Determination of the strange quark density of the proton from ATLAS measurements of the $\mathit{W\rightarrow \ell \nu }$ and $\mathit{Z\rightarrow \ell \ell }$ cross sections

Determination of the Strange-Quark Density of the Proton from ATLAS Measurements of the W ! ‘
and Z ! ‘‘ Cross Sections

G. Aad et al.*

(ATLAS Collaboration)

(Received 19 March 2012; published 5 July 2012)

A QCD analysis is reported of ATLAS data on inclusive W
and Z boson production in pp collisions at the LHC, jointly with ep deep-inelastic scattering data from HERA. The ATLAS data exhibit sensitivity to the light quark sea composition and magnitude at Bjorken x 0:01. Specifically, the data support the hypothesis of a symmetric composition of the light quark sea at low x. The ratio of the strange-to-down sea quark distributions is determined to be 1:00^þ0:25_0:28at absolute four-momentum transfer squared Q²¼ 1:9 GeV²and x¼ 0:023.

DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.012001 PACS numbers: 12.38.Qk, 13.38.Be, 13.38.Dg, 14.20.Dh

Little is known about the strange-quark distribution in the proton. Flavor SUð3Þ symmetry suggests that the three light sea quark distributions are equal. However, the strange quarks may be suppressed due to their larger mass. The nucleon strange density plays an important role for a number of physics processes, ranging from measurements at proton-proton colliders of W boson pro- duction associated with charm jets [1] and of the W boson mass [2], to the formation of strange matter [3] and neu- trino interactions at ultrahigh energies [4].

Knowledge of the parton distribution functions (PDFs) of the proton comes mainly from deep-inelastic lepton proton scattering experiments covering a broad range of Q², the absolute four-momentum transfer squared, and of Bjorken x. The PDFs are determined from data using perturbative quantum chromodynamics (pQCD). The re- gion x& 0:01 is primarily constrained by the precise mea- surement of the proton structure function F₂ðx; Q²Þ at HERA [5], which determines a specific combination of light quark and antiquark distributions. However, the flavor composition of the total light sea, x
¼ 2xð u þ dþ sÞ, has not been determined at these x values.

The strange-quark distribution has been accessed in charged current neutrino scattering through the subpro- cesses W^þs! c and W^s! c. This measurement has been made by the NuTeV [6] and CCFR [7] experiments, providing information on the strange and antistrange den- sity at x 0:1 and Q² 10 GeV². However, the interpre- tation of these data is sensitive to uncertainties from charm fragmentation and nuclear corrections. The analyses of Refs. [8–11] suggest strangeness suppression, with

s= d& 0:5, whereas the analysis of Ref. [12] is consistent

with s= d’ 1 (unsuppressed strangeness). Recent HERMES kaon multiplicity data [13] point to a strong x dependence of the strange-quark density and a rather large value of xðs þ sÞ at x ’ 0:04 and Q²’ 1:3 GeV². However, the interpretation of these data depends on the knowledge of the fragmentation of strange quarks to K mesons at low Q².

In the present Letter it is shown that the differential measurements of the inclusive W
and Z boson cross sections at the LHC, recently performed by the ATLAS collaboration using 35 pb^1of pp collision data recorded in 2010 [14], provide new constraints on the strange-quark distribution at high scale, Q² MW;Z² , which imply con- straints at low Q²through pQCD evolution. Because of the weak couplings of the quarks involved, complementary information to F₂ is provided which also constrains x
.

A quantity of special interest is the ratio of the (W^þþ W^) and Z cross sections which is sensitive to the flavor com- position of the quark sea [12,15,16] and is rather insensi- tive to the influence of higher order pQCD corrections [17].

The inclusive electromagnetic and weak Drell-Yan scatter- ing process is theoretically well understood [18,19]. The parton distribution analysis is performed here in next-to- next-to leading order (NNLO) QCD using the ATLAS data jointly with inclusive deep-inelastic scattering data from HERA.

The combined e
p cross-section measurements of H1 and ZEUS [5] cover a kinematic range of Q² from near 1 GeV² to above 10⁴ GeV² and of x from0:6 down to 10^4. The ATLAS data access a kinematic range pre- scribed by the boson masses, M_W;Z, and the proton beam energy, E_p¼ 3:5 TeV, corresponding to Q² ’ M²W;Z and an x range 0:001 & x & 0:1, with a mean x ¼ MZ=2Ep¼ 0:013 for the Z boson. The W
and Z boson differential cross sections have been measured [14] as functions of the W decay lepton (e,
) pseudorapidity, _l, and of the Z boson rapidity, y_Z, respectively, with an experimental pre- cision of typically ð1–2Þ% in each bin. The absolute nor- malization of the three cross sections is known to within

*Full author list given at the end of the article.

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Further distri- bution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.

3.4%. Many systematic uncertainties on the measurements of the W
and Z boson cross sections are fully correlated.

These correlations are taken into account in the analysis.

The present QCD analysis uses theHERAFITTERframe- work [5,20,21]. The light quark coefficient functions are calculated to NNLO as implemented inQCDNUM[22]. The contributions of heavy quarks are calculated in the general- mass variable-flavor-number scheme of Refs. [23,24]. The electroweak parameters and corrections relevant for the W and Z boson production processes are determined follow- ing the procedure described in Ref. [14], and the results are cross-checked between theFEWZ[19] and theDYNNLO[18]

programs. The HERAFITTER package uses the APPLGRID

code [25] interfaced to the MCFM program [26] for fast calculation of the differential W and Z boson cross sections at NLO and a K-factor technique to correct from NLO to NNLO predictions. The data are compared to the theory using the ²function defined in Refs. [27–29].

The evolution equations yield the PDFs at any value of Q²given that they are parametrized as functions of x at an initial scale Q²₀. In the present analysis, this scale is chosen to be Q²₀ ¼ 1:9 GeV² such that it is below the charm mass threshold m²_c. The heavy quark masses are chosen to be m_c ¼ 1:4 GeV and mb¼ 4:75 GeV. The strong coupling constant is fixed to _SðMZÞ ¼ 0:1176, as in Ref. [5]. A minimum Q² cut of Q²_min  7:5 GeV² is imposed on the HERA data.

The quark distributions at the initial scale are repre- sented by the generic form

xq_iðxÞ ¼ Aix^Bið1  xÞ^CiP_iðxÞ; (1) where P_iðxÞ denotes polynomials in powers of x. The parametrized quark distributions, xq_i, are chosen to be the valence quark distributions (xu_v, xd_v) and the light antiquark distributions (xu, x d, xs). The gluon distribution is parametrized with the more flexible form xgðxÞ ¼ A_gx^Bgð1  xÞ^CgP_gðxÞ  A⁰gx^B0gð1  xÞ^C0g, where C⁰_g is set to 25 to suppress negative contributions at high x. The parameters A_uvand A_dvare fixed using the quark counting rule and A_g using the momentum sum rule. The normal- ization and slope parameters, A and B, of u and d are set equal such that xu¼ x d at x ! 0. Terms are added in the polynomial expansion P_iðxÞ only if required by the data, following the procedure described in Ref. [5]. This leads to one additional term, P_uvðxÞ ¼ 1 þ Euvx².

Two types of NNLO fit, termed epWZ, are performed with different treatments of strangeness. First, the strange- quark distribution is fully coupled to the down sea quark distribution and suppressed by fixing s= d¼ 0:5 at the initial scale Q²₀ (‘‘fixed s fit’’) as suggested by Refs. [5,8–11]. In a second fit, xs is parametrized as in Eq. (1), with P_s¼ 1 and Bs¼ Bd, leaving two free strangeness parameters, A_sand C_s(‘‘frees fit’’). By default it is assumed that xs¼ xs.

Both fits result in good overall ²=N_DF values of 546:1=567 with 13 free parameters, for fixed s, and of 538:4=565 with 15 free parameters, for free s. For the fixed

s fit, the partial ² of the ATLAS data is 44.5 for 30 data points. This improves significantly to 33.9 for the fit with frees. This fit determines the value of rs¼0:5ðsþ sÞ= d to be

r_s¼ 1:00
0:20 exp
0:07mod^þ0:10_0:15par^þ0:06_0:07_S
0:08th;

(2) at Q²₀ and x¼ 0:023, the x value, which corresponds to x¼ 0:013 at Q² ¼ MZ² as a result of QCD evolution. The combined result is r_s¼ 1:00^þ0:25_0:28.

The uncertainty of r_s, Eq. (2), is dominated by the experimental (exp) uncertainty, which is mostly driven by the statistical and systematic uncertainties of the W and Z cross-section measurements. The model (mod) un- certainty includes effects due to variations (1:25 < mc<

1:55 GeV and 4:5 < mb< 5:0 GeV) of the charm and beauty quark masses following Ref. [30], of the minimum Q² cut value (5 < Q²_min< 10 GeV²), and the value of the starting scale (Q²₀ lowered to 1:5 GeV²). The largest con- tribution to the model uncertainty of
0:05 comes from the variation of the charm quark mass. The parametrization (par) uncertainty corresponds to the envelope of the results obtained with the polynomials P_i, in Eq. (1), extended by one or two terms, resulting in somewhat different parton distributions with similar ² as for the nominal fit. The parametrization uncertainty also includes a fit with B_sfree.

The _s uncertainty corresponds to a variation of _sðMZÞ from 0.114 to 0.121. Finally, a theoretical (th) uncertainty is assessed by comparing the DYNNLO and FEWZ predic- tions on the Z, W^þ, and W^fiducial cross sections, which agree at the level of 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0%, respectively. In addition, remaining missing pure electroweak corrections may alter the QCD predictions at the per-thousand level.

Both effects are well covered by an uncertainty of 1% on the W=Z cross-section ratio and this results in a theoretical uncertainty on r_sof 0.08.

The fits impose small shifts, typically much smaller than 1 standard deviation, on the correlated systematic uncer- tainties of the data. The global normalization is observed to be shifted upward for both fits by about the size of the luminosity measurement uncertainty. The W
and Z cross- section measurements are compared in Fig.1to the NNLO fit results, after these shifts are applied to the predictions.

Also shown are the ratios of the fits with free s and with fixed s. It is apparent that the enhanced strange-quark fraction in the free s fit has no significant effect on the prediction of the _ldistributions for both the W^þand W^ decay leptons, while it leads to an improvement in the prediction of the y_Z distribution. An improvement is also observed in the description of the ratio of the (W^þþ W^) to the Z boson cross sections in the fiducial phase space.

This is predicted to be 11.10 in the fit with fixed s, while

the measured value of 10:70
0:15 is almost exactly reproduced in the fit with free s, which gives a value of 10.74.

In order to check the robustness of the present result for r_s, a series of cross-checks is performed. A fit without allowing an adjustment of the correlated errors yields a value of r_s¼ 0:97
0:26 exp, in good agreement with Eq. (2). A fit with identical input parameters is repeated at NLO and also yields a consistent result: r_s¼ 1:03
0:19 exp. If this NLO fit is performed with a massless heavy quark treatment then r_s¼ 1:05
0:19 exp is ob- tained. In a separate NLO study, the constraint ðx u  x dÞ ! 0 for x ! 0 is relaxed. The x dðxÞ distribution is found to be consistent with xuðxÞ, albeit with large uncertainties ( 15% at x  0:01 and Q²₀). The fraction of strangeness is again consistent with unity, r_s¼ 0:96
0:25 exp. Finally the data are fitted, to NNLO, with sepa- rate strange and antistrange normalizations. The resulting value of r_s is consistent with unity and the ratio s=s is 0:93
0:15 exp at x ¼ 0:023 and Q² ¼ Q²₀.

W, Z cross-section measurements performed at the Tevatron may potentially have sensitivity to r_s similar to that of the ATLAS data. A NLO fit to the HERA with the CDF W asymmetry [31] and Z rapidity [32] data gives r_s¼ 0:66
0:29 exp at a mean x of about 0.081. This is con- sistent within uncertainties with both suppressed strange- ness and with the present result. A NLO fit to the combined HERA, ATLAS, and CDF data yields r_s¼ 0:95
0:17 exp.

The provision of the full differential cross sections for both W^þ, W^, and Z boson production, besides the ep cross sections, is essential for the determination of xs: if the ATLAS Z cross-section data are fitted together with the ATLAS W charge asymmetry data, rather than with the separate W^þ and W^ cross-section measurements, a less precise result is obtained with r_s¼ 0:92
0:31 exp.

In Fig. 2 the present result for r_s is compared with predictions obtained from four global PDF determinations.

The CT10 (NLO) [12] determination gives a large fraction consistent with the present result. On the other hand, the MSTW08 [8] and ABKM09 [9] determinations give a much lower value of r_s’ 0:5, and the NNPDF2.1 [10,11]

result of r_s’ 0:25 is even lower.

The enlarged fraction of the strange-quark sea leads to a decrease of the down and up quark sea densities at the initial scale Q²₀, because xs, x d, and xu are tied together at low x by the precise F₂ data. In compensation for the increase of xs, the x d and xu distributions are diminished by’ 10%. The total sea, x
, is correspondingly enhanced by’ 8%, as illustrated in Fig.3.

The result on r_s, Eq. (2), evolves to

r_s¼ 1:00
0:07exp
0:03mod^þ0:04_0:06par
0:02S
0:03th (3) at Q² ¼ M²Z and x¼ 0:013, corresponding to a value of r_sð0:013; M²ZÞ ¼ 1:00^þ0:09_0:10, which is more than twice as precise as at the initial scale Q²₀. Uncertainties are smaller at Q² ¼ MZ²because the gluon splitting probability into qq pairs is flavor independent, thus reducing any initial flavor asymmetries. This also causes r_sto increase from 0.5 at Q²₀ to a value of about 0.8 at Q²¼ M_Z² in the fixed s fit.

rs

-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

ABKM09 NNPDF2.1 MSTW08 CT10 (NLO) total uncertainty experimental uncertainty

ATLAS , x=0.023

= 1.9 GeV2

Q2 epWZ free s

FIG. 2 (color online). Predictions for the ratio r_s¼ 0:5ðs þ

sÞ= d, at Q²¼ 1:9 GeV², x¼ 0:023. Points: global fit results using the PDF uncertainties as quoted; bands: this analysis; inner band, experimental uncertainty; outer band, total uncertainty.

l| η

|

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

sfree/fixed

0.981 1.02

| [pb]lη/d|σd

500 550 600 650 700

L dt = 33-36 pb-1

∫

νl

l+ +→ W

= 7 TeV) s Data 2010 (

stat. uncertainty)

⊕ (uncorr. sys.

s epWZ fixed

s epWZ free

ATLAS

l| η

|

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

sfree/fixed

0.981 1.02

| [pb]lη/d|σd

350 400 450 500

L dt = 33-36 pb-1

∫

νl

l- -→ W

= 7 TeV) s Data 2010 (

stat. uncertainty)

⊕ (uncorr. sys.

s epWZ fixed

s epWZ free

ATLAS

Z|

|y 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

sfree/fixed

0.981 1.02

| [pb]Z/d|yσd

60 80 100 120 140

L dt = 33-36 pb-1

∫

l-

l+

→ Z

= 7 TeV) s Data 2010 (

stat. uncertainty)

⊕ (uncorr. sys.

s epWZ fixed

s epWZ free

ATLAS

FIG. 1 (color online). Differential d=dj‘^þj (left) and d=dj‘^j (middle) cross-section measurements for W ! ‘ and d=djyZj cross-section measurement for d=djyZj (right). The error bars represent the statistical and uncorrelated systematic uncertainties added in quadrature while the theoretical curves are adjusted to the correlated error shifts (see text). The NNLO fit results with free and fixed strangeness are also indicated, and their ratios are shown in the panels below the cross-section plots.

In summary, a NNLO pQCD analysis is presented of the first differential ATLAS W
, Z pp cross sections with HERA e
p data. The W, Z measurements introduce a novel sensitivity to the strange-quark density at x 0:01, which is exploited here. The ratio of the strange-to-down sea quark density is found to be r_s¼ 1:00^þ0:25_0:28, at Bjorken x¼ 0:023 and the initial scale of the QCD fit Q²₀ ¼ 1:9 GeV². This is consistent with the prediction that the light quark sea at low x is flavor symmetric. A consequence of this initial observation is that the total sea, x
¼ 2xð u þ dþ sÞ, is enhanced by about 8%, as compared to the result when the strange quark is suppressed to half the magnitude of the down sea quark.

We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. We ac- knowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil;

NSERC, NRC, and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST, and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR, and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF, DNSRC, and Lundbeck Foundation, Denmark; EPLANET and ERC, European Union; IN2P3- CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; GNAS, Georgia; BMBF, DFG, HGF, MPG, and AvH Foundation, Germany; GSRT, Greece; ISF, MINERVA, GIF, DIP, and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway;

MNiSW, Poland; GRICES and FCT, Portugal; MERYS (MECTS), Romania; MES of Russia and ROSATOM, Russian Federation; JINR; MSTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MVZT, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MICINN, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SER, SNSF, and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; NSC, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom;

DOE and NSF, United States of America. The crucial com- puting support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular, from CERN and the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (UK), and BNL (USA) and in the Tier-2 facilities worldwide.

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J. T. Baines,¹²⁸O. K. Baker,¹⁷⁴M. D. Baker,²⁴S. Baker,⁷⁶E. Banas,³⁸P. Banerjee,⁹²Sw. Banerjee,¹⁷¹D. Banfi,²⁹ A. Bangert,¹⁴⁹V. Bansal,¹⁶⁸H. S. Bansil,¹⁷L. Barak,¹⁷⁰S. P. Baranov,⁹³A. Barashkou,⁶⁴A. Barbaro Galtieri,¹⁴

T. Barber,⁴⁷E. L. Barberio,⁸⁵D. Barberis,^49a,49bM. Barbero,²⁰D. Y. Bardin,⁶⁴T. Barillari,⁹⁸M. Barisonzi,¹⁷³ T. Barklow,¹⁴²N. Barlow,²⁷B. M. Barnett,¹²⁸R. M. Barnett,¹⁴A. Baroncelli,^133aG. Barone,⁴⁸A. J. Barr,¹¹⁷ F. Barreiro,⁷⁹J. Barreiro Guimara˜es da Costa,⁵⁶P. Barrillon,¹¹⁴R. Bartoldus,¹⁴²A. E. Barton,⁷⁰V. Bartsch,¹⁴⁸ R. L. Bates,⁵²L. Batkova,^143aJ. R. Batley,²⁷A. Battaglia,¹⁶M. Battistin,²⁹F. Bauer,¹³⁵H. S. Bawa,^142,fS. Beale,⁹⁷

T. Beau,⁷⁷P. H. Beauchemin,¹⁶⁰R. Beccherle,^49aP. Bechtle,²⁰H. P. Beck,¹⁶S. Becker,⁹⁷M. Beckingham,¹³⁷ K. H. Becks,¹⁷³A. J. Beddall,^18cA. Beddall,^18cS. Bedikian,¹⁷⁴V. A. Bednyakov,⁶⁴C. P. Bee,⁸²M. Begel,²⁴

S. Behar Harpaz,¹⁵¹P. K. Behera,⁶²M. Beimforde,⁹⁸C. Belanger-Champagne,⁸⁴P. J. Bell,⁴⁸W. H. Bell,⁴⁸ G. Bella,¹⁵²L. Bellagamba,^19aF. Bellina,²⁹M. Bellomo,²⁹A. Belloni,⁵⁶O. Beloborodova,^106,gK. Belotskiy,⁹⁵ O. Beltramello,²⁹S. Ben Ami,¹⁵¹O. Benary,¹⁵²D. Benchekroun,^134aC. Benchouk,⁸²M. Bendel,⁸⁰N. Benekos,¹⁶⁴ Y. Benhammou,¹⁵²E. Benhar Noccioli,⁴⁸J. A. Benitez Garcia,^158bD. P. Benjamin,⁴⁴M. Benoit,¹¹⁴J. R. Bensinger,²² K. Benslama,¹²⁹S. Bentvelsen,¹⁰⁴D. Berge,²⁹E. Bergeaas Kuutmann,⁴¹N. Berger,⁴F. Berghaus,¹⁶⁸E. Berglund,¹⁰⁴ J. Beringer,¹⁴P. Bernat,⁷⁶R. Bernhard,⁴⁷C. Bernius,²⁴T. Berry,⁷⁵C. Bertella,⁸²A. Bertin,^19a,19bF. Bertinelli,²⁹ F. Bertolucci,^121a,121bM. I. Besana,^88a,88bN. Besson,¹³⁵S. Bethke,⁹⁸W. Bhimji,⁴⁵R. M. Bianchi,²⁹M. Bianco,^71a,71b

O. Biebel,⁹⁷S. P. Bieniek,⁷⁶K. Bierwagen,⁵³J. Biesiada,¹⁴M. Biglietti,^133aH. Bilokon,⁴⁶M. Bindi,^19a,19b S. Binet,¹¹⁴A. Bingul,^18cC. Bini,^131a,131bC. Biscarat,¹⁷⁶U. Bitenc,⁴⁷K. M. Black,²¹R. E. Blair,⁵J.-B. Blanchard,¹³⁵

G. Blanchot,²⁹T. Blazek,^143aC. Blocker,²²J. Blocki,³⁸A. Blondel,⁴⁸W. Blum,⁸⁰U. Blumenschein,⁵³ G. J. Bobbink,¹⁰⁴V. B. Bobrovnikov,¹⁰⁶S. S. Bocchetta,⁷⁸A. Bocci,⁴⁴C. R. Boddy,¹¹⁷M. Boehler,⁴¹J. Boek,¹⁷³

N. Boelaert,³⁵J. A. Bogaerts,²⁹A. Bogdanchikov,¹⁰⁶A. Bogouch,^89,aC. Bohm,^145aV. Boisvert,⁷⁵T. Bold,³⁷ V. Boldea,^25aN. M. Bolnet,¹³⁵M. Bona,⁷⁴V. G. Bondarenko,⁹⁵M. Bondioli,¹⁶²M. Boonekamp,¹³⁵C. N. Booth,¹³⁸

S. Bordoni,⁷⁷C. Borer,¹⁶A. Borisov,¹²⁷G. Borissov,⁷⁰I. Borjanovic,^12aM. Borri,⁸¹S. Borroni,⁸⁶

V. Bortolotto,^133a,133bK. Bos,¹⁰⁴D. Boscherini,^19aM. Bosman,¹¹H. Boterenbrood,¹⁰⁴D. Botterill,¹²⁸J. Bouchami,⁹² J. Boudreau,¹²²E. V. Bouhova-Thacker,⁷⁰D. Boumediene,³³C. Bourdarios,¹¹⁴N. Bousson,⁸²A. Boveia,³⁰J. Boyd,²⁹

I. R. Boyko,⁶⁴N. I. Bozhko,¹²⁷I. Bozovic-Jelisavcic,^12bJ. Bracinik,¹⁷A. Braem,²⁹P. Branchini,^133a

G. W. Brandenburg,⁵⁶A. Brandt,⁷G. Brandt,¹¹⁷O. Brandt,⁵³U. Bratzler,¹⁵⁵B. Brau,⁸³J. E. Brau,¹¹³H. M. Braun,¹⁷³ B. Brelier,¹⁵⁷J. Bremer,²⁹R. Brenner,¹⁶⁵S. Bressler,¹⁷⁰D. Britton,⁵²F. M. Brochu,²⁷I. Brock,²⁰R. Brock,⁸⁷ T. J. Brodbeck,⁷⁰E. Brodet,¹⁵²F. Broggi,^88aC. Bromberg,⁸⁷J. Bronner,⁹⁸G. Brooijmans,³⁴W. K. Brooks,^31b G. Brown,⁸¹H. Brown,⁷P. A. Bruckman de Renstrom,³⁸D. Bruncko,^143bR. Bruneliere,⁴⁷S. Brunet,⁶⁰A. Bruni,^19a

G. Bruni,^19aM. Bruschi,^19aT. Buanes,¹³Q. Buat,⁵⁴F. Bucci,⁴⁸J. Buchanan,¹¹⁷N. J. Buchanan,²P. Buchholz,¹⁴⁰ R. M. Buckingham,¹¹⁷A. G. Buckley,⁴⁵S. I. Buda,^25aI. A. Budagov,⁶⁴B. Budick,¹⁰⁷V. Bu¨scher,⁸⁰L. Bugge,¹¹⁶

O. Bulekov,⁹⁵M. Bunse,⁴²T. Buran,¹¹⁶H. Burckhart,²⁹S. Burdin,⁷²T. Burgess,¹³S. Burke,¹²⁸E. Busato,³³ P. Bussey,⁵²C. P. Buszello,¹⁶⁵F. Butin,²⁹B. Butler,¹⁴²J. M. Butler,²¹C. M. Buttar,⁵²J. M. Butterworth,⁷⁶ W. Buttinger,²⁷S. Cabrera Urba´n,¹⁶⁶D. Caforio,^19a,19bO. Cakir,^3aP. Calafiura,¹⁴G. Calderini,⁷⁷P. Calfayan,⁹⁷ R. Calkins,¹⁰⁵L. P. Caloba,^23aR. Caloi,^131a,131bD. Calvet,³³S. Calvet,³³R. Camacho Toro,³³P. Camarri,^132a,132b

M. Cambiaghi,^118a,118bD. Cameron,¹¹⁶L. M. Caminada,¹⁴S. Campana,²⁹M. Campanelli,⁷⁶V. Canale,^101a,101b F. Canelli,^30,iiA. Canepa,^158aJ. Cantero,⁷⁹L. Capasso,^101a,101bM. D. M. Capeans Garrido,²⁹I. Caprini,^25a M. Caprini,^25aD. Capriotti,⁹⁸M. Capua,^36a,36bR. Caputo,⁸⁰C. Caramarcu,²⁴R. Cardarelli,^132aT. Carli,²⁹ G. Carlino,^101aL. Carminati,^88a,88bB. Caron,⁸⁴S. Caron,¹⁰³G. D. Carrillo Montoya,¹⁷¹A. A. Carter,⁷⁴J. R. Carter,²⁷

J. Carvalho,^123a,hD. Casadei,¹⁰⁷M. P. Casado,¹¹M. Cascella,^121a,121bC. Caso,^49a,49b,a

A. M. Castaneda Hernandez,¹⁷¹E. Castaneda-Miranda,¹⁷¹V. Castillo Gimenez,¹⁶⁶N. F. Castro,^123aG. Cataldi,^71a F. Cataneo,²⁹A. Catinaccio,²⁹J. R. Catmore,²⁹A. Cattai,²⁹G. Cattani,^132a,132bS. Caughron,⁸⁷D. Cauz,^163a,163c

P. Cavalleri,⁷⁷D. Cavalli,^88aM. Cavalli-Sforza,¹¹V. Cavasinni,^121a,121bF. Ceradini,^133a,133bA. S. Cerqueira,^23b A. Cerri,²⁹L. Cerrito,⁷⁴F. Cerutti,⁴⁶S. A. Cetin,^18bF. Cevenini,^101a,101bA. Chafaq,^134aD. Chakraborty,¹⁰⁵K. Chan,²

B. Chapleau,⁸⁴J. D. Chapman,²⁷J. W. Chapman,⁸⁶E. Chareyre,⁷⁷D. G. Charlton,¹⁷V. Chavda,⁸¹

C. A. Chavez Barajas,²⁹S. Cheatham,⁸⁴S. Chekanov,⁵S. V. Chekulaev,^158aG. A. Chelkov,⁶⁴M. A. Chelstowska,¹⁰³ C. Chen,⁶³H. Chen,²⁴S. Chen,^32cT. Chen,^32cX. Chen,¹⁷¹S. Cheng,^32aA. Cheplakov,⁶⁴V. F. Chepurnov,⁶⁴ R. Cherkaoui El Moursli,^134eV. Chernyatin,²⁴E. Cheu,⁶S. L. Cheung,¹⁵⁷L. Chevalier,¹³⁵G. Chiefari,^101a,101b

L. Chikovani,^50aJ. T. Childers,²⁹A. Chilingarov,⁷⁰G. Chiodini,^71aA. S. Chisholm,¹⁷M. V. Chizhov,⁶⁴ G. Choudalakis,³⁰S. Chouridou,¹³⁶I. A. Christidi,⁷⁶A. Christov,⁴⁷D. Chromek-Burckhart,²⁹M. L. Chu,¹⁵⁰ J. Chudoba,¹²⁴G. Ciapetti,^131a,131bK. Ciba,³⁷A. K. Ciftci,^3aR. Ciftci,^3aD. Cinca,³³V. Cindro,⁷³M. D. Ciobotaru,¹⁶²

C. Ciocca,^19aA. Ciocio,¹⁴M. Cirilli,⁸⁶M. Citterio,^88aM. Ciubancan,^25aA. Clark,⁴⁸P. J. Clark,⁴⁵W. Cleland,¹²² J. C. Clemens,⁸²B. Clement,⁵⁴C. Clement,^145a,145bR. W. Clifft,¹²⁸Y. Coadou,⁸²M. Cobal,^163a,163cA. Coccaro,¹⁷¹ J. Cochran,⁶³P. Coe,¹¹⁷J. G. Cogan,¹⁴²J. Coggeshall,¹⁶⁴E. Cogneras,¹⁷⁶J. Colas,⁴A. P. Colijn,¹⁰⁴N. J. Collins,¹⁷ C. Collins-Tooth,⁵²J. Collot,⁵⁴G. Colon,⁸³P. Conde Muin˜o,^123aE. Coniavitis,¹¹⁷M. C. Conidi,¹¹M. Consonni,¹⁰³ V. Consorti,⁴⁷S. Constantinescu,^25aC. Conta,^118a,118bF. Conventi,^101a,iJ. Cook,²⁹M. Cooke,¹⁴B. D. Cooper,⁷⁶

A. M. Cooper-Sarkar,¹¹⁷K. Copic,¹⁴T. Cornelissen,¹⁷³M. Corradi,^19aF. Corriveau,^84,jA. Cortes-Gonzalez,¹⁶⁴ G. Cortiana,⁹⁸G. Costa,^88aM. J. Costa,¹⁶⁶D. Costanzo,¹³⁸T. Costin,³⁰D. Coˆte´,²⁹R. Coura Torres,^23a L. Courneyea,¹⁶⁸G. Cowan,⁷⁵C. Cowden,²⁷B. E. Cox,⁸¹K. Cranmer,¹⁰⁷F. Crescioli,^121a,121bM. Cristinziani,²⁰

G. Crosetti,^36a,36bR. Crupi,^71a,71bS. Cre´pe´-Renaudin,⁵⁴C.-M. Cuciuc,^25aC. Cuenca Almenar,¹⁷⁴ T. Cuhadar Donszelmann,¹³⁸M. Curatolo,⁴⁶C. J. Curtis,¹⁷C. Cuthbert,¹⁴⁹P. Cwetanski,⁶⁰H. Czirr,¹⁴⁰ P. Czodrowski,⁴³Z. Czyczula,¹⁷⁴S. D’Auria,⁵²M. D’Onofrio,⁷²A. D’Orazio,^131a,131bP. V. M. Da Silva,^23a

C. Da Via,⁸¹W. Dabrowski,³⁷T. Dai,⁸⁶C. Dallapiccola,⁸³M. Dam,³⁵M. Dameri,^49a,49bD. S. Damiani,¹³⁶ H. O. Danielsson,²⁹D. Dannheim,⁹⁸V. Dao,⁴⁸G. Darbo,^49aG. L. Darlea,^25bW. Davey,²⁰T. Davidek,¹²⁵ N. Davidson,⁸⁵R. Davidson,⁷⁰E. Davies,^117,dM. Davies,⁹²A. R. Davison,⁷⁶Y. Davygora,^57aE. Dawe,¹⁴¹ I. Dawson,¹³⁸J. W. Dawson,^5,aR. K. Daya-Ishmukhametova,²²K. De,⁷R. de Asmundis,^101aS. De Castro,^19a,19b P. E. De Castro Faria Salgado,²⁴S. De Cecco,⁷⁷J. de Graat,⁹⁷N. De Groot,¹⁰³P. de Jong,¹⁰⁴C. De La Taille,¹¹⁴

H. De la Torre,⁷⁹B. De Lotto,^163a,163cL. de Mora,⁷⁰L. De Nooij,¹⁰⁴D. De Pedis,^131aA. De Salvo,^131a U. De Sanctis,^163a,163cA. De Santo,¹⁴⁸J. B. De Vivie De Regie,¹¹⁴S. Dean,⁷⁶W. J. Dearnaley,⁷⁰R. Debbe,²⁴

C. Debenedetti,⁴⁵D. V. Dedovich,⁶⁴J. Degenhardt,¹¹⁹M. Dehchar,¹¹⁷C. Del Papa,^163a,163cJ. Del Peso,⁷⁹ T. Del Prete,^121a,121bT. Delemontex,⁵⁴M. Deliyergiyev,⁷³A. Dell’Acqua,²⁹L. Dell’Asta,²¹M. Della Pietra,^101a,i D. della Volpe,^101a,101bM. Delmastro,⁴N. Delruelle,²⁹P. A. Delsart,⁵⁴C. Deluca,¹⁴⁷S. Demers,¹⁷⁴M. Demichev,⁶⁴

B. Demirkoz,^11,kJ. Deng,¹⁶²S. P. Denisov,¹²⁷D. Derendarz,³⁸J. E. Derkaoui,^134dF. Derue,⁷⁷P. Dervan,⁷² K. Desch,²⁰E. Devetak,¹⁴⁷P. O. Deviveiros,¹⁰⁴A. Dewhurst,¹²⁸B. DeWilde,¹⁴⁷S. Dhaliwal,¹⁵⁷R. Dhullipudi,^24,l A. Di Ciaccio,^132a,132bL. Di Ciaccio,⁴A. Di Girolamo,²⁹B. Di Girolamo,²⁹S. Di Luise,^133a,133bA. Di Mattia,¹⁷¹ B. Di Micco,²⁹R. Di Nardo,⁴⁶A. Di Simone,^132a,132bR. Di Sipio,^19a,19bM. A. Diaz,^31aF. Diblen,^18cE. B. Diehl,⁸⁶

J. Dietrich,⁴¹T. A. Dietzsch,^57aS. Diglio,⁸⁵K. Dindar Yagci,³⁹J. Dingfelder,²⁰C. Dionisi,^131a,131bP. Dita,^25a S. Dita,^25aF. Dittus,²⁹F. Djama,⁸²T. Djobava,^50bM. A. B. do Vale,^23cA. Do Valle Wemans,^123aT. K. O. Doan,⁴

M. Dobbs,⁸⁴R. Dobinson,^29,aD. Dobos,²⁹E. Dobson,^29,mJ. Dodd,³⁴C. Doglioni,⁴⁸T. Doherty,⁵²Y. Doi,^65,a J. Dolejsi,¹²⁵I. Dolenc,⁷³Z. Dolezal,¹²⁵B. A. Dolgoshein,^95,aT. Dohmae,¹⁵⁴M. Donadelli,^23dM. Donega,¹¹⁹ J. Donini,³³J. Dopke,²⁹A. Doria,^101aA. Dos Anjos,¹⁷¹M. Dosil,¹¹A. Dotti,^121a,121bM. T. Dova,⁶⁹J. D. Dowell,¹⁷

A. D. Doxiadis,¹⁰⁴A. T. Doyle,⁵²Z. Drasal,¹²⁵J. Drees,¹⁷³N. Dressnandt,¹¹⁹H. Drevermann,²⁹C. Driouichi,³⁵ M. Dris,⁹J. Dubbert,⁹⁸S. Dube,¹⁴E. Duchovni,¹⁷⁰G. Duckeck,⁹⁷A. Dudarev,²⁹F. Dudziak,⁶³M. Du¨hrssen,²⁹ I. P. Duerdoth,⁸¹L. Duflot,¹¹⁴M-A. Dufour,⁸⁴M. Dunford,²⁹H. Duran Yildiz,^3aR. Duxfield,¹³⁸M. Dwuznik,³⁷

F. Dydak,²⁹M. Du¨ren,⁵¹W. L. Ebenstein,⁴⁴J. Ebke,⁹⁷S. Eckweiler,⁸⁰K. Edmonds,⁸⁰C. A. Edwards,⁷⁵ N. C. Edwards,⁵²W. Ehrenfeld,⁴¹T. Ehrich,⁹⁸T. Eifert,¹⁴²G. Eigen,¹³K. Einsweiler,¹⁴E. Eisenhandler,⁷⁴ T. Ekelof,¹⁶⁵M. El Kacimi,^134cM. Ellert,¹⁶⁵S. Elles,⁴F. Ellinghaus,⁸⁰K. Ellis,⁷⁴N. Ellis,²⁹J. Elmsheuser,⁹⁷ M. Elsing,²⁹D. Emeliyanov,¹²⁸R. Engelmann,¹⁴⁷A. Engl,⁹⁷B. Epp,⁶¹A. Eppig,⁸⁶J. Erdmann,⁵³A. Ereditato,¹⁶

D. Eriksson,^145aJ. Ernst,¹M. Ernst,²⁴J. Ernwein,¹³⁵D. Errede,¹⁶⁴S. Errede,¹⁶⁴E. Ertel,⁸⁰M. Escalier,¹¹⁴ C. Escobar,¹²²X. Espinal Curull,¹¹B. Esposito,⁴⁶F. Etienne,⁸²A. I. Etienvre,¹³⁵E. Etzion,¹⁵²D. Evangelakou,⁵³

H. Evans,⁶⁰L. Fabbri,^19a,19bC. Fabre,²⁹R. M. Fakhrutdinov,¹²⁷S. Falciano,^131aY. Fang,¹⁷¹M. Fanti,^88a,88b A. Farbin,⁷A. Farilla,^133aJ. Farley,¹⁴⁷T. Farooque,¹⁵⁷S. M. Farrington,¹¹⁷P. Farthouat,²⁹P. Fassnacht,²⁹ D. Fassouliotis,⁸B. Fatholahzadeh,¹⁵⁷A. Favareto,^88a,88bL. Fayard,¹¹⁴S. Fazio,^36a,36bR. Febbraro,³³P. Federic,^143a

O. L. Fedin,¹²⁰W. Fedorko,⁸⁷M. Fehling-Kaschek,⁴⁷L. Feligioni,⁸²D. Fellmann,⁵C. Feng,^32dE. J. Feng,³⁰ A. B. Fenyuk,¹²⁷J. Ferencei,^143bJ. Ferland,⁹²W. Fernando,¹⁰⁸S. Ferrag,⁵²J. Ferrando,⁵²V. Ferrara,⁴¹A. Ferrari,¹⁶⁵

P. Ferrari,¹⁰⁴R. Ferrari,^118aD. E. Ferreira de Lima,⁵²A. Ferrer,¹⁶⁶M. L. Ferrer,⁴⁶D. Ferrere,⁴⁸C. Ferretti,⁸⁶ A. Ferretto Parodi,^49a,49bM. Fiascaris,³⁰F. Fiedler,⁸⁰A. Filipcˇicˇ,⁷³A. Filippas,⁹F. Filthaut,¹⁰³M. Fincke-Keeler,¹⁶⁸ M. C. N. Fiolhais,^123a,hL. Fiorini,¹⁶⁶A. Firan,³⁹G. Fischer,⁴¹P. Fischer,²⁰M. J. Fisher,¹⁰⁸M. Flechl,⁴⁷I. Fleck,¹⁴⁰

J. Fleckner,⁸⁰P. Fleischmann,¹⁷²S. Fleischmann,¹⁷³T. Flick,¹⁷³A. Floderus,⁷⁸L. R. Flores Castillo,¹⁷¹ M. J. Flowerdew,⁹⁸M. Fokitis,⁹T. Fonseca Martin,¹⁶D. A. Forbush,¹³⁷A. Formica,¹³⁵A. Forti,⁸¹D. Fortin,^158a

J. M. Foster,⁸¹D. Fournier,¹¹⁴A. Foussat,²⁹A. J. Fowler,⁴⁴K. Fowler,¹³⁶H. Fox,⁷⁰P. Francavilla,¹¹ S. Franchino,^118a,118bD. Francis,²⁹T. Frank,¹⁷⁰M. Franklin,⁵⁶S. Franz,²⁹M. Fraternali,^118a,118bS. Fratina,¹¹⁹ S. T. French,²⁷F. Friedrich,⁴³R. Froeschl,²⁹D. Froidevaux,²⁹J. A. Frost,²⁷C. Fukunaga,¹⁵⁵E. Fullana Torregrosa,²⁹ J. Fuster,¹⁶⁶C. Gabaldon,²⁹O. Gabizon,¹⁷⁰T. Gadfort,²⁴S. Gadomski,⁴⁸G. Gagliardi,^49a,49bP. Gagnon,⁶⁰C. Galea,⁹⁷

E. J. Gallas,¹¹⁷V. Gallo,¹⁶B. J. Gallop,¹²⁸P. Gallus,¹²⁴K. K. Gan,¹⁰⁸Y. S. Gao,^142,fV. A. Gapienko,¹²⁷ A. Gaponenko,¹⁴F. Garberson,¹⁷⁴M. Garcia-Sciveres,¹⁴C. Garcı´a,¹⁶⁶J. E. Garcı´a Navarro,¹⁶⁶R. W. Gardner,³⁰ N. Garelli,²⁹H. Garitaonandia,¹⁰⁴V. Garonne,²⁹J. Garvey,¹⁷C. Gatti,⁴⁶G. Gaudio,^118aB. Gaur,¹⁴⁰L. Gauthier,¹³⁵ I. L. Gavrilenko,⁹³C. Gay,¹⁶⁷G. Gaycken,²⁰J-C. Gayde,²⁹E. N. Gazis,⁹P. Ge,^32dC. N. P. Gee,¹²⁸D. A. A. Geerts,¹⁰⁴

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