Observation of a new $\chi_{b}$ state in radiative transitions to $\Upsilon$ (1S) and $\Upsilon$ (2S) at ATLAS

Observation of a New

State in Radiative Transitions to
ð1SÞ and
ð2SÞ at ATLAS

G. Aad et al.*

(ATLAS Collaboration)

(Received 21 December 2011; revised manuscript received 18 February 2012; published 9 April 2012) The
_bðnPÞ quarkonium states are produced in proton-proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider at ffiffiffis

p ¼ 7 TeV and recorded by the ATLAS detector. Using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4:4 fb
¹, these states are reconstructed through their radiative decays to
ð1S; 2SÞ with

! ^þ
. In addition to the mass peaks corresponding to the decay modes
_bð1P; 2PÞ !
ð1SÞ, a new structure centered at a mass of 10:530  0:005ðstatÞ  0:009ðsystÞ GeV is also observed, in both the

ð1SÞ and
ð2SÞ decay modes. This structure is interpreted as the
_bð3PÞ system.

DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.152001 PACS numbers: 14.40.Pq, 12.38.
t, 13.20.Gd, 14.65.Fy

Measurements of the properties of heavy quark-antiquark bound states, or quarkonia, provide a unique insight into the nature of quantum chromodynamics close to the strong decay threshold. For theb b system, the quarkonium states with parallel quark spins (s ¼ 1) include the S-wave
and the P-wave
b states, where the latter each comprise a closely spaced triplet ofJ ¼ 0; 1; 2 spin states:
b0,
b1, and
b2. The
bð1PÞ and
bð2PÞ, with spin-weighted mass barycenters of 9.90 and 10.26 GeV, respectively, can be readily produced in the radiative decays of
ð2SÞ and

ð3SÞ and have been studied experimentally [1].

In this Letter,
_b quarkonium states are reconstructed with the ATLAS detector through the radiative decay modes
_bðnPÞ !
ð1SÞ and
_bðnPÞ !
ð2SÞ, in which
ð1S; 2SÞ ! ^þ
and the photon is reconstructed either through conversion toe^þe
or by direct calorimetric measurement. Previous experiments have measured the

_bð1PÞ and
_bð2PÞ through these decay modes [2]. The

_bð3PÞ state has not previously been observed. It is pre- dicted to have an average mass of approximately 10.52 GeV, with hyperfine mass splitting between the triplet states of 10–20 MeV [3,4].

The ATLAS detector [5] is a general-purpose particle physics detector with a forward-backward symmetric cy- lindrical geometry and near 4 coverage in solid angle.

The inner tracking detector (ID) consists of a silicon pixel detector, a silicon microstrip detector, and a transition radiation tracker. The ID is surrounded by a thin super- conducting solenoid providing a 2 T magnetic field and by high-granularity liquid-argon sampling electromagnetic calorimeters. An iron-scintillator tile calorimeter provides hadronic coverage in the central rapidity range. The end cap and forward regions are instrumented with

liquid-argon calorimeters for both electromagnetic and hadronic measurements. The muon spectrometer surrounds the calorimeters and consists of a system of precision tracking chambers and detectors for triggering, inside a toroidal magnetic field.

The data sample used for this measurement was re- corded by the ATLAS experiment during the 2011 LHC proton-proton collision run at a center-of-mass energyffiffiffi ps

¼ 7 TeV. The integrated luminosity of the data sam- ple, which includes only data-taking periods where all relevant detector subsystems were operational, is 4:4 fb
¹. A set of muon triggers designed to select events containing muon pairs or single high transverse momen- tum muons was used to collect the data sample.

In this analysis, each muon candidate must satisfy stan- dard muon quality requirements [6]. It must have a track, reconstructed in the muon spectrometer, combined with a track reconstructed in the ID with transverse momentum pT> 4 GeV and pseudorapidity jj < 2:3. The dimuon selection requires a pair of oppositely charged muons, which are fitted to a common vertex. A very loose vertex quality requirement [
² per degree of freedom (d.o.f.)

<20] is used and no mass or momentum constraints are applied to the fit. The dimuon candidate is also required to have p_T> 12 GeV and rapidity jyj < 2:0. The invariant mass distribution,m_, of dimuon candidates is shown in Fig.1. Those candidates with masses in the ranges 9:25 <

m_< 9:65 GeV and 9:80 < m_< 10:10 GeV are se- lected as
ð1SÞ ! ^þ
and
ð2SÞ ! ^þ
candi- dates, respectively. The asymmetric mass window (evident from Fig. 1) for
ð2SÞ candidates is chosen in order to reduce contamination from the
ð3SÞ peak and continuum background contributions.

The reconstruction of photons in ATLAS is described in Ref. [7]. Further details related to this particular analysis are described below.

Converted photons are reconstructed from two oppo- sitely charged ID tracks intersecting at a conversion vertex, with the opening angle between the two tracks at this vertex constrained to be zero. For tracks with signals in

*Full author list given at the end of the article.

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Further distri- bution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.

the transition radiation tracker, the transition radiation should be consistent with an electron hypothesis. In order to be reliably reconstructed, each conversion electron track must have a minimum transverse momentum of 500 MeV.

It is also required to have at least four silicon detector hits and not to be associated to either of the two muon candi- dates. To reduce background contamination, the conver- sion candidate vertex is required to be at least 40 mm from the beam axis and have a vertex
² probability of greater than 0.01. The converted photon impact parameter with respect to the dimuon vertex is required to be less than 2 mm.

Electromagnetic calorimeter energy deposits not matched to any track are classified as unconverted photons.

This analysis uses the ‘‘loose’’ photon selection described in Ref. [7], with a minimum photon transverse energy of 2.5 GeV. The loose photon selection includes a limit on the fraction of the energy deposit in the hadronic calorimeter as well as a requirement that the transverse width of the shower be consistent with the narrow shape expected for an electromagnetic shower.

To check that an unconverted photon originates from the same vertex as the
, and to improve the mass resolution of the reconstructed
_b, the polar angle of the photon is corrected using the procedure described in Ref. [8]. The corrected polar angle is determined using the measurement of the photon direction from the longitudinal segmentation of the calorimeter and the constraint from the dimuon vertex position. Photons incompatible with having origi- nated from the dimuon vertex are rejected by means of a loose cut on the fit result (
² per d.o.f.<200).

The converted (unconverted) photon candidates are re- quired to be withinjj < 2:30 (2.37). Unconverted photons must also be outside the transition region between the barrel and the end cap calorimeters, 1:37 < jj < 1:52.

The
b candidates are formed by associating a recon- structed
! ^þ
candidate with a reconstructed

photon. The invariant mass difference m ¼ mð^þ
Þ
mð^þ
Þ is calculated to minimize the effect of
! ^þ
mass resolution. In order to compare the m distributions of both
_bðnPÞ !
ð1SÞ and

bðnPÞ !
ð2SÞ decays, the variable ~mk¼ m þ m
_ðkSÞ is defined, where m
_ðkSÞ are the world average masses [9] of the
ðkSÞ states. Requirements of p_Tð^þ
Þ > 20 GeV and p_Tð^þ
Þ > 12 GeV are ap- plied to
candidates with unconverted and converted photon candidates, respectively. These thresholds are

) [GeV]

µ-

µ+

m(

8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0

/ (50 MeV)3 10× Dimuon candidates

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

80 ATLAS

A B

L dt = 4.4 fb-1

∫

Data

(1S) selection A -

(2S) selection B -

FIG. 1 (color online). The invariant mass of selected dimuon candidates. The shaded regionsA and B show the selections for

ð1SÞ and
ð2SÞ candidates, respectively.

[GeV]

) + m(1S) + -

) - m(

-

m( +

9.6 9.8 10.0 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.8

Candidates / (25 MeV)-+

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

70 ATLAS

Ldt = 4.4 fb-1

Unconverted Photons

Data Fit Background

(a)

(b)

[GeV]

S) k

) + m( + -

) - m(

-

m( +

9.6 9.8 10.0 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.8

Candidates / (25 MeV)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

220 ATLAS Fit to (1S) (2S) Fit to

(1S) Background to

(2S) Background to (1S)

Data:

(2S) Data:

Converted Photons Ldt = 4.4 fb-1

FIG. 2 (color online). (a) The mass distribution of
b !

ð1SÞ candidates for unconverted photons reconstructed from energy deposits in the electromagnetic calorimeter (
²_fit=d:o:f: ¼ 0:85). (b) The mass distributions of
_b!
ðkSÞ (k ¼ 1, 2) candidates formed using photons which have converted and been reconstructed in the ID (
²_fit=d:o:f: ¼ 1:3). Data are shown before the correction for the energy loss from the photon conversion electrons due to bremsstrahlung and other processes.

The data for decays of
_b!
ð1SÞ and
_b!
ð2SÞ are plotted using circles and triangles, respectively. Solid lines represent the total fit result for each mass window. The dashed lines represent the background components only.

chosen in order to optimize signal significance in the

_bð1P; 2PÞ peaks.

Figure 2(a) shows the ~m1 distribution for unconverted photons and Fig.2(b) shows the ~m1 and ~m2 distributions for converted photons. In addition to the expected peaks for

_bð1P; 2PÞ !
ð1S; 2SÞ, structures are observed at an invariant mass of approximately 10.5 GeV. These addi- tional structures are interpreted as the radiative decays of the previously unobserved
bð3PÞ states,
bð3PÞ !

ð1SÞ and
bð3PÞ !
ð2SÞ.

Separate fits are performed to the ~mkdistributions of the selected^þ
 candidates reconstructed from converted and unconverted photons to extract mass information from the observed
_bð3PÞ signals. The higher threshold for unconverted photons (2.5 GeV, versus 1 GeV for converted photons) prevents the reconstruction of the soft photons from
_bð2P; 3PÞ decays into
ð2SÞ.

An unbinned extended maximum likelihood fit is per- formed to the ~m1¼ m þ m
_ð1SÞ distribution of the se- lected unconverted^þ
 candidates. The three peaks in the distribution are each modeled by a Gaussian probabil- ity density function (PDF) with an independent normaliza- tion parameter N_n, mean value m_n, and width parameter

_n. The background distribution is parametrized by the PDFN_BexpðAm þ Bm
²Þ where N_B,A, and B are all free parameters. The three mean values m_n¼1;2;3 deter- mined by the fit are shown in Table I. The mean value m3 is an estimate of the mass barycenter of the observed

_bð3PÞ signal.

Likewise, the m~1¼ m þ m
_ð1SÞ and m~2 ¼

m þ m
_ð2SÞdistributions for the sample of^þ
 can- didates reconstructed from converted photons are fitted using an unbinned extended maximum likelihood method.

A simultaneous fit is performed on the ~m1 and ~m2 distri- butions for the
_bðnPÞ !
ð1SÞ (for n ¼ 1; 2; 3) and

_bðnPÞ !
ð2SÞ (for n ¼ 2; 3 only) signals, with the distributions modeled by three signal components [two of which are shared between the
ð1SÞ and
ð2SÞ distribu- tions] and two background distributions.

In the m distribution for the converted photon candi- dates the typical mass resolution is found to be in the range 16–20 MeV, of similar magnitude to the hyperfine split- tings, motivating the need for multiple signal components for each of the
bðnPÞ peaks. For n ¼ 1; 2, the radiative branching fractions of theJ ¼ 0 states are suppressed with

respect to the J ¼ 1; 2 states [9] and therefore a J ¼ 0 component is not included in the fit. Similar behavior is assumed for then ¼ 3 case. Each of the three peaks (n ¼ 1; 2; 3) is therefore parametrized by a doublet of Crystal Ball (CB) [10] functions (corresponding toJ ¼ 1; 2 states) with resolution and radiative tail parameters common to all peaks. Forn ¼ 1 and n ¼ 2, the peak mass values and hyperfine splittings are fixed to the world averages [9] for the respective
_b states (see Table I). For n ¼ 3, the hyperfine mass splitting is fixed to the theoretically pre- dicted value of 12 MeV [4], while the average mass is left as a free parameter. The unknown relative normalization of the J ¼ 1 and J ¼ 2 CB peaks is taken to be equal and treated as a systematic uncertainty (for all doublets) for the baseline fit.

In order to take into account energy loss from the photon conversion electrons due to bremsstrahlung and other pro- cesses, the measured values of m in the ~m1 and ~m2

distributions are scaled by a common parameter  ¼ 0:961  0:003, which determines the energy scale and is derived from the fit to the
bð1P; 2PÞ signals. The back- ground components of the m distributions for the
ð1SÞ

and
ð2SÞ final states are each modeled by the PDF N^k_Bðm
q⁰_kÞ^Akexp½Bkðm
q⁰_kÞ for m > q⁰_k, and zero otherwise, where N_B^k, q⁰_k, A_k, and B_k (k ¼ 1; 2) are all free parameters. The mean value m3 determined by the fit is shown in TableI.

In the fit using unconverted photons, the signal is refitted using an alternative (two Gaussians) model for each of the three
bstates, resulting in a negligible change in the peak positions. Alternative fits to the background are also used, either including constraints on the m distribution using dimuon pairs from the low-mass (8:0 GeV < m<

8:8 GeV) sideband or different background PDFs. The systematic uncertainty on the
_bð3PÞ mass barycenter from the modeling of the background distribution is deter- mined to be 21 MeV. The systematic uncertainty asso- ciated with the unconverted photon energy scale is estimated to be 2% on the m position, corresponding to a systematic uncertainty on m3 of 22 MeV. The un- certainties due to background modeling and photon energy scale comprise the dominant sources of systematic uncertainty.

For the fit using converted photons, alternative signal and background models are compared, and various TABLE I. The fitted mass of the
_bðnPÞ signals for both converted and unconverted photons. The systematic uncertainty on the mass of candidates reconstructed with unconverted photons is determined in the same way for all three states. Also included are theoretical predictions [3,4] for the spin-averaged masses of the
_b states.

State Model predictions [3,4] [MeV]

Fitted masses [MeV]

Unconverted photons Converted photons

_bð1PÞ 9900 9910 6ðstatÞ  11ðsystÞ Fixed to
_b1¼ 9892:78 and
_b2¼ 9912:21 [9]

_bð2PÞ 10 260 10 246 5ðstatÞ  18ðsystÞ Fixed to
_b1¼ 10 255:46 and
_b2 ¼ 10 268:65 [9]

_bð3PÞ 10 525 10 541 11ðstatÞ  30ðsystÞ 10 530 5ðstatÞ  9ðsystÞ

constraints in the fit model are also released. The unknown relative normalizations of theJ ¼ 1 and J ¼ 2 CB peaks are varied both coherently and incoherently between the 1P, 2P, and 3P doublets by 0:25, resulting in a maximum variation in m3 of 5 MeV. Smaller variations are ob- tained if the common value of the relative normalization is allowed to be determined freely by the fit to the three doublets. Background modeling variations, decoupled fits to the ~m1 and ~m2 distributions, and individually released constraints on the mass position of then ¼ 1; 2 doublets each result in deviations of the order of 5 MeV or smaller. Furthermore, if the constraints on the masses of then ¼ 1; 2 peaks are released, the values obtained from the fit are consistent with expectations [9], within statistical errors and uncertainty in the relative contributions from J ¼ 1 and J ¼ 2 states. The effect of symmetrizing the

ð2SÞ mass window is studied and found to have a negli- gible effect on the fitted
_bmasses while increasing back- ground contamination. The resulting shifts in m3 for these independent variations are added in quadrature to provide an estimate of the systematic uncertainty.

The
bð3PÞ signal significance is assessed from logðLmax=L0Þ, where LmaxandL0are the likelihood values from the nominal fit and from a fit with no
bð3PÞ signal included, respectively. The fit is repeated with each of the systematic variations in the model, as discussed above, and the likelihood ratio reevaluated. The significance of the

_bð3PÞ signal is found to be in excess of 6 standard deviations in each of the unconverted and converted photon selections independently.

The mass barycenter for the
_bð3PÞ signal, determined from the fit using unconverted photon candidates is

m 3¼ 10:541  0:011ðstatÞ  0:030ðsystÞ GeV:

The mass barycenter for the
_bð3PÞ signal, determined from the fit using converted photon candidates is

m 3¼ 10:530  0:005ðstatÞ  0:009ðsystÞ GeV:

The measured mass barycenters of the
bð1PÞ,
bð2PÞ, and
bð3PÞ systems are summarized in TableI. The results of the converted and unconverted photon analyses for the

_bð3PÞ are found to be compatible. Given the substantially smaller systematic uncertainties in the conversion mea- surement, the final mass determination for m3 is quoted solely on the basis of this analysis.

In conclusion, the production of the heavy quarkonium states
_bðnPÞ in proton-proton collisions at ffiffiffi

ps

¼ 7 TeV is observed through the reconstruction of the radiative decay modes of
_bðnPÞ !
ð1S; 2SÞ. Mass peaks correspond- ing to
bð1P; 2PÞ decays are observed, together with addi- tional structures at higher mass, which are consistent with theoretical predictions for
bð3PÞ !
ð1SÞ and

bð3PÞ !
ð2SÞ. These observations are interpreted as the
bð3PÞ multiplet, the mass barycenter of which is measured to be 10:530  0:005ðstatÞ  0:009ðsystÞ GeV.

We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently.

We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina;

YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWF, Austria;

ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC, and CFI, Canada; CERN;

CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST, and NSFC, China;

COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR, and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF, DNSRC, and Lundbeck Foundation, Denmark; ARTEMIS, European Union;

IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; GNAS, Georgia; BMBF, DFG, HGF, MPG, and AvH Foundation, Germany; GSRT, Greece; ISF, MINERVA, GIF, DIP, and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and NWO, Netherlands;

RCN, Norway; MNiSW, Poland; GRICES and FCT, Portugal; MERYS (MECTS), Romania; MES of Russia and ROSATOM, Russian Federation; JINR; MSTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MVZT, Slovenia;

DST/NRF, South Africa; MICINN, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SER, SNSF, and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; NSC, Taiwan;

TAEK, Turkey; STFC, the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, U.S. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowl- edged gratefully, in particular, from CERN and the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (U.K.), and BNL (U.S.), and in the Tier-2 facilities worldwide.

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T. Beau,⁷⁷P. H. Beauchemin,¹⁶⁰R. Beccherle,^49aP. Bechtle,²⁰H. P. Beck,¹⁶S. Becker,⁹⁷M. Beckingham,¹³⁷ K. H. Becks,¹⁷³A. J. Beddall,^18cA. Beddall,^18cS. Bedikian,¹⁷⁴V. A. Bednyakov,⁶⁴C. P. Bee,⁸²M. Begel,²⁴

S. Behar Harpaz,¹⁵¹P. K. Behera,⁶²M. Beimforde,⁹⁸C. Belanger-Champagne,⁸⁴P. J. Bell,⁴⁸W. H. Bell,⁴⁸ G. Bella,¹⁵²L. Bellagamba,^19aF. Bellina,²⁹M. Bellomo,²⁹A. Belloni,⁵⁶O. Beloborodova,^106,gK. Belotskiy,⁹⁵ O. Beltramello,²⁹S. Ben Ami,¹⁵¹O. Benary,¹⁵²D. Benchekroun,^134aC. Benchouk,⁸²M. Bendel,⁸⁰N. Benekos,¹⁶⁴ Y. Benhammou,¹⁵²E. Benhar Noccioli,⁴⁸J. A. Benitez Garcia,^158bD. P. Benjamin,⁴⁴M. Benoit,¹¹⁴J. R. Bensinger,²² K. Benslama,¹²⁹S. Bentvelsen,¹⁰⁴D. Berge,²⁹E. Bergeaas Kuutmann,⁴¹N. Berger,⁴F. Berghaus,¹⁶⁸E. Berglund,¹⁰⁴ J. Beringer,¹⁴P. Bernat,⁷⁶R. Bernhard,⁴⁷C. Bernius,²⁴T. Berry,⁷⁵C. Bertella,⁸²A. Bertin,^19a,19bF. Bertinelli,²⁹ F. Bertolucci,^121a,121bM. I. Besana,^88a,88bN. Besson,¹³⁵S. Bethke,⁹⁸W. Bhimji,⁴⁵R. M. Bianchi,²⁹M. Bianco,^71a,71b

O. Biebel,⁹⁷S. P. Bieniek,⁷⁶K. Bierwagen,⁵³J. Biesiada,¹⁴M. Biglietti,^133aH. Bilokon,⁴⁶M. Bindi,^19a,19b S. Binet,¹¹⁴A. Bingul,^18cC. Bini,^131a,131bC. Biscarat,¹⁷⁶U. Bitenc,⁴⁷K. M. Black,²¹R. E. Blair,⁵J.-B. Blanchard,¹³⁵

G. Blanchot,²⁹T. Blazek,^143aC. Blocker,²²J. Blocki,³⁸A. Blondel,⁴⁸W. Blum,⁸⁰U. Blumenschein,⁵³ G. J. Bobbink,¹⁰⁴V. B. Bobrovnikov,¹⁰⁶S. S. Bocchetta,⁷⁸A. Bocci,⁴⁴C. R. Boddy,¹¹⁷M. Boehler,⁴¹J. Boek,¹⁷³

N. Boelaert,³⁵J. A. Bogaerts,²⁹A. Bogdanchikov,¹⁰⁶A. Bogouch,^89,aC. Bohm,^145aV. Boisvert,⁷⁵T. Bold,³⁷ V. Boldea,^25aN. M. Bolnet,¹³⁵M. Bona,⁷⁴V. G. Bondarenko,⁹⁵M. Bondioli,¹⁶²M. Boonekamp,¹³⁵C. N. Booth,¹³⁸

S. Bordoni,⁷⁷C. Borer,¹⁶A. Borisov,¹²⁷G. Borissov,⁷⁰I. Borjanovic,^12aM. Borri,⁸¹S. Borroni,⁸⁶

V. Bortolotto,^133a,133bK. Bos,¹⁰⁴D. Boscherini,^19aM. Bosman,¹¹H. Boterenbrood,¹⁰⁴D. Botterill,¹²⁸J. Bouchami,⁹² J. Boudreau,¹²²E. V. Bouhova-Thacker,⁷⁰D. Boumediene,³³C. Bourdarios,¹¹⁴N. Bousson,⁸²A. Boveia,³⁰J. Boyd,²⁹

I. R. Boyko,⁶⁴N. I. Bozhko,¹²⁷I. Bozovic-Jelisavcic,^12bJ. Bracinik,¹⁷A. Braem,²⁹P. Branchini,^133a G. W. Brandenburg,⁵⁶A. Brandt,⁷G. Brandt,¹¹⁷O. Brandt,⁵³U. Bratzler,¹⁵⁵B. Brau,⁸³J. E. Brau,¹¹³H. M. Braun,¹⁷³

B. Brelier,¹⁵⁷J. Bremer,²⁹R. Brenner,¹⁶⁵S. Bressler,¹⁷⁰D. Britton,⁵²F. M. Brochu,²⁷I. Brock,²⁰R. Brock,⁸⁷ T. J. Brodbeck,⁷⁰E. Brodet,¹⁵²F. Broggi,^88aC. Bromberg,⁸⁷J. Bronner,⁹⁸G. Brooijmans,³⁴W. K. Brooks,^31b G. Brown,⁸¹H. Brown,⁷P. A. Bruckman de Renstrom,³⁸D. Bruncko,^143bR. Bruneliere,⁴⁷S. Brunet,⁶⁰A. Bruni,^19a

G. Bruni,^19aM. Bruschi,^19aT. Buanes,¹³Q. Buat,⁵⁴F. Bucci,⁴⁸J. Buchanan,¹¹⁷N. J. Buchanan,²P. Buchholz,¹⁴⁰

R. M. Buckingham,¹¹⁷A. G. Buckley,⁴⁵S. I. Buda,^25aI. A. Budagov,⁶⁴B. Budick,¹⁰⁷V. Bu¨scher,⁸⁰L. Bugge,¹¹⁶ O. Bulekov,⁹⁵M. Bunse,⁴²T. Buran,¹¹⁶H. Burckhart,²⁹S. Burdin,⁷²T. Burgess,¹³S. Burke,¹²⁸E. Busato,³³

P. Bussey,⁵²C. P. Buszello,¹⁶⁵F. Butin,²⁹B. Butler,¹⁴²J. M. Butler,²¹C. M. Buttar,⁵²J. M. Butterworth,⁷⁶ W. Buttinger,²⁷S. Cabrera Urba´n,¹⁶⁶D. Caforio,^19a,19bO. Cakir,^3aP. Calafiura,¹⁴G. Calderini,⁷⁷P. Calfayan,⁹⁷ R. Calkins,¹⁰⁵L. P. Caloba,^23aR. Caloi,^131a,131bD. Calvet,³³S. Calvet,³³R. Camacho Toro,³³P. Camarri,^132a,132b

M. Cambiaghi,^118a,118bD. Cameron,¹¹⁶L. M. Caminada,¹⁴S. Campana,²⁹M. Campanelli,⁷⁶V. Canale,^101a,101b F. Canelli,^30,hA. Canepa,^158aJ. Cantero,⁷⁹L. Capasso,^101a,101bM. D. M. Capeans Garrido,²⁹I. Caprini,^25a M. Caprini,^25aD. Capriotti,⁹⁸M. Capua,^36a,36bR. Caputo,⁸⁰C. Caramarcu,²⁴R. Cardarelli,^132aT. Carli,²⁹ G. Carlino,^101aL. Carminati,^88a,88bB. Caron,⁸⁴S. Caron,¹⁰³G. D. Carrillo Montoya,¹⁷¹A. A. Carter,⁷⁴J. R. Carter,²⁷

J. Carvalho,^123a,iD. Casadei,¹⁰⁷M. P. Casado,¹¹M. Cascella,^121a,121bC. Caso,^49a,49b,a

A. M. Castaneda Hernandez,¹⁷¹E. Castaneda-Miranda,¹⁷¹V. Castillo Gimenez,¹⁶⁶N. F. Castro,^123aG. Cataldi,^71a F. Cataneo,²⁹A. Catinaccio,²⁹J. R. Catmore,²⁹A. Cattai,²⁹G. Cattani,^132a,132bS. Caughron,⁸⁷D. Cauz,^163a,163c

P. Cavalleri,⁷⁷D. Cavalli,^88aM. Cavalli-Sforza,¹¹V. Cavasinni,^121a,121bF. Ceradini,^133a,133bA. S. Cerqueira,^23b A. Cerri,²⁹L. Cerrito,⁷⁴F. Cerutti,⁴⁶S. A. Cetin,^18bF. Cevenini,^101a,101bA. Chafaq,^134aD. Chakraborty,¹⁰⁵K. Chan,²

B. Chapleau,⁸⁴J. D. Chapman,²⁷J. W. Chapman,⁸⁶E. Chareyre,⁷⁷D. G. Charlton,¹⁷V. Chavda,⁸¹

C. A. Chavez Barajas,²⁹S. Cheatham,⁸⁴S. Chekanov,⁵S. V. Chekulaev,^158aG. A. Chelkov,⁶⁴M. A. Chelstowska,¹⁰³ C. Chen,⁶³H. Chen,²⁴S. Chen,^32cT. Chen,^32cX. Chen,¹⁷¹S. Cheng,^32aA. Cheplakov,⁶⁴V. F. Chepurnov,⁶⁴ R. Cherkaoui El Moursli,^134eV. Chernyatin,²⁴E. Cheu,⁶S. L. Cheung,¹⁵⁷L. Chevalier,¹³⁵G. Chiefari,^101a,101b

L. Chikovani,^50aJ. T. Childers,²⁹A. Chilingarov,⁷⁰G. Chiodini,^71aA. S. Chisholm,¹⁷M. V. Chizhov,⁶⁴ G. Choudalakis,³⁰S. Chouridou,¹³⁶I. A. Christidi,⁷⁶A. Christov,⁴⁷D. Chromek-Burckhart,²⁹M. L. Chu,¹⁵⁰ J. Chudoba,¹²⁴G. Ciapetti,^131a,131bK. Ciba,³⁷A. K. Ciftci,^3aR. Ciftci,^3aD. Cinca,³³V. Cindro,⁷³M. D. Ciobotaru,¹⁶²

C. Ciocca,^19aA. Ciocio,¹⁴M. Cirilli,⁸⁶M. Citterio,^88aM. Ciubancan,^25aA. Clark,⁴⁸P. J. Clark,⁴⁵W. Cleland,¹²² J. C. Clemens,⁸²B. Clement,⁵⁴C. Clement,^145a,145bR. W. Clifft,¹²⁸Y. Coadou,⁸²M. Cobal,^163a,163cA. Coccaro,¹⁷¹ J. Cochran,⁶³P. Coe,¹¹⁷J. G. Cogan,¹⁴²J. Coggeshall,¹⁶⁴E. Cogneras,¹⁷⁶J. Colas,⁴A. P. Colijn,¹⁰⁴N. J. Collins,¹⁷ C. Collins-Tooth,⁵²J. Collot,⁵⁴G. Colon,⁸³P. Conde Muin˜o,^123aE. Coniavitis,¹¹⁷M. C. Conidi,¹¹M. Consonni,¹⁰³ V. Consorti,⁴⁷S. Constantinescu,^25aC. Conta,^118a,118bF. Conventi,^101a,jJ. Cook,²⁹M. Cooke,¹⁴B. D. Cooper,⁷⁶ A. M. Cooper-Sarkar,¹¹⁷K. Copic,¹⁴T. Cornelissen,¹⁷³M. Corradi,^19aF. Corriveau,^84,kA. Cortes-Gonzalez,¹⁶⁴

G. Cortiana,⁹⁸G. Costa,^88aM. J. Costa,¹⁶⁶D. Costanzo,¹³⁸T. Costin,³⁰D. Coˆte´,²⁹R. Coura Torres,^23a L. Courneyea,¹⁶⁸G. Cowan,⁷⁵C. Cowden,²⁷B. E. Cox,⁸¹K. Cranmer,¹⁰⁷F. Crescioli,^121a,121bM. Cristinziani,²⁰

G. Crosetti,^36a,36bR. Crupi,^71a,71bS. Cre´pe´-Renaudin,⁵⁴C.-M. Cuciuc,^25aC. Cuenca Almenar,¹⁷⁴ T. Cuhadar Donszelmann,¹³⁸M. Curatolo,⁴⁶C. J. Curtis,¹⁷C. Cuthbert,¹⁴⁹P. Cwetanski,⁶⁰H. Czirr,¹⁴⁰ P. Czodrowski,⁴³Z. Czyczula,¹⁷⁴S. D’Auria,⁵²M. D’Onofrio,⁷²A. D’Orazio,^131a,131bP. V. M. Da Silva,^23a

C. Da Via,⁸¹W. Dabrowski,³⁷T. Dai,⁸⁶C. Dallapiccola,⁸³M. Dam,³⁵M. Dameri,^49a,49bD. S. Damiani,¹³⁶ H. O. Danielsson,²⁹D. Dannheim,⁹⁸V. Dao,⁴⁸G. Darbo,^49aG. L. Darlea,^25bW. Davey,²⁰T. Davidek,¹²⁵ N. Davidson,⁸⁵R. Davidson,⁷⁰E. Davies,^117,dM. Davies,⁹²A. R. Davison,⁷⁶Y. Davygora,^57aE. Dawe,¹⁴¹ I. Dawson,¹³⁸J. W. Dawson,^5,aR. K. Daya-Ishmukhametova,²²K. De,⁷R. de Asmundis,^101aS. De Castro,^19a,19b P. E. De Castro Faria Salgado,²⁴S. De Cecco,⁷⁷J. de Graat,⁹⁷N. De Groot,¹⁰³P. de Jong,¹⁰⁴C. De La Taille,¹¹⁴

H. De la Torre,⁷⁹B. De Lotto,^163a,163cL. de Mora,⁷⁰L. De Nooij,¹⁰⁴D. De Pedis,^131aA. De Salvo,^131a U. De Sanctis,^163a,163cA. De Santo,¹⁴⁸J. B. De Vivie De Regie,¹¹⁴S. Dean,⁷⁶W. J. Dearnaley,⁷⁰R. Debbe,²⁴

C. Debenedetti,⁴⁵D. V. Dedovich,⁶⁴J. Degenhardt,¹¹⁹M. Dehchar,¹¹⁷C. Del Papa,^163a,163cJ. Del Peso,⁷⁹ T. Del Prete,^121a,121bT. Delemontex,⁵⁴M. Deliyergiyev,⁷³A. Dell’Acqua,²⁹L. Dell’Asta,²¹M. Della Pietra,^101a,j D. della Volpe,^101a,101bM. Delmastro,⁴N. Delruelle,²⁹P. A. Delsart,⁵⁴C. Deluca,¹⁴⁷S. Demers,¹⁷⁴M. Demichev,⁶⁴ B. Demirkoz,^11,lJ. Deng,¹⁶²S. P. Denisov,¹²⁷D. Derendarz,³⁸J. E. Derkaoui,^134dF. Derue,⁷⁷P. Dervan,⁷²K. Desch,²⁰

E. Devetak,¹⁴⁷P. O. Deviveiros,¹⁰⁴A. Dewhurst,¹²⁸B. DeWilde,¹⁴⁷S. Dhaliwal,¹⁵⁷R. Dhullipudi,^24,m A. Di Ciaccio,^132a,132bL. Di Ciaccio,⁴A. Di Girolamo,²⁹B. Di Girolamo,²⁹S. Di Luise,^133a,133bA. Di Mattia,¹⁷¹ B. Di Micco,²⁹R. Di Nardo,⁴⁶A. Di Simone,^132a,132bR. Di Sipio,^19a,19bM. A. Diaz,^31aF. Diblen,^18cE. B. Diehl,⁸⁶

J. Dietrich,⁴¹T. A. Dietzsch,^57aS. Diglio,⁸⁵K. Dindar Yagci,³⁹J. Dingfelder,²⁰C. Dionisi,^131a,131bP. Dita,^25a S. Dita,^25aF. Dittus,²⁹F. Djama,⁸²T. Djobava,^50bM. A. B. do Vale,^23cA. Do Valle Wemans,^123aT. K. O. Doan,⁴

M. Dobbs,⁸⁴R. Dobinson,^29,aD. Dobos,²⁹E. Dobson,^29,nJ. Dodd,³⁴C. Doglioni,⁴⁸T. Doherty,⁵²Y. Doi,^65,a J. Dolejsi,¹²⁵I. Dolenc,⁷³Z. Dolezal,¹²⁵B. A. Dolgoshein,^95,aT. Dohmae,¹⁵⁴M. Donadelli,^23dM. Donega,¹¹⁹ J. Donini,³³J. Dopke,²⁹A. Doria,^101aA. Dos Anjos,¹⁷¹M. Dosil,¹¹A. Dotti,^121a,121bM. T. Dova,⁶⁹J. D. Dowell,¹⁷

A. D. Doxiadis,¹⁰⁴A. T. Doyle,⁵²Z. Drasal,¹²⁵J. Drees,¹⁷³N. Dressnandt,¹¹⁹H. Drevermann,²⁹C. Driouichi,³⁵ M. Dris,⁹J. Dubbert,⁹⁸S. Dube,¹⁴E. Duchovni,¹⁷⁰G. Duckeck,⁹⁷A. Dudarev,²⁹F. Dudziak,⁶³M. Du¨hrssen,²⁹ I. P. Duerdoth,⁸¹L. Duflot,¹¹⁴M-A. Dufour,⁸⁴M. Dunford,²⁹H. Duran Yildiz,^3aR. Duxfield,¹³⁸M. Dwuznik,³⁷

F. Dydak,²⁹M. Du¨ren,⁵¹W. L. Ebenstein,⁴⁴J. Ebke,⁹⁷S. Eckweiler,⁸⁰K. Edmonds,⁸⁰C. A. Edwards,⁷⁵ N. C. Edwards,⁵²W. Ehrenfeld,⁴¹T. Ehrich,⁹⁸T. Eifert,¹⁴²G. Eigen,¹³K. Einsweiler,¹⁴E. Eisenhandler,⁷⁴ T. Ekelof,¹⁶⁵M. El Kacimi,^134cM. Ellert,¹⁶⁵S. Elles,⁴F. Ellinghaus,⁸⁰K. Ellis,⁷⁴N. Ellis,²⁹J. Elmsheuser,⁹⁷ M. Elsing,²⁹D. Emeliyanov,¹²⁸R. Engelmann,¹⁴⁷A. Engl,⁹⁷B. Epp,⁶¹A. Eppig,⁸⁶J. Erdmann,⁵³A. Ereditato,¹⁶

D. Eriksson,^145aJ. Ernst,¹M. Ernst,²⁴J. Ernwein,¹³⁵D. Errede,¹⁶⁴S. Errede,¹⁶⁴E. Ertel,⁸⁰M. Escalier,¹¹⁴ C. Escobar,¹²²X. Espinal Curull,¹¹B. Esposito,⁴⁶F. Etienne,⁸²A. I. Etienvre,¹³⁵E. Etzion,¹⁵²D. Evangelakou,⁵³

H. Evans,⁶⁰L. Fabbri,^19a,19bC. Fabre,²⁹R. M. Fakhrutdinov,¹²⁷S. Falciano,^131aY. Fang,¹⁷¹M. Fanti,^88a,88b A. Farbin,⁷A. Farilla,^133aJ. Farley,¹⁴⁷T. Farooque,¹⁵⁷S. M. Farrington,¹¹⁷P. Farthouat,²⁹P. Fassnacht,²⁹ D. Fassouliotis,⁸B. Fatholahzadeh,¹⁵⁷A. Favareto,^88a,88bL. Fayard,¹¹⁴S. Fazio,^36a,36bR. Febbraro,³³P. Federic,^143a

O. L. Fedin,¹²⁰W. Fedorko,⁸⁷M. Fehling-Kaschek,⁴⁷L. Feligioni,⁸²D. Fellmann,⁵C. Feng,^32dE. J. Feng,³⁰ A. B. Fenyuk,¹²⁷J. Ferencei,^143bJ. Ferland,⁹²W. Fernando,¹⁰⁸S. Ferrag,⁵²J. Ferrando,⁵²V. Ferrara,⁴¹A. Ferrari,¹⁶⁵

P. Ferrari,¹⁰⁴R. Ferrari,^118aD. E. Ferreira de Lima,⁵²A. Ferrer,¹⁶⁶M. L. Ferrer,⁴⁶D. Ferrere,⁴⁸C. Ferretti,⁸⁶ A. Ferretto Parodi,^49a,49bM. Fiascaris,³⁰F. Fiedler,⁸⁰A. Filipcˇicˇ,⁷³A. Filippas,⁹F. Filthaut,¹⁰³M. Fincke-Keeler,¹⁶⁸ M. C. N. Fiolhais,^123a,iL. Fiorini,¹⁶⁶A. Firan,³⁹G. Fischer,⁴¹P. Fischer,²⁰M. J. Fisher,¹⁰⁸M. Flechl,⁴⁷I. Fleck,¹⁴⁰

J. Fleckner,⁸⁰P. Fleischmann,¹⁷²S. Fleischmann,¹⁷³T. Flick,¹⁷³A. Floderus,⁷⁸L. R. Flores Castillo,¹⁷¹ M. J. Flowerdew,⁹⁸M. Fokitis,⁹T. Fonseca Martin,¹⁶D. A. Forbush,¹³⁷A. Formica,¹³⁵A. Forti,⁸¹D. Fortin,^158a

J. M. Foster,⁸¹D. Fournier,¹¹⁴A. Foussat,²⁹A. J. Fowler,⁴⁴K. Fowler,¹³⁶H. Fox,⁷⁰P. Francavilla,¹¹ S. Franchino,^118a,118bD. Francis,²⁹T. Frank,¹⁷⁰M. Franklin,⁵⁶S. Franz,²⁹M. Fraternali,^118a,118bS. Fratina,¹¹⁹ S. T. French,²⁷F. Friedrich,⁴³R. Froeschl,²⁹D. Froidevaux,²⁹J. A. Frost,²⁷C. Fukunaga,¹⁵⁵E. Fullana Torregrosa,²⁹ J. Fuster,¹⁶⁶C. Gabaldon,²⁹O. Gabizon,¹⁷⁰T. Gadfort,²⁴S. Gadomski,⁴⁸G. Gagliardi,^49a,49bP. Gagnon,⁶⁰C. Galea,⁹⁷

E. J. Gallas,¹¹⁷V. Gallo,¹⁶B. J. Gallop,¹²⁸P. Gallus,¹²⁴K. K. Gan,¹⁰⁸Y. S. Gao,^142,fV. A. Gapienko,¹²⁷ A. Gaponenko,¹⁴F. Garberson,¹⁷⁴M. Garcia-Sciveres,¹⁴C. Garcı´a,¹⁶⁶J. E. Garcı´a Navarro,¹⁶⁶R. W. Gardner,³⁰ N. Garelli,²⁹H. Garitaonandia,¹⁰⁴V. Garonne,²⁹J. Garvey,¹⁷C. Gatti,⁴⁶G. Gaudio,^118aB. Gaur,¹⁴⁰L. Gauthier,¹³⁵ I. L. Gavrilenko,⁹³C. Gay,¹⁶⁷G. Gaycken,²⁰J-C. Gayde,²⁹E. N. Gazis,⁹P. Ge,^32dC. N. P. Gee,¹²⁸D. A. A. Geerts,¹⁰⁴

Ch. Geich-Gimbel,²⁰K. Gellerstedt,^145a,145bC. Gemme,^49aA. Gemmell,⁵²M. H. Genest,⁵⁴S. Gentile,^131a,131b M. George,⁵³S. George,⁷⁵P. Gerlach,¹⁷³A. Gershon,¹⁵²C. Geweniger,^57aH. Ghazlane,^134bN. Ghodbane,³³ B. Giacobbe,^19aS. Giagu,^131a,131bV. Giakoumopoulou,⁸V. Giangiobbe,¹¹F. Gianotti,²⁹B. Gibbard,²⁴A. Gibson,¹⁵⁷ S. M. Gibson,²⁹L. M. Gilbert,¹¹⁷V. Gilewsky,⁹⁰D. Gillberg,²⁸A. R. Gillman,¹²⁸D. M. Gingrich,^2,eJ. Ginzburg,¹⁵² N. Giokaris,⁸M. P. Giordani,^163cR. Giordano,^101a,101bF. M. Giorgi,¹⁵P. Giovannini,⁹⁸P. F. Giraud,¹³⁵D. Giugni,^88a M. Giunta,⁹²P. Giusti,^19aB. K. Gjelsten,¹¹⁶L. K. Gladilin,⁹⁶C. Glasman,⁷⁹J. Glatzer,⁴⁷A. Glazov,⁴¹K. W. Glitza,¹⁷³

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