Political Preferences
Preferencje polityczne
10/2015
Redakcja naukowa: Robert Alberski Zbigniew Widera Katowice 2015Rada Naukowa:
SURI GU KDE 5RPDQ %lFNHU 8QLZHUV\WHW 0LNRáDMD .RSHUQLND Z 7RUXQLX 3ROVND SURI GU KDE 7DGHXV] *RGOHZVNL 8QLZHUV\WHW 0LNRáDMD .RSHUQLND Z 7RUXQLX 3ROVND SURI GU KDE ,ZRQD -DNXERZVND%UDQLFND 8QLZHUV\WHW :DUV]DZVNL 3ROVND SURIGUKDE6ODYRPLU0DJiO8QLZHUV\WHWĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMD SURI GU KDE -R]HI 0DW~ã 8QLZHUV\WHW ĞZ &\U\OD L 0HWRGHJR Z 7UQDZLH 6áRZDFMD SURI GU KDE /LERU 3DYHUD :\ĪV]D 6]NRáD +DQGORZD 3UDJD &]HFK\ SURI GU KDE 'DQD3HWUDQRYi8QLZHUV\WHWĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMDSURIGUKDE 2OJD3URNRSHQNR6XPVNL8QLZHUV\WHW1DURGRZ\8NUDLQDSURIGUKDE7HUHVD6DVLĔVND.ODV 8QLZHUV\WHW -DJLHOORĔVNL Z .UDNRZLH 3ROVND SURI GU KDE -HU]\ 6LHOVNL 8QLZHUV\WHW 6]F]HFLĔVNL3ROVNDGU0DUFMDQQD$XJXVW\Q8QLZHUV\WHWZ+XOO$QJOLDSURI-DQD*DOHUD 0DW~ãRYi8QLZHUV\WHWĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMD .ROHJLXPUHGDNF\MQH GUKDE$JQLHV]ND7XUVND.DZDUHGDNWRUQDF]HOQD PJU0DFLHM0DUPRODVHNUHWDU] GUKDE5REHUW$OEHUVNLUHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\V\VWHP\L]DFKRZDQLDZ\ERUF]H GUKDE'DQXWD3OHFNDSURI80.UHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\LGHQW\¿NDFMHSROLW\F]QH GUKDEàXNDV]7RPF]DNUHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\SDUWLHSROLW\F]QH GUKDE=ELJQLHZ:LGHUDSURI8(UHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\PDUNHWLQJSROLW\F]Q\ GUKDE:DOGHPDU:RMWDVLNUHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\V\VWHP\SDUW\MQH PJU3U]HP\VáDZ*U]RQNDUHGDNWRUVWDW\VW\F]Q\ 3URMHNWRNáDGNL-DURVáDZ:LFKXUD :HUVMDSLHUZRWQDF]DVRSLVPDSDSLHURZD 5HFHQ]HQFL
GU KDE $JQLHV]ND .DVLĔVND0HWU\ND SURI 8-. Z .LHOFDFK 8QLZHUV\WHW LP -DQD .RFKDQRZVNLHJRZ.LHOFDFKGUKDE0DFLHM'U]RQHN8QLZHUV\WHW6]F]HFLĔVNLGUKDE -DFHN6XU]\Q8QLZHUV\WHWĝOąVNLZ.DWRZLFDFKSURIGUKDE+DQD3UDYGRYi8QLZHUV\WHW ĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMDSURIGUKDEďXGPLODýiE\RYi8QLZHUV\WHW ĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMDGUKDE-XOLiQD0LQiULNRYi8QLZHUV\WHWĞZ &\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMD &HQWUXP,QQRZDFML7UDQVIHUX7HFKQRORJLLL5R]ZRMX)XQGDFMD8QLZHUV\WHWXĝOąVNLHJR Katowice 2015
:\GDZFą F]DVRSLVPD MHVW ,QVW\WXW 1DXN 3ROLW\F]Q\FK L ']LHQQLNDUVWZD 8QLZHUV\WHWX ĝOąVNLHJRRUD]&HQWUXP,QQRZDFML7UDQVIHUX7HFKQRORJLLL5R]ZRMX)XQGDFMD8QLZHUV\WHWX ĝOąVNLHJR 3DWURQDWQDGSURMHNWHPVSUDZXMą3ROVNLH7RZDU]\VWZR1DXN3ROLW\F]Q\FKRUD]7RZDU]\VWZR ,QLFMDW\Z1DXNRZ\FK ISSN: 2083-327X 'UXN5(0$5ZZZUHPDUVRVQRZLHFSOHPDLOZ\GDZQLFWZR#UHPDUVRVQRZLHFSO
63,675(ģ&,
:VWĊS ... 7 Waldemar Wojtasik 8QLZHUV\WHWĝOąVNLZ.DWRZLFDFK3ROVND
3ROVNLZ\ERUFDZSHUVSHNW\ZLHPRGHOXJáRVRZDQLDUHWURVSHNW\ZQHJR ... 9 àXNDV]7RPF]DN8QLZHUV\WHW6]F]HFLĔVNL3ROVND :\ERUF\SROVNLFKSDUWLLSROLW\F]Q\FKZREHFSUREOHPXUR]ZDUVWZLHQLD VSRáHF]QHJR ... 23 $JQLHV]ND7XUVND.DZD8QLZHUV\WHWĝOąVNLZ.DWRZLFDFK3ROVND &]\QQLNJRVSRGDUF]\MDNRSUHG\NWRU]DFKRZDĔZ\ERUF]\FK ... 37 .DUROLQD7\EXFKRZVND+DUWOLĔVND8QLZHUV\WHW:DUPLĔVNR0D]XUVNL Z2OV]W\QLH3ROVND 3DUW\F\SDFMDSROLW\F]QDZ3ROVFH ... 51 5REHUW$OEHUVNL8QLZHUV\WHW:URFáDZVNL3ROVND
Danuta Plecka 8QLZHUV\WHW0LNRáDMD.RSHUQLNDZ7RUXQLX3ROVND
2E\ZDWHOVNLHNRPSHWHQFMHSROLW\F]QHDZ\EUDQHPRW\Z\SRGHMPRZDQLD GHF\]MLZ\ERUF]\FK ... 71 0DJGDOHQD0XVLDá.DUJ8QLZHUV\WHW$GDPD0LFNLHZLF]DZ3R]QDQLX3ROVND
*áRVRZDQLHHOHNWURQLF]QHMDNRDOWHUQDW\ZQDPHWRGDXF]HVWQLF]HQLD
ZZ\ERUDFKRSLQLH3RODNyZ ... 87 Maciej Marmola 8QLZHUV\WHWĝOąVNLZ.DWRZLFDFK3ROVND
6SRáHF]QHSRVWU]HJDQLHLQVW\WXFMLrecall i weta ludowego w warunkach
polskich ... 109 $JQLHV]NDàXNDVLN7XUHFND.DWROLFNL8QLZHUV\WHW/XEHOVNL-DQD3DZáD,,3ROVND
3RSDUFLHNDQG\GDWDSU]H]OLGHUDSDUWLLDGHF\]MHZ\ERUFyZ
Agata Olszanecka-Marmola 8QLZHUV\WHWĝOąVNLZ.DWRZLFDFK3ROVND 5HNODPDQHJDW\ZQDLZL]HUXQNRZDZRGELRU]HSROVNLHJRHOHNWRUDWX ... 133 7RPDV]2OF]\N8QLZHUV\WHW:DUV]DZVNL3ROVND 6LáDFHOHEU\WyZZNDPSDQLLZ\ERUF]HM ... 147 -DQLQD.RZDOLN8QLZHUV\WHW-DQD.RFKDQRZVNLHJRZ.LHOFDFK3ROVND 'HPRNUDFMDORNDOQDDLGHDRJUDQLF]HQLDOLF]E\NDGHQFMLZyMWyZEXUPLVWU]yZ SUH]\GHQWyZPLDVW ... 159 'RPLQLN6]F]HSDĔVNL8QLZHUV\WHW5]HV]RZVNL3ROVND :\EyURSFMLF]\RVRE\"'HWHUPLQDQW\]DFKRZDĔZ\ERUF]\FKPLHV]NDĔFyZ ZRMHZyG]WZDSRGNDUSDFNLHJRZZ\ERUDFKGR3DUODPHQWX(XURSHMVNLHJR ZUZĞZLHWOHEDGDĔHPSLU\F]Q\FK ... 177 Summaries ... 195
,QWURGXFWLRQ ... 7 Waldemar Wojtasik 8QLYHUVLW\RI6LOHVLDLQ.DWRZLFH3RODQG
3ROLVKYRWHULQWKHSHUVSHFWLYHRIUHWURVSHFWLYHYRWLQJPRGHO ... 9 àXNDV]7RPF]DN6]F]HFLQ8QLYHUVLW\3RODQG 3ROLVKSROLWLFDOSDUWLHVYRWHUVDQGVRFLDOVWUDWL¿FDWLRQSUREOHP ... 23 $JQLHV]ND7XUVND.DZD8QLYHUVLW\RI6LOHVLDLQ.DWRZLFH3RODQG (FRQRPLFIDFWRUDVDSUHGLFWRURIYRWLQJEHKDYLRXU ... 37 .DUROLQD7\EXFKRZVND+DUWOLĔVND8QLYHUVLW\RI:DUPLDDQG0D]XU\LQ 2OV]W\Q3RODQG 3ROLWLFDOSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQ3RODQG ... 51 5REHUW$OEHUVNL8QLYHUVLW\RI:URFáDZ3RODQG
Danuta Plecka 1LFRODXV&RSHUQLFXV8QLYHUVLW\LQ7RUXĔ3RODQG &LYLOSROLWLFDOFRPSHWHQF\DQGFKRVHQUHDVRQVZKHQWDNLQJ
electoral decisions ... 71 0DJGDOHQD0XVLDá.DUJ$GDP0LFNLHZLF]8QLYHUVLW\LQ3R]QDĔ3RODQG
(OHFWURQLFYRWLQJDVDQDOWHUQDWLYHPHWKRGRISDUWLFLSDWLRQLQWKHHOHFWLRQV± RSLQLRQVRI3ROHV ... 87 Maciej Marmola 8QLYHUVLW\RI6LOHVLDLQ.DWRZLFH3RODQG
7KHVRFLDOUHFHSWLRQRIUHFDOODQGSHRSOH¶VYHWRDPRQJ3ROLVKHOHFWRUDWH ... 109 $JQLHV]NDàXNDVLN7XUHFND7KH-RKQ3DXO,,&DWKROLF8QLYHUVLW\RI/XEOLQ 3RODQG
Support the candidate by the party leader and the decisions of voters.
(OHFWRUDOVWXG\ ... 121
Agata Olszanecka-Marmola 8QLYHUVLW\RI6LOHVLDLQ.DWRZLFH3RODQG 1HJDWLYHDQGYLVXDODGYHUWLVLQJLQWKHUHFHSWLRQRI3ROLVKHOHFWRUDWH ... 133 7RPDV]2OF]\N:DUVDZ8QLYHUVLW\3RODQG 7KHVWUHQJWKRIFHOHEULWLHVLQWKHHOHFWLRQFDPSDLJQ ... 147 -DQLQD.RZDOLN7KH-DQ.RFKDQRZVNL8QLYHUVLW\LQ.LHOFH3RODQG /RFDOGHPRFUDF\DQGWKHLGHDRIWHUPOLPLWVYRLWVPD\RUV ... 159 'RPLQLN6]F]HSDĔVNL8QLYHUVLW\RI5]HV]yZ3RODQG 6HOHFWLQJWKHSHUVRQ"'HWHUPLQDQWVRIYRWLQJEHKDYLRULQKDELWDQWVRIWKH 6XEFDUSDWKLDQ9RLYRGHVKLSLQHOHFWLRQVWRWKH(XURSHDQ3DUOLDPHQWLQ in the light of empirical research ... 177 Summaries ... 195
Ä3ROLWLFDO3UHIHUHQFHV´1R '2,P¿JVKDUH
-DQLQD.RZDOLN
8QLZHUV\WHW-DQD.RFKDQRZVNLHJRZ.LHOFDFK3ROVND'(02.5$&-$/2.$/1$$,'($
2*5$1,&=(1,$/,&=%<.$'(1&-,:Ð-7Ð:
%850,675=Ð:35(=<'(17Ð:0,$67
Abstract:
)RUVRPHWLPHWKHUHLVDGHEDWHRQWKHWHUPRIR൶FHPD\RUVDQGSUHVL GHQWVRIFLWLHV6XEMHFWRIWKHDUWLFOHLVWRDQDO\]HYLHZVRQGHPRFUDF\DQG LQGLFDWRUVRIGHPRFUDF\LQFOXGLQJWKHORFDOGLPHQVLRQLQWKHFRQWH[WRIWKH controversy over the long cadence reeves impact on the functioning of local JRYHUQPHQW7KHDXWKRUDOVRH[WHQGVWRSXEOLFRSLQLRQSROOVRQWKHLVVXHRI OLPLWLQJWKHFDGHQFHRIPD\RUV:HDUHDQDO\]LQJWKHDUJXPHQWVRIVXSSRUWHUV DQGRSSRQHQWVRIOLPLWLQJWKHFDGHQFHRIH[HFXWLYHSRZHULQPXQLFLSDOLWLHV DVZHOODVWKHGLOHPPDVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHFRQVHTXHQFHVRIVXFKUHVWULFWLRQV IRU WKH TXDOLW\ RI GHPRFUDF\ /LPLWLQJ FDGHQFH KDV DV PDQ\ VXSSRUWHUV DV RSSRQHQWV±ERWKVLGHVKDYHVHULRXVDUJXPHQWVIRUWKHLUSRVLWLRQVKey words:
GHPRFUDF\ORFDOGHPRFUDF\ORFDOHOHFWLRQVFDGHQFHVPD\RUVDQGSUHVLGHQWVRIFLWLHV
2GGHPRNUDFMLGRGHPRNUDFMLORNDOQHM
3R ODWDFK RG SU]HáRPX WUDQVIRUPDF\MQHJR Z 3ROVFH VWZLHUG]HQLH ĪH Ī\MHP\ Z NUDMX GHPRNUDW\F]Q\P GR WHJR VWRSQLD QLH EXG]L QLF]\LFK ZąWSOLZRĞFLĪHSU]HZDĪQLHQLHGRVWU]HJDVLĊSRWU]HE\G\VNXVMLQDWHQWHPDW 'HPRNUDFMDSRSURVWXMHVWMDNSRZLHWU]HNWyU\PRGG\FKDP\,QQąNZHVWLąMHVW IDNWMDNLHNRQRWDFMHZLąĪHVLĊ]SRMĊFLHPGHPRNUDFMLLMDNSRMPXMHMHMLVWRWĊ 7RF]ąFHVLĊRGG]LHVLĊFLROHFLG\VNXVMHQDWHPDWLVWRW\GHPRNUDFMLSRUXV]DMą ZLHOHZąWNyZ>V]HU]HM$QWRV]HZVNL@MHGQDN±ZSHZQ\PXSURV] F]HQLX±SU]\ELHUDMąGZD]DVDGQLF]HQXUW\QXUWWUDNWXMąF\GHPRNUDFMĊMDNRVZRLVW\ URG]DM UHĪLPX SROLW\F]QHJR ]EXGRZDQHJR QD ZDUWRĞFLDFK ZROQRĞFL UyZQRĞFL SRG]LDáX ZáDG]\ L ]DEH]SLHF]DMąF\ UHODFMH SRPLĊG]\ SRGPLRWDPL SROLW\NL ZSRVWDFLXVWDORQ\FKUHJXáJU\SROLW\F]QHM>(DVWRQ@RUD]QXUWX]QDMąF\]D
:ĂŶŝŶĂ<ŽǁĂůŝŬ
LVWRWĊGHPRNUDFMLSURFHGXU\SROLW\F]QHWDNLHMDNF\NOLF]QHZ\ERU\ZZDUXQNDFK U\ZDOL]DFML L VZRERG\ DUW\NXODFML LQWHUHVyZ F]\ RGSRZLHG]LDOQRĞü HJ]HNXW\Z\ >6FKXPSHWHU+XQWLQJWRQ@:VSyáF]HĞQLEDGDF]H>$QWRV]HZVNL @SUREOHPDW\NLGHPRNUDFMLGRVWU]HJDMąGH¿F\W\ZREXQXUWDFKLSRV]XNXMą PRĪOLZRĞFLLFKZ\SHáQLHQLDSRSU]H]XMĊFLHGHPRNUDFMLMDNRSROLW\F]QHJRHIHNWX ZGURĪHQLDQRUPLZ]RUFyZV\VWHPXGHPRNUDW\F]QHJRGRIDNW\F]Q\FK]DFKRZDĔ SRGPLRWyZSROLW\F]Q\FKLF]áRQNyZVSRáHF]HĔVWZD7RRVWDWQLHSRGHMĞFLHNRQZH QLXMHZQLQLHMV]\PDUW\NXOH]HVSRVREHPXMĊFLDGHPRNUDFMLZNRQWHNĞFLHSURFHVyZ SROLW\F]Q\FKPDMąF\FKPLHMVFHQDQDMQLĪV]\PV]F]HEOXVDPRU]ąGXWHU\WRULDOQHJR Z3ROVFH:\GDMHVLĊERZLHPĪHSRXSá\ZLHüZLHUüZLHF]DRG]DSRF]ąWNRZDQLD SROVNLFK SU]HPLDQ WUDQVIRUPDF\MQ\FK QLHZ\VWDUF]DMąFH MHVW SU]\ZRá\ZDQLH QD GRZyG LVWQLHQLD GHPRNUDFML Z\áąF]QLH QRPLQDOQ\FK QRUP VWDQRZLąF\FK MHM NRQVW\WXF\MQHJZDUDQFMHMDNLVWQLHQLHSRGVWDZRZ\FKSUDZLZROQRĞFLRE\ZD WHOVNLFK SUDZ Z\ERUF]\FK L SUDZ GR UHSUH]HQWDFML SROLW\F]QHM UHDOL]RZDQ\FK ZF\NOLF]QLHRGE\ZDMąF\FKVLĊZ\ERUDFKUyZQRĞFLL]DND]XG\VNU\PLQDFMLSOXUD OL]PXSROLW\F]QHJRRUD]SRG]LDáXLUyZQRZDJLZáDG]Ä/LEHUDOQDNRQFHSFMDGHPR NUDFMLMHVWMHGQDNW\ONRUR]ZLą]DQLHPSURFHGXUDOQ\PLSUDZQRLQVW\WXFMRQDOQ\P VNXWHF]QLHVSHáQLDMąF\PZ\]QDF]RQHPXIXQNFMHWDPJG]LHZVSyáF]HĞQLHLVWQLHMH W]Z]UyZQRZDĪRQHVSRáHF]HĔVWZR´>.RUQDĞ'DQHO@=DSLVDQHZGRNXĪRQHVSRáHF]HĔVWZR´>.RUQDĞ'DQHO@=DSLVDQHZGRNXRQHVSRáHF]HĔVWZR´>.RUQDĞ'DQHO@=DSLVDQHZGRNXĔVWZR´>.RUQDĞ'DQHO@=DSLVDQHZGRNXVWZR´>.RUQDĞ'DQHO@=DSLVDQHZGRNX PHQWDFKQRUP\F]\QLąSDĔVWZRGHPRNUDW\F]Q\PGRSLHURZV\WXDFMLNLHG\VWDMąVLĊ SUDNW\NąIXQNFMRQRZDQLDLQVW\WXFMLLVSRáHF]HĔVWZDNLHG\QDVWąSLWUZDá\SURFHVLFK LQVW\WXFMRQDOL]DFMLDOERMDNFKFąQLHNWyU]\±NRQVROLGDFML,VWRWQ\PZVNDĨQLNLHP NRQVROLGDFMLGHPRNUDFMLMHVWSRZV]HFKQDDNFHSWDFMDVSRáHF]HĔVWZDGODZDUWRĞFL OHĪąF\FKXSRGVWDZGHPRNUDW\F]QLHXVWDQRZLRQHJRV\VWHPXSROLW\F]QHJRV]F]H JyOQLHZROQRĞFLLUyZQRĞFLLDNW\ZQHXF]HVWQLFWZRZMHJRLQVW\WXFMDFKVSRáH F]HĔVWZR RE\ZDWHOVNLH RUD] ZDUXQNL GOD XF]FLZHM U\ZDOL]DFML SRGPLRWyZ QD VFHQLHSROLW\F]QHMLDOWHUQDFMLZáDG]\F\NOLF]QHLXF]FLZHZ\ERU\ZZDUXQNDFK U\ZDOL]DFML 8RJyOQLDMąF L VXPXMąF SRGHMĞFLD GR UR]XPLHQLD LVWRW\ GHPRNUDFML UyZQLHĪ QXUW\ QLHSU]\ZRá\ZDQH SU]H] DXWRUNĊ Z\SDGD ]DF\WRZDü SRJOąG Z\UDĪRQ\SU]H]3DXOLQĊ6HNXáĊLĪQDVWĊSXMąFHSRVRELHZL]MHLGRĞZLDGF]HQLD GHPRNUDFML ± RG SURFHGXUDOQHM NRQFHQWUXMąFHM VLĊ QD VSRVREDFK NUHRZDQLD ZáDG]\SU]H]OLEHUDOQą]ZUDFDMąFąXZDJĊQDSUDZDMHGQRVWNLRUD]PHFKDQL]P\ NRQWUROLVSRáHF]QHMQDGSURFHVDPLGHF\]\MQ\PLSRSU]H]GHPRNUDFMĊSDUW\F\SD F\MQąNáDGąFąQDFLVNQDRVRELVWHXF]HVWQLFWZRZVIHU]HSXEOLF]QHMSDĔVWZRZHM LVDPRU]ąGRZHMDĪGRNRQFHSFMLGHOLEHUDW\ZQHMSRGNUHĞODMąFHMZDJĊG\VNXUVX SXEOLF]QHJRQDHWDSLHSU]HGGHF\]\MQ\P±QLHVą]HVREąVSU]HF]QHDNXPXOXMąVLĊ WZRU]ąFPRGHOGHPRNUDFMLMDNRZDUWRĞFLVDPHMZVRELH>6HNXáD@ :W\PPLHMVFXSRMDZLDVLĊSUREOHPRFHQ\VWDQXGHPRNUDFMLZ3ROVFH 'HPRNUDW\F]QHLQVW\WXFMHVWDQRZLąFHSRGVWDZĊXVWURMXLVWQLHMąRGGDZQDLQLH ]PLHQLDMąVLĊMHGQDNĪHUHJXODFMHXVWDZRZHGRW\F]ąFHSUDNW\NLLFKVWRVRZDQLD
ĞŵŽŬƌĂĐũĂůŽŬĂůŶĂĂŝĚĞĂŽŐƌĂŶŝĐnjĞŶŝĂůŝĐnjďLJŬĂĚĞŶĐũŝǁſũƚſǁ;ďƵƌŵŝƐƚƌnjſǁ͕ƉƌĞnjLJĚĞŶƚſǁ͘͘͘
QDSU]\NáDGVSRVREXSU]HSURZDG]DQLDZ\ERUyZRUG\QDFMH.RGHNVZ\ERUF]\ VSRVREXUR]VWU]\JDQLDLFKZ\QLNyZRNUĊJyZZ\ERUF]\FKLWGVąQLHXVWDMąF\P SU]HGPLRWHP NRUHNW L ]PLDQ QLHNLHG\ ]DOHĪQ\FK RG LQWHUHVyZ ZLĊNV]RĞFL SDUODPHQWDUQHMFRQLHZVSRPDJDNRQVROLGDFMLGHPRNUDFML
= GUXJLHM VWURQ\ LVWRWQ\P ZVNDĨQLNLHP VWDQX NRQVROLGDFML Vą SRVWDZ\ VSRáHF]QHZREHFGHPRNUDFMLLLQVW\WXFMLGHPRNUDW\F]Q\FK2LOHZEDGDQLDFKGRW\ F]ąF\FKVWRVXQNX3RODNyZGRGHPRNUDFMLUHDOL]RZDQ\FKF\NOLF]QLHSU]H]&%26 ]ZROHQQLF\GHPRNUDFML1RVLąJQĊOLZPDUFXUSR]LRPWRMHGQDNFRWU]HFL EDGDQ\E\áVNáRQQ\SRSU]HüVWZLHUG]HQLHĪHÄQLHNLHG\U]ąG\QLHGHPRNUD W\F]QHPRJąE\üEDUG]LHMSRĪąGDQHQLĪGHPRNUDW\F]QH´DFRF]ZDUW\E\áVNáRQQ\ SRSU]HüVWZLHUG]HQLHĪHÄU]ąG\RSDUWHQDVLOQ\PSU]\ZyG]WZLHVą]GHF\GRZDQLH OHSV]HRGGHPRNUDW\F]Q\FK´>&%26@$PELZDOHQWQ\VWRVXQHN GRGHPRNUDFMLZ\ND]XMHNRUHODFMĊ]SR]LRPHP]DGRZROHQLD]HVSRVREXIXQNFMR QRZDQLDGHPRNUDFMLZ3ROVFH±SR]\W\ZQąRFHQĊZ\UDĪD]DĞQLH]DGRZROHQLH EDGDQ\FK3RVWDZ\VSRáHF]QHZREHFGHPRNUDFMLWRUyZQLHĪV]HUHJZVNDĨ QLNyZRSLVXMąF\FKNZHVWLHPHQWDOQRĞFLF]\WHĪQDWĊĪHQLDGHPRNUDW\F]QHMNXOWXU\ SROLW\F]QHMUR]XPLDQHMMDNRVSHF\¿F]QHQDVWDZLHQLHZREHFXVWURMXSROLW\F]QHJR ZFDáRĞFLLMHJRIUDJPHQWyZRUD]GRRFHQ\UROLMDNąZUDPDFKV\VWHPXPRĪH RGHJUDüMHGQRVWND>.XELDN@1DSURGHPRNUDW\F]QąNXOWXUĊSROLW\F]Qą VNáDGDMąVLĊPLQDNW\ZQRĞüQDQLZLHSXEOLF]QHMZW\PXF]HVWQLFWZRZJáRVRZD QLDFKNRPSHWHQFMHRE\ZDWHOVNLHZW\PSRF]XFLHZSá\ZXQDVSUDZ\SXEOLF]QH F]\XF]HVWQLFWZRZGREURZROQ\FKVWRZDU]\V]HQLDFK>6HNXáD@ 3U]\MPXMąFZV]\VWNLHSRZ\ĪV]HQXUW\DQDOL]\GHPRNUDFMLRUD]X]QDMąF NRPSOHPHQWDUQRĞü GHV\JQDWyZ QD NWyUH NáDGą RQH QDFLVN QDOHĪ\ X]QDü ĪHVąRQHUyZQLHĪDNWXDOQHZVWRVXQNXGR]MDZLVNDGHPRNUDFMLORNDOQHMDZLĊF SURFHVyZGHPRNUDW\F]Q\FKRGE\ZDMąF\FKVLĊQDSR]LRPLHPH]RWMQDSR]LRPLH ORNDOQ\FKZVSyOQRWL]ELRURZRĞFLZ\]QDF]DQ\FKSU]H]DGPLQLVWUDF\MQHLRF]\ ZLĞFLH NXOWXURZRPHQWDOQRĞFLRZH SRG]LDá\ L JUDQLFH Ä1D SR]LRPLH ]ELRUR ZRĞFLORNDOQHM]DFKRG]L]MDZLVNRKDUPRQLMQHJRáąF]HQLDVWRVXQNyZSLHUZRWQ\FK MHGQRVWHN]DZLHUDMąF\FKVLĊZVIHU]HSU\ZDWQRĞFLZ\]QDF]DMąFHMLFKWRĪVDPRĞü RSDUWąQDZDUWRĞFLDFKLLQWHUHVDFK]HVIHUąSXEOLF]Qą´>0LV]WDO@ 8FLHOHĞQLHQLHPORNDOQHMGHPRNUDFMLMHVWVDPRU]ąGJPLQQ\-HJR]DLVWQLHQLH Z3ROVFHE\áRXZDUXQNRZDQHSU]HNV]WDáFHQLHPXVWURMXQDGHPRNUDW\F]QHWRU\LZGUR ĪHQLHPV]HUHJXLQVW\WXFMLLSURFHGXUGHPRNUDW\F]Q\FKDSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPGHFHQ WUDOL]DFMLZáDG]\SDĔVWZRZHM7\PVDP\PGHPRNUDFMDZ3ROVFH]\VNDáDGRGDWNRZ\ Z\PLDUORNDOQ\NWyU\UyZQLHĪSRGOHJDRFHQRPZ]DNUHVLHVWDQXLQVW\WXFMRQDOL]DFML RUD]LQWHUQDOL]DFMLZDUWRĞFLGHPRNUDW\F]Q\FKSU]H]F]áRQNyZ]ELRURZRĞFL
1 -DNR ]ZROHQQLNyZ GHPRNUDFML SRWUDNWRZDQR RGSRZLDGDMąF\FK SR]\W\ZQLH QD S\WDQLH
&]\]JDG]DVLĊ3DQL]HVWZLHUG]HQLHPĪHGHPRNUDFMDQLHMHVWZSUDZG]LHGREU\PXVWURMHP DOHQLHPDXVWURMXOHSV]HJR"
:ĂŶŝŶĂ<ŽǁĂůŝŬ
3RF]ąZV]\RGSLHUZV]HMXVWDZ\RVDPRU]ąG]LHWHU\WRULDOQ\P]PDUFD 1990 r.2 VDPRU]ąGRZL JPLQQHPX ]DEH]SLHF]RQR ZV]\VWNLH LQVW\WXFMRQDOQH
SRGVWDZ\GHPRNUDW\F]QHJRIXQNFMRQRZDQLD]DZDUWHSLHUZRWQLHZ (XURSHMVNLHM .DUFLH6DPRU]ąGX/RNDOQHJR3MDNRXFLHOHĞQLHQLHGHPRNUDFMLRUD]]DVDG\VXEV\ GLDUQRĞFLZUD]]LFKNRQVW\WXF\MQ\PLJZDUDQFMDPL.ROHMQHODWDGRĞZLDGF]HĔ ZSUDNW\NRZDQLXVDPRU]ąGQRĞFLJPLQQHMSU]\QRVLá\GRĞZLDGF]HQLDLZ\QLNDMąFH ]QLFK]PLDQ\XVWDZRGDZVWZDZW\PREV]DU]H:áDG]HFHQWUDOQHDGRNáDGQLH U]HF]XMPXMąFNRDOLFMH]PLHQLDMąFHVLĊZSDUODPHQFLHPLDá\GRĞü]UyĪQLFRZDQą ZL]MĊ UROL VDPRU]ąGX ORNDOQHJR L ORNDOQHM GHPRNUDFML Z ]DU]ąG]DQLX GREUHP ZVSyOQ\PZJPLQDFK3ROLW\NDEXGRZ\GHPRNUDW\F]QHJRXVWURMXZSDĔVWZLH SRSU]H] Z\NRU]\VWDQLH VDPRU]ąGX ORNDOQHJR Z SLHUZV]\FK ODWDFK SU]HPLDQ ]DPLHQLDáDVLĊZV\VWHPRZHEORNRZDQLHMHJRUR]ZRMXE\QDVWĊSQLHSU]HMĞüGR SU]HNRQDQLDĪHMHVWRQMHG\Q\PPHFKDQL]PHPUR]ZLą]\ZDQLDQDMWUXGQLHMV]\FK SUREOHPyZVSRáHF]Q\FKLZ]ZLą]NX]W\PQDOHĪ\]DZV]HONąFHQĊUDWRZDüMHJR NRQG\FMĊ3U]HNRQDQLHRW\PĪHVDPRU]ąGRZHZáDG]HZJPLQDFKPLDVWDFKVą SROLW\F]QLHQLHLVWRWQHV]\ENR]PLHQLáRVLĊZLPSHUDW\ZGODRJyOQRSROVNLFKSDUWLL SROLW\F]Q\FK DE\ ]GRE\ZDü MDN QDMZLĊNV]H ZSá\Z\ Z JPLQDFK D QDVWĊSQLH ZSRZLDWDFKLUHJLRQDFKJG\ĪWDPMHVWU]HF]\ZLVWDZáDG]DLSLHQLąG]HÄ=SXQNWX ZLG]HQLDSDUWLLSROLW\F]Q\FKVDPRU]ąGWHU\WRULDOQ\MHVWDWUDNF\MQ\PPLHMVFHP UHDOL]DFML LFK LQWHUHVyZ DNW\ZQRĞü QD DUHQLH VDPRU]ąGRZHM ZLąĪH VLĊ ] EXGRZDQLHP SODWIRUP\ Z\ERUF]HM XJUXSRZDQLD JG\Ī NDQG\GDFL SDUWLL GR VDPRU]ąGXVą]RERZLą]DQLGRSURSDJRZDQLDSURJUDPXSDUWLLWDNDE\]MHGQDüGOD QLHMMDNQDMZLĊFHM]ZROHQQLNyZ3DUWLDWUDNWXMHVDPRU]ąG]DUyZQRMDNRSDSLHUHN ODNPXVRZ\ ORMDOQRĞFL ZáDVQ\FK F]áRQNyZ MDN L PLHMVFH UHNUXWDFML QRZ\FK ]ZROHQQLNyZ0RĪHVLĊRQVWDüSRĞUHGQLPHWDSHPNDULHU\SROLW\F]QHM´>'RMZD 7XUF]\ĔVNL@:HIHNFLHZáDG]HFHQWUDOQHSRGMĊá\VWDUDQLDRZ\SUDFR ZDQLHSR]\W\ZQHJRVWRVXQNXVSRáHF]HĔVWZDGRVDPRU]ąGXRUD]Z]PRFQLHQLH SRF]XFLDRE\ZDWHOVNRĞFLL]DDQJDĪRZDQLDZVSUDZ\ORNDOQHMDNRZ\SHáQLHQLD LGHLORNDOQHMGHPRNUDFMLSDUW\F\SDF\MQHM
-DNRĞü GHPRNUDFML VDPRU]ąGRZHM PRĪQD RFHQLDü ZHGáXJ UyĪQ\FK NU\WHULyZ 1D XĪ\WHN QLQLHMV]\FK UR]ZDĪDĔ LVWRWQH Z\GDMH VLĊ RV]DFRZDQLH QDVWĊSXMąF\FKZVNDĨQLNyZ UyZQRZDJLZáDG]\LNRQWUROLHJ]HNXW\Z\SU]H]RUJDQNROHJLDOQ\ SR]LRPU\ZDOL]DF\MQRĞFLZZDOFHRPDQGDW\UDGQ\FKLZáDG]ĊZ\NRQDZF]ą ]PLHQQRĞüXVWHUXZáDG]\GRPLQDFMDRSFMLSROLW\F]QHMF]\RVRE\ VWDQNRQWUROQHMIXQNFMLORNDOQ\FKPHGLyZLQLH]DOHĪQRĞFLRGZáDG]\ DGPLQLVWUDFMDVDPRU]ąGRZDQLH]DOHĪQDRGSROLW\F]Q\FKQDFLVNyZ SDWRORJLDZáDG]\±QHSRW\]PNOLHQWHOL]PNRUXSFMDSROLW\F]QD 2 ']8]URNXQUSR] 95. 3 (XURSHMVND.DUWD6DPRU]ąGX/RNDOQHJRSU]\MĊWDZ6WUDVEXUJXSDĨG]LHUQLNDU UDW\¿NRZDQDZFDáRĞFLSU]H]3ROVNĊ']8QUSR]
ĞŵŽŬƌĂĐũĂůŽŬĂůŶĂĂŝĚĞĂŽŐƌĂŶŝĐnjĞŶŝĂůŝĐnjďLJŬĂĚĞŶĐũŝǁſũƚſǁ;ďƵƌŵŝƐƚƌnjſǁ͕ƉƌĞnjLJĚĞŶƚſǁ͘͘͘
:]PRFQLHQLHHJ]HNXW\Z\VDPRU]ąGRZHM
:ĞUyG OLF]Q\FK NRUHNW SUDZD VDPRU]ąGRZHJR NOXF]RZH ]QDF]HQLH QDOHĪ\SU]\SLVDüLVWRWQHM]PLDQLHXVWURMXZáDG]ORNDOQ\FKZHIHNFLHXVWDZ\ ]GQLDF]HUZFDUREH]SRĞUHGQLPZ\ERU]HZyMWDEXUPLVWU]DLSUH]\ denta miasta4 : LQVW\WXFMRQDOQ\P SRG]LDOH ZáDG] QD VWDQRZLąFą L Z\NR
QDZF]ąGRNRQDáDRQD]DVDGQLF]HJRZ]PRFQLHQLDSR]\FMLXVWURMRZHMZáDG]\ L]QDF]HQLDPRQRNUDW\F]QHJRRUJDQXZ\NRQDZF]HJRZyMWDEXUPLVWU]DSUH]\ GHQWDPLDVWDZVWRVXQNXGRZáDG]\UDG\JPLQ\=DVDGQLF]\FHOWHMXVWDZ\ ± VWDELOL]DFMD ZáDG]\ Z JPLQLH SRSU]H] Z]PRFQLHQLH SR]\FML HJ]HNXW\Z\ ZVWRVXQNXGRRUJDQXVWDQRZLąFRNRQWUROQHJR]RVWDáRVLąJQLĊW\1LHVWHW\QLH XGDáRVLĊZ\HOLPLQRZDüQDWUZDáHNRQÀLNWXSRPLĊG]\W\PLGZRPDRUJDQDPL DMHG\QLHRGZUyFLüVLá\$SU]HFLHĪLVWRWąGHPRNUDFMLMHVWZVSyáSUDFDQDU]HF] GREUD SXEOLF]QHJR Ä.RQÀLNW VWDá VLĊ UHJXáą ZVSyáLVWQLHQLD REX RUJDQyZ ZW\FKJPLQDFKJG]LHZáDG]DZ\NRQDZF]DUHSUH]HQWXMHLQQąRSFMĊSROLW\F]Qą QLĪZLĊNV]RĞüZUDG]LH´>%REHULLQUyZQLHĪ.RZDOLN@ =E\WVLOQ\PGRWHJRF]DVXUDGRPJPLQ\Z\WUąFRQR]UąNEURĔZSRVWDFLPRĪOL ZRĞFLRGZRá\ZDQLD]DU]ąGyZJPLQ]DUyZQR]X]DVDGQLRQ\FKMDNLQLHX]DVDG QLRQ\FKSRZRGyZFRPLDáRXVXQąüSU]\F]\Q\NRQÀLNWyZQDOLQLLOHJLVODW\ZD HJ]HNXW\ZDRUD]]QLZHORZDüSU]HGáXĪDQLHSURFHGXUGHF\]\MQ\FK3UREOHP\ ]ZLą]DQH ]H VáDEQąF\P RG SHZQHJR F]DVX ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLHP VSRáHF]QRĞFL VSUDZDPL VDPRU]ąGRZ\PL L UHODW\ZQLH QLVNLPL IUHNZHQFMDPL Z Z\ERUDFK VDPRU]ąGRZ\FKPLDá\]RVWDüUR]ZLą]DQHSRSU]H]SHUVRQDOL]DFMĊZáDG]\LLGHQ W\¿NDFMĊRGSRZLHG]LDOQRĞFLZyMWDEXUPLVWU]DSUH]\GHQWDPLDVWD5. Niewielki
SU]\URVW IUHNZHQFML Z\ERUF]HM Z HOHNFMDFK VDPRU]ąGRZ\FK ]QDF]QH SU]\ HOHNFMDFK VDPRU]ąGRZ\FK ]QDF]QH SU]\HOHNFMDFK VDPRU]ąGRZ\FK ]QDF]QH SU]\ VSLHV]HQLHSURFHGXUGHF\]\MQ\FKZJPLQDFKZ]URVWSRF]XFLDSRGPLRWRZRĞFL LSRF]XFLDZSá\ZXQDVSUDZ\QDMEOLĪV]HJRRWRF]HQLDLZ\UDĨQ\Z]URVW]DLQ
WHUHVRZDQLD VSRáHF]HĔVWZD VSUDZDPL ORNDOQ\PL Z NRQWHNĞFLH IXQNFMRQR ZDQLDZáDG]ORNDOQ\FKLNROHMQ\FKZ\ERUyZWRQLHZąWSOLZLHSR]\W\ZQHVNXWNL XPRFQLHQLDSR]\FMLXVWURMRZHMZáDG]\Z\NRQDZF]HMZ JPLQLH-HGQDNZUD] ]SU]HELHJLHPNROHMQ\FKNDGHQFMLLNROHMQ\FKHOHNFMLSRMDZLá\VLĊSUREOHP\ NWyU\FKQLHSU]HZLG]LDQRRUG\QXMąFGRĞüGUDVW\F]QHOHNDUVWZRQDSUREOHP\
4 ']8]URNXQUSR]
5 3R ZSURZDG]HQLX XVWDZ\ R EH]SRĞUHGQLP Z\ERU]H ZyMWD EXUPLVWU]D SUH]\GHQWD PLDVWD QDVWąSLáZSUDZG]LHZ]URVWXF]HVWQLFWZDZJáRVRZDQLDFKVDPRU]ąGRZ\FKDOHQLHE\áWRZ]URVW ODZLQRZ\: SU]HNRQDQLX DXWRUNL NWyUH WUXGQR RF]\ZLĞFLH XGRZRGQLü JG\E\ QLH E\áR WHM XVWDZ\QDVWĊSRZDáE\GDOV]\UHJUHV]DLQWHUHVRZDQLDVSRáHF]HĔVWZDVSUDZDPLVDPRU]ąGRZ\PL ZW\PUyZQLHĪIUHNZHQFMLZ\ERUF]HM7RWHĪSU]HFLĊWQ\RNSXQNWRZ\Z]URVWIUHNZHQFML QDOHĪ\SU]\SLVDüG]LDáDQLXXVWDZ\FKRüMHMWZyUF\OLF]\OLQD]GHF\GRZDQLHZLĊNV]\HIHNW 3RGPLRWRZRĞüLVSUDZVWZRZVSUDZDFKGRW\F]ąF\FKQDMEOLĪV]HJRRWRF]HQLDVąSU]HGPLRWHP
EDGDĔ &%26 RG SRF]ąWNX SROVNLFK SU]HPLDQ : U SRF]XFLH ZSá\ZX QD VSUDZ\ ORNDOQHGHNODURZDáREDGDQ\FKREHFQLH>&%26@GHNODUXMHMH
:ĂŶŝŶĂ<ŽǁĂůŝŬ
XMDZQLRQHZSLHUZV]\FKWU]HFKNDGHQFMDFKVDPRU]ąGXJPLQQHJR:ĞUyGQLFK QDOHĪ\ ZVND]Dü NXPXODFMĊ ZV]HONLHM ZáDG]\ Z UĊNDFK RUJDQX Z\NRQDZ F]HJR7 LVWRWQą G\VIXQNFMĊ ORNDOQHM GHPRNUDFML Z SRVWDFL SRZDĪQHM EORNDG\
ZDOWHUQDFMLZáDG]\Z\NRQDZF]HMZyMWDSU]\MHMQLHPDOFDáNRZLW\PXQLH]D OHĪQLHQLXVLĊRGUDG\LXWUDW\SU]H]UDG\IXQNFMLNRQWUROQ\FK]ZLHU]FKQLFWZR ZyMWDEXUPLVWU]DSUH]\GHQWDPLDVWDQDGDGPLQLVWUDFMąJPLQQąRUD]ZSá\Z QDNDGU\ZSRGOHJá\FKVSyáNDFKNRPXQDOQ\FKJHQHUXMąF\SDWRORJLF]Q\NOLHQ WHOL]PLQHSRW\]PXMDZQLDMąFHVLĊZFDáHMRND]DáRĞFLQLH]DOHĪQLHRGZLHONRĞFL JPLQ\PLDVWDWUXGQRĞFL]RGZRáDQLHPZyMWDEXUPLVWU]DSUH]\GHQWDPLDVWD ZV\WXDFMLXWUDW\SU]H]QLHJR]DXIDQLDVSRáHF]QHJR .RQVHNZHQFMą W\FK ]MDZLVN MHVW XMDZQLDMąFH VLĊ RG NLONX HOHNFML ]MDZLVNRSRZWyUQ\FKL NROHMQ\FKZ\ERUyZW\FKVDP\FKRVyEQDVWDQRZLVND ZyMWD EXUPLVWU]D SUH]\GHQWD PLDVWD: ODWDFK V]yVWą NDGHQFMĊ VSUDZRZDáR EXUPLVWU]yZ L ZyMWyZ D RNRáR WU]\ F]ZDUWH ZáRGDU]\ PLDVW L JPLQ ]DU]ąG]DáR RG SRQDG WU]HFK NDGHQFML: GZyFK ODWDFK Z\ERUáR RG SRQDG WU]HFK NDGHQFML: GZyFK ODWDFK Z\ERU RG SRQDG WU]HFK NDGHQFML: GZyFK ODWDFK Z\ERU F]\FK ± L QDMZ\ĪV]\ VWRSQLHĔ SRZWDU]DOQRĞFL Z\ERUX VWZLHU G]RQR Z Z\ERUDFK SUH]\GHQWyZ PLDVW8 NWyU\P Z\ERUF\ ]DXIDOL SRQRZQLH
ZSU]\SDGNyZ1LHPDOUyZQLHF]ĊVWąSRZWDU]DOQRĞüZ\ERUXRGQRWRZDQR ZSU]\SDGNXZyMWyZRN6WRVXQNRZRQDMPQLHMSRZWyUQ\FKZ\ERUyZ E\áRZĞUyGEXUPLVWU]yZRN>.ZLDWNRZVNLLLQ@:Z\ERUDFK VDPRU]ąGRZ\FK U PLHV]NDĔF\ PLDVW ]DXIDOL SRQRZQLH SUH]\ GHQWyZDOHMXĪV\WXDFMDZNWyUHMVSUDZXMąF\ZSRSU]HGQLHMNDGHQFMLZáDG]Ċ OLGHUNDQG\GRZDáLSU]HJU\ZDáZ\ERU\GRW\F]\áDPLDVWSUH]\GHQFNLFK 3RUyZQXMąF WH Z\QLNL QDOHĪ\ VWZLHUG]Lü ]DXZDĪDOQ\ VSDGHN OLF]E\ SUH]\ GHQWyZRVLąJDMąF\FKVXNFHVZNROHMQ\FKZ\ERUDFK>7UXWNRZVNL.XUQLHZLF] @1DMPRFQLHMGRZ\REUDĨQLVSRáHF]HĔVWZDSU]HPDZLDá\MHGQDNVWDW\ VW\NLMDNLHSDGDá\]WU\EXQ\VHMPRZHMZU9ĪHSU]HGZ\ERUDPLZU
QDRJyOQąOLF]EĊ JPLQZáRGDU]\WM SHáQLáRVZRMąIXQNFMĊ RGUDZLĊFRGODW3RZ\ERUDFKUZyMWyZEXUPLVWU]yZOXE SUH]\GHQWyZPLDVW]RVWDáRZ\EUDQ\FKQDVZRMąV]yVWąNDGHQFMĊ>$GDPRZLF] @2]QDF]DWRĪHZW\FKSU]\SDGNDFKFDáHSRNROHQLHPLHV]NDĔFyZ JPLQ\XURG]LáRVLĊLGRMU]DáRZF]DVLHWUZDQLDMHGQHJRF]áRZLHNDXZáDG]\
7 -XĪ Z SRáRZLH ;,; ZLHNX $OH[LV GH 7RFTXHYLOOH REVHUZXMąF UR]GUREQLHQLH IXQNFML Z\NRQDZF]\FKZ$PHU\FHSLVDáĪHZ]PDFQLDQLHZáDG]\Z\NRQDZF]HMZ]PDJDSRNXVĊ NXPXODFMLZáDG]\LZSá\ZyZ
8 :3ROVFHLVWQLHMHPLDVWSUH]\GHQFNLFK
9 :\JáDV]DOL MH SRVáRZLH ] yZF]HVQHJR 5XFKX 3DOLNRWD RSWXMąF\ ]D ]PLDQą .RGHNX Z\ERUF]HJRZW\P]DNUHVLH
ĞŵŽŬƌĂĐũĂůŽŬĂůŶĂĂŝĚĞĂŽŐƌĂŶŝĐnjĞŶŝĂůŝĐnjďLJŬĂĚĞŶĐũŝǁſũƚſǁ;ďƵƌŵŝƐƚƌnjſǁ͕ƉƌĞnjLJĚĞŶƚſǁ͘͘͘
:LHORNDGHQF\MQRĞü ± GHF\]MD ZROQ\FK Z\ERUFyZ F]\ VNXWHN
ZDGOLZHJRSUDZD"
%LODQVZLHORNDGHQF\MQ\FKZyMWyZSRZ\ERUDFKUQLHFRXFLHUSLDá QDWOHSRSU]HGQLFKHOHNFML3U]\F]\QWHMVWRVXQNRZRRGPLHQQHMWHQGHQFMLQLH VSRVyEXRJyOQLDüJG\ĪWHZ\ERU\RGE\ZDMąVLĊQDQLHPDOW\VLąFDFKSyO U\ZDOL]DFML-DNPRĪQDVąG]LüPyJáE\üWRHIHNWWRF]ąFHMVLĊZF]DVLHRVWDWQLHM NDGHQFML SXEOLF]QHM G\VNXVML R ZDGDFK ZLHORNDGHQF\MQRĞFL QDJáDĞQLDQLD SURMHNWyZ]PLDQXVWDZRZ\FKVNáDGDQ\FKSU]H]SDUWLHRSR]\F\MQHZ6HMPLH RUD]URG]ąFHMVLĊIDOLQDVWURMyZVSRáHF]Q\FKQDVWDZLRQ\FKUDF]HMQD]PLDQ\ QLĪQDVWDELOL]DFMĊ8WU]\PDQLHVLĊWHJRWUHQGXZ\GDMHVLĊPRĪOLZHZREOLF]X VRQGDĪ\ SRSDUFLD GOD SDUWLL SR]RVWDMąF\FK Z RVWDWQLHM NDGHQFML Z RSR]\FML 3RWHQFMDOQDZ\JUDQD3UDZDL6SUDZLHGOLZRĞFLZZ\ERUDFKSDUODPHQWDUQ\FK SU]\]DáRĪHQLXĪHWDSDUWLDGRWU]\PD]DSRZLHG]LZW\PZ]JOĊG]LHPRĪHGRSUR ZDG]LüGRXVWDZRZHJRRJUDQLF]HQLDOLF]E\NDGHQFMLZyMWyZ 7\PF]DVHPWDNLFKRJUDQLF]HĔQLHPD-HVWQDWRPLDVWSUREOHPWHRUHW\F]Q\ ±F]\RSLVDQDV\WXDFMDZNWyUHMPRQRNUDW\F]QąZáDG]ĊZ]QDF]QHMF]ĊĞFLSROVNLFK JPLQVSUDZXMąMHGQHLWHVDPHRVRE\SU]H]DQLHNLHG\LODWMHVWNZLQ WHVHQFMąGHPRNUDFMLF]\WHĪMHMÄNDU\NDWXUą´"-HVWWRUyZQLHĪSUREOHPSUDNW\F]Q\ ± Z OLF]Q\FK JPLQDFK QD WHUHQLH NUDMX Z ZDUXQNDFK XWUZDORQHJR ÄNRQWUDNWX Z]DMHPQ\FKLQWHUHVRZQLH´QLHPDPRĪOLZRĞFLGRNRQDQLD]PLDQ\XVWHUXZáDG]\ 3U]\VWĊSXMąFGRDQDOL]\LZDĪHQLDDUJXPHQWyZ]DLSU]HFLZ]PLDQLHLVWQLH MąFHJRZW\PZ]JOĊG]LHSUDZDDXWRUNDGHNODUXMHLĪQLHPDZWHMNZHVWLLMHGQR ]QDF]QHJRSU]HNRQDQLDGODĪDGQHMRSFML&HOHPDQDOL]\MHVWXND]DQLHZSá\ZX ZVND]\ZDQ\FKSU]H]RSRQHQWyZUDFMLQDVWDQLMDNRĞüGHPRNUDFMLORNDOQHMZMHM LQVW\WXFMRQDOQ\PSURFHGXUDOQ\PF]\SDUW\F\SDF\MQ\PZ\PLDU]H$UJXPHQW\]ZROHQQLNyZRJUDQLF]HQLDOLF]E\NDGHQFML
3URMHNW\XVWDZRZ\FK]PLDQGRW\F]ąF\FKPDNV\PDOQHMGáXJRĞFLVSUD ZRZDQLD ZáDG]\ Z\NRQDZF]HM Z JPLQLH DOER WHĪ ]DSRZLHG]L SROLW\F]Q\FK G]LDáDĔ Z W\P NLHUXQNX VNáDGDQH E\á\ EH] SRZRG]HQLD SU]H] 3L6 SURMHNW RGU]XFRQ\ZSLHUZV]\PF]\WDQLXSU]H]yZF]HVQ\5XFK3DOLNRWDZU QLHX]\VNDáSRSDUFLD6HMPXSRQRZQLH]DSRZLDGDQ\MHVLHQLąUSU]H] 3L6ZHZVSyáSUDF\]3ROVNą5D]HP-DURVáDZD*RZLQD6NáRQQRĞüGRWDNLFK UR]ZLą]DĔ Z\ND]XMą UyZQLHĪ SRMHG\QF]\ SRVáRZLH LQQ\FK XJUXSRZDĔ :ĞUyG NU\W\NXMąF\FK REHFQ\ V\VWHP EUDNX RJUDQLF]HĔ OLF]E\ PRĪOLZ\FK NDGHQFMLZáDG]\Z\NRQDZF]HMZJPLQDFKSRMDZLDMąVLĊDUJXPHQW\RGQRV]ąFH VLĊGRPRGHORZ\FKFHFKGHPRNUDFMLDOHWHĪDUJXPHQW\QDWXU\PRUDOQHMZ\QL NDMąFH]SRF]XFLDVSUDZLHGOLZRĞFLVSRáHF]QHMMDNNROZLHNE\MHMQLHUR]XPLHü:ĂŶŝŶĂ<ŽǁĂůŝŬ
1DMF]ĊĞFLHMSU]\ZRá\ZDQ\PLDUJXPHQWDPLVą
3RZDĪQH ]DNáyFHQLH UyZQRZDJL RUJDQyZ ZáDG]\ Z JPLQLH QD U]HF] HJ]HNXW\Z\ L QLHPDO FDáNRZLWD PDUJLQDOL]DFMD RUJDQX NROHJLDOQHJR :yMWEXUPLVWU]SUH]\GHQWPLDVWDSR]RVWDMąF\XZáDG]\SU]H]NROHMQH NDGHQFMH PDMRU\]XMH SURFHV VWDQRZLHQLD SUDZD Z JPLQLH NLHUXQNL VWUDWHJLH GHF\]MH QRPLQDF\MQH LWG SU]\ EH]VLOQHM EH]UDGQRĞFL UDG\ :yMWG\VSRQXMąFHNVSHUWDPLLGRUDGFDPLPDPHU\WRU\F]QąSU]HZDJĊ QDG UDGQ\PL Z ZLHOX REV]DUDFK L QDMF]ĊĞFLHM QLH Vą RQL Z VWDQLH Z NRPSHWHQWQ\ VSRVyE NRQWURORZDü MHJR G]LDáDĔ 1DZHW ZSá\Z QD WUHĞüQDMZDĪQLHMV]HMXFKZDá\±WHMGRW\F]ąFHMEXGĪHWXMHVWQLH]Z\NOH RJUDQLF]RQ\>%REHULLQ@=NROHLLQVWUXPHQWNRQWUROLZSRVWDFL DEVROXWRULXPMHVWSRGW\PZ]JOĊGHP]XSHáQLHQLHVNXWHF]Q\5\]\NRZQH MHVW GOD UDG\ SRGMĊFLH LQLFMDW\Z\ UHIHUHQGDOQHM Z VSUDZLH RGZRáDQLD RUJDQX Z\NRQDZF]HJR JG\Ī Z V\WXDFML EUDNX SRSDUFLD VSRáHF]QHJR VDPD UDGD PXVLDáDE\ RGGDü ZáDG]Ċ 7\P VSRVREHP UDGQL ± QDZHW PDMąFZLHG]ĊRQLHSUDZLGáRZRĞFLDFK±QLHZLHOHPRJą]URELü-HĞOLEĊGą SRGHMPRZDüG]LDáDQLDFKRüE\QDMUR]VąGQLHMV]HLSRG\NWRZDQHWURVNą RGREURZVSyOQHDOHSU]HFLZQHZREHFSURMHNWyZZyMWDVSRáHF]QRĞü ORNDOQDREUyFLVLĊSU]HFLZNRQLP]DU]XFDMąFLPNáyWOLZRĞüLU]XFDQLH NáyGSRGQRJLJRVSRGDU]RZLJPLQ\NWyU\FKFHUR]ZLą]DüLFKSUREOHP\ 2JUDQLF]HQLH SROD GHPRNUDW\F]QHM U\ZDOL]DFML Z HIHNFLH ]QDF]QHM UyĪQLF\ Z V]DQVDFK QD UHHOHNFMĊ ZyMWD EXUPLVWU]D SUH]\GHQWD PLDVWD MXĪ VSUDZXMąFHJR ZáDG]Ċ Z VWRVXQNX GR MHJR SRWHQFMDOQ\FK NRQNXUHQWyZ]QLHFKĊFDLFKGRVWDZDQLDZV]UDQNLZ\ERUF]H'HPRNUDFMD MHVWUH]XOWDWHPRELHNW\ZQHMG\VWU\EXFML]DVREyZSROLW\F]Q\FKPLĊG]\ UyĪQ\PL SRGPLRWDPL ] NWyU\FK ĪDGHQ QLH MHVW Z VWDQLH RVLągnąü SROLW\F]QHM GRPLQDFML FR Z SU]\SDGNX ZLHORNDGHQF\MQ\FK ZyMWyZ EXUPLVWU]yZLSUH]\GHQWyZPLDVWMHVWQLHPRĪOLZHGR]DEH]SLHF]HQLD :W\FKZDUXQNDFKNDQG\GDFLGRWHMIXQNFMLPDMąF\LQQHSRJOąG\QD WHPDWNLHUXQNyZUR]ZRMXJPLQ\LG]LDáDQLDVDPRU]ąGXORNDOQHJRPDMą RJUDQLF]RQHV]DQVHSRGMĊFLDZDONLRLFKZGURĪHQLH 2JUDQLF]HQLHPRĪOLZRĞFLXF]FLZHMNRQNXUHQFMLZV\WXDFMLJG\XU]ĊGXMąF\ ZyMWEXUPLVWU]OXESUH]\GHQWPLDVWDSRVáXJXMHVLĊZNDPSDQLLFDá\P DSDUDWHPXU]ĊGQLF]\PZ\NRU]\VWXMHGRVWĊSQHPRĪOLZRĞFLSURZDG]HQLD NDPSDQLLSU]\RND]MLVSUDZRZDQLDIXQNFMLUHSUH]HQWDF\MQ\FK
8U]ĊGXMąF\ ZyMW EXUPLVWU] SUH]\GHQW PLDVWD PDMąF ]ZLHU]FKQLFWZR QDG DGPLQLVWUDFMą JPLQQą L VSyáNDPL NRPXQDOQ\PL MHVW QDMZLĊNV]\P SUDFRGDZFą D ] F]DVHP VWDMH VLĊ ÄV]DIDU]HP áDVN L SU]\ZLOHMyZ´ 1DZHW Z V\WXDFML XWUDW\ ZLĊNV]RĞFL Z UDG]LH PDMąF GR G\VSR]\FML SRZDĪQH]DVRE\GRĞüV]\ENRPRĪHWĊZLĊNV]RĞü]EXGRZDü:WUXGQHM
ĞŵŽŬƌĂĐũĂůŽŬĂůŶĂĂŝĚĞĂŽŐƌĂŶŝĐnjĞŶŝĂůŝĐnjďLJŬĂĚĞŶĐũŝǁſũƚſǁ;ďƵƌŵŝƐƚƌnjſǁ͕ƉƌĞnjLJĚĞŶƚſǁ͘͘͘
V\WXDFML QD U\QNX SUDF\ VDPRU]ąG G\VSRQXMH SRNDĨQ\P DUVHQDáHP ]DWUXGQLDQLDRE\ZDWHOLLNRQWURORZDQLDORNDOQHJRU\QNXSUDF\SUDFDPL LQWHUZHQF\MQ\PLURERWDPLSXEOLF]Q\PLSUDFDPLVSRáHF]QLHXĪ\WHF]Q\PL VWDĪDPLSUDNW\NDPLF]\ZUHV]FLHSRVDGDPLLVWDQRZLVNDPLZXU]ĊG]LH LSR]DXU]ĊGHPQSZV]NRáDFKLQVW\WXFMDFKNXOWXU\>%XNRZVNL@ 5HHOHNFMąXU]ĊGXMąFHJRZyMWDMHVW]DLQWHUHVRZDQ\FKZLHOXEHQH¿FMHQWyZ MHJR ZáDG]\ 'áXJRWUZDáH U]ąG]HQLH Z JPLQLH PRĪH E\ü VNXWNLHP NOLHQWHOL]PX L SRZLą]DĔ QLHIRUPDOQ\FK QD V]F]HEOX JPLQQ\P PRĪH Z\ZRá\ZDü ]MDZLVNR LQHUFML SROLW\F]QHJR ]DDQJDĪRZDQLD ]H VWURQ\ Z\ERUFyZLRJyOQLH]áHMNRQG\FMLNXOWXU\SROLW\F]QHMQDGDQ\PREV]DU]H :LHORNDGHQF\MQL ZyMWRZLH EXUPLVWU]RZLH SUH]\GHQFL PLDVW
SRGSRU]ąGNRZXMą VRELH UyZQLHĪ ORNDOQH PHGLD ]Z\NOH XZLNáDQH Z]QDF]Q\PVWRSQLXZLQWHUHV\]ZLą]DQH]H]OHFHQLDPLXU]ĊGyZJPLQ\ FR Z HIHNFLH SURZDG]L GR ]QDF]QHJR RJUDQLF]HQLD NRQWUROQHM IXQNFML PHGLyZZREHFGHF\GHQWDRUD]EORNXMHXSRZV]HFKQLDQLHZVSRáHF]QRĞFL ORNDOQHMLQIRUPDFMLRV]F]HJyáDFKIXQNFMRQRZDQLDZáDG]\
&KFąFXWU]\PDüVLĊXZáDG]\ZLHORNDGHQF\MQ\ZyMWEXUPLVWU]SUH]\GHQW PLDVWDPXVLZ\ND]\ZDüVLĊZREHFHOHNWRUDWXDWUDNF\MQ\PLLQZHVW\FMDPL QLH ]DZV]H QDMEDUG]LHM UDFMRQDOQ\PL DOH QDGHU F]ĊVWR SURZDG]ąF\PL GRSRZDĪQHJR]DGáXĪHQLDJPLQ\>6WĊSLHĔ@6FHQDULXV]HSU]HELHJX LQZHVW\FMLNUHRZDQHVąSU]H]F\NOZ\ERUF]\WDNDE\ZURNXZ\ERUF]\P VSRáHF]QRĞüPRJáDRWU]\PDüZV]HONLH¿QLV]HRWZDUFLDLERQXV\
-HGHQF]áRZLHNWU]\PDMąF\SU]H]NROHMQHNDGHQFMHZVZ\FKUĊNDFK ZV]HONLHZSá\Z\ZORNDOQ\FKUHDOLDFKLSR]EDZLRQ\UHDOQHMNRQWUROL PRĪH XWUZDODü VZRMą ZáDG]Ċ L SRV]HU]Dü MHM ]DVLĊJ X]DOHĪQLDMąF RG VZRLFK GHF\]ML NROHMQ\FK OXG]L Z W\P SU]HGVWDZLFLHOL RSR]\FML SROLW\F]QHM SRV]F]HJyOQ\FK UDGQ\FK RVRE\ ZSá\ZRZH 7R ]DĞ SURZDG]L GR HOLPLQRZDQLD ] ORNDOQHM SU]HVWU]HQL MDNLHMNROZLHN DOWHUQDW\Z\GODVSUDZXMąFHJRZáDG]ĊLMHJRHNLS\ 6NXWNLHPZLHORNURWQHJRSRZLHU]DQLDZáDG]\MHGQHMRVRELHMHVWXWUZDOHQLH VFKHPDWXP\ĞOHQLDRW\PNWRZJPLQLHSRVLDGDUHDOQąZáDG]ĊLZ\JDV]DQLH VLĊVSRáHF]QHMDNW\ZQRĞFLZVSUDZDFKVDPRU]ąGRZ\FKDFR]DW\PLG]LH ZV]HONLHJRG\VNXUVXSXEOLF]QHJRQDWHPDWVSUDZORNDOQ\FKLPRĪOLZ\FK VFHQDULXV]\LFKUR]ZLą]\ZDQLD7R]MDZLVNRNRUHOXMH] obserwowanym RG SHZQHJR F]DVX ]MDZLVNLHP VSDGNX OLF]E\ NDQG\GDWyZ QD UDGQ\FK LNDQG\GDWyZQDZyMWDEXUPLVWU]DSUH]\GHQWDPLDVWDL]H]QDF]QąOLF]Eą JPLQZNWyU\FK]DPLDVWU\ZDOL]DF\MQ\FKZ\ERUyZRGE\ZDVLĊSOHELVF\W ZVSUDZLHZ\ERUXMHG\QHJRNDQG\GDWD]REWDEHOD
:ĂŶŝŶĂ<ŽǁĂůŝŬ
:VND]DQ\ SRZ\ĪHM DUJXPHQW GRW\F]ąF\ RVáDELHQLD SDUW\F\SDFML VSRáHF]QHM QLHGRZáDGX ZVSyáG]LDáDQLD ] RUJDQL]DFMDPL SR]DU]ąGRZ\PL LVSDGNXMDNRĞFLVSUDZRZDQLDXU]ĊGXZRF]DFKPLHV]NDĔFyZZV\WXDFMLVSUD ZRZDQLDZáDG]\SU]H]WĊVDPąRVREĊZNROHMQ\FKNDGHQFMDFKSRWZLHUG]DMą PLQ EDGDQLD MDNRĞFLRZH SURZDG]RQH SR Z\ERUDFK U SU]H] 0,67L$ Z.UDNRZLH>.ZLDWNRZVNLLLQ@ 7DEHOD6WDW\VW\NDNDQG\GDWyZQDUDGQ\FKJPLQLZyMWyZEXUPLVWU]yZ SUH]\GHQWyZPLDVWZODWDFK 2002 r. U 2010 r. 2014 r. /LF]EDNDQG\GDWyZQDUDGQ\FKJPLQ 227 437 194 387 154 590 /LF]EDPDQGDWyZZUDGDFKJPLQ 39 519 39 478 39 489 /LF]EDNDQG\GDWyZQDZyMWyZESP 10 371 8 227 7 775 8 029 /LF]EDPDQGDWyZZyMWyZESP 2 478 2 478 2 479 2 478 /LF]EDRNUĊJyZZNWyU\FKQLHSU]HSURZDG]RQR JáRVRZDQLDGRUDG]HZ]JOĊGXQD]JáRV]HQLH PQLHMV]HMOLF]E\NDQG\GDWyZQLĪPDQGDWyZ GRREVDG]HQLD 301 1020 1001 1 733 /LF]EDJPLQZNWyU\FKZ\VWDZLRQRMHGQHJR NDQG\GDWDQDZyMWDESP 27 302 251 ħUyGáRRSUDFRZDQLHZáDVQHQDSRGVWDZLHGDQ\FK3.:RUD]>&\UDQNLHZLF]@
1LHNRU]\VWQH GOD SURFHVyZ GHPRNUDW\F]Q\FK MHVW UyZQLHĪ ]MDZLVNR HOLPLQRZDQLDRE\ZDWHOL]SURFHVyZGHF\]\MQ\FKU]DGNLHLUDF]HMIDVDGRZH NRQVXOWDFMHSU]HGGHF\]\MQHL RJUDQLF]DQLDLFKUROLZ\áąF]QLHGRXF]HVWQLFWZD ZDNFLHZ\ERUF]\PUD]QDODWD3DUDGRNVDOQLHPDQNDPHQWHPZ\VWĊSXMąF\P ZSROVNLPVDPRU]ąG]LHJPLQQ\PQLH]DOHĪQLHRGZLHONRĞFLMHVW]QDF]ąFDVWDW\ VW\ND SR]DSDUW\MQ\FK NRPLWHWyZ Z\ERUF]\FK ZVSLHUDMąF\FK ZLHORNDGHQ F\MQ\FKZyMWyZ3UREOHPSROHJDQDW\PĪHIXQNFMRQXMąRQHZ\áąF]QLHQDNLOND PLHVLĊF\SU]HGZ\ERUDPLZHGáXJVZRLVWHMIRUPXá\ÄSDUWLLRNUHVRZHM´SRF]\P SU]H] FDáą NDGHQFMĊ QLH XF]HVWQLF]ą Z Ī\FLX SROLW\F]Q\P QLH REDUF]DMąVLĊ ELHĪąF\PL XWDUF]NDPL NWyU\PL Ī\MH VIHUD SROLW\F]QD Z JPLQLH DE\ SU]HG NRĔFHPNDGHQFMLZ\Sá\Qąü]QRZXMDNRÄDSROLW\F]QD´LÄDQW\SDUW\MQD´JUXSD QLH]EUXNDQDĪDGQąRGSRZLHG]LDOQRĞFLąLSRSLHUDMąFDNDQG\GDWDNWyU\U]ąG]Lá LZLHOHRVLąJQąá3U]\SLV\ZDQLHVRELHSU]H]WDNLHSDUDSDUWLHFHFKORNDOQ\FK VWRZDU]\V]HĔQDOHĪąF\FKGRÄWU]HFLHJRVHNWRUD´Z\GDMHVLĊOHNNLPQDGXĪ\FLHP
ĞŵŽŬƌĂĐũĂůŽŬĂůŶĂĂŝĚĞĂŽŐƌĂŶŝĐnjĞŶŝĂůŝĐnjďLJŬĂĚĞŶĐũŝǁſũƚſǁ;ďƵƌŵŝƐƚƌnjſǁ͕ƉƌĞnjLJĚĞŶƚſǁ͘͘͘
$UJXPHQW\ SU]HFLZQLNyZ RJUDQLF]DQLD OLF]E\ NDGHQFML ZyMWyZ
EXUPLVWU]yZLSUH]\GHQWyZPLDVW
0LPRNLONDNURWQ\FKSUyE]PLDQ\LVWQLHMąFHJRSUDZDZNLHUXQNXRJUD QLF]HQLDPRĪOLZRĞFLVSUDZRZDQLDZáDG]\SU]H]NROHMQHNDGHQFMHQLHXGDáR VLĊGODQLFK]QDOHĨüSRSDUFLDZ6HMPLH$UJXPHQW\SU]HFLZQLNyZ]PLDQFKRü PQLHMVSHNWDNXODUQHVąMHGQDNZDUWHUR]ZDĪHQLD
3RGVWDZRZą SU]\F]\Qą ZLHORNDGHQF\MQRĞFL MHVW ]DGRZROHQLH PLHV]NDĔFyZ]U]ąGyZVWDáH]DVSRNDMDQLHLFKSRWU]HERUD]GREURVWDQX HNRQRPLF]QHJRPLHV]NDĔFyZ>'U]RQHNL Q@
-HĞOL UHODFMH ZLHORNURWQHJR ZyMWD EXUPLVWU]D SUH]\GHQWD PLDVWD ]H VSRáHF]HĔVWZHP NV]WDáWXMą VLĊ SR]\W\ZQLH D RVRED VSUDZXMąFD XU]ąG VSUDZG]D VLĊ QD VWDQRZLVNX SU]H] NROHMQH NDGHQFMH WR MHĞOL W\ONRZ\NDĪHLQLFMDW\ZĊGODGDOV]HJRNDQG\GRZDQLDPRĪHVSUDZRZDü ZáDG]ĊSU]H]GáXJLHODWD]NRU]\ĞFLąGODJPLQ\
%UDN RJUDQLF]HĔ OLF]E\ NDGHQFML GDMH RUJDQRZL Z\NRQDZF]HPX RGSRZLHGQLUR]PDFKE\PyFSODQRZDüSU]\V]áRĞüJPLQ\GáXJRIDORZR FRMHVW]GHF\GRZDQLHOHSV]HQLĪSODQRZDQLHQDNUyWNLG\VWDQVF]DVRZ\ =MDZLVNDNRUXSFMLF]\QHSRW\]PXZĞUyGRVyEVSUDZXMąF\FKIXQNFMHZyMWyZ
EXUPLVWU]yZ SUH]\GHQWyZ PLDVW Vą SU]HVWĊSVWZHP D ]DWHP QD UyZQL ]LQQ\PLSU]HVWĊSVWZDPLSRZLQQ\E\üĞFLJDQHSU]H]VWRVRZQHLQVW\WXFMH QLH]DOHĪQLHRGWHJRMDNZDĪQąSROLW\F]QLHIXQNFMĊSHáQLąSU]HVWĊSF\
:VSLHUDQLH GHPRNUDFML SRSU]H] VWRVRZDQLH QDND]yZ L ]DND]yZ Z\GDMH VLĊ ]DELHJLHP DEVXUGDOQ\P SRQLHZDĪ VDPRU]ąGQRĞü SROHJD QDW\PĪHVSRáHF]HĔVWZRVDPRUR]ZLą]XMHVZRMHSUREOHP\:V]HONLH ]DND]\ RJUDQLF]DMą VDPRU]ąGQRĞü L GHPRNUDFMĊ >SRU ] Z\SRZLHG]L -5HJXOVNLHJR@ : G\VNXVMDFK VHMPRZ\FK GRW\F]ąF\FK XVWDZ\ OLPLWXMąFHM GáXJRĞü VSUDZRZDQLDZáDG]\SU]H]ZyMWyZMHMSU]HFLZQLF\±SRVáRZLHNRDOLFML 32L36/±ZVND]\ZDOLQDWRĪHZV]\VWNLHSUREOHP\VDPRU]ąGyZNWyUH ±]GDQLHP]ZROHQQLNyZ]PLDQ\±Z\QLNDMą]EUDNXOLPLWXNDGHQFMLQD VWDQRZLVNXZyMWDVąUR]ZLą]\ZDOQHDOERSRSU]H]LVWQLHMąFHLQVW\WXFMH kontrolne iĞOHGF]HDOERSU]H]ZVSyOQRWĊORNDOQąZGURG]HUHIHUHQGXP L Z\ERUyZ 6]WXF]QD UHJXODFMD SUDZQD EĊG]LH XGHU]Dü Z WH JPLQ\ LW\FKZyMWyZNWyU]\GREU]HVSHáQLDMąVZRMH]DGDQLDLPLHV]NDĔF\QLH FKFąLFK]PLHQLDü>$GDPRZLF]@
5yZQLHĪZRSLQLLSUH]\GHQWyZSROVNLFKPLDVWXF]HVWQLF]ąF\FKZGHEDFLH R SU]\V]áRĞFL SROVNLHJR VDPRU]ąGX L SUREOHPLH ZLHORNDGHQF\MQRĞFL Z WUDNFLH (XURSHMVNLHJR .RQJUHVX 6DPRU]ąGyZ PDMD U QLHQDOHĪ\]PLHQLDüOXG]LNWyU]\GREU]HU]ąG]ąL]DSHZQLDMąJPLQRP
:ĂŶŝŶĂ<ŽǁĂůŝŬ
UR]ZyM 6WDELOL]DFMD ZáDG]\ VSU]\MD UR]ZRMRZL L ]áą GHF\]Mą E\áRE\ RGHMĞFLHRGJHQHUDOQHMNODX]XOLRERZLą]XMąFHMZGHPRNUDFML±VZRERG\ SRGHMPRZDQLDGHF\]ML>)RUXP(NRQRPLF]QH@
3R]RVWDZLHQLHPRĪOLZRĞFLVSUDZRZDQLDZáDG]\SU]H]ZyMWyZSU]H] QLHRJUDQLF]RQąOLF]EĊNDGHQFMLMHVWSU]HMDZHPV]DFXQNXGODZROQRĞFL L GHPRNUDFML ± XVWDZRGDZFD ]DEH]SLHF]\á RE\ZDWHORP ZV]HONLH PRĪOLZRĞFL NUHRZDQLD ZáDG]\ Z Z\ERUDFK L NRUHNW\ GRNRQDQ\FK Z\ERUyZ Z V\WXDFML ]HEUDQLD RGSRZLHGQLHM ZLĊNV]RĞFL = GUXJLHM VWURQ\WUXGQR]QDOHĨüORJLF]QHDUJXPHQW\]DRJUDQLF]HQLHPELHUQHJR SUDZD Z\ERUF]HJR GOD XU]ĊGXMąF\FK ZyMWyZ FK\ED ĪH SRWUDNWXMH VLĊ XVWUyM ZáDG]\ Z JPLQLH MDNR DQDORJLĊ V\VWHPX SUH]\GHQFNLHJR JG]LHWDNLHRJUDQLF]HQLH]GDMHVLĊQLHáDPDüUHJXáGHPRNUDW\F]Q\FK
/LPLWRZDQLH NDGHQFML ZyMWD EXUPLVWU]D SUH]\GHQWD PLDVWD
ZRSLQLL3RODNyZ
'\VNXVMHSURZDG]RQHSU]H]SDUODPHQWDU]\VWyZSU]\RND]MLZLHORNURWQ\FK SUyE XVWDZRZHJR OLPLWRZDQLD GáXJRĞFL VSUDZRZDQLD ZáDG]\ Z\NRQDZF]HM ZJPLQLHVNáRQLá\&%26WXĪSU]HGMHVLHQQ\PLZ\ERUDPLZUGR]EDGDQLD RSLQLLSXEOLF]QHMZW\PZ]JOĊG]LH3U]HZDĪDMąFDF]ĊĞüEDGDQ\FKRFHQLáD SR]\W\ZQLHSURSR]\FMĊRJUDQLF]HQLDPRĪOLZRĞFLVSUDZRZDQLDZáDG]\GRGZyFK NDGHQFMLODW]DĞMHGQDWU]HFLDVSU]HFLZLáDVLĊRGHEUDQLXSUDZDGRSHáQLHQLD W\FKIXQNFMLGáXĪHMQLĪSU]H]GZLHNDGHQFMH%DGDQLDSRZWyU]RQRZPDMXU :yZF]DV ]ZROHQQLF\ RJUDQLF]HQLD OLF]\OL QDWRPLDVW SU]HFLZQLF\ 1HJDW\ZQD RFHQD ZSURZDG]HQLD SUDZD NWyUH RJUDQLF]DáRE\ PDNV\PDOQ\ F]DV VSUDZRZDQLDIXQNFMLZyMWDEXUPLVWU]DSUH]\GHQWDPLDVWDE\áDF]ĊVWV]DZĞUyG PĊĪF]\]QUHVSRQGHQWyZPáRGV]\FKPLHV]NDĔFyZZVLLQDMPQLHMV]\FKRĞURGNyZ PLHMVNLFKDQNLHWRZDQ\FK]Z\ĪV]\PZ\NV]WDáFHQLHPRUD]RVyERSUDZLFRZ\FK LFHQWURZ\FKSRJOąGDFKSROLW\F]Q\FK>&%26@ 7DEHOD&]\GODOHSV]HJR]DU]ąG]DQLDJPLQąPLDVWHPNRU]\VWQHE\áRE\ RJUDQLF]HQLHPRĪOLZRĞFLVSUDZRZDQLDZáDG]\SU]H]ZyMWDEXUPLVWU]DSUH]\GHQWD PLDVWDGRGZyFKNDGHQFML]PRĪOLZRĞFLąSRQRZQHJRVWDUWXSRSU]HUZLH" Zdecydowanie 1,( 5DF]HM1,( SRZLHG]LHü7UXGQR 5DF]HM7$. Zdecydowanie 7$. 5D]HP OLF]ED 128 292 219 930 procent ħUyGáRRSUDFRZDQLHZáDVQHQDSRGVWDZLHEDGDĔZáDVQ\FK.
ĞŵŽŬƌĂĐũĂůŽŬĂůŶĂĂŝĚĞĂŽŐƌĂŶŝĐnjĞŶŝĂůŝĐnjďLJŬĂĚĞŶĐũŝǁſũƚſǁ;ďƵƌŵŝƐƚƌnjſǁ͕ƉƌĞnjLJĚĞŶƚſǁ͘͘͘
:EDGDQLDFKZáDVQ\FKUHDOL]RZDQ\FKSU]H]JUXSĊEDGDZF]ąÄ3UHIHUHQFML 3ROLW\F]Q\FK´ZOLVWRSDG]LHLJUXGQLXUUyZQLHĪ]DGDQRDQNLHWRZDQ\P S\WDQLHGRW\F]ąFHRJUDQLF]HQLDNDGHQFMLRUJDQyZZ\NRQDZF]\FKZJPLQDFK :RGSRZLHG]LEDGDQLSRG]LHOLOLVLĊQDZLĊNV]RĞüVWDQRZLąFąRNRáRSRáRZĊ EDGDQ\FK ]ZROHQQLNyZ OLPLWRZDQLD F]DVX VSUDZRZDQLD ZáDG]\ SU]HFLZQLNyZWHJRUR]ZLą]DQLDVWDQRZLąF\FKMHGQąSLąWąEDGDQ\FK LSR]RVWDáąMHGQąWU]HFLąNWyUDQLHSRWUD¿áDZW\PZ]JOĊG]LH]DMąüVWDQRZLVND :V]\VWNLH SU]\ZRáDQH EDGDQLD FKRü UyĪQLą VLĊ V]F]HJyáRZ\PL Z\QLNDPL RG]ZLHUFLHGODMą]EOLĪRQąSURSRUFMĊ]ZROHQQLNyZLSU]HFLZQLNyZOLPLWRZDQLD GáXJRĞFLVSUDZRZDQLDZáDG]\SU]H]HJ]HNXW\Z\JPLQQH:NDĪG\PSU]\SDGNX PDP\GRF]\QLHQLD]RNRáRGZXNURWQąSU]HZDJą]ZROHQQLNyZ]PLDQ\QDGMHM SU]HFLZQLNDPL 7DEHOD3RJOąGQDRJUDQLF]HQLHGRGZyFKNDGHQFMLPRĪOLZRĞFLVSUDZRZDQLD IXQNFMLZyMWDEXUPLVWU]DSUH]\GHQWDPLDVWDZHOHNWRUDWDFK]Z\ERUyZGR 3DUODPHQWX(XURSHMVNLHJRZURNX =GHF\GRZDQLH1,( L5DF]HM1,( =GHF\GRZDQLH7$.L5DF]HM7$. 7UXGQR SRZLHG]LHü 1RZD3UDZLFD-.RUZLQ0LNNH 3ODWIRUPD2E\ZDWHOVND 3ROVNLH6WURQQLFWZR/XGRZH 3UDZRL6SUDZLHGOLZRĞü 6RMXV]/HZLF\'HPRNUDW\F]QHML83 ,QQD 1LHJáRVRZDáHPDP 1LHSDPLĊWDP ħUyGáRRSUDFRZDQLHZáDVQHQDSRGVWDZLHEDGDĔZáDVQ\FK :]ZLą]NX]W\PĪHSDUWLHSROLW\F]QHZ6HMPLH]DVDGQLF]RUyĪQLąVLĊ ZSRVWDZDFKZREHFSURSR]\FMLLQJHURZDQLDZNV]WDáWSUDZDQLHRJUDQLF]RQHJR NDQG\GRZDQLD ZyMWyZ EXUPLVWU]yZ SUH]\GHQWyZ PLDVW SU]HSURZDG]RQD ]RVWDáDDQDOL]DSRJOąGyZQDWHQWHPDWZĞUyGHOHNWRUDWyZSRV]F]HJyOQ\FKSDUWLL SROLW\F]Q\FK L LQQ\FK NRPLWHWyZ Z\ERUF]\FK Z Z\ERUDFK GR 3DUODPHQWX (XURSHMVNLHJRQDZLRVQĊUL ZZ\ERUDFKVDPRU]ąGRZ\FK]OLVWRSDGD U0LPRVSRUHM]PLHQQRĞFL]DUyZQRSU]\QDOHĪQRĞFLSRVáyZGRSRV]F]H JyOQ\FKSDUWLLSROLW\F]Q\FKMDNUyZQLHĪQLHVWDELOQRĞFLLFKSRJOąGyZPRĪQD SRF]\QLüSHZQHXVWDOHQLDFRGRNLHUXQNXW\FKSRJOąGyZSU]\QDMPQLHMZREHF QDMZLĊNV]\FK SDUWLL : SRáRZLH ODW GZXW\VLĊF]Q\FK 3ODWIRUPD 2E\ZDWHOVND XVWDPL VZRLFK SRVáyZ Z\UDĪDáD RF]HNLZDQLH FR GR ZSURZDG]HQLD EOLĪHM
:ĂŶŝŶĂ<ŽǁĂůŝŬ
QLHRNUHĞORQHJR RJUDQLF]HQLD NDGHQFML ZyMWyZ :\GDMH VLĊ ĪH SHZQD F]ĊĞü VSRĞUyGQLFKSR]RVWDáDGRG]LĞSU]\VZRLFKSRJOąGDFKMHGQDNVDPDSDUWLDQLH Z\VWĊSRZDáDQLJG\]R¿FMDOQ\PLSURMHNWDPLZWHMVSUDZLH36/MDNR]QDF]ąF\ EHQH¿FMHQW ZLHORNDGHQF\MQ\FK ZyMWyZ PDMąF\FK ]ZLą]NL QLHNLHG\ QLHIRU PDOQH]WąSDUWLąQLJG\QLHGHNODURZDáRFKĊFL]PLDQLVWQLHMąF\FKUHJXODFML 3UDZR L 6SUDZLHGOLZRĞü D WDNĪH SDUWLH NWyUH Z\áRQLá\ VLĊ ] 3L6 D WHUD] ZUDFDMąGRZVSyáSUDF\]QLąZUyĪQ\FKNRQ¿JXUDFMDFKRG]DZV]HGHNODURZDáR FKĊüZSURZDG]HQLDRJUDQLF]HĔNDGHQFMLZyMWyZLNLONDNURWQLHSRGHMPRZDáR LQLFMDW\Z\]PLDQ\SUDZDZW\PZ]JOĊG]LH6RMXV]/HZLF\'HPRNUDW\F]QHM QLJG\QLHGHNODURZDáSRSDUFLDGODSURSRQRZDQ\FKRJUDQLF]HĔ:LHORNURWQLH QDWRPLDVWF]\QLáWR7ZyM5XFK1DW\PWOHLQWHUHVXMąFRSU]HGVWDZLDMąVLĊGHNOD UDFMHHOHNWRUDWyZSRV]F]HJyOQ\FKSDUWLL
3RJOąG\ EDGDQ\FK GHNODUXMąF\FK SU]\QDOHĪQRĞü GR SRV]F]HJyOQ\FK HOHNWRUDWyZ XNáDGDMą VLĊ Z GRĞü ]EOLĪRQ\FK SURSRUFMDFK ]DUyZQR ´]D´ MDNL ÄSU]HFLZ´ ]PLDQRP1DMZ\ĪV]\ RGVHWHNGHNODUDFML]D]PLDQąLMHGQR F]HĞQLHQDMZ\ĪV]ąVSyMQRĞüSRJOąGyZHOHNWRUDWX]SRJOąGDPLSDUWLLSUH]HQWXMą ]ZROHQQLF\3L6ZĞUyGNWyU\FKSRQDGFKFLDáRE\RJUDQLF]HĔSU]\MHGQR F]HĞQLHQDMQLĪV]\PRGVHWNXSU]HFLZQ\FK]PLDQRP3R]RVWDáHHOHN WRUDW\ Z\ND]Dá\ SRZDĪQ\ EUDN VSyMQRĞFL ] SRJOąGDPL QD WHQ WHPDW VZRLFK SDUWLL1DMZ\ĪV]\RGVHWHNSU]HFLZQLNyZRJUDQLF]HĔDUyZQRF]HĞQLH QDMQLĪV]\RGVHWHNQLH]GHF\GRZDQ\FKXMDZQLáVLĊZĞUyG]ZROHQQLNyZ1RZHM 3UDZLF\ -DQXV]D .RUZLQ0LNNH : SR]RVWDá\FK SU]\SDGNDFK SU]HFLZQLF\ ]PLDQVWDQRZLOLFRF]ZDUWHJRGHNODUXMąFHJRSU]\QDOHĪQRĞüGRWHJRHOHNWRUDWX 'RSXV]F]DMąFPRĪOLZąUR]ELHĪQRĞüSRPLĊG]\SRJOąGDPLQDWRNWRSRZLQLHQ UHSUH]HQWRZDü3ROVNĊZ3DUODPHQFLH(XURSHMVNLPDSRJOąGDPLQDIXQNFMRQR ZDQLHVDPRU]ąGXWHU\WRULDOQHJRSU]\MU]\MP\VLĊSRVWDZRPZREHFRPDZLDQHM NZHVWLL ZĞUyG HOHNWRUDWyZ SDUWLL Z Z\ERUDFK GR VHMPLNyZ V]F]HJyOQLH ĪHRGE\ZDá\VLĊRQHZF]DVLHQDMJRUĊWV]HMG\VNXVMLQDWHPDWZLHORNDGHQF\M QRĞFL:W\PVDP\PF]DVLHSU]HSURZDG]DQHE\á\EDGDQLDSRVWDZQDWHQWHPDW
ĞŵŽŬƌĂĐũĂůŽŬĂůŶĂĂŝĚĞĂŽŐƌĂŶŝĐnjĞŶŝĂůŝĐnjďLJŬĂĚĞŶĐũŝǁſũƚſǁ;ďƵƌŵŝƐƚƌnjſǁ͕ƉƌĞnjLJĚĞŶƚſǁ͘͘͘ 7DEHOD3RVWDZ\ZREHFSURSR]\FMLOLPLWRZDQLDGRGZyFKNDGHQFML PRĪOLZRĞFLVSUDZRZDQLDZáDG]\ZyMWDEXUPLVWU]DSUH]\GHQWDPLDVWD w HOHNWRUDWDFK]Z\ERUyZGRVHMPLNyZZZ\ERUDFKVDPRU]ąGRZ\FKU =GHF\GRZDQLH1,( L5DF]HM1,( =GHF\GRZDQLH7$.L5DF]HM7$. SRZLHG]LHü7UXGQR 1RZD3UDZLFD-.RUZLQ0LNNH 3ODWIRUPD2E\ZDWHOVND 3ROVNLH6WURQQLFWZR/XGRZH .RDOLFMD3L635-*RZLQD 63==LREU\ .RDOLFMD6/'±/HZLFD5D]HP .RPLWHWORNDOQ\UHJLRQDOQ\ ,QQD 1LHJáRVRZDáHPDP 1LHSDPLĊWDP ħUyGáR2SUDFRZDQLHZáDVQHQDSRGVWDZLHEDGDĔZáDVQ\FK 3RZ\ERUDFKVDPRU]ąGRZ\FKURVSDGáDVNáRQQRĞüHOHNWRUDWX 3L6LNRDOLFMDQWyZGRSRSLHUDQLD]PLDQRJUDQLF]DMąF\FKOLF]EĊNDGHQFMLZyMWyZ R WDNL VDP SURFHQW Z]URVáD OLF]ED SU]HFLZQLNyZ WHM ]PLDQ\ 0RĪQD ]DáRĪ\ü ĪHMHVWWRVNXWNLHP]QDF]QLHOHSV]HJRZ\QLNX3L6ZZ\ERUDFKVDPRU]ąGRZ\FK WRWHĪVNáRQQRĞüGRRJUDQLF]HĔPRJáDE\G]LDáDüZEUHZLQWHUHVRPZyMWyZNWyU]\ ]Z\FLĊĪ\OL SRG V]WDQGDUDPL WHM SDUWLL 2GPLHQQ\ SURFHV Z QLHFR PQLHMV]HM VNDOLPRĪQD]DREVHUZRZDüZHOHNWRUDFLH32JG]LHSRZ\ERUFyZSU]\E\áR ]DUyZQRSRVWURQLH]ZROHQQLNyZMDNLSU]HFLZQLNyZ]PLDQ3U]\E\áR]ZROHQ QLNyZRJUDQLF]HQLDNDGHQFMLZ36/RN1LHPDOSURFHQWRZ\VSDGHN ]ZROHQQLNyZRJUDQLF]DQLDNDGHQFMLPRĪQDE\áR]DREVHUZRZDüZĞUyGZ\ERUFyZ 6/'NWyU]\Z]QDF]QHMF]ĊĞFL]DVLOLJUXSĊQLH]GHF\GRZDQ\FK 2EVHUZXMąFSU]HVXQLĊFLDZRSLQLDFKSRV]F]HJyOQ\FKHOHNWRUDWyZQLHZROQR ]DSRPLQDüĪHPDMąRQHFKDUDNWHUWHRUHW\F]Q\JG\Ī±MDNZLDGRPR±XF]HVWQLF\ Z\ERUyZ HXURSHMVNLFK L XF]HVWQLF\ Z\ERUyZ VDPRU]ąGRZ\FK WR ]XSHáQLH LQQL Z\ERUF\=GXĪ\PSUDZGRSRGRELHĔVWZHPPRĪQD]DáRĪ\üĪHGHNODUXMąF\XG]LDá ZZ\ERUDFKVDPRU]ąGRZ\FKZZLĊNV]RĞFLQLHE\OLQDZ\ERUDFKGR3(L]DVLODMą NDWHJRULĊZUXEU\FHÄQLHJáRVRZDáHP´=WHJRZ]JOĊGXZVND]DQHSU]HVXQLĊFLD PDMąUDF]HMFKDUDNWHUWHFKQLF]Q\QLH]DĞUHDOQ\1DMZDĪQLHMV]\ZQLRVHNSá\QąF\ ]REXNRUHODFMLWRIDNWĪHSURJUDP\LSRJOąG\JáRV]RQHSU]H]OLGHUyZSDUW\MQ\FK ZQLNá\PVWRSQLXGRFLHUDMąGR]ZROHQQLNyZSRV]F]HJyOQ\FKSDUWLL*áRVRZDQLH ]DWHP RGE\ZD VLĊ ZHGáXJ ± F]ĊVWR PDUJLQDOQ\FK Z FRG]LHQQ\FK UHDOLDFK ± SRG]LDáyZLGHRORJLF]Q\FKVWHUHRW\SyZLÄG\ĪXUQ\FKWHPDWyZNDPSDQLL´
1DMZLĊNV]ąVSyMQRĞüSRJOąGyZOLGHUyZLSURJUDPXSDUWLL]GHNODUDFMDPL UHVSRQGHQWyZZ\ND]XMHHOHNWRUDW3L61DOHĪ\WHĪSRGNUHĞOLüLĪGHNODURZDQH
:ĂŶŝŶĂ<ŽǁĂůŝŬ SU]H]EDGDQ\FKSRVWDZ\VąZLVWRWQ\VSRVyEXZLNáDQHZV\WXDFMHSROLW\F]QH ZLFKPDFLHU]\VW\FKJPLQDFKPLDVWDFKDWHPRJąSU]\ELHUDüQDMUyĪQLHMV]H NRQ¿JXUDFMHQLHSU]\VWDMąFHGRR¿FMDOQHMZ\NáDGQLSDUWLL 7DEHOD 3RJOąG\QDRJUDQLF]HQLHOLF]E\NDGHQFMLZyMWyZEXUPLVWU]yZ LSUH]\GHQWyZPLDVWZNRQWHNĞFLHGHNODURZDQ\FKSRJOąGyZSROLW\F]Q\FK Odsetek ZV]\VWNLFK 'HNODUDFML =GHF\GRZDQLH1,( L5DF]HM1,( =GHF\GRZDQLH7$.L5DF]HM7$. SRZLHG]LHü7UXGQR Lewica &HQWUXP 3UDZLFD 1LHZLHP QLHSRWUD¿ĊRNUHĞOLü ħUyGáRRSUDFRZDQLHZáDVQHQDSRGVWDZLHEDGDĔZáDVQ\FK $QDOL]XMąFSRJOąG\EDGDQ\FKQDRJUDQLF]HQLHNDGHQFMLZyMWyZZNRQWHNĞFLH LFK GHNODUDFML Z VIHU]H SRG]LDáyZ SROLW\F]Q\FK QD SUDZLFĊ OHZLFĊ L FHQWUXP Z\SDGD]DXZDĪ\üĪHSRQDGóEDGDQ\FKQLHE\áDZVWDQLHXV\WXRZDüVLĊQDW\P WU]HEDSU]\]QDüQLHFRXáRPQ\PFRQWLQXXP1LH]DZV]HR]QDF]DWREH]LGHRZRĞü
1DG SUREOHPDPL DXWRLGHQW\¿NDFML LGHRORJLF]QRSROLW\F]QHM FLąĪ\ ERZLHP FLHĔ SU]HV]áRĞFL WHM GDOV]HM L WHM ]XSHáQLH QLHRGOHJáHM :\GDMH VLĊ LĪSU]HNRQDQLHRW\PĪHOHZLFDWRQDMRJyOQLHMGąĪHQLHGR]PLDQ\VSRáHF]QHM ZLPLĊLGHDáyZUyZQRĞFLHNRQRPLF]QHMSUDZSRNU]\ZG]RQ\FKLSUDZPQLHM V]RĞFLWR]DSRPQLDQHZHUV\]SRGUĊF]QLNyZSU]\NU\WHKLVWRU\F]QLHXPRFR ZDQ\PSU]HNRQDQLHPĪHOHZLFDWRFLNWyU]\U]ąG]LOLSU]HGURNLHPDWHUD] ZDOF]ąRSUDZDPQLHMV]RĞFLVHNVXDOQ\FKQLHPDMąFHGODZLĊNV]RĞFLZ\ERUFyZ ĪDGQHJR]QDF]HQLD'ROHZLF\UR]XPLDQHMSRVZRMHPXSU]\]QDáVLĊFRSLąW\ EDGDQ\ 3UDZLFD R]QDF]DáD QDMRJyOQLHM SU]\ZLą]DQLH GR WUDG\FML ZáDVQRĞFL SU\ZDWQHMLZROQRĞFLJRVSRGDUF]HMDZSROVNLFKUHDOLDFKNRQW\QXDFMĊUXFKyZ ]DSRF]ąWNRZDQ\FKSU]H]6ROLGDUQRĞü&RWHSRMĊFLDR]QDF]DMąGODSU]HFLĊWQHJR Z\ERUF\LMDNUDG]LRQVRELHZV\WXDFMLQLHNRĔF]ąFHMVLĊ]PLHQQRĞFLSDUWLLQD SROVNLHMVFHQLHSROLW\F]QHM10LGHNODURZDQHMSU]H]QLHPDOZV]\VWNLHSDUWLHVNáRQ QRĞFLGRE\FLDÄZFHQWUXP´WRSR]RVWDQLHWDMHPQLFąJG\ĪQLHMHVWPRĪOLZH SU]HSURZDG]HQLHEDGDQLDW\FK]MDZLVNZSURVW\PVRQGDĪX1LHPDOGZXNURWQLH ZLĊFHMRVyE]DGHNODURZDáRVZRMHSRJOąG\MDNRSUDZLFRZHZFHQWUXP XV\WXRZDáVLĊFRV]yVW\EDGDQ\$XWRLGHQW\¿NDFMDSROLW\F]QDQLHZSá\QĊáDQD ]UyĪQLFRZDQLHSRVWDZEDGDQ\FKZREHFNZHVWLLRJUDQLF]HQLDNDGHQFMLZyMWyZ &R SLąW\ UHVSRQGHQW ] NDĪGHM RSFML MHVW SU]HFLZQ\ RJUDQLF]DQLX NDGHQFML
10 2GSU]HáRPXUZĪDGQ\FKZ\ERUDFKSDUODPHQWDUQ\FKQLHSRZWyU]\áVLĊ]HVWDZSDUWLL SROLW\F]Q\FKXELHJDMąF\FKVLĊRJáRV\Z\ERUFyZ
ĞŵŽŬƌĂĐũĂůŽŬĂůŶĂĂŝĚĞĂŽŐƌĂŶŝĐnjĞŶŝĂůŝĐnjďLJŬĂĚĞŶĐũŝǁſũƚſǁ;ďƵƌŵŝƐƚƌnjſǁ͕ƉƌĞnjLJĚĞŶƚſǁ͘͘͘ F]ĊĞFLHMQLĪFRGUXJLUHVSRQGHQWROHZLFRZ\FKLSUDZLFRZ\FKSRJOąGDFKMHVW ]D ]PLDQą Z W\P Z]JOĊG]LH 6\WXXMąF\ VLĊ Z FHQWUXP Z\ND]XMą PQLHMV]ą VNáRQQRĞüGRSRSDUFLDRJUDQLF]HĔRQLHPDOSXQNWyZSURFHQWRZ\FK
3RGVXPRZDQLH
'HPRNUDFMDORNDOQDZ3ROVFHMXĪQDVDP\PSRF]ąWNXSU]HPLDQVWDáDVLĊ synonimem nauki i LPSOHPHQWDFMLLQVW\WXFMLGHPRNUDW\F]Q\FKSU]\QLHVLRQ\FK SU]H] WUDQVIRUPDFMĊ )DNW ĪH PRĪHP\ PyZLü EH] ZąWSOLZRĞFL LĪ 3ROVND QDOHĪ\GRNUDMyZGHPRNUDW\F]Q\FK]DZG]LĊF]DP\ZáDĞQLHZ]QDF]QHMPLHU]H V]\ENRZGURĪRQHMUHIRUPLHVDPRU]ąGRZHM3U]\QLRVáDRQDNOXF]RZH]PLDQ\ Z RWRF]HQLX QDMEOLĪV]\P RE\ZDWHORP L SU]\VSLHV]\áD SURGHPRNUDW\F]QH ]PLDQ\ ĞZLDGRPRĞFLRZH 2G SHZQHJR F]DVX MHGQDN DQDOLW\F\ SURFHVyZ VDPRU]ąGRZ\FK]DXZDĪDMąV\PSWRP\QLHNRU]\VWQ\FK]MDZLVNZVDPRU]ąGDFK JPLQQ\FK=RVWDá\RQHZ\ZRáDQH]PLDQąVWUXNWXU\RUJDQyZJPLQ\Z]PDF QLDMąFąZyMWDEXUPLVWU]DSUH]\GHQWDPLDVWDMDNRRUJDQZ\NRQDZF]\]UyZQR F]HVQąPDUJLQDOL]DFMąNROHJLDOQHJRRUJDQXVWDQRZLąFHJRLNRQWUROQHJR6LOQD SR]\FMDRUJDQXZ\NRQDZF]HJRQLHPDO]XSHáQLHSR]EDZLRQDNRQWUROL]DNáyFD UyZQRZDJĊSRGPLRWyZSROLW\F]Q\FKZMHV]F]HZLĊNV]\PVWRSQLX]HZ]JOĊGX QDIDNWĪHPRĪHRQVSUDZRZDüZáDG]ĊQLHRJUDQLF]RQąOLF]EĊNDGHQFML$QDOL]D SU]HSURZDG]RQD Z QLQLHMV]\P DUW\NXOH PLDáD QD FHOX XND]DQLH SRGVWDZRZ\FKZ\PLDUyZXVWURMXGHPRNUDW\F]QHJRUyZQLHĪZMHJRORNDOQ\FK VDPRU]ąGRZ\FKSU]HMDZDFKE\QDVWĊSQLHSRGMąüG\VNXVMĊQDGNRQVHNZHQFMDPL ZLHORNDGHQF\MQRĞFLZyMWyZEXUPLVWU]yZSUH]\GHQWyZPLDVWGODMDNRĞFLORNDOQHM GHPRNUDFML3RMDZLDMąFHVLĊRGNLONXODWSURSR]\FMH]PLDQ\XVWDZRGDZVWZDVDPR U]ąGRZHJRZNLHUXQNXOLPLWRZDQLDNDGHQFMLZNWyU\FKZyMWZ\EUDQ\ZEH]SR ĞUHGQLFKZ\ERUDFKPyJáE\VSUDZRZDüZáDG]ĊPDMąVZRLFK]ZROHQQLNyZLSU]HąVZRLFK]ZROHQQLNyZLSU]HVZRLFK]ZROHQQLNyZLSU]H FLZQLNyZ5yZQLHĪSDUWLHSROLW\F]QHQDRJyOQRSROVNLHMVFHQLHSROLW\F]QHMUyĪQLą VLĊZRFHQLHW\FKUR]ZLą]DĔ$UJXPHQW\SU]HFLZQ\FKVWURQ]RVWDá\SRZ\ĪHMSU]\ WRF]RQH$UJXPHQWyZ]D]PLDQąMHVWOLF]HEQLHZLĊFHMFRQLHR]QDF]DĪHWHSU]\ WRF]RQH SU]HFLZNR ]PLDQLH PDMą PQLHMV]\ FLĊĪDU JDWXQNRZ\ 5R]VWU]\JQLĊFLH SUREOHPXQLHMHVWSURVWHSRQLHZDĪEĊG]LHVWDQRZLáRNROHMQąLQJHUHQFMĊZV\VWHP NWyU\IXQNFMRQXMHMXĪRGWU]HFKNDGHQFML-HĪHOLVLá\SROLW\F]QHZQRZ\PSDUOD PHQFLHSRZ\ERUDFKUEĊGąZVWDQLHSU]HIRUVRZDüUHIRUPĊRJUDQLF]DMąFą OLF]EĊNDGHQFMLZyMWyZEĊGąPLDá\ZW\PZ]JOĊG]LHSRSDUFLHVSRáHF]QHZĞUyG HOHNWRUDWyZZV]\VWNLFKSDUWLLSROLW\F]Q\FK=GHF\GRZDQLHOHSLHMMHGQDNE\áRE\ JG\E\VSRáHF]QRĞFLORNDOQHSREXG]RQHG\VNXVMąQDWHQWHPDWVDPHZ\NRU]\ VWXMąFIXQNFMRQXMąFHLQVWUXPHQW\GHPRNUDW\F]QHXGRZRGQLá\ĪHQLHPDSRWU]HE\ WZRU]HQLDRJUDQLF]HĔJG\ĪXSRGPLRWRZLRQHZVSyOQRW\ORNDOQHG\VSRQXMąSHáQą JDPąĞURGNyZXPRĪOLZLDMąF\FKUR]ZLą]DQLHWHJRSUREOHPXZVZRLFKJPLQDFK
:ĂŶŝŶĂ<ŽǁĂůŝŬ %LEOLRJUD¿D $GDPRZLF]$Ä-DNEĊGĊZLHG]LDáĪHWRPRMDRVWDWQLDNDGHQFMDWRURELĊFRFKFĊ´F]\OL ZLHORJáRVRRJUDQLF]HQLXNDGHQF\MQRĞFLZyMWDEXUPLVWU]DLSUH]\GHQWDPLDVWDÄ(SROLW\NRQ´ QUKWWSRDSXZSOZSFRQWHQWXSORDGVHSROLWLNRQSGI $QWRV]HZVNL$:VSyáF]HVQHWHRULHGHPRNUDFML>Z@$QGU]HM:-DEáRĔVNL/HV]HN 6RENRZLDNUHG6WXGLD]WHRULLSROLW\NLWRP:URFáDZ:\GDZQLFWZR8QLZHUV\WHWX :URFáDZVNLHJR
$QWRV]HZVNL$ 0RGHOH GHPRNUDFML SU]HGVWDZLFLHOVNLHM >Z@$QGU]HM$QWRV]HZVNL 5\V]DUG +HUEXW UHG 'HPRNUDFMH ]DFKRGQLRHXURSHMVNLH $QDOL]D SRUyZQDZF]D :URFáDZ:\GDZQLFWZR8QLZHUV\WHWX:URFáDZVNLHJR
%REHU - L LQQL 1DUDVWDMąFH G\VIXQNFMH ]DVDGQLF]H G\OHPDW\ NRQLHF]QH G]LDáDQLD
5DSRUW R VWDQLH VDPRU]ąGQRĞFL WHU\WRULDOQHM Z 3ROVFH .UDNyZ 0DáRSROVND 6]NRáD
$GPLQLVWUDFML3XEOLF]QHM
%XNRZVNL$'HPRNUDFMDORNDOQDDGREURZVSyOQH8ZDJLVFHSW\NDÄ=QDN´QU &%26ODWSDĔVWZDRE\ZDWHOVNLHJR6SRáHF]QHRFHQ\VDPRU]ąGQRĞFLWHU\WRULDOQHM
.RPXQLNDW]EDGDĔQU:DUV]DZD&HQWUXP%DGDQLD2SLQLL6SRáHF]QHM
&\UDQNLHZLF] 0 2EVDG]DQLH PDQGDWyZ EH] JáRVRZDQLD F]\OL FLFKH Z\ERU\
ZJPLQLH´5]HF]SRVSROLWD´]ZU]HĞQLD
'RMZD.7XUF]\ĔVNL32GVDPRU]ąGXGRSROLW\NL6WXGLXPSU]\SDGNX3UH]\GHQWD
:URFáDZLD5DIDáD'XWNLHZLF]D&]ĊVWRFKRZD3UDFH1DXNRZH$NDGHPLL-DQD'áXJRV]D
'U]RQHN 0 :LHORNDGHQF\MQRĞü SUH]\GHQWD PLDVWD SR ZHMĞFLX 3ROVNL GR 8QLL
(XURSHMVNLHM±SU]\SDGHN*G\QLÄ3U]HJOąG3ROLWRORJLF]Q\´QU
(DVWRQ'7KH$QDO\VLVRI3ROLWLFDO6WUXFWXUH1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJH
)RUXP (NRQRPLF]QH KWWSZZZIRUXPHNRQRPLF]QHSONRQJUHVVDPRU]DGRZ SU]\V]ORVFSROVNLHMVDPRU]DGQRVFLGHEDWDSUH]\GHQWRZQDMZLHNV]\FKSROVNLFKPLDVW 9E]DG9൵'FGRVWĊSOLSLHF
+XQWLQJWRQ 63 7U]HFLD IDOD GHPRNUDW\]DFML :DUV]DZD 3DĔVWZRZH:\GDZQLFWZR Naukowe.
.RUQDĞ-'DQHOà'\OHPDW\SROVNLHMGHPRNUDFML.UDNyZ)XQGDFMD*$3
.RZDOLN-:\EUDQLZEH]SRĞUHGQLFKZ\ERUDFKÄ6DPRU]ąG7HU\WRULDOQ\´QU .XELDN + Przedmowa GR NVLąĪNL 3 6HNXá\ .XOWXUD SROLW\F]QD D NRQVROLGDFMD
GHPRNUDFML.UDNyZ.UDNRZVNLH7RZDU]\VWZR(GXNDF\MQH
.ZLDWNRZVNL-0RGU]HZVNL33áDWHN'&RQDPSRZLHG]LDá\Z\ERU\VDPRU]ąGRZH
Z URNX Z ODW RG ZSURZDG]HQLD UHIRUP\ VDPRU]ąGRZHM" 6XNFHV" 3RUDĪND" 1RUPDOQRĞü"5DSRUW]EDGDĔ.UDNyZ)XQGDFMD5R]ZRMX'HPRNUDFML/RNDOQHM 0LV]WDO:'HPRNUDFMDORNDOQDZ3ROVFHÄ5RF]QLN/XEXVNL´W;;,; 5HJXOVNL-%RĪHUDWXMQDVSU]HGQDSUDZLDF]DPLWypowiedĨSURIHVRUD-Regulskiego GOD©5]HF]SRVSROLWHMª]JUXGQLD 6FKXPSHWHU-.DSLWDOL]PVRFMDOL]PGHPRNUDFMD:DUV]DZD3DĔVWZRZH:\GDZQLFWZR Naukowe.
6HNXáD 3 .XOWXUD SROLW\F]QD D NRQVROLGDFMD GHPRNUDFML .UDNyZ .UDNRZVNLH 7RZDU]\VWZR(GXNDF\MQH
6WĊSLHĔ-3DĔVWZRRE\ZDWHOVNLH.UyWNDKLVWRULDSROVNLHMVDPRU]ąGQRĞFLÄ=QDN´QU 7UXWNRZVNL&.DUQLHZLF]$%LODQVNDGHQFMLZĞZLHWOHZ\QLNyZZ\ERUyZ
VDPRU]ąGRZ\FK1DMZDĪQLHMV]HZQLRVNL)XQGDFMD5R]ZRMX'HPRNUDFML/RNDOQHMKWWSIUGO