4
&RS\ULJKWE\=DNáDG:\GDZQLF]\ª12026©
:V]HONLHSUDZD]DVWU]HĪRQH.VLąĪNDDQLĪDGQDMHMF]ĊĞüQLHPRĪHE\üSU]HGUXNRZ\ZDQD
DQLZMDNLNROZLHNLQQ\VSRVyEUHSURGXNRZDQDF]\SRZLHODQDPHFKDQLF]QLHIRWRRSW\F]QLH
]DSLV\ZDQD HOHNWURQLF]QLH OXE PDJQHW\F]QLH DQL RGF]\W\ZDQD Z ĞURGNDFK SXEOLF]QHJR
SU]HND]XEH]SLVHPQHM]JRG\Z\GDZF\
5HFHQ]MDSURIGUKDE(XJHQLD3URNRS-DQLHF
3XEOLNDFMDGR¿QDQVRZDQDSU]H]:\G]LDá3RORQLVW\NL8QLZHUV\WHWX-DJLHOORĔVNLHJR
5HGDNFMDLNRUHNWD.DVSHUĝZLHU]RZVNL 'UXJDNRUHNWD$JQLHV]ND=LHPELĔVND
3U]\JRWRZDQLHGRGUXNX'DULXV]3LVNXODN 3URMHNWRNáDGNL-RDQQD7RNDUF]\N
,6%1
.5$.Ï:
:\GDQLH,
=DNáDG:\GDZQLF]\ª12026©
.UDNyZXO.OXF]ERUVNDXWHO
HPDLOELXUR#QRPRVSOZZZQRPRVSO
SPIS TREŚCI
:VWĊS
$QQDàHENRZVND$¿UPDFMDGRW\NXZG\VNXUVLHZVSyáF]HVQRĞFL
'27<.1$35=(675=(1,:,(.Ï:
.U]\V]WRI7NDF]\N-RKDQQ*RWWIULHG+HUGHU6HQVXDOLVW\F]Q\EXQW
ZREHFNODV\F]QHMHVWHW\NL
(ZD6NRUXSD'RW\NMDNRZ\UD]HPRFML3R]\W\ZLVW\F]QRPRGHUQLVW\F]QH
UHDOL]DFMHOLWHUDFNLH
3LRWU6FKROOHQEHUJHU6WUHI\NRQWDNWX±0HUOHDX3RQW\L'XFKDPS
R]ZLą]NDFKZLG]HQLDLGRW\NX
0DUWD6PROLĔVNDÄ1LHGRW\NDM+DSW\F]QHDVSHNW\V]WXNLSROVNLHM
SRURNX´±XZDJLNXUDWRUNLZ\VWDZ\
'27<.3$0,ĉû32=1$1,(
$QQD:ROLĔVND'RW\NLSDPLĊü
+DOLQD0DUOHZLF]'RW\NSDPLĊFL&LDáRMDNRNUDMREUD]SDPLĊFL
]P\VáRZHMZNODV\F]QHMSRH]MLLQG\MVNLHM
.DUROLQD.RSURZVND+DSW\F]QRĞüNUDMREUD]XSDPLĊFLZSRH]ML
+HQU\ND*U\QEHUJD
$OLFMD)LGRZLF]'RW\NMDNRDOWHUQDW\ZQHĨUyGáRSR]QDQLDZQDMQRZV]HM
SROVNLHMOLWHUDWXU]HG]LHFLĊFHM
'27<.:5(/$&-$&+0,ĉ'=</8'=.,&+
-RODQWD$QWDV,]DEHOD.UDĞQLFND:LON5RODGRW\NXZNRPXQLNDFML
LQWHUSHUVRQDOQHM 121
$JQLHV]ND-DQLDN2EV]DU\UHDNW\ZDFMLGRW\NXZHZVSyáF]HVQHM
NXOWXU]H±WHUDSLDNRPXQLNDFMDHGXNDFMD
6 Spis treści
$JQLHV]ND7RPF]\V]\Q+DUDV\PRZLF]Ä$GRW\NWRMHVWVXPDZV]HODNLFK
Ī\ZLRáyZ´GRĞZLDGF]HQLHLPHWDIRU\NDEOLVNRĞFLZOLU\FH2ULHQWDFML
3RHW\FNLHMÄ+\EU\G\´
0DUFHOLQD6]HZF]XN6DGRZVND6SU]HGDMQ\GRW\N2NRQWDNWDFK
PLĊG]\OXG]NLFKZSRZLHĞFL1RUEHUWD.URQD'HU%HJOHLWHU
'27<.(03$7<&=1<±'27<.=$.$=$1<
75$16&(1'(1&-$
-RDQQD*RGOHZLF]$GDPLHF0LĊG]\WUDG\FMąDZ\PRZąZáDVQHMZL]ML±
GRW\NZWZyUF]RĞFL+LOGHJDUG\]%LQJHQ
5HQDWD&]HNDOVND'RW\NMDNRVLáDVWZyUF]D2EUD]GáRQLZZLHUV]DFK
ZVSyáF]HVQHJRSRHW\LQG\MVNLHJR
0DUWD:LPPHU0LĊG]\SUDJQLHQLHPGRW\NXDVWUDFKHP2UR]WHUNDFK
ERKDWHUyZLQWHUVHNVXDOQ\FKQDZ\EUDQ\FKSU]\NáDGDFKZVSyáF]HVQHM
OLWHUDWXU\QLHPLHFNRMĊ]\F]QHM
$JDWD'ąEURZVND0RW\Z]áHJRGRW\NXZWZyUF]RĞFLGUDPDW\F]QHM
6]DORPD$V]D 201 àXNDV]:UyEOHZVNL3DWU\FMD%DG\VLDN3DPLĊüGRW\NX2GDZHUVML
GRHPSDWLLZ¿OPLH3U]H]GRW\N0DJGDOHQ\àD]DUNLHZLF]
$QHWD-XU]\VWD*U]HV]Q\GRW\NF]\OLPLáRĞü]DND]DQD2PRW\ZLH
ND]LURG]WZDZZ\EUDQ\FKG]LHáDFKOLWHUDWXU\QLHPLHFNRMĊ]\F]QHM 226
'27<.:.8/785=(:,=8$/1(-
3DZHá0DFLąJ'RW\N±MĊ]\NLHPNRPXQLNDFMLZV]WXNDFKSODVW\F]Q\FK
'DPLDQ%LQNRZVNL2WZDUFLHGUXJLHJRVWRSQLDZWZyUF]RĞFL6]NRá\
1RZRMRUVNLHMZĞZLHWOHWHRULL0DUVKDOOD0F/XKDQD
0DUWD6WDĔF]\N.LQRKDSW\F]QH3U]\SDGHNWZyUF]RĞFL+pOqQH&DWWHW
L%UXQD)RU]DQLHJR 266 (G\WD.LOLDQ2SU]HLVWRF]HQLDFKGRW\NXZF\EHUQHW\F]Q\FKRELHNWDFK
3HUIRNDUW\
$JDWD2EUDWDĔVND'RW\NLG\VWDQVZF\EHUSU]HVWU]HQLQDSU]\NáDG]LHJU\
$PRULRQLMHMVSRáHF]QRĞFL
6DQGUD%ąN'RW\NZSHUIRUPDQVLH
1RW\RDXWRUDFK
WSTĘP
&]\PMHVWGRW\NLMDNDMHVWMHJRURODZNXOWXU]H"-DNQDOHĪ\EDGDüLLQWHUSUH
WRZDüMHJRNXOWXURZHUHSUH]HQWDFMH"7HPXQLH]Z\NOHFLHNDZHPXOHF]ZFLąĪ
ZQLHZLHONLPVWRSQLXSRGGDZDQHPXQDXNRZHMUHÀHNVML]DJDGQLHQLX]RVWDáD
SRĞZLĊFRQD2JyOQRSROVND,QWHUG\VF\SOLQDUQD.RQIHUHQFMD1DXNRZD :NXO
WXU]HGRW\NX"'RW\NLMHJRUHSUH]HQWDFMHZWHNVWDFKNXOWXU\ NWyUDRGE\áDVLĊ
QD:\G]LDOH3RORQLVW\NL8QLZHUV\WHWX-DJLHOORĔVNLHJRZ.UDNRZLH±
ZU]HĞQLDU2UJDQL]DWRUyZLQWHUHVRZDáRMDNLHPLHMVFHSUREOHPDW\ND
GRW\NX]DMPXMHZ¿OR]R¿LOLWHUDWXU]HV]WXFH¿OPLHQRZ\FKPHGLDFKDOH
WDNĪHZSV\FKRORJLLVRFMRORJLLUHOLJLR]QDZVWZLHF]\PHG\F\QLHGODWHJR
GRG\VNXVML]RVWDOL]DSURV]HQL]DUyZQRSU]HGVWDZLFLHOHQDXNKXPDQLVW\F]
Q\FKLVSRáHF]Q\FKMDNLĞFLVá\FKFR]DRZRFRZDáRZLHORDVSHNWRZ\PXMĊ
FLHP]DJDGQLHQLD
&RIDNW\F]QLHNRQVW\WXXMHGRW\NLZMDNLHUHODFMHZFKRG]LRQ]LQQ\PL
]P\VáDPL".LHG\PRĪHSU]\ELHUDüFKDUDNWHURSUHV\MQ\DZMDNLFKSU]\
SDGNDFKMHVWZDORU\]RZDQ\QHXWUDOQLHOXESR]\W\ZQLH"-DNEDGDüJUDQLFH
MHJRSU]HGVWDZLDOQRĞFLELRUąFSRGXZDJĊWDNLHNDWHJRULHMDNDIHNW\FLDáR
MĊ]\NLSV\FKLF]QHZLĊ]L"-DN]PLHQLDáDVLĊSHUFHSFMDGRW\NXQDSU]HVWU]H
QLZLHNyZLMDNąUROĊRGJU\ZDRQG]LVLDM"&]\REHFQLHPDP\GRF]\QLHQLD
]GRZDUWRĞFLRZDQLHPWHJR]P\VáXF]\PRĪHZUĊF]SU]HFLZQLH"
7HNVW\]JURPDG]RQHZQLQLHMV]\PWRPLHEĊGąFHHIHNWHPNRQIHUHQF\M
Q\FKZ\VWąSLHĔLG\VNXVMLVWDQRZLąSUyEĊRGSRZLHG]LQDWHLLQQHS\WDQLD
RLVWRWĊURG]DMHIXQNFMHRUD]SU]HGVWDZLHQLDGRW\NX.VLąĪNĊRWZLHUDUR]
SUDZD$QQ\àHENRZVNLHM$XWRUNDGRZRG]LZQLHMĪHGRW\NZG\VNXUVLH
ZVSyáF]HVQRĞFLSHáQLUROĊD¿UPDW\ZQąLRGVáDQLDQRZHREV]DU\EDGDĔ%D
GDF]NDZVND]XMHWDNĪHQDNXOWXURZH]QDF]HQLDSU]\SLV\ZDQHWHPX]P\VáRZL
RUD]MHJRHSLVWHPRORJLF]QRHW\F]Q\Z\PLDU
7HNVW\Z\VWąSLHĔSUHOHJHQWyZ]RVWDá\SRG]LHORQHQDUR]G]LDá\WHPD
W\F]QLHZHGáXJSRUXV]DQ\FKSUREOHPyZ3LHUZV]\PREV]DUHPUR]ZDĪDĔ
8 Patrycja Badysiak, Łukasz Wróblewski
XF]HVWQLNyZNRQIHUHQFMLE\áGRW\NQDSU]HVWU]HQLZLHNyZF]\OL]PLDQ\MD
NLH]DFKRG]Lá\ZSRVWU]HJDQLXLLQWHUSUHWRZDQLXWHJR]P\VáXZPLQLRQ\FK
HSRNDFKLMDNLH]DFKRG]ąREHFQLH6HULĊVNXSLRQ\FKZRNyáWHJR]DJDGQLHQLD
SUDFUR]SRF]\QDDUW\NXá.U]\V]WRID7NDF]\ND-RKDQQ*RWWIULHG+HUGHU6HQ
VXDOLVW\F]Q\EXQWZREHFNODV\F]QHMHVWHW\NLSRĞZLĊFRQ\NRQNXUHQF\MQRĞFL
SR]QDQLDZ]URNRZHJRLSR]QDQLDKDSW\F]QHJRZUHÀHNVMLHVWHW\F]QHM;9,,,
ZLHNX6SORWW\FKGZyFK]P\VáyZRPDZLDUyZQLHĪ3LRWU6FKROOHQEHUJHU
ZWHNĞFLH6WUHI\NRQWDNWX±0HUOHDX3RQW\L'XFKDPSR]ZLą]NDFKZLG]HQLD
LGRW\NXRGZRáXMąFVLĊPLĊG]\LQQ\PLGRIHQRPHQRORJLL0DXULFH¶D0HU
OHDX3RQW\¶HJRRUD]G]LHá0DUFHOD'XFKDPSD%DGDF]SU]\ZRáXMHSRMĊFLD
ZLG]HQLDKDSW\F]QHJRLZLG]HQLDRSW\F]QHJRZ¿OR]R¿LL]DVWDQDZLDVLĊ
QDG]DSRĞUHGQLF]HQLHPNRQWDNWX]SU]HGPLRWHPZWZyUF]RĞFLDUW\VW\F]QHM
(ZD6NRUXSD'RW\NMDNRZ\UD]HPRFML3R]\W\ZLVW\F]QRPRGHUQLVW\F]QH
UHDOL]DFMHOLWHUDFNLH]NROHLSRND]XMHZMDNLVSRVyEGRW\NE\áWUDNWRZDQ\
MDNRZ\UD]HNVSUHVMLZOLWHUDWXU]HSR]\W\ZL]PXLPRGHUQL]PX5R]G]LDáWHQ
]DP\NDV]NLF0DUW\6PROLĔVNLHM1LHGRW\NDM+DSW\F]QHDVSHNW\V]WXNLSRO
VNLHMSRURNX ±XZDJLNXUDWRUNLZ\VWDZ\EĊGąF\SUH]HQWDFMąJáyZQ\FK
]DáRĪHĔWHRUHW\F]Q\FKZ\VWDZ\NWyUDRGE\áDVLĊZURNXZ&HQWUXP
6]WXNL:VSyáF]HVQHMZ7RUXQLXDWDNĪHGRĞZLDGF]HĔ]ZLą]DQ\FK]UHFHS
FMąWHJRURG]DMXV]WXNL
1DVWĊSQąNDWHJRULą]NWyUąáąF]ąVLĊEDGDQLDLUHÀHNVMHQDWHPDWGRW\
NXVąSDPLĊüLSR]QDQLH$QQD:ROLĔVNDZDUW\NXOH'RW\NLSDPLĊüSU]H
NRQXMHĪHGRW\NDQLHLE\FLHGRW\NDQ\PPDLVWRWQ\ZSá\ZQDNV]WDáWRZDQLH
VLĊSDPLĊFLRPLQLRQ\FK]GDU]HQLDFKRUD]]DVWDQDZLDVLĊZMDNLVSRVyE
]DSDPLĊWDQHÄGRWNQLĊFLD´VWDMąVLĊF]ĊĞFLąDNWXDOQHJRSU]HĪ\FLDLZMDNLH
VWUXNWXU\F]DVX]RVWDMąZSLVDQH+DOLQD0DUOHZLF]'RW\NSDPLĊFL&LDáR
MDNRNUDMREUD]SDPLĊFL]P\VáRZHMZNODV\F]QHMSRH]MLLQG\MVNLHMQDSU]\
NáDG]LHHURW\F]QHMSRH]MLLQG\MVNLHMRNUHVXNODV\F]QHJRRPDZLD]ZLą]NL
GRW\NX]LQQ\PL]P\VáDPLMDNRLPSXOV\Z\]ZDODMąFHZVSRPQLHQLDRVyE
PLHMVFV\WXDFMLRUD]SRZLą]DQH]QLPLHPRFMHRGF]XFLDLZUDĪHQLDVSUD
ZLDMąFHĪHFLDáRVWDMHVLĊNUDMREUD]HPSDPLĊFL]P\VáRZHM7HNVW.DUROLQ\
.RSURZVNLHM+DSW\F]QRĞüNUDMREUD]XSDPLĊFLZSRH]ML+HQU\ND*U\QEHU
JDVNXSLDVLĊQDUROLKDSW\F]QRĞFLZSURFHVLHGRĞZLDGF]DQLDNUDMREUD]X
LXUXFKDPLDQLXSUDF\SDPLĊFLZWZyUF]RĞFL*U\QEHUJD]RGQLHVLHQLHPGR
¿OPX3DZáDàR]LĔVNLHJR0LHMVFHXURG]HQLD$OLFMD)LGRZLF]ZDUW\NXOH
'RW\NMDNRDOWHUQDW\ZQHĨUyGáRSR]QDQLDZQDMQRZV]HMSROVNLHMOLWHUD
WXU]HG]LHFLĊFHMUR]SDWUXMąFGRW\NZOLWHUDWXU]HSROVNLHMSRURNX
ZSHUVSHNW\ZLHVWXGLyZQDGQLHSHáQRVSUDZQRĞFLąZVND]XMHĪHGRĞZLDG
F]HQLHGRW\NRZHJRSR]QDQLDĞZLDWDPRĪHE\üVSRVREHPQDSU]HNURF]HQLH
LVWQLHMąF\FKEDULHU
5R]G]LDá]DW\WXáRZDQ\'RW\NZUHODFMDFKPLĊG]\OXG]NLFKRWZLHUDWHNVW
-RODQW\$QWDVL,]DEHOL.UDĞQLFNLHM:LON±5RODGRW\NXZNRPXQLNDFMLLQWHU
SHUVRQDOQHMNWyUHJRSUREOHPHPEDGDZF]\PMHVW]QDF]HQLHGRW\NXZNR
PXQLNDFMLPLĊG]\OXG]NLHMLPLĊG]\JDWXQNRZHM]NXOWXUR]QDZF]HJRSXQNWX
ZLG]HQLD$XWRUNLSRUXV]DMąUyZQLHĪ]DJDGQLHQLH]DZDUWRĞFLVHPDQW\F]QHM
VDPRGRW\NXZWRNXNRQZHUVDFMLDWDNĪHZ\SUDFRZDQ\FKZNXOWXUDFKV\P
EROLF]Q\FKIRUPWZRU]HQLDZLĊ]LIDW\F]QHMLJU]HF]QRĞFLRZHM$JQLHV]ND
-DQLDN2EV]DU\UHDNW\ZDFMLGRW\NXZHZVSyáF]HVQHMNXOWXU]H±WHUDSLDNR
PXQLNDFMDHGXNDFMDRPDZLDREV]DU\UHDNW\ZDFMLGRW\NXZHZVSyáF]HVQHM
NXOWXU]HZWDNLFKG]LHG]LQDFKMDNWHUDSLDNRPXQLNDFMDLHGXNDFMD]ZUDFDMąF
XZDJĊQDSRGHMPRZDQHZRVWDWQLFKODWDFKG]LDáDQLDVSRáHF]QH$JQLHV]ND
7RPF]\V]\Q+DUDV\PRZLF]Ä$GRW\NWRMHVWVXPDZV]HODNLFKĪ\ZLRáyZ´
GRĞZLDGF]HQLHLPHWDIRU\NDEOLVNRĞFLZOLU\FH2ULHQWDFML3RHW\FNLHMÄ+\EU\
G\´]NROHLZSLVXMHGRW\NZGRĞZLDGF]HQLHLPHWDIRU\NĊEOLVNRĞFLDQDOL]X
MąFOLU\NĊ2ULHQWDFML3RHW\FNLHMÄ+\EU\G\´,QQąSUyEĊSU]HGVWDZLHQLDUROL
GRW\NXZNRQWDNWDFKPLĊG]\OXG]NLFKQDSU]\NáDG]LHOLWHUDWXU\SRGHMPXMH
0DUFHOLQD6]HZF]XN6DGRZVNDZWHNĞFLH6SU]HGDMQ\GRW\N2NRQWDNWDFK
PLĊG]\OXG]NLFKZSRZLHĞFL1RUEHUWD.URQDÄ'HU%HJOHLWHU´%DGDF]NDSU]\
JOąGDVLĊVSU]HGDMQRĞFLGRW\NXZSRZLHĞFL1RUEHUWD.URQD'HU%HJOHLWHU 3DQGRWRZDU]\VWZDEĊGąFHMNU\W\NąJOREDOL]DFMLNRQVXPSFMRQL]PXL]D
QLNDQLDSRWU]HE\QDZLą]\ZDQLDZLĊ]L]LQQ\PLOXGĨPL
5R]G]LDá'RW\NHPSDW\F]Q\±GRW\N]DND]DQ\7UDQVFHQGHQFMDRWZLH
UDDUW\NXá-RDQQ\*RGOHZLF]$GDPLHF 0LĊG]\WUDG\FMąDZ\PRZąZáDVQHM
ZL]ML±GRW\NZWZyUF]RĞFL+LOGHJDUG\]%LQJHQ$XWRUNDSRGHMPXMHZQLP
NZHVWLĊKDSW\F]QRĞFLZWZyUF]RĞFLĞUHGQLRZLHF]QHMPLVW\F]NLNWyUDVZRMą
NRQFHSFMĊ]P\VáyZZSLVDáDZDQDORJLĊPDNURLPLNURNRVPRVXQDGDMąFFLH
OHVQRĞFLVHQVUHOLJLMQ\5HQDWD&]HNDOVNDZWHNĞFLH'RW\NMDNRVLáDVWZyUF]D
2EUD]GáRQLZZLHUV]DFKZVSyáF]HVQHJRSRHW\LQG\MVNLHJRXND]XMHSRHW\FNLH
UHSUH]HQWDFMHGRW\NXZHZVSyáF]HVQ\FK,QGLDFKLSUyEXMHRGSRZLHG]LHüQD
S\WDQLHZMDNLHMUHODFMLGRLQG\MVNLHMNXOWXU\SR]RVWDMąREUD]\SRHW\FNLH
ZNWyU\FKGRW\NVDQNFMRQXMHPDJLF]QąPRFVáRZD0DUWD:LPPHUZDUW\
NXOH0LĊG]\SUDJQLHQLHPGRW\NXDVWUDFKHP2UR]WHUNDFKERKDWHUyZLQWHU
VHNVXDOQ\FKQDZ\EUDQ\FKSU]\NáDGDFKZVSyáF]HVQHMOLWHUDWXU\QLHPLHFNR
MĊ]\F]QHM]ZUDFDXZDJĊQD]ZLą]HNSRĪąGDQLDLGRW\NXZNRQWHNĞFLHRVyE
10
LQWHUSáFLRZ\FK$JDWD'ąEURZVND0RW\Z]áHJRGRW\NXZWZyUF]RĞFLGUDPD
W\F]QHM6]DORPD$V]DDQDOL]XMHZ\PLDU\GRW\NXZGUDPDWDFKĪ\GRZVNLHJR
SLVDU]DDàXNDV]:UyEOHZVNLL3DWU\FMD%DG\VLDN3DPLĊüGRW\NX2GDZHU
VMLGRHPSDWLLZ¿OPLHÄ3U]H]GRW\N´0DJGDOHQ\àD]DUNLHZLF]XND]XMąMDN
XERKDWHUHN¿OPX0DJGDOHQ\àD]DUNLHZLF]3U]H]GRW\NIXQNFMRQXMHSDPLĊü
GRW\NXáąF]ąFDVLĊ]GRĞZLDGF]HQLHPUyĪQ\FKIRUPKDSW\F]QRĞFL±RGW\FK
Z]EXG]DMąF\FKZVWUĊWLOĊNSRGRW\NHPSDW\F]Q\,QQ\URG]DM]DND]DQHJR
GRW\NXZ\QLNDMąFHJR]ND]LURG]WZDSRUXV]D$QHWD-XU]\VWD*U]HV]Q\GR
W\NF]\OLPLáRĞü]DND]DQD2PRW\ZLHND]LURG]WZDZZ\EUDQ\FKG]LHáDFK
OLWHUDWXU\QLHPLHFNRMĊ]\F]QHMRPDZLDMąFWZyUF]RĞü7RPDV]D0DQQD5R
EHUWD0XVLODL*HRUJD7UDNOD
2VWDWQLUR]G]LDá]DW\WXáRZDQ\'RW\NZNXOWXU]HZL]XDOQHMUR]SRF]\QD
WHNVW3DZáD0DFLąJD'RW\N±MĊ]\NLHPNRPXQLNDFMLZV]WXNDFKSODVW\F]
Q\FKNWyU\FKDUDNWHU\]XMHGRW\NZV]WXFHHXURSHMVNLHMRG;,9GR;9,,
ZLHNXRUD]ZSROVNLHMV]WXFHZVSyáF]HVQHM$UW\NXá'DPLDQD%LQNRZVNLHJR
2WZDUFLHGUXJLHJRVWRSQLDZWZyUF]RĞFLV]NRá\QRZRMRUVNLHMZĞZLHWOHWHRULL
0DUVKDOOD0F/XKDQDRPDZLDSHUFHSFMĊREUD]yZDPHU\NDĔVNLFKDEVWUDN
FMRQLVWyZZ\PDJDMąF\FK]HVWURQ\RGELRUFyZ]DDQJDĪRZDQLDVáXFKRZR
GRW\NRZHJR0DUWD6WDĔF]\NZVZRLPV]NLFX.LQRKDSW\F]QH3U]\SDGHN
WZyUF]RĞFL+pOqQH&DWWHWL%UXQD)RU]DQLHJRUR]ZLMD]DJDGQLHQLHNLQDKDS
W\F]QHJRRSRZLDGDMąFRWDNW\OQ\PZ\PLDU]H¿OPyZEHOJLMVNLHJRGXHWX
UHĪ\VHUyZ±+pOqQH&DWWHWL%UXQRQD)RU]DQLHJRNWyU]\ZVZRLFKG]LHáDFK
VNáDGDMąKRáG¿OPRPJLDOORKLSHUEROL]XMąFRGF]XFLDVRPDW\F]QH3UDFD(G\W\
.LOLDQ2SU]HLVWRF]HQLDFKGRW\NXZF\EHUQHW\F]Q\FKRELHNWDFK3HUIRNDUW\) WRSUyEDXND]DQLDSU]HLVWRF]HĔGRW\NXZGRNRQDQLDFKDUW\VW\F]QHMJUXS\
3HUIRNDUWD]DMPXMąFHMVLĊSRH]MąF\EHUQHW\F]QąZSRáąF]HQLX]F\EHUQH
W\Ną¿OR]R¿ąV]WXNąNRPSXWHURZąZL]XDOQąLDXGLDOQą'R]UR]XPLHQLD
SUDFW\FKWZyUFyZQLH]EĊGQDMHVWGRW\NRZDLQJHUHQFMDRGELRUF\ZSRVWDFL
GRW\NXNRPSXWHURZHMP\V]NLFRURG]LOLF]QHS\WDQLDQDWHPDWUROLLSR]\
FMLGRW\NXNWyU\ZSU]\SDGNXRPDZLDQ\FKDXWRUyZRND]XMHVLĊ]QDF]ąFR
GRZDUWRĞFLRZDQ\$JDWD2EUDWDĔVNDZVZRLPWHNĞFLH'RW\NLG\VWDQVZF\
EHUSU]HVWU]HQLQDSU]\NáDG]LHJU\$PRULRQLMHMVSRáHF]QRĞFLSRUXV]DSUR
EOHPDW\NĊZLUWXDOQHJRGRW\NXZVSRáHF]HĔVWZLHVLHFLRGQRV]ąFVLĊGRWHRULL
ZLĊ]LVSRáHF]Q\FKZVSyOQRWSLHUZRWQ\FKLQWHUDNFMRQL]PXLSUREOHPDW\NL
JOREDOL]DFMLMDNUyZQLHĪGR]DJDGQLHĔVRFMRORJLLFLDáDLZáDVQ\FKEDGDĔ
DQNLHWRZ\FK6DQGUD%ąN'RW\NZSHUIRUPDQVLHQDSU]\NáDG]LHWZyUF]R
ĞFL0DULQ\$EUDPRYLüL8OD\DGRZRG]LLĪ]P\VáGRW\NXG]LĊNLVZRMHPX
Patrycja Badysiak, Łukasz Wróblewski
DNW\ZL]XMąFHPXFKDUDNWHURZLVWDMHVLĊMHGQ\P]HOHPHQWDUQ\FKQDU]ĊG]L
SR]QDQLDZV]WXNDFKSHUIRUPDW\ZQ\FK
=HEUDQHZW\PWRPLHDUW\NXá\]SHZQRĞFLąQLHZ\F]HUSXMąZV]\VWNLFK
DVSHNWyZGRW\NXNWyUHQDOHĪDáRE\SRGGDüQDXNRZ\PUR]ZDĪDQLRPPDP\
MHGQDNQDG]LHMĊĪHSU]\F]\QLDMąVLĊZ]QDF]ąF\PVWRSQLXGRUR]ZRMXURG]L
P\FKEDGDĔQDGKDSW\F]QRĞFLą
3DWU\FMD%DG\VLDNàXNDV]:UyEOHZVNL
178
Renata Czekalska
Wydział Stosunków Międzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytet Jagielloński
DOTYK JAKO SIŁA STWÓRCZA.
OBRAZ DŁONI W WIERSZACH WSPÓŁCZESNEGO POETY INDYJSKIEGO
1. Dotyk w kulturze indyjskiej
:HGáXJGZXG]LHOQHMNODV\¿NDFMLNXOWXUVWZRU]RQHMSU]H](GZDUGD+DOOD1 NXOWXUDLQG\MVNDVSHáQLDZV]HONLHNU\WHULDNXOWXU\QLHNRQWDNWRZHMF]\OLWD
NLHMZNWyUHMGRW\NZ]EXG]DSRGHMU]OLZRĞüLQLHSRNyM'RW\NDQLHX]QDZDQH
MHVWERZLHPZ,QGLDFK]DSU]HMDZZ\MąWNRZHMUHODFML]GUXJąRVREą2.RG
RNUHĞODMąF\NWRNRJRNLHG\ZMDNLVSRVyERUD]ZMDNLFKRNROLF]QRĞFLDFK
PRĪHGRWNQąüEDUG]RĞFLĞOHZVND]XMHUHJXá\SRVWĊSRZDQLDZWHMVIHU]H]D
FKRZDĔ'RW\NMDNRRWZDUW\F]\MDZQ\Z\UD]RVRELVWHMEOLVNLHMZLĊ]L]GUX
JLPF]áRZLHNLHPZHZVSyáF]HVQ\PVSRáHF]HĔVWZLHLQG\MVNLP]DUH]HUZR
ZDQ\MHVWGODRVyEQDOHĪąF\FKGRWHMVDPHMURG]LQ\DOHLWXQLHZNDĪG\P
SU]\SDGNXJG\ĪQDSU]\NáDGMHVWGRSXV]F]DOQ\ZUHODFMLURG]LFH±G]LHFL
DOHQLHPLĊG]\PDáĪRQNDPLPRĪHE\üHOHPHQWHPVSRáHF]QLHDNFHSWRZD
1 3RUPLQ(7+DOO%H]JáRĞQ\MĊ]\N:DUV]DZD(7+DOO3R]DNXOWXUą:DU
V]DZD06]RSVNL.RPXQLNRZDQLHPLĊG]\NXOWXURZH:DUV]DZD0/.QDSS
-$+DOO.RPXQLNDFMDQLHZHUEDOQDZLQWHUDNFMDFKPLĊG]\OXG]NLFK:URFáDZ(7+DOO
8NU\W\Z\PLDU:DUV]DZD(GZDUG7+DOOMHVWWHĪPLQDXWRUHPWHUPLQXSURNVHPLND
IXQNFMRQXMąFHJRZQDXNDFKVSRáHF]Q\FKRGURNX7HUPLQWHQRNUHĞODG\VWDQVSU]HVWU]HQ
Q\]DFKRZ\ZDQ\ZNRPXQLNDFMLPLĊG]\OXG]NLHMSRGF]DVLQWHUDNFML]DOHĪQ\RGF]\QQLNyZ
NXOWXURZ\FKRUD]GHPRJUD¿F]Q\FKWDNLFKMDNZLHNSáHüF]\SR]\FMDVSRáHF]QDRUD]ZSá\
ZDMąF\QDZUDĪHQLDRGELHUDQHSU]H]XF]HVWQLNyZLQWHUDNFMLDW\PVDP\PQDMDNRĞüSURFHVX
NRPXQLNRZDQLD
2 1DSU]\NáDGZPLHMVFDFKSXEOLF]Q\FKMDNFKRüE\VNZHU\F]\SDUNLXVWDZLDQHVą]QDNL
RVWU]HJDZF]H]QDSLVHPÄ123'$´3'$±VNUyWR]QDF]DMąF\ÄSXEOLFGLVSOD\RIDIIHFWLRQ´
Q\FKLXVDQNFMRQRZDQ\FKRE\F]DMHP]DFKRZDĔZREHFRVyEVWDUV]\FKOXE
RVyEWHMVDPHMSáFLDWDNĪH±]JRGQLH]WUDG\FMą±PRĪHE\üSUDNW\NRZDQ\
SRGF]DVU\WXDáyZUHOLJLMQ\FK
&HOHPDUW\NXáXMHVWXND]DQLHQDZ\EUDQ\FKSU]\NáDGDFKSRHW\FNLFK
UHSUH]HQWDFMLGRW\NXRUD]SUyEDRGSRZLHG]LQDS\WDQLHZMDNLHMUHODFMLGR
LQG\MVNLHMNXOWXU\SR]RVWDMąZVSyáF]HVQHREUD]\SRHW\FNLHZNWyU\FKÄ]MHM
GRW\NLHPĞZLDWVWDMHVLĊPRĪOLZ\´D]DWHPZNWyU\FKGRW\NVDQNFMRQXMH
PDJLF]QąVWZyUF]ąPRFVáRZD
2. Poetyckie reprezentacje dotyku w wierszach współczesnego poety indyjskiego
-DNRSRGVWDZĊDQDOL]Z\EUDáDPWHNVW\$ĞRND:DGĨSHML$ĞRN9ƗMSH\ƯXU
SRHW\WZRU]ąFHJRZMĊ]\NXKLQGLJG\ĪPRW\ZGáRQL±D]DWHPLPR
W\ZGRW\NX±REHFQ\MHVWZNLONXG]LHVLĊFLXMHJRZLHUV]DFK&]ĊVWHSU]\
ZRá\ZDQLHREUD]XGáRQLZ\NRQXMąF\FKJHVWGRW\NXF]\RGZRá\ZDQLHVLĊ
ZZLHUV]DFKGRVDPHMF]\QQRĞFLGRW\NDQLD]SHZQRĞFLąĞZLDGF]\RZ\MąW
NRZ\P]QDF]HQLXDQDOL]RZDQ\FKPRW\ZyZZSRHW\FNLHMZ\REUDĨQLWHJR
DXWRUD3U]\NáDGHPPRĪHE\üFKRüE\WDNLRWRIUDJPHQWZLHUV]DRFKDUDNWHU]H
OLU\NLPDVNL0yZLQLHER
-HĞOLXQLHVLHV]VLĊZ\ĪHMQLF]HJRQLHEĊG]LHV]PyJáGRWNQąü GRW\NDMWXZáDĞQLHZLOJRFL]LHPLVáRQHF]QHJRVPDNXURĞOLQ
JU]HFKRWX]DEDZHN
EUXQDWQ\FKĞODGyZVSDOHQL]Q\QDURWL
2EUD]GáRQLLPRW\ZGRW\NXSHáQLąZZLHUV]DFK$:DGĨSHMLIXQNFMĊ
SU]HGHZV]\VWNLPV\PEROLF]QąFRFK\EDQDMOHSLHMLOXVWUXMHQLH]Z\NOHSOD
VW\F]Q\GZXZLHUV]
:DUWRZW\PPLHMVFX]DXZDĪ\üĪHQDSU]\NáDGSRGF]DVWUDG\F\MQHMKLQGXVNLHMFHUH
PRQLLĞOXEQHMPLPRĪHQLHZąWSOLZLHMDNRWDNDQDOHĪ\RQDZV]DNGRVIHU\U\WXDáyZXVDQNFMR
QRZDQ\FKUHOLJLąLRE\F]DMHP]Z\NOHV\PEROLF]QHSRáąF]HQLHGZRMJDPDáĪRQNyZZ\UDĪDQH
MHVWSRSU]H]]ZLą]DQLHF]ĊĞFLVWURMXSDQDPáRGHJR]F]ĊĞFLąVWURMXSDQQ\PáRGHM&HUHPRQLD
WD]ZDQDÄJDWKEDQGKDQ´]DZLą]DQLHZĊ]áDV\PEROL]XMH]áRĪHQLHSU]HGEyVWZHPSU]\VLĊJL
Z]DMHPQHMPLáRĞFLLZLHUQRĞFL
*\ƗUDKSUHPNDYLWƗHۦ>@>-HGHQDĞFLHZLHUV]\PLáRVQ\FK@ZV]\VWNLHSU]HNáDG\F\
WRZDQ\FKZDUW\NXOHIUDJPHQWyZSRH]ML$ĞRND:DGĨSHMLVąPRMHJRDXWRUVWZD
ƖNƗĞQHNDKƗ
180
Z]QLRVáHPUĊFHNXQLHEX GRWNQąáHP]LHPL6
'áRQLHVLĊJDMą]DWHPZNLHUXQNXWHJRF]HJRGRVLĊJQąüQLHVSRVyE
SRGF]DVJG\GRW\NLHPSRHWDEDGDDWU\EXW\]LHPVNLHMU]HF]\ZLVWRĞFLRG
Z]RURZDQHZVáRZLH:ZLHUV]X0DU]HQLHQDZLRVQĊ]GHELXWDQFNLHJR
WRPX0LDVWRQDGDOV]DQVąSRGPLRWPyZLąF\ZSLHUZV]HMRVRELH
OLF]E\SRMHG\QF]HMSUDJQLHÄGRWNQąüGUĪHQLDĪyáWHJREODVNX´:WHNVWDFK
SyĨQLHMV]\FK$:DGĨSHMLWZRU]\QLH]Z\NOHSODVW\F]QHREUD]\V\PEROLF]QHM
F]\ZUĊF]U\WXDOQHMF]\QQRĞFLGRW\NDQLD
*G\MHMGRWNQąáHP GRWNQąáHP]LHPL
ZMHMFLHPQ\FKNRU]HQLDFK GRWNQąáHPWĊVNQRW\]D]LHOHQLą
'RWNQąáHP]LHORQHJRNRORUXZV]\VWNLFKGU]HZ
>@
GRWNQąáHPVNU]\GHáQLHVNRĔF]RQRĞFL
*G\MHMGRWNQąáHP
GRWNQąáHPMHM
MDNQLHEDMDNSODQHW\
MDNFLHPQRĞFLMDNEODVNX10
'RWNQLĊFLH
6WDUDPVLĊGRWNQąü WHJRFRZQLHMZLHF]QH±
6 3UƗUWKQƗPHۦQDKƯۦSUHPPHۦ
:ZLHUV]DFK:DGĨSHMLĞZLDWG]LHMHVLĊ]DSU]\F]\QąVáyZÄĞZLDWVWDMHVLĊVáRZHP´±
G]LĊNLVáRZXD]DWHPPDP\WXGRF]\QLHQLD]SRH]MąSRMPRZDQąMDNRÄVWDQRZLHQLHE\FLDSU]H]
VáRZR´$ZLĊFVDPDSRH]MDÄMHVWMHG\Q\PREV]DUHPZNWyU\PXVWDODVLĊIXQGDPHQWDOQ\VWRVX
QHNF]áRZLHNDGRE\WXZNWyU\PSRMDZLDVLĊSUDZGDZNWyU\PPRĪOLZH±ZUHV]FLH±MHVWVWD
ZLDQLHS\WDQLDRLVWQLHQLH´3RU0+HLGHJJHU+|OGHUOLQLLVWRWDSRH]MLÄ7ZyUF]RĞü´QU
VL7DNDSRVWDZDWZyUF]DEOLVNDMHVWXMĊFLXMĊ]\ND]DSURSRQRZDQHPXSU]H]/:LWW
JHQVWHLQDZ7UDNWDFLHORJLF]QR¿OR]R¿F]Q\PÄVWUXNWXUDOLQJZLVW\F]QDMHVWRGELFLHPEXGRZ\
ĞZLDWD´ÄZV]\VWNRFRMHVWZĞZLHFLHGDVLĊRSLVDü]DSRPRFąMĊ]\ND´=RE)LOR]R¿DDQD
XND=DU\VHQF\NORSHG\F]Q\:URFáDZ±:DUV]DZD±.UDNyZ±*GDĔVN±àyGĨV:W\P
NRQWHNĞFLHLVWRWQDMHVWWDNĪHRSLQLD.$MGXNLHZLF]DRÄRGZ]RURZ\ZDQLXU]HF]\ZLVWRĞFLSU]H]
Z\UDĪHQLD´SRU.$MGXNLHZLF]2NUHVZDUXQNRZ\DLPSOLNDFMDPDWHULDOQD>Z@WDPĪHV
9DVDQWNHOLHHNNƗPQƗ
-DEXVHFKXƗ
10 0DLۦQHXVHFKXƗ
Renata Czekalska
F]HJRFKRüE\FKFLDáD
QLHEĊG]LHPRJáD]QLV]F]\ü11
:LHF]QH
1DRNáDGFHWRPLNX,QQHLPLĊQDG]LHLSRHWD]DPLHĞFLáZLHUV]
ZNWyU\PPRW\ZGRW\NXSHáQLV]F]HJyOQąUROĊ$XWRUSU]\ZRáXMHZQLP
ERZLHPFRĞÄF]HJRQLNWQLHZLG]LDá´FRĞÄF]HJRQLNWQLHPRĪHGRWNQąü´
-HVWFRĞFRQLHPDLPLHQLD QLHRJUDQLF]RQHSDOHWąNRORUyZ F]HJRQLNWQLHZLG]LDá
F]HJRQLNWQLHPRĪHGRWNQąü WRZáDĞQLHSU]\ZRáXMĊ±
-HVWFRĞ
2EUD]SRHW\FNLVWZRU]RQ\ZW\PZLHUV]X]GDMHVLĊE\üZ\UD]HPRG
ZLHF]QHJRSUDJQLHQLDF]áRZLHND±SUDJQLHQLDWUDQVFHQGHQFML3UDJQLHQLH
GRWNQLĊFLDD]DWHPQD]ZDQLDF]\SR]QDQLDQLHZ\SRZLHG]LDQHJRMHVWSUD
JQLHQLHPGRWNQLĊFLDWDMHPQLF\VáRZHP-HVWSUyEą]EOLĪHQLDVLĊGRPHWD¿
]\F]QHMWDMHPQLF\E\WX]DVSUDZąSRH]MLZNWyUHMÄVáRZRNV]WDáWXMHVáRZR´12 LÄVáRZRGRW\NDVáRZD´
/HNWXUDSRH]ML$:DGĨSHMLSR]DV]F]HJyáRZ\PLREVHUZDFMDPLGRW\
F]ąF\PLUROLLIXQNFMLMDNąSHáQLąZQLHMGáRQLHRUD]VDPDF]\QQRĞüGRW\NX
SR]ZDODWDNĪHQDZ\SURZDG]HQLHZQLRVNyZQLHFREDUG]LHMRJyOQ\FK1DLFK
SRGVWDZLHPRĪQDZ\UyĪQLüZWHMWHPDW\FHQLHMDNRGZLHNDWHJRULHREUD]yZ
SRHW\FNLFK3LHUZV]ą±REHMPXMąFąWHNVW\ZNWyU\FKSRGPLRWHPPyZLąF\P
WHNVWRZ\PÄMD´MHVWPĊĪF]\]QDDGáRQLHQDOHĪąGRNRELHW\RUD]GUXJą±
GRNWyUHMQDOHĪąZLHUV]H]DZLHUDMąFHVXJHVWLHEąGĨLPLWDFMHGRW\NXMHGQDN
Z\NRQDZFDWHMF]\QQRĞFLSR]RVWDMHWXQLHGRRNUHĞORQ\
11 $Y\D\
12 ĝDEG>6áRZR@
ĝDEG>6áRZR@
Ä©-DªWHNVWRZHMHVWWXV\PEROLF]QąHZRNDFMąWZyUF]HJRSRGPLRWXQLHUHDOQHJRVSUDZF\
MHGQDNĪHOHF]JáĊERNLHMQLHXĞZLDGRPLRQHMRVRERZRĞFLWZyUF]HM0RĪQDMąUR]XPLHüVWDW\F]QLH
LVXEVWDQFMDOQLH>@:ĞZLHFLHV\PEROLVW\F]Q\FK]DVDGU]ąG]ąF\FKHNVSUHVMąSRGPLRWZ\UD
ĪDMąFVLĊZG]LHOHOXEZRJyOHZQDMV]HU]HMSRMĊW\FKG]LHáDFKĪ\FLDUyZQRF]HĞQLHNV]WDáWXMH
VLĊLVDPRRNUHĞOD´3RU51\F]7URS\ÄMD´.RQFHSFMHSRGPLRWRZRĞFLZOLWHUDWXU]HSROVNLHM
RVWDWQLHJRVWXOHFLDÄ7HNVW\'UXJLH´QUV±
182
3U]\NáDGHPWHNVWXGDMąFHJRVLĊ]DNZDOL¿NRZDüGRSLHUZV]HMNDWHJRULL
MHVWMHGHQDVWRF]ĊĞFLRZ\SRHPDW-HGHQDĞFLHZLHUV]\PLáRVQ\FKNWyUHJR
NLONDIUDJPHQWyZ]DPLHV]F]DPSRQLĪHMGODLOXVWUDFML
>@
>@
-HMGáRQLH]ZLOĪRQH
ZRGąZRGRVSDGyZZ\Sá\ZDMąF\FKFLFKR]VHUFDODVX
>@
-HMGáRQLHGRW\NDMą EXG]ąNRORU\
EXG]ąNV]WDáW\
EXG]ąQLH]OLF]RQHIRUP\HQHUJLL
>@
3RGMHMGRW\NLHPQLHUR]NZLWDMąNZLDW\
DOH]GDMHVLĊĪHUR]NZLWQą MHĞOLLFKGRWNQLH
-HMGáRQLHGUĪąMDN]LHORQHOLĞFLH LZ\GDMHVLĊMDNE\]LHOHĔ
UR]GDZDá\WUDZLHGU]HZRPLJyURP
>@
2QDSU]\ZRáXMH FDá\NRVPRV±
QLHEREyVWZD
URĞOLQ\U]HNL
]LHOHĔGHV]F]LUREDF]NLĞZLĊWRMDĔVNLH
SWDNLNVLąĪNL
ZVWąĪNLLWDVLHPNL
3RWHPZV]\VWNRZSRU]ąGNX XNáDGD
L]MHMGRW\NLHPĞZLDWVWDMHVLĊPRĪOLZ\
:W\PSRHPDFLHSRGREQLHMDNZLQQ\FKZLHUV]DFK$:DGĨSHMLÄMHM
GáRQLH´VWZDU]DMąIRUP\NRORU\]QDF]HQLDSRGF]DVJG\ÄMD´WHNVWRZHPĊĪ
F]\]QDSR]RVWDMHELHUQ\PREVHUZDWRUHPDNW\ZQRĞFLÄMHMGáRQL´Ä-HMGáR
QLH´VWZDU]DMąĞZLDWNWyU\SRGMHMPDJLF]Q\PGRW\NLHPVWDMHVLĊPRĪOLZ\
5HDOLVW\F]QHGáRQLH]RVWDMąZZLHUV]XVNRQWUDVWRZDQH]ÄQLH]OLF]RQ\PLIRU
PDPLHQHUJLL´QLHSRVLDGDMąF\PLNV]WDáWX=DWHP]DFLHUDVLĊZQLPUyĪQLFD
*\ƗUDKSUHPNDYLWƗHۦ
Renata Czekalska
SRPLĊG]\U]HF]\ZLVWRĞFLąPDWHULDOQąLU]HF]\ZLVWRĞFLąSRH]MLDGRW\NLGáR
QLHSR]RVWDMąQLH]EĊGQ\PLZDUXQNDPLNUHDFMLSRHW\FNLHJRĞZLDWD
,OXVWUDFMD$UGKDQDULĞZDUDSU]HGVWDZLHQLHGZXG]LHOQHMQDWXU\ERJDSRSU]H]SRVWDü
PDMąFąZSRáRZLHFLDáRNRELHW\ZSRáRZLHPĊĪF]\]Q\2EUD]ZVW\OXPDGKXEDQL
Z\NRQDQ\SU]H]QLH]QDQHJRDUW\VWĊOXGRZHJR
3RHWDDE\XVDQNFMRQRZDüVWZyUF]ąPRFGRW\NXZ\GDMHVLĊRGZRá\
ZDüGRQDMEDUG]LHMSRGVWDZRZHJRGRJPDWXKLQGXVNLHMNRVPRJRQLL±F]\OL
DNW\ZQRĞFLZDNFLHVWZRU]HQLDSLHUZLDVWNDĪHĔVNLHJRSU]\ELHUQHMIXQNFML
SLHUZLDVWNDPĊVNLHJRÏZĪHĔVNLSLHUZLDVWHNWR3UDNULWL±ÄSLHUZRWQDQDWXUD
>@PDWHULDZ]QDF]HQLXWZRU]\ZDĞZLDWD´±QD]\ZDQDWDNĪHÄĪHĔVNLPXRVR
ELHQLHPVWZyUF]HMPRF\$EVROXWX´163DUDGRNVDOQLHZLĊFWZRU]ąFQLH]Z\NOH
16 1DVWĊSXMąFHZ\MDĞQLHQLHWHUPLQX3UDNULWLSURSRQXMH-RDQQD-XUHZLF]Ä>@GRVá
ÄXF]\QLHQLHQDSRF]ąWNXSU]HGWHP´3LHUZRWQDQDWXUDLSRVWDZDE\WX]DOHĪQHJR]DOL
F]DQDGRSURVW\FKSLHUZLDVWNyZE\WX>@PDWHULDZ]QDF]HQLXWZRU]\ZDĞZLDWD:¿OR]R¿L
184
VHQVXDOLVW\F]QHREUD]\VXJHURZDQHZV]DNW\WXáHPF\NOX-HGHQDĞFLHZLHU
V]\PLáRVQ\FKSRHWDQLHW\ONRQLHQDUXV]DZLHORZLHNRZHMWUDG\FMLNXOWXU\
ZHGáXJ+DOODÄEH]GRW\NRZHM´DOHZUĊF]SR]RVWDMHMHMZLHUQ\0RFVWZyUF]D
GRW\NXXVDQNFMRQRZDQDMHVWERZLHPZW\PZLHUV]XSU]H]ZLDUĊZNRQVW\
WXW\ZQąIXQNFMĊĪHĔVNLHMHQHUJLL3UDNULWLZSURFHVLHNUHDFML
-DNRSU]\NáDGWHNVWXQDOHĪąFHJRGRGUXJLHM]Z\PLHQLRQ\FKNDWHJRULL
F]\OLREHMPXMąFHMXWZRU\]DZLHUDMąFHVXJHURZDQHZ\REUDĪHQLDOXELPLWDFMH
GRW\NXSRVáXĪ\üPRĪHZLHUV]'áRQLHGRW\NDMą]LHPLQLHEDNWyUHJRWUHĞü
SU]HVWDZLDVLĊQDVWĊSXMąFR
GáRQLHGRW\NDMą]LHPL GáRQLHGRW\NDMąQLHED
GáRQLHVSUDZLDMąĪHNZLWQąURĞOLQ\
Eá\VNDFKPXUDGHV]F]RZD GáRQLHVLĊJDMąZ\VRNRSRNZLDW GáRQLHV]XNDMąGáRQL
GáRQLHGUĊF]RQHZáDVQ\PVáRĔFHP GáRQLHQDJLPVLHUSHPNVLĊĪ\FD
GáRQLHRWZLHUDMąZLHF]QRĞüQLF]\POXIFLN GáRQLHZLąĪąF]DVQLF]\PZĊ]Há
GáRQLHZVND]XMąGURJĊHSRNRP GáRQLHUR]VXZDMą
QLF]\P]DVáRQ\VWURQ\ĞZLDWD GáRQLHVLĊJDMąJZLD]GLRZRFyZ
GáRQLH]ELHUDMąSąF]NLVáRZDLZąWSOLZRĞFL GáRQLHSRGWU]\PXMą.VLĊĪ\F6áRĔFHL0DUVD GáRQLHZĊGUXMąZNRVPRVLH
WZRU]ąDUFKLWHNWXUĊQLHĞPLHUWHOQ\FK
GáRQLHVWZDU]DMąá]\ĞPLHFKLSURP\NLĞZLDWáD
7UDG\FML>@X]QDZDQDQDRJyá]DWRĪVDPą]H6WZyUFą$EVROXWHPNWyU\ZWZyUF]\PDNFLH
Z\áDQLDMą]VLHELHL]QLHMNV]WDáWXMHZV]\VWNLH]MDZLVNDĞZLDWDSRVWU]HJDOQHJR>@3UDNU\
WL>]DSLV]DF\WRZDQ\PĨUyGáHP±5&@E\ZDQLHNLHG\WUDNWRZDQDMDNRĪHĔVNLHXRVRELHQLH
WZyUF]HMPRF\$EVROXWX>@LZWHMIXQNFMLVWDMHVLĊRNUHĞOHQLHPĪRQ\EyVWZD´=REKDVáR
Ä35$.5<7,´>Z@+HUPDQQ7-XUHZLF]-LLQ0Dá\VáRZQLNNODV\F]QHMP\ĞOLLQG\MVNLHM
:DUV]DZDV±
+ƗWKFKnjWHKDLۦS܀WKYƯƗNƗĞ
Renata Czekalska
GáRQLHXVSRNDMDMą]G]LZLHQLH SU]HQLNDMąWDMHPQLFĊ
SU]\QRV]ąXOJĊ SHZQRĞüLVSHáQLHQLH
Ī\MąZVZRMHMZáDVQHMVDPRWQRĞFL RSXV]F]RQHGáRQLH
QLF]\PWDMHPQLFD]DSRPQLDQHJREyVWZD GáRQLHGRW\NDMą]LHPL
GáRQLHGRW\NDMąQLHED
:W\PGZXG]LHVWRRĞPLRZHUVRZ\PZLHUV]XSRG]LHORQ\PQDG]LHVLĊü
QLHUHJXODUQ\FKVWURIV\PEROLF]QHGáRQLH]RVWDá\REGDU]RQHZLHORPDIXQN
FMDPLVSUDZF]\PL$OHMHGQRF]HĞQLHWHFKZ\WQHF]ĊĞFLOXG]NLHJRFLDáDQLH
XWUDFLá\ZQLPVZRMHMSRGVWDZRZHMIXQNFMLELRORJLF]QHM=DP\VáDUW\VW\F]
Q\WZyUF\Z\GDMHVLĊRSDUW\QDVZRLVW\PSDUDGRNVLHERFKRüIXQNFMDV\P
EROLF]QDGáRQLHNVSRQRZDQDMHVWQDGUXJLPSODQLHWRMHGQDNZáDĞQLHRZD
IXQNFMDGUXJLHJRSODQX]GDMHVLĊ]QDF]QLHEDUG]LHMZLGRF]QD&DáąDNFMĊ±
WZRU]ąFąG\QDPLF]Q\REUD]ZHZQąWU]QLHUXFKRP\FKUDP±RWZLHUDL]DP\ND
GZXZHUVÄGáRQLHGRW\NDMą]LHPLGáRQLHGRW\NDMąQLHED´0DWHULDĞZLDWD
]RVWDMHQDWRPLDVWXND]DQDSRSU]H]V\PEROLF]Q\UXFKZHZQąWU]ZLHUV]D
0DP\]DWHPZUDĪHQLHĪHZSU]HVWU]HQLVFHQ\±Z\]QDF]RQHMUDPąRZHJR
GZXZLHUV]D±REVHUZXMHP\UXFK\WDQFHUNLOXEWDQFHU]DGáRQLHZ\GDMąVLĊ
WXWDMQLH]DOHĪQ\PLE\WDPLQLHPDMąERZLHPRNUHĞORQHJRSU]\SRU]ąGNRZD
QLDGRRVRE\OXG]NLHMRNUHĞORQHMSáFL%\üPRĪHZLĊFVąWRGáRQLHWDĔF]ą
FHJRĝLZ\NWyU\SRGREQLHMDNLQQLSU]HGVWDZLFLHOHSDQWHRQXKLQGXVNLHJR
PDQDWXUĊGZXG]LHOQąPĊVNąLĪHĔVNąMHGQRF]HĞQLHDREHFQRĞüĪHĔVNLHJR
SLHUZLDVWNDGDMHPXPRFVWZyUF]ąNWyUąUHDOL]XMHZMHGQ\P]HWDSyZVZR
MHJRNRVPLF]QHJRWDĔFDĝLZDMDNREyJáąF]ąF\ZVRELHZV]HONLHRSR
]\FMHLSDU\SU]HFLZLHĔVWZZVZRLPáDVNDZ\PDVSHNFLHWDĔF]ąFVWZDU]D
ĞZLDWQDQRZRSU]H]FRWDQLHFZLQG\MVNLHMNXOWXU]HVWDáVLĊV\PEROHPNUH
DFML3RQDGWRV\PEROL]XMHUyZQLHĪ]P\VáRZRGXFKRZ\]ZLą]HNF]áRZLHND
]ZV]HFKĞZLDWHP
ĝLZDEyJQDOHĪąF\RERN%UDKP\L:LV]QXGRQDMZ\ĪV]HMWUyMF\SDQWHRQXKLQGXVNLHJR
F]ĊVWRZ\REUDĪDQ\MHVWMDNRĝLZD1DWDUDGĨD3DQ7DĔFDZ\NRQXMąF\QLHXVWDQQ\NRVPLF]Q\
WDQLHFVWZDU]DQLDSRGWU]\P\ZDQLDRUD]QLV]F]HQLDNROHMQ\FKĞZLDWyZ
Ä>@SRVáXJXMąF\VLĊSLĊNQ\PLSHáQ\PMĊ]\NLHPFLDáDWDQLHFLQG\MVNLVWDQRZLPRĪOLZLH
QDMEOLĪV]HNRQNUHWQHMU]HF]\ZLVWRĞFLRGZ]RURZDQLHVWDQXGXFKDLZ\REUDĨQL7DQLHFSRGREQLH
186
,WXWDMSRGREQLHMDNZZLHUV]XQDOHĪąF\PGRSLHUZV]HMNDWHJRULLWHNVWyZ
SRHWDRGZRáXMHVLĊGRWUDG\FMLDE\XVDQNFMRQRZDüVWZyUF]ąPRFGRW\NX
-HGQDNZDQDOL]RZDQ\PZLHUV]XWDNMDNLZLQQ\FKWHNVWDFKQDOHĪąF\FK
GRNDWHJRULLGUXJLHMRZąVWZyUF]ąPRFVDQNFMRQXMH]DSLVDQDZWUDG\FMLLQ
G\MVNLHMZLDUDĪHĞZLDW]URG]LáVLĊLF\NOLF]QLHSRZVWDMHQDQRZR]WDĔFD
NRVPLF]QHJRWDĔFDĝLZ\SRGF]DVNWyUHJRGáRQLHWDQFHU]D±VSUDZF\VWZR
U]HQLD±Z\NRQXMąJHVW\GDMąFHSRF]ąWHNZV]HONLPE\WRP
,OXVWUDFMDĝLZD1DWDUDGĨDVWZDU]DMąF\ĞZLDWZWDĔFXNRVPLF]Q\P2EUD]ZVW\OX
PDGKXEDQLZ\NRQDQ\SU]H]QLH]QDQHJRDUW\VWĊOXGRZHJR
MDNSRH]MDPX]\NDLU]HĨEDPDZ\UDĪDüXQLZHUVDOQHZVSyOQHZV]\VWNLPHPRFMHLZáDĞQLH
SRSU]H]QDU]ĊG]LHMDNLPMHVWOXG]NLHFLDáRZ\UDĪDU]HF]\ZLVWRĞü´3RU.9DWV\D\DQ%KDUDWD
7KH1Ɨܒ\DĞƗVWUD1HZ'HOKLV±Ä7DQLHFQLHZLHOHVLĊ]PLHQLáZ,QGLDFKZFLąJX
ZLHNyZ>@QDMOHSVLZVSyáF]HĞQLWDQFHU]H>@QDGDOWDĔF]ąZHGáXJUHJXá]DQRWRZDQ\FKZWUDN
WDFLH1Ɨܒ\DĞƗVWUD%KDUDW\>@ZLQG\MVNLPWDĔFXXF]HVWQLF]ąQLHW\ONRQRJLLUDPLRQDOHF]FDáH
FLDáR.DĪGHSRUXV]HQLHPDá\PSDOFHPF]\XQLHVLHQLHEUZLPDVZH]QDF]HQLH>@SR]\LJHVW\
VąGRNáDGQLHVNODV\¿NRZDQH>@QDMEDUG]LHMIUDSXMąF\PHOHPHQWHPWDĔFDLQG\MVNLHJRVąQLH
ZąWSOLZLHUXFK\UąNPXGUD']LĊNLGXĪHMOLF]ELHSLĊNQ\FKLVNRPSOLNRZDQ\FKUXFKyZVDPD
UĊNDPRĪHZ\UD]LüQLHW\ONRV]HURNąJDPĊXF]XüOHF]RGWZDU]DüUyZQLHĪERJyZ]ZLHU]ĊWD
OXG]LSHM]DĪHUyĪQRUDNLHZ\GDU]HQLD>@´3RU$/%DVKDP,QGLH RGSRF]ąWNXG]LHMyZGR
SRGERMXPX]XáPDĔVNLHJR:DUV]DZDV
Renata Czekalska
3. Konkluzja
3RHWDZVSyáF]HVQ\WZRU]ąF\ZMĊ]\NXKLQGLNWyUHJRWZyUF]RĞüVWDáDVLĊ
SRGVWDZąGODQLQLHMV]\FKUR]ZDĪDĔXWRĪVDPLDVLĊ]HĞZLDWHP]HZQĊWU]Q\P
QLHLQDF]HMQLĪSU]\SRPRF\VáRZDF]\UDF]HM]DMHJRSRĞUHGQLFWZHP1LH
RSLVXMHSU]\W\P]HZQĊWU]QHJRĞZLDWDDOHMHG\QLHMHJRDWU\EXW\6WZDU]D
U]HF]\ZLVWRĞüDSRSU]H]V\PEROLF]Q\GRW\NVDQNFMRQXMHPDJLF]QąPRFVáR
ZDZWHQVSRVyEQDGDMąFVWZDU]DQ\PE\WRPLPLRQD7HJRURG]DMXG]LDáDQLD
DUW\VW\F]QH]ZLą]DQHVą]PRFQR]DNRU]HQLRQąZWUDG\FMLLQG\MVNLHMZLDUą
ZPDJLF]QąPRFSRH]ML20
'RGDMP\MHGQDNĪHZSU]\SDGNXWHJRWZyUF\PDP\GRF]\QLHQLD]SR
H]MąQRZRF]HVQą]G\VF\SOLQRZDQąP\ĞORZR3U]HGVWDZLDQLHZSRH]MLWHJR
FRZLGRF]QHSLĊNQHU]HF]\ZLVWHQDOHĪDáRGRGDZQ\FKNRQZHQFMLLPLDáR
FHOG\GDNW\F]Q\DQLHSR]QDZF]\1RZRF]HVQ\SRHWDQDWRPLDVWZ\VWU]HJD
VLĊRSLV\ZDQLDĞZLDWD]]DFKRZDQLHPORJLF]QHMSU]\F]\QRZRĞFLVWRVXMH
SRHW\NĊIUDJPHQWX
:MDNLHM]DWHPUHODFMLGRLQG\MVNLHMNXOWXU\SR]RVWDMąZVSyáF]HVQHRE
UD]\SRHW\FNLHZNWyU\FKGRW\NSRWZLHUG]DPDJLF]QąPRFVáRZD"$QDOL]D
ZLHUV]\$ĞRND:DGĨSHMLDWDNĪHXND]DQHZDUW\NXOHSU]\NáDG\SR]ZDODMą
20 3RMĊFLHSUREOHPDW\NLVáRZDMDNRV\QRQLPXMĊ]\NDZSRHW\FNLPXMĊFLX$ĞRND:DGĨ
SHMLZ\ZRG]LVLĊ]QDMGDOV]HMLQG\MVNLHMWUDG\FMLOLWHUDFNLHMK\PQyZZHG\MVNLFKDGUHVRZDQ\FK
ZFDáRĞFLOXE]DZLHUDMąF\FK]ZURW\GRERJLQLPRZ\LUyZQRF]HĞQLH]DNRU]HQLRQHMHVWZQR
ZRF]HVQHMZLHG]\RVáRZLHSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPMDNRQRĞQLNXZLHG]\VHPDQW\F]QHMLSR]DVHPDQ
W\F]QHM1DWRPLDVW]HZ]JOĊGXQDEDUG]RVWDUąWUDG\FMĊSU]HND]XVáRZQHJRVáRZRZ\SRZLH
G]LDQHMHV]F]HGRQLHGDZQD]QDF]\áRRZLHOHZLĊFHMDQLĪHOLVáRZRSLVDQH1LHW\ONRGODWHJRĪH
VSRáHF]QRĞFLZ,QGLDFKE\á\Z]QDF]QHMF]ĊĞFLQLHSLĞPLHQQHOXEZRJyOHQLHSRVLDGDá\V\VWHPX
]DSLVXZ\UD]yZDOHSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPGODWHJRĪHZáDĞFLZLHZ\SRZLHG]LDQHVáRZRXZDĪDQH
E\áR]DQDMVNXWHF]QLHMV]\LQVWUXPHQWSRUR]XPLHQLDZSLHUZV]HMNROHMQRĞFLPLĊG]\F]áRZLHNLHP
DEyVWZHPDGRSLHURZGUXJLHMNROHMQRĞFLPLĊG]\F]áRZLHNLHPDF]áRZLHNLHP1LHSU]HGVWD
ZLRQHVáRZRXZDĪDQR]D]DOąĪHNVWZRU]HQLD,QDF]HMPyZLąFDNWNUHDFMLE\áDQDORJLF]Q\GR
DNWXPRZ\:DN>YƗN@ERJLQLPRZ\E\áDXRVRELHQLHPVWZyUF]HMHQHUJLLRUD]Z\REUDĪHQLHP
DEVWUDFWXPÄU]HF]\ZLVWRĞFLZV]\VWNLFKU]HF]\ZLVWRĞFL´ZHZF]HVQHMLQG\MVNLHMP\ĞOL¿OR]R
¿F]QHM7DDEVROXWQDZLDUDZPRFZ\SRZLHG]LDQHJRVáRZDXPDFQLDQDZNROHMQ\FKRNUHVDFK
UR]ZRMX¿OR]R¿LLQG\MVNLHMMHVWSLHUZV]\PHOHPHQWHPMHGQRĞFLLQG\MVNLHMWUDG\FMLSRHW\FNLHM
3RQLHZDĪERJLQLPRZ\:DNQD]\ZDQDE\áDµNDO\ƗƯYƗN¶F]\OLáDVNDZD:DNWRSRHWDNDYL
X]QDZDQ\E\á]DOXG]NLRGSRZLHGQLNVWZyUF\DXWRQRPLF]Q\UR]XPLHMąF\REHMPXMąF\P\ĞOą
ZV]\VWNR0RZDLREMDZLHQLHE\á\LGHQW\F]QH-DNRSU]\NáDGWHNVWXSRFKRG]ąFHJR]QDMVWDUV]HM
WUDG\FMLZVND]DüPRĪQDK\PQUJZHG\MVNL5JZHGD;]DW\WXáRZDQ\'RPRZ\GRVWĊSQ\
ZSROVNLPSU]HNáDG]LH&H]DUHJR*DOHZLF]DRSXEOLNRZDQ\PZ)LOR]R¿D:VFKRGX:\EyU
WHNVWyZ0.XGHOVNDUHG.UDNyZV
188
VąG]LüĪHSRHWDZVSyáF]HVQ\VWZDU]DVZyMSRHW\FNLĞZLDWSRSU]H]GRW\N
VDQNFMRQXMąF\VWZyUF]ąVLáĊVáRZD'RW\NZDQDOL]RZDQ\FKZLHUV]DFKWR
GRW\NU\WXDOQ\GRW\NV\PEROLF]Q\$NUHDFMDSRHW\FNLHJRĞZLDWD±FKRü
SR]RUQLHáDPLąFDWDEX±GRNRQXMHVLĊZSHáQHMKDUPRQLL]WUDG\FMą
Bibliografia
%DVKDP$/,QGLHRGSRF]ąWNXG]LHMyZGRSRGERMXPX]XáPDĔVNLHJR:DUV]DZD
)LOR]R¿D a QDXND=DU\VHQF\NORSHG\F]Q\:URFáDZ±:DUV]DZD±.UDNyZ±*GDĔVN±
±àyGĨ
+DOO(7%H]JáRĞQ\MĊ]\N:DUV]DZD
+DOO(73R]DNXOWXUą:DUV]DZD
+DOO(78NU\W\Z\PLDU:DUV]DZD
+HLGHJJHU0+|OGHUOLQLLVWRWDSRH]MLÄ7ZyUF]RĞü´QUV±
+HUPDQQ7-XUHZLF]-LLQ0Dá\VáRZQLNNODV\F]QHMP\ĞOLLQG\MVNLHM:DUV]DZD
.QDSS0/+DOO-$.RPXQLNDFMDQLHZHUEDOQDZLQWHUDNFMDFKPLĊG]\OXG]NLFK
:URFáDZ
.XGHOVND0UHG)LOR]R¿D:VFKRGX:\EyUWHNVWyZ.UDNyZ
1\F]57URS\ÄMD´.RQFHSFMHSRGPLRWRZRĞFLZOLWHUDWXU]HSROVNLHMRVWDWQLHJR
VWXOHFLDÄ7HNVW\'UXJLH´QUV±
6]RSVNL0.RPXQLNRZDQLHPLĊG]\NXOWXURZH
9ƗMSH\Ư$ƖYLQ\Rۦ1HZ'HOKL
9ƗMSH\Ư$'XNKFLܒܒKƯUDVƗKDL1HZ'HOKL
9ƗMSH\Ư$,EƗUDWVHJLUƯPƗWUDH%LNDQHU
9ƗMSH\Ư$ĝDKDUDEEKƯVDPEKƗYDQƗKDL1HZ'HOKL
9ƗMSH\Ư$8PPƯGNƗGnjVUƗQƗP1HZ'HOKL
9ƗMSH\Ư$$JDULWQHVH1HZ'HOKL
9ƗMSH\Ư$.XFKUDInjNXFKWKLJ܀H1HZ'HOKL
9DWV\D\DQ.%KDUDWD7KH1Ɨܒ\DĞƗVWUD1HZ'HOKL
Renata Czekalska