( SRZLHG]LHü7UXGQR 5DF]HM7$. Zdecydowanie 7$. 5D]HP OLF]ED  128 292 219  930 procent       ħUyGáRRSUDFRZDQLHZáDVQHQDSRGVWDZLHEDGDĔZáDVQ\FK.

(19)

ĞŵŽŬƌĂĐũĂůŽŬĂůŶĂĂŝĚĞĂŽŐƌĂŶŝĐnjĞŶŝĂůŝĐnjďLJŬĂĚĞŶĐũŝǁſũƚſǁ;ďƵƌŵŝƐƚƌnjſǁ͕ƉƌĞnjLJĚĞŶƚſǁ͘͘͘

:EDGDQLDFKZáDVQ\FKUHDOL]RZDQ\FKSU]H]JUXSĊEDGDZF]ąÄ3UHIHUHQFML 3ROLW\F]Q\FK´ZOLVWRSDG]LHLJUXGQLXUUyZQLHĪ]DGDQRDQNLHWRZDQ\P S\WDQLHGRW\F]ąFHRJUDQLF]HQLDNDGHQFMLRUJDQyZZ\NRQDZF]\FKZJPLQDFK :RGSRZLHG]LEDGDQLSRG]LHOLOLVLĊQDZLĊNV]RĞüVWDQRZLąFąRNRáRSRáRZĊ EDGDQ\FK   ]ZROHQQLNyZ OLPLWRZDQLD F]DVX VSUDZRZDQLD ZáDG]\ SU]HFLZQLNyZWHJRUR]ZLą]DQLDVWDQRZLąF\FKMHGQąSLąWąEDGDQ\FK   LSR]RVWDáąMHGQąWU]HFLąNWyUDQLHSRWUD¿áDZW\PZ]JOĊG]LH]DMąüVWDQRZLVND :V]\VWNLH SU]\ZRáDQH EDGDQLD FKRü UyĪQLą VLĊ V]F]HJyáRZ\PL Z\QLNDPL RG]ZLHUFLHGODMą]EOLĪRQąSURSRUFMĊ]ZROHQQLNyZLSU]HFLZQLNyZOLPLWRZDQLD GáXJRĞFLVSUDZRZDQLDZáDG]\SU]H]HJ]HNXW\Z\JPLQQH:NDĪG\PSU]\SDGNX PDP\GRF]\QLHQLD]RNRáRGZXNURWQąSU]HZDJą]ZROHQQLNyZ]PLDQ\QDGMHM SU]HFLZQLNDPL 7DEHOD3RJOąGQDRJUDQLF]HQLHGRGZyFKNDGHQFMLPRĪOLZRĞFLVSUDZRZDQLD IXQNFMLZyMWD EXUPLVWU]DSUH]\GHQWDPLDVWD ZHOHNWRUDWDFK]Z\ERUyZGR 3DUODPHQWX(XURSHMVNLHJRZURNX =GHF\GRZDQLH1,( L5DF]HM1,(  =GHF\GRZDQLH7$.L5DF]HM7$.  7UXGQR SRZLHG]LHü  1RZD3UDZLFD-.RUZLQ0LNNH    3ODWIRUPD2E\ZDWHOVND    3ROVNLH6WURQQLFWZR/XGRZH    3UDZRL6SUDZLHGOLZRĞü    6RMXV]/HZLF\'HPRNUDW\F]QHML83    ,QQD    1LHJáRVRZDáHPDP    1LHSDPLĊWDP    ħUyGáRRSUDFRZDQLHZáDVQHQDSRGVWDZLHEDGDĔZáDVQ\FK :]ZLą]NX]W\PĪHSDUWLHSROLW\F]QHZ6HMPLH]DVDGQLF]RUyĪQLąVLĊ ZSRVWDZDFKZREHFSURSR]\FMLLQJHURZDQLDZNV]WDáWSUDZDQLHRJUDQLF]RQHJR NDQG\GRZDQLD ZyMWyZ EXUPLVWU]yZ SUH]\GHQWyZ PLDVW  SU]HSURZDG]RQD ]RVWDáDDQDOL]DSRJOąGyZQDWHQWHPDWZĞUyGHOHNWRUDWyZSRV]F]HJyOQ\FKSDUWLL SROLW\F]Q\FK L LQQ\FK NRPLWHWyZ Z\ERUF]\FK Z Z\ERUDFK GR 3DUODPHQWX (XURSHMVNLHJRQDZLRVQĊUL ZZ\ERUDFKVDPRU]ąGRZ\FK]OLVWRSDGD U0LPRVSRUHM]PLHQQRĞFL]DUyZQRSU]\QDOHĪQRĞFLSRVáyZGRSRV]F]H JyOQ\FKSDUWLLSROLW\F]Q\FKMDNUyZQLHĪQLHVWDELOQRĞFLLFKSRJOąGyZPRĪQD SRF]\QLüSHZQHXVWDOHQLDFRGRNLHUXQNXW\FKSRJOąGyZSU]\QDMPQLHMZREHF QDMZLĊNV]\FK SDUWLL : SRáRZLH ODW GZXW\VLĊF]Q\FK 3ODWIRUPD 2E\ZDWHOVND XVWDPL VZRLFK SRVáyZ Z\UDĪDáD RF]HNLZDQLH FR GR ZSURZDG]HQLD EOLĪHM

(20)

:ĂŶŝŶĂ<ŽǁĂůŝŬ

QLHRNUHĞORQHJR RJUDQLF]HQLD NDGHQFML ZyMWyZ :\GDMH VLĊ ĪH SHZQD F]ĊĞü VSRĞUyGQLFKSR]RVWDáDGRG]LĞSU]\VZRLFKSRJOąGDFKMHGQDNVDPDSDUWLDQLH Z\VWĊSRZDáDQLJG\]R¿FMDOQ\PLSURMHNWDPLZWHMVSUDZLH36/MDNR]QDF]ąF\ EHQH¿FMHQW ZLHORNDGHQF\MQ\FK ZyMWyZ PDMąF\FK ]ZLą]NL QLHNLHG\ QLHIRU PDOQH ]WąSDUWLąQLJG\QLHGHNODURZDáRFKĊFL]PLDQLVWQLHMąF\FKUHJXODFML 3UDZR L 6SUDZLHGOLZRĞü D WDNĪH SDUWLH NWyUH Z\áRQLá\ VLĊ ] 3L6 D WHUD] ZUDFDMąGRZVSyáSUDF\]QLąZUyĪQ\FKNRQ¿JXUDFMDFKRG]DZV]HGHNODURZDáR FKĊüZSURZDG]HQLDRJUDQLF]HĔNDGHQFMLZyMWyZLNLONDNURWQLHSRGHMPRZDáR LQLFMDW\Z\]PLDQ\SUDZDZW\PZ]JOĊG]LH6RMXV]/HZLF\'HPRNUDW\F]QHM QLJG\QLHGHNODURZDáSRSDUFLDGODSURSRQRZDQ\FKRJUDQLF]HĔ:LHORNURWQLH QDWRPLDVWF]\QLáWR7ZyM5XFK1DW\PWOHLQWHUHVXMąFRSU]HGVWDZLDMąVLĊGHNOD UDFMHHOHNWRUDWyZSRV]F]HJyOQ\FKSDUWLL

3RJOąG\ EDGDQ\FK GHNODUXMąF\FK SU]\QDOHĪQRĞü GR SRV]F]HJyOQ\FK HOHNWRUDWyZ XNáDGDMą VLĊ Z GRĞü ]EOLĪRQ\FK SURSRUFMDFK ]DUyZQR ´]D´ MDNL ÄSU]HFLZ´ ]PLDQRP1DMZ\ĪV]\ RGVHWHNGHNODUDFML]D]PLDQąLMHGQR F]HĞQLHQDMZ\ĪV]ąVSyMQRĞüSRJOąGyZHOHNWRUDWX]SRJOąGDPLSDUWLLSUH]HQWXMą ]ZROHQQLF\3L6ZĞUyGNWyU\FKSRQDGFKFLDáRE\RJUDQLF]HĔSU]\MHGQR F]HĞQLHQDMQLĪV]\PRGVHWNX  SU]HFLZQ\FK]PLDQRP3R]RVWDáHHOHN WRUDW\ Z\ND]Dá\ SRZDĪQ\ EUDN VSyMQRĞFL ] SRJOąGDPL QD WHQ WHPDW VZRLFK SDUWLL1DMZ\ĪV]\RGVHWHN  SU]HFLZQLNyZRJUDQLF]HĔDUyZQRF]HĞQLH QDMQLĪV]\RGVHWHNQLH]GHF\GRZDQ\FKXMDZQLáVLĊZĞUyG]ZROHQQLNyZ1RZHM 3UDZLF\ -DQXV]D .RUZLQ0LNNH : SR]RVWDá\FK SU]\SDGNDFK SU]HFLZQLF\ ]PLDQVWDQRZLOLFRF]ZDUWHJRGHNODUXMąFHJRSU]\QDOHĪQRĞüGRWHJRHOHNWRUDWX 'RSXV]F]DMąFPRĪOLZąUR]ELHĪQRĞüSRPLĊG]\SRJOąGDPLQDWRNWRSRZLQLHQ UHSUH]HQWRZDü3ROVNĊZ3DUODPHQFLH(XURSHMVNLPDSRJOąGDPLQDIXQNFMRQR ZDQLHVDPRU]ąGXWHU\WRULDOQHJRSU]\MU]\MP\VLĊSRVWDZRPZREHFRPDZLDQHM NZHVWLL ZĞUyG HOHNWRUDWyZ SDUWLL Z Z\ERUDFK GR VHMPLNyZ V]F]HJyOQLH ĪHRGE\ZDá\VLĊRQHZF]DVLHQDMJRUĊWV]HMG\VNXVMLQDWHPDWZLHORNDGHQF\M QRĞFL:W\PVDP\PF]DVLHSU]HSURZDG]DQHE\á\EDGDQLDSRVWDZQDWHQWHPDW

(21)

ĞŵŽŬƌĂĐũĂůŽŬĂůŶĂĂŝĚĞĂŽŐƌĂŶŝĐnjĞŶŝĂůŝĐnjďLJŬĂĚĞŶĐũŝǁſũƚſǁ;ďƵƌŵŝƐƚƌnjſǁ͕ƉƌĞnjLJĚĞŶƚſǁ͘͘͘ 7DEHOD3RVWDZ\ZREHFSURSR]\FMLOLPLWRZDQLDGRGZyFKNDGHQFML PRĪOLZRĞFLVSUDZRZDQLDZáDG]\ZyMWD EXUPLVWU]DSUH]\GHQWDPLDVWD  w HOHNWRUDWDFK]Z\ERUyZGRVHMPLNyZZZ\ERUDFKVDPRU]ąGRZ\FKU =GHF\GRZDQLH1,( L5DF]HM1,(  =GHF\GRZDQLH7$.L5DF]HM7$.  SRZLHG]LHü  7UXGQR 1RZD3UDZLFD-.RUZLQ0LNNH    3ODWIRUPD2E\ZDWHOVND    3ROVNLH6WURQQLFWZR/XGRZH    .RDOLFMD3L635-*RZLQD 63==LREU\    .RDOLFMD6/'±/HZLFD5D]HP    .RPLWHWORNDOQ\UHJLRQDOQ\    ,QQD    1LHJáRVRZDáHPDP    1LHSDPLĊWDP    ħUyGáR2SUDFRZDQLHZáDVQHQDSRGVWDZLHEDGDĔZáDVQ\FK 3RZ\ERUDFKVDPRU]ąGRZ\FKURVSDGáDVNáRQQRĞüHOHNWRUDWX 3L6LNRDOLFMDQWyZGRSRSLHUDQLD]PLDQRJUDQLF]DMąF\FKOLF]EĊNDGHQFMLZyMWyZ R WDNL VDP SURFHQW Z]URVáD OLF]ED SU]HFLZQLNyZ WHM ]PLDQ\ 0RĪQD ]DáRĪ\ü ĪHMHVWWRVNXWNLHP]QDF]QLHOHSV]HJRZ\QLNX3L6ZZ\ERUDFKVDPRU]ąGRZ\FK WRWHĪVNáRQQRĞüGRRJUDQLF]HĔPRJáDE\G]LDáDüZEUHZLQWHUHVRPZyMWyZNWyU]\ ]Z\FLĊĪ\OL SRG V]WDQGDUDPL WHM SDUWLL 2GPLHQQ\ SURFHV Z QLHFR PQLHMV]HM VNDOLPRĪQD]DREVHUZRZDüZHOHNWRUDFLH32JG]LHSRZ\ERUFyZSU]\E\áR ]DUyZQRSRVWURQLH]ZROHQQLNyZMDNLSU]HFLZQLNyZ]PLDQ3U]\E\áR]ZROHQ QLNyZRJUDQLF]HQLDNDGHQFMLZ36/ RN 1LHPDOSURFHQWRZ\VSDGHN ]ZROHQQLNyZRJUDQLF]DQLDNDGHQFMLPRĪQDE\áR]DREVHUZRZDüZĞUyGZ\ERUFyZ 6/'NWyU]\Z]QDF]QHMF]ĊĞFL]DVLOLJUXSĊQLH]GHF\GRZDQ\FK 2EVHUZXMąFSU]HVXQLĊFLDZRSLQLDFKSRV]F]HJyOQ\FKHOHNWRUDWyZQLHZROQR ]DSRPLQDüĪHPDMąRQHFKDUDNWHUWHRUHW\F]Q\JG\Ī±MDNZLDGRPR±XF]HVWQLF\ Z\ERUyZ HXURSHMVNLFK L XF]HVWQLF\ Z\ERUyZ VDPRU]ąGRZ\FK WR ]XSHáQLH LQQL Z\ERUF\=GXĪ\PSUDZGRSRGRELHĔVWZHPPRĪQD]DáRĪ\üĪHGHNODUXMąF\XG]LDá ZZ\ERUDFKVDPRU]ąGRZ\FKZZLĊNV]RĞFLQLHE\OLQDZ\ERUDFKGR3(L]DVLODMą NDWHJRULĊZUXEU\FHÄQLHJáRVRZDáHP´=WHJRZ]JOĊGXZVND]DQHSU]HVXQLĊFLD PDMąUDF]HMFKDUDNWHUWHFKQLF]Q\QLH]DĞUHDOQ\1DMZDĪQLHMV]\ZQLRVHNSá\QąF\ ]REXNRUHODFMLWRIDNWĪHSURJUDP\LSRJOąG\JáRV]RQHSU]H]OLGHUyZSDUW\MQ\FK ZQLNá\PVWRSQLXGRFLHUDMąGR]ZROHQQLNyZSRV]F]HJyOQ\FKSDUWLL*áRVRZDQLH ]DWHP RGE\ZD VLĊ ZHGáXJ ± F]ĊVWR PDUJLQDOQ\FK Z FRG]LHQQ\FK UHDOLDFK ± SRG]LDáyZLGHRORJLF]Q\FKVWHUHRW\SyZLÄG\ĪXUQ\FKWHPDWyZNDPSDQLL´

1DMZLĊNV]ąVSyMQRĞüSRJOąGyZOLGHUyZLSURJUDPXSDUWLL]GHNODUDFMDPL UHVSRQGHQWyZZ\ND]XMHHOHNWRUDW3L61DOHĪ\WHĪSRGNUHĞOLüLĪGHNODURZDQH

(22)

:ĂŶŝŶĂ<ŽǁĂůŝŬ SU]H]EDGDQ\FKSRVWDZ\VąZLVWRWQ\VSRVyEXZLNáDQHZV\WXDFMHSROLW\F]QH ZLFKPDFLHU]\VW\FKJPLQDFKPLDVWDFKDWHPRJąSU]\ELHUDüQDMUyĪQLHMV]H NRQ¿JXUDFMHQLHSU]\VWDMąFHGRR¿FMDOQHMZ\NáDGQLSDUWLL 7DEHOD 3RJOąG\QDRJUDQLF]HQLHOLF]E\NDGHQFMLZyMWyZEXUPLVWU]yZ LSUH]\GHQWyZPLDVWZNRQWHNĞFLHGHNODURZDQ\FKSRJOąGyZSROLW\F]Q\FK Odsetek ZV]\VWNLFK 'HNODUDFML =GHF\GRZDQLH1,( L5DF]HM1,(  =GHF\GRZDQLH7$.L5DF]HM7$.  SRZLHG]LHü  7UXGQR Lewica     &HQWUXP     3UDZLFD     1LHZLHP QLHSRWUD¿ĊRNUHĞOLü     ħUyGáRRSUDFRZDQLHZáDVQHQDSRGVWDZLHEDGDĔZáDVQ\FK $QDOL]XMąFSRJOąG\EDGDQ\FKQDRJUDQLF]HQLHNDGHQFMLZyMWyZZNRQWHNĞFLH LFK GHNODUDFML Z VIHU]H SRG]LDáyZ SROLW\F]Q\FK QD SUDZLFĊ OHZLFĊ L FHQWUXP Z\SDGD]DXZDĪ\üĪHSRQDGóEDGDQ\FKQLHE\áDZVWDQLHXV\WXRZDüVLĊQDW\P WU]HEDSU]\]QDüQLHFRXáRPQ\P FRQWLQXXP1LH]DZV]HR]QDF]DWREH]LGHRZRĞü

1DG SUREOHPDPL DXWRLGHQW\¿NDFML LGHRORJLF]QRSROLW\F]QHM FLąĪ\ ERZLHP FLHĔ SU]HV]áRĞFL WHM GDOV]HM L WHM ]XSHáQLH QLHRGOHJáHM :\GDMH VLĊ LĪSU]HNRQDQLHRW\PĪHOHZLFDWRQDMRJyOQLHMGąĪHQLHGR]PLDQ\VSRáHF]QHM ZLPLĊLGHDáyZUyZQRĞFLHNRQRPLF]QHMSUDZSRNU]\ZG]RQ\FKLSUDZPQLHM V]RĞFLWR]DSRPQLDQHZHUV\]SRGUĊF]QLNyZSU]\NU\WHKLVWRU\F]QLHXPRFR ZDQ\PSU]HNRQDQLHPĪHOHZLFDWRFLNWyU]\U]ąG]LOLSU]HGURNLHPDWHUD] ZDOF]ąRSUDZDPQLHMV]RĞFLVHNVXDOQ\FKQLHPDMąFHGODZLĊNV]RĞFLZ\ERUFyZ ĪDGQHJR]QDF]HQLD'ROHZLF\UR]XPLDQHMSRVZRMHPXSU]\]QDáVLĊFRSLąW\ EDGDQ\ 3UDZLFD R]QDF]DáD QDMRJyOQLHM SU]\ZLą]DQLH GR WUDG\FML ZáDVQRĞFL SU\ZDWQHMLZROQRĞFLJRVSRGDUF]HMDZSROVNLFKUHDOLDFKNRQW\QXDFMĊUXFKyZ ]DSRF]ąWNRZDQ\FKSU]H]6ROLGDUQRĞü&RWHSRMĊFLDR]QDF]DMąGODSU]HFLĊWQHJR Z\ERUF\LMDNUDG]LRQVRELHZV\WXDFMLQLHNRĔF]ąFHMVLĊ]PLHQQRĞFLSDUWLLQD SROVNLHMVFHQLHSROLW\F]QHM10LGHNODURZDQHMSU]H]QLHPDOZV]\VWNLHSDUWLHVNáRQ QRĞFLGRE\FLDÄZFHQWUXP´WRSR]RVWDQLHWDMHPQLFąJG\ĪQLHMHVWPRĪOLZH SU]HSURZDG]HQLHEDGDQLDW\FK]MDZLVNZSURVW\PVRQGDĪX1LHPDOGZXNURWQLH ZLĊFHMRVyE  ]DGHNODURZDáRVZRMHSRJOąG\MDNRSUDZLFRZHZFHQWUXP XV\WXRZDáVLĊFRV]yVW\EDGDQ\$XWRLGHQW\¿NDFMDSROLW\F]QDQLHZSá\QĊáDQD ]UyĪQLFRZDQLHSRVWDZEDGDQ\FKZREHFNZHVWLLRJUDQLF]HQLDNDGHQFMLZyMWyZ &R SLąW\ UHVSRQGHQW ] NDĪGHM RSFML MHVW SU]HFLZQ\ RJUDQLF]DQLX NDGHQFML

10 2GSU]HáRPXUZĪDGQ\FKZ\ERUDFKSDUODPHQWDUQ\FKQLHSRZWyU]\áVLĊ]HVWDZSDUWLL SROLW\F]Q\FKXELHJDMąF\FKVLĊRJáRV\Z\ERUFyZ

(23)

ĞŵŽŬƌĂĐũĂůŽŬĂůŶĂĂŝĚĞĂŽŐƌĂŶŝĐnjĞŶŝĂůŝĐnjďLJŬĂĚĞŶĐũŝǁſũƚſǁ;ďƵƌŵŝƐƚƌnjſǁ͕ƉƌĞnjLJĚĞŶƚſǁ͘͘͘ F]ĊĞFLHMQLĪFRGUXJLUHVSRQGHQWROHZLFRZ\FKLSUDZLFRZ\FKSRJOąGDFKMHVW ]D ]PLDQą Z W\P Z]JOĊG]LH 6\WXXMąF\ VLĊ Z FHQWUXP Z\ND]XMą PQLHMV]ą VNáRQQRĞüGRSRSDUFLDRJUDQLF]HĔRQLHPDOSXQNWyZSURFHQWRZ\FK

3RGVXPRZDQLH

'HPRNUDFMDORNDOQDZ3ROVFHMXĪQDVDP\PSRF]ąWNXSU]HPLDQVWDáDVLĊ synonimem nauki i LPSOHPHQWDFMLLQVW\WXFMLGHPRNUDW\F]Q\FKSU]\QLHVLRQ\FK SU]H] WUDQVIRUPDFMĊ )DNW ĪH PRĪHP\ PyZLü EH] ZąWSOLZRĞFL LĪ 3ROVND QDOHĪ\GRNUDMyZGHPRNUDW\F]Q\FK]DZG]LĊF]DP\ZáDĞQLHZ]QDF]QHMPLHU]H V]\ENRZGURĪRQHMUHIRUPLHVDPRU]ąGRZHM3U]\QLRVáDRQDNOXF]RZH]PLDQ\ Z RWRF]HQLX QDMEOLĪV]\P RE\ZDWHORP L SU]\VSLHV]\áD SURGHPRNUDW\F]QH ]PLDQ\ ĞZLDGRPRĞFLRZH 2G SHZQHJR F]DVX MHGQDN DQDOLW\F\ SURFHVyZ VDPRU]ąGRZ\FK]DXZDĪDMąV\PSWRP\QLHNRU]\VWQ\FK]MDZLVNZVDPRU]ąGDFK JPLQQ\FK=RVWDá\RQHZ\ZRáDQH]PLDQąVWUXNWXU\RUJDQyZJPLQ\Z]PDF QLDMąFąZyMWD EXUPLVWU]DSUH]\GHQWDPLDVWD MDNRRUJDQZ\NRQDZF]\]UyZQR F]HVQąPDUJLQDOL]DFMąNROHJLDOQHJRRUJDQXVWDQRZLąFHJRLNRQWUROQHJR6LOQD SR]\FMDRUJDQXZ\NRQDZF]HJRQLHPDO]XSHáQLHSR]EDZLRQDNRQWUROL]DNáyFD UyZQRZDJĊSRGPLRWyZSROLW\F]Q\FKZMHV]F]HZLĊNV]\PVWRSQLX]HZ]JOĊGX QDIDNWĪHPRĪHRQVSUDZRZDüZáDG]ĊQLHRJUDQLF]RQąOLF]EĊNDGHQFML

$QDOL]D SU]HSURZDG]RQD Z QLQLHMV]\P DUW\NXOH PLDáD QD FHOX XND]DQLH SRGVWDZRZ\FKZ\PLDUyZXVWURMXGHPRNUDW\F]QHJRUyZQLHĪZMHJRORNDOQ\FK VDPRU]ąGRZ\FKSU]HMDZDFKE\QDVWĊSQLHSRGMąüG\VNXVMĊQDGNRQVHNZHQFMDPL ZLHORNDGHQF\MQRĞFLZyMWyZ EXUPLVWU]yZSUH]\GHQWyZPLDVW GODMDNRĞFLORNDOQHM GHPRNUDFML3RMDZLDMąFHVLĊRGNLONXODWSURSR]\FMH]PLDQ\XVWDZRGDZVWZDVDPR U]ąGRZHJRZNLHUXQNXOLPLWRZDQLDNDGHQFMLZNWyU\FKZyMWZ\EUDQ\ZEH]SR ĞUHGQLFKZ\ERUDFKPyJáE\VSUDZRZDüZáDG]ĊPDMąVZRLFK]ZROHQQLNyZLSU]HąVZRLFK]ZROHQQLNyZLSU]HVZRLFK]ZROHQQLNyZLSU]H FLZQLNyZ5yZQLHĪSDUWLHSROLW\F]QHQDRJyOQRSROVNLHMVFHQLHSROLW\F]QHMUyĪQLą VLĊZRFHQLHW\FKUR]ZLą]DĔ$UJXPHQW\SU]HFLZQ\FKVWURQ]RVWDá\SRZ\ĪHMSU]\ WRF]RQH$UJXPHQWyZ]D]PLDQąMHVWOLF]HEQLHZLĊFHMFRQLHR]QDF]DĪHWHSU]\ WRF]RQH SU]HFLZNR ]PLDQLH PDMą PQLHMV]\ FLĊĪDU JDWXQNRZ\ 5R]VWU]\JQLĊFLH SUREOHPXQLHMHVWSURVWHSRQLHZDĪEĊG]LHVWDQRZLáRNROHMQąLQJHUHQFMĊZV\VWHP NWyU\IXQNFMRQXMHMXĪRGWU]HFKNDGHQFML-HĪHOLVLá\SROLW\F]QHZQRZ\PSDUOD PHQFLHSRZ\ERUDFKUEĊGąZVWDQLHSU]HIRUVRZDüUHIRUPĊRJUDQLF]DMąFą OLF]EĊNDGHQFMLZyMWyZEĊGąPLDá\ZW\PZ]JOĊG]LHSRSDUFLHVSRáHF]QHZĞUyG HOHNWRUDWyZZV]\VWNLFKSDUWLLSROLW\F]Q\FK=GHF\GRZDQLHOHSLHMMHGQDNE\áRE\ JG\E\VSRáHF]QRĞFLORNDOQHSREXG]RQHG\VNXVMąQDWHQWHPDWVDPHZ\NRU]\ VWXMąFIXQNFMRQXMąFHLQVWUXPHQW\GHPRNUDW\F]QHXGRZRGQLá\ĪHQLHPDSRWU]HE\ WZRU]HQLDRJUDQLF]HĔJG\ĪXSRGPLRWRZLRQHZVSyOQRW\ORNDOQHG\VSRQXMąSHáQą JDPąĞURGNyZXPRĪOLZLDMąF\FKUR]ZLą]DQLHWHJRSUREOHPXZVZRLFKJPLQDFK

(24)

:ĂŶŝŶĂ<ŽǁĂůŝŬ %LEOLRJUD¿D $GDPRZLF]$  Ä-DNEĊGĊZLHG]LDáĪHWRPRMDRVWDWQLDNDGHQFMDWRURELĊFRFKFĊ´F]\OL ZLHORJáRVRRJUDQLF]HQLXNDGHQF\MQRĞFLZyMWDEXUPLVWU]DLSUH]\GHQWDPLDVWDÄ(SROLW\NRQ´ QUKWWSRDSXZSOZSFRQWHQWXSORDGVHSROLWLNRQSGI $QWRV]HZVNL$  :VSyáF]HVQHWHRULHGHPRNUDFML>Z@$QGU]HM:-DEáRĔVNL/HV]HN 6RENRZLDN UHG 6WXGLD]WHRULLSROLW\NLWRP:URFáDZ:\GDZQLFWZR8QLZHUV\WHWX :URFáDZVNLHJR

$QWRV]HZVNL$   0RGHOH GHPRNUDFML SU]HGVWDZLFLHOVNLHM >Z@$QGU]HM$QWRV]HZVNL 5\V]DUG +HUEXW UHG  'HPRNUDFMH ]DFKRGQLRHXURSHMVNLH $QDOL]D SRUyZQDZF]D :URFáDZ:\GDZQLFWZR8QLZHUV\WHWX:URFáDZVNLHJR

%REHU - L LQQL   1DUDVWDMąFH G\VIXQNFMH ]DVDGQLF]H G\OHPDW\ NRQLHF]QH G]LDáDQLD

5DSRUW R VWDQLH VDPRU]ąGQRĞFL WHU\WRULDOQHM Z 3ROVFH .UDNyZ 0DáRSROVND 6]NRáD

$GPLQLVWUDFML3XEOLF]QHM

%XNRZVNL$  'HPRNUDFMDORNDOQDDGREURZVSyOQH8ZDJLVFHSW\NDÄ=QDN´QU   &%26  ODWSDĔVWZDRE\ZDWHOVNLHJR6SRáHF]QHRFHQ\VDPRU]ąGQRĞFLWHU\WRULDOQHM

.RPXQLNDW]EDGDĔQU:DUV]DZD&HQWUXP%DGDQLD2SLQLL6SRáHF]QHM

&\UDQNLHZLF] 0   2EVDG]DQLH PDQGDWyZ EH] JáRVRZDQLD F]\OL FLFKH Z\ERU\

ZJPLQLH´5]HF]SRVSROLWD´]ZU]HĞQLD

'RMZD.7XUF]\ĔVNL3  2GVDPRU]ąGXGRSROLW\NL6WXGLXPSU]\SDGNX3UH]\GHQWD

:URFáDZLD5DIDáD'XWNLHZLF]D&]ĊVWRFKRZD3UDFH1DXNRZH$NDGHPLL-DQD'áXJRV]D

'U]RQHN 0   :LHORNDGHQF\MQRĞü SUH]\GHQWD PLDVWD SR ZHMĞFLX 3ROVNL GR 8QLL

(XURSHMVNLHM±SU]\SDGHN*G\QLÄ3U]HJOąG3ROLWRORJLF]Q\´QU

(DVWRQ'  7KH$QDO\VLVRI3ROLWLFDO6WUXFWXUH1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJH

)RUXP (NRQRPLF]QH   KWWSZZZIRUXPHNRQRPLF]QHSONRQJUHVVDPRU]DGRZ SU]\V]ORVFSROVNLHMVDPRU]DGQRVFLGHEDWDSUH]\GHQWRZQDMZLHNV]\FKSROVNLFKPLDVW 9E]DG9൵'F GRVWĊSOLSLHF 

+XQWLQJWRQ 63   7U]HFLD IDOD GHPRNUDW\]DFML :DUV]DZD 3DĔVWZRZH:\GDZQLFWZR Naukowe.

.RUQDĞ-'DQHOà  '\OHPDW\SROVNLHMGHPRNUDFML.UDNyZ)XQGDFMD*$3

.RZDOLN-  :\EUDQLZEH]SRĞUHGQLFKZ\ERUDFKÄ6DPRU]ąG7HU\WRULDOQ\´QU .XELDN +   Przedmowa GR NVLąĪNL 3 6HNXá\ .XOWXUD SROLW\F]QD D NRQVROLGDFMD

GHPRNUDFML.UDNyZ.UDNRZVNLH7RZDU]\VWZR(GXNDF\MQH

.ZLDWNRZVNL-0RGU]HZVNL33áDWHN'  &RQDPSRZLHG]LDá\Z\ERU\VDPRU]ąGRZH

Z  URNX Z  ODW RG ZSURZDG]HQLD UHIRUP\ VDPRU]ąGRZHM" 6XNFHV" 3RUDĪND" 1RUPDOQRĞü"5DSRUW]EDGDĔ.UDNyZ)XQGDFMD5R]ZRMX'HPRNUDFML/RNDOQHM 0LV]WDO:  'HPRNUDFMDORNDOQDZ3ROVFHÄ5RF]QLN/XEXVNL´W;;,; 5HJXOVNL-  %RĪHUDWXMQDVSU]HGQDSUDZLDF]DPLWypowiedĨSURIHVRUD-Regulskiego GOD©5]HF]SRVSROLWHMª]JUXGQLD 6FKXPSHWHU-  .DSLWDOL]PVRFMDOL]PGHPRNUDFMD:DUV]DZD3DĔVWZRZH:\GDZQLFWZR Naukowe.

6HNXáD 3   .XOWXUD SROLW\F]QD D NRQVROLGDFMD GHPRNUDFML .UDNyZ .UDNRZVNLH 7RZDU]\VWZR(GXNDF\MQH

6WĊSLHĔ-  3DĔVWZRRE\ZDWHOVNLH.UyWNDKLVWRULDSROVNLHMVDPRU]ąGQRĞFLÄ=QDN´QU   7UXWNRZVNL&.DUQLHZLF]$  %LODQVNDGHQFMLZĞZLHWOHZ\QLNyZZ\ERUyZ

VDPRU]ąGRZ\FK1DMZDĪQLHMV]HZQLRVNL)XQGDFMD5R]ZRMX'HPRNUDFML/RNDOQHMKWWSIUGO

Cytaty

Powiązane dokumenty

Cybulska, Agnieszka, i Pankowski, Krzysztof. Wybory wójtów, burmistrzów i prezydentów miast 2018. Komunikat z Badań nr 132. Warszawa: Fundacja Centrum Badania Opinii

Jest to zw yczajne naśladowanie jakiejś jednej akcji, która wśród żartów i dowcipów przedstawia, jakby w zwierciadle, obraz życia społecznego lub prywatnego,

Wójt (burmistrz, prezydent miasta) pozostający u władzy przez kolejne kadencje majoryzuje proces stanowienia prawa w gminie (kierunki, strategie, decyzje nominacyjne itd.)

Wykorzystanie samochodów do przeprowadzenia ataków ter- rorystycznych, szczególnie w państwach Unii Europejskiej, jest stosowane przez terrorystów coraz częściej, ze względu na

[r]

Jednakże na mocy nowelizacji konstytucji z 1984 31 ustrojodawca federalny wyraźnie dopuszcza możliwość wprowadzania form bezpośredniego udziału oby- wateli w gminnych

The unique function of the European Commission, coupled with laconic provisions of EU treaties and the fact that the rule of law was introduced into treaties only in 1999, along

Celem artykułu jest pokazanie wybranych perspektyw i form pracy nad pamięcią miasta, działań przywracających miejscom tożsamość, oraz próba od- powiedzi na pytanie: