Co-occurrence of Artemisia and Ambrosia pollen seasons against the background of the synoptic situations in Poland

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IntJBiometeorol(2017)61:747–760 DOI10.1007/s00484-016-1254-4

ORIGINALPAPER

Co-

occurrenceofArtemisiaandAmbrosiapollenseasonsagainstt hebackgroundofthesynopticsituationsinPoland

DanutaStępalska¹^&D orotaMyszkowska²^&LeśkiewiczKatarzyna³^&P iotrowiczKatarzyna⁴^&BoryckaKa tarzyna⁵^&C hłopekKazimiera⁶^&G rewlingŁukasz⁷^&K asprzykIdalia⁵^&Majkowska-

WojciechowskaB arbara⁸^&M alkiewiczM ałgorzata⁹^&N owakM ałgorzata^7,10^&Piotrowska- WeryszkoK rystyna¹¹^&PucMałgorzata¹²^&Weryszko-ChmielewskaE lżbieta¹³

Received:14December2015/Revised:23September2016/Accepted:23September2016/Publishedonline:8October2016

#TheAuthor(s)2016.ThisarticleispublishedwithopenaccessatSpringerlink.com

AbstractT heAsteraceaefamilyisoneofthelargestfamilies,co mprising67generaand264speciesinPoland.However,onlyaf ewgenera,includingArtemisiaandAmbrosiaarepo- tentialallergenicsources.Theaimofthestudywastoestimateho woftenandtowhatdegreeArtemisiaandAmbrosiapollenseas onsco-

occurintensifyinghumanhealth risk,andhowsynoptic situationsinfluencefrequencyofdayswithhighpol-

lenconcentrationsofbothtaxa.ArtemisiaandAmbrosiapol- lendatawerecollected,usingthevolumetricmethod,at8sitesinP oland.DailyconcentrationsofArtemisiapollenequalto30grai nsormoreandAmbrosiapollenequalto10grainsormorewerea cceptedashighvalues.Concentrationsofmorethan10polleng rainsweredefi nedashighinthe caseofAmbrosiabecauseit sallergenicityisconsideredhigher.Highconcentrationswerec onfrontedwithsynopticsituations.Analysiswasperformedo nthebasisoftwocalendarsoncirculationtypesofatmospher einPoland(Niedźwiedź,2006,2015).Co-

occurrenceofArtemisiaandAmbrosiapol-

lenseasonsisbeingfoundmostoften,whenAmbrosiapollen

seasonstartsinthefirsthalfofAugust.Ifithappensinthelast10day sofAugusthighpollenconcentrationsofArtemisiaandAmbro siadonotoccuratthesamedays.Atthreesites(Sosnowiec,Rze szów,Lublin)highAmbrosiapollenconcen-

trationsduringtheArtemisiapollenseasonappearmoreoftenth aninothersitesunderquestion.ThehighArtemisiapollenconce ntrationsoccur,whencontinentalorpolarmaritimeoldairmass esinflowintoPoland.TheimpactofairmassesonhighAmbros iapollenconcentrationsdependsonsitelocaliza-

tions.Itislikely,thatinthesouth-

easternpartofPolandhighAmbrosiapollenconcentrationsres ultfromthepollentrans-portfromeast-south-south-

westerlydirectionsandthelocalsources.Co-

occurrenceofbothtaxapollenseasonsdependsontheairmasses inflowandappearsmoreofteninasouth-easternpartofPoland.

KeywordsArtemisia.Ambrosia.Pollenseason co-occurrence.Aerobiologicalmonitoring.Poland

*DorotaMyszkowskadorota.my szkowska@uj.edu.pl

1 InstituteofBotany,JagiellonianUniversity,Kraków,Poland 2 DepartmentofClinicalandEnvironmentalAllergology,Jagiellonian

UniversityMedicalCollege,31-531Kraków,Śniadeckich10,Poland 3 InstituteofInformationandLibraryScienceoftheJagiellonianU

niversity,Kraków,Poland

4 InstituteofGeographyandSpatialManagement,Jagiellonian University,Kraków,Poland

5 DepartmentofEnvironmentalBiology,UniversityofRzeszów, Rzeszów,Poland

6 FacultyofEarthSciences,UniversityofSilesia,Sosnowiec,Poland

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2 IntJBiometeorol(2017)61:747–760 7 LaboratoryofAeropalynology,FacultyofBiology,Adam

MickiewiczUniversity,Poznań,Poland

8 DepartmentofImmunology,RheumatologyandAllergy,Medica lUniversityofŁódź,Łódź,Poland

9 LaboratoryofPaleobotany,DepartmentofStratigraphicalGeology ,UniversityofWroclaw,Wrocław,Poland

10 DepartmentofDermatology,UniversityofMedicalSciences, Poznań,Poland

11 DepartmentofGeneralEcology,UniversityofLifeSciencesin Lublin,Lublin,Poland

12 DepartmentofBotanyandNatureConservation,Universityof Szczecin,Szczecin,Poland

13 DepartmentofBotany,UniversityofLifeSciencesinLublin,L ublin,Poland

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Introduction

TheAsteraceaefamilyisoneofthelargestfamiliesofplants,comp risingapproximately1100generaand20,000speciesin-

cluding67generaand264speciesinPoland.However,onlyafewg enera,includingArtemisia(mugwort)andAmbrosia(ragwee d)amongothers,arepotentialsourcesofallergenicpollenprov okingallergicrhinitisandconjunctivitis(D’Amatoetal.2007;Gad ermaieretal.2004;Peterneletal.2008).

ThegenusofArtemisiacomprisesabout400speciesandiswi delydistributedintemperateandhumidzonesofthenorthernhemi sphereandalongtheMediterraneanbasin.Themostcom- monArtemisiaspeciesinEuropeareA.vulgarisL.(mugwort), A.c ampestrisL . andA.a bsinthiumL . (Tutin1972).Other Artemisiaspeciesarealsowidespreadinthecentralandeasternpa rtofEuropeincludingPoland,HungaryandBulgaria,e.g.:

A.ponticaL.,A.annuaL.,A.maritimaL.andA.scopariaW.et K.(Soó1970;Tutin1972).Artemisiaspeciescolonizesdis- turbedsoilsinurbanandruralhabitats,roadsideverges,agricul- turalfieldsanddesertedplaces(Spieksmaetal.,2003).Artemi siavulgarisoccursevenlythroughoutPoland.Artemisiac ampestrisandA.absinthiumhavesimilardistribu-

tiontoArtemisiavulgaris(ZającandZając2001).

TheincidenceofallergicdiseasescausedbyArtemisiapolleninE uropeisbeingestimatedbetween3%and15%ofpollino-

sispatients(D’Amatoetal.1998;Stachetal.2007).Itisknownthatsig nificantcross-

reactivityamongragweedspecieswithintheAmbrosiagenusandals obetweenthemajorallergensof

AmbrosiaandArtemisiaappears(Dahletal.,1999;Jäger,20 00).AccordingtoSpieksma(1986),3–

10%ofallallpollensufferersareallergictomugwortantigensand simultaneouslyallergictoragweedandgrasspollenallergens,andt heallergensofappleandcelery(Hirschwehretal.1998).Aseroeta l.

(2006)studyingArtemisiaandAmbrosiahypersensitivityindic atedthatonly7%ofmugworthypersensitivepatientswerenotsens itizedtoragweed,whereas62%ofragweedhypersensitivepatients werenotsensitizedtomugwort.InItalythethresholdconcen- trationofArtemisiapollen,whichrevealsclinicalsymptomsofpo llinosisinallergicpeople,isreportedbyVoltolinietal.

(2000)as12PG/m^3.InPolandthefirstsymptomsofsensitizationt oArtemisiapollenemergewhenthedailyconcentrationamounts 30PG/m³.Theconcentrationof70PG/m^3provokesintensivesympto ms(Rapiejkoetal.2007).

ThegenusofAmbrosiaiscomposedofabout40speciesofwhi chonlyfivehavebeenrecordedinEurope:Ambrosiaartemisi ifoliaL.=A.elatior(shortorcommon,annualrag-

weed),AmbrosiatrifidaL.

(greatorgiantragweed),AmbrosiapsilostachyaTorr.etGrey

=A.coronopifolia(perennialrag-

weed),AmbrosiatenuifoliaSprang.(silverragweed) (Hansen1976).However,shortragweedisthemostwidelyspre adofall(Járai-

KomlódiandJuhász1993).InPoland,themostfre-

quentlyfoundspeciesisAmbrosiaartemisiifoliaL.Currentlyt hisspeciesoccursmostcommonlyinthewesternandsouth- westernpartsofPoland.

ThehistoricalspreadofAmbrosiaartemisiifoliainPolandisr ecordedi n c o nsecutivet imep e riods( Fig.1)( Tokarska-

Fig.1Recordedhistoryofthesprea dofAmbrosiaartemisiifolia L.inPolanddrawnfortheco nsecutivetimeperiods.bet ween1851and1900;●

between1901and1950;○

between1951and2013.Updated mappublishedbyTokarska- Guziketal.

(2011),givenafterTokarska- Guzikapproval

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IntJBiometeorol(2017)61:747–760

Guziketal.2011).AmbrosiamaritimaL.occursintheMedite rraneanregionandistheonlynativespeciesinEurope.Theoth erfourspeciesarenativetoeasternandcentralNorthAmericafro mwheretheywereimportedasballastweedtoEurope.Ambros iahasevolvedinresponsetoadryclimateandopenareas.InEuro peAmbrosiahasalreadybe-

comeestablishedmainlyduetothelargeproductionofseedsthat mayremaindormantatleast39yearsifconditionsforgerminat ionareunsuitableandallowforitseasyandrapidspread(Smith etal.2013andreferencestherein).Ambrosiaalsoproducesalle rgenicpolleninenormousamounts:asingleplantcanproducemi llionsofpollengrainsthataresmall(18–

22μm)andcaneasilybecomeairborne.Theyareconsideredtob eoneofthemostpotentallergensknown(Comtois1998;Werysz ko–ChmielewskaandPiotrowska2008).Thepres-

enceofragweedinEuropewasrecordedforthefirsttimeatthebe ginningofthenineteenthcentury,althoughitbecamearealthreat aftertheFirstWorldWar(Juhász1998).Theplacesmostcontam inatedwithragweedareHungary,CroatiaandpartsofFrance, butitisalsospreadinginnorthernItaly,Switzerland,Austria,t heCzechRepublic,SlovakiaandBulgaria(Clot2003;Smith etal.2013andreferencestherein).Thespreadofragweedseem stobelimitedbyclimateevenifthehumanenvironmentwouldall owitsestablishment(Comtois1998;Saaretal.2000).Inareaswi thmaritimecli-

mate,ragweedpopulationdoesnotappeartothriveandinNo rthernEuropethegrowingseasonistooshortforseedma turation.Populationsrelyontheintroductionofseedsfromoutsi desources(Comtois1998;Dahletal.1999).InPolandcommonr agweedcolonizescultivatedfieldsandruderalhab-

itats,growsondisturbedsoils,roadsides,nearcerealelevatorsan dharbours.

Accordingtoclinicalexperience,ragweedpollenappearstoi nduceasthmaapproximatelytwiceasoftenasitoccursinotherp ollenallergies(Gadermaieretal.2004).IntheareaofMilansensi tizationratesincreasedfrom20%tomorethan60%duringafi veyearperiod(Asero2002).ResearchinAustriastatedthatt hehigherAmbrosiapollenconcentration,thehighertheamo untofragweedpollenantibodiesinthebloodofpatientssuf feringfrominhalantallergy(JägerandLitschauer1998).

Itshouldbestressedthatdifferentstudiesreportedvariousthr esholdvaluesofAmbrosiapollenconcentrationsprovokingthe firstsymptomsinsensitizedpatients.InFrancethethresh- oldvalueis5pollengrainsperm³⁽PG/m³⁾

(Dechampetal.1997)or13PG/m³⁽LaaidiandLaaidi1999),inCa nada5PG/m³⁽ComtoisandGagnon1998),inAustria20PG/m³⁽

Jäger1998),inHungary30PG/m³⁽Makraetal.2005).

AknowledgethatArtemisiaandAmbrosiapollenseasons oftenoverlap,providesinformationforestimatingclinicalandp rophylacticaspectsrelatingtocross-reactivityandco-sensi- tization.Studiesperformedhithertodiscussedpollenseasonsof thesetaxaseparately,thereforetheaimofourstudywasto

estimatehowoftenandtowhatdegreeArtemisiaandAmbr osiapollenseasonsco-

occurandpotentiallyintensifytherisktohumanhealthateight selectedsitesinPoland,andtoestimatetheimpactofspecifics ynopticsituationsonAmbrosiaandArtemisiapollenconcentrat ions.

Materialsandmethods

Studysites

AmbrosiaandArtemisiapollenconcentrationswereanalysedfrom eightselectedsitesinPoland(Szczecin,Poznań,Wrocław,Łódź,Sos nowiec,Kraków,Rzeszów,Lublin)

(Fig.2,Table1).Polandismostfrequentlyinfluencedbythepolar- maritime(Pm)airmassesoriginatingfromovertheNorthernAtlantict hatbringthaw,anincreaseincloudinessandsnowinwinter,andaswell aschilling,anincreaseincloudinessandrainfallinsummer.Thesecon dmostfrequentairmassesinfluencingPolandarepolar-

continentalairmasses(PPk),thatbringwarm,sunnyanddryweatheri nsummerandfrostyweatherinwinter.Theinflowofotherairmasses(

arcticandtropical)isveryseldomabout2–

4%ofdaysduringayear.Thehighestr a infalll e veli s r e cordedi n s u mmer( J une,J u lya n d August).Intheannualcycleabout40%of rainfallsinthesemonths(Dynowska1991).AccordingtoPaszyń skiandNiedźwiedź(1991)theatmosphericcirculationinfluencesde ci-sivelyclimateinPoland.Itcausestheincreaseincontinentalfea- turesofclimateintheeasternpartofthecountry,andgreatvari- abilityofweatherinshorttimeperiods.ThereforetheclimateinPoland isdefinedastransitionalclimate(Kożuchowski,1999).

Aerobiologicaldata

TheshortestaerobiologicalrecordsusedinourstudywereinŁód ź(10years)andthelongestinKraków(21years).Theaerobiolo gicalmeasurementswereperformedusingvolumet-

ricsporetrapsoftheHirstdesign(Hirst1952).Allthetrapswerei nstalledonrooftopsatdifferentheightsabovegroundasseeninT able1.Thedifferentsamplingheightsdependedontheavailabili tyofbuildings,wheretrapscouldbeplaced.Airwassuckedint othetrapatrateof10l/minthrougha2mm×14mmorifice fl owingoverarotatingdrumt hatmovedat2mm/handwhi chwascoatedwithanadhesive,transparenttape.Pollengrain sweresampledcontinuously.Thetapeusedforcatchingpolle ngrainswasreplacedeveryweekatthesamedayandcutintoseg mentscorrespondingto24hperiods.Segmentswerescanneda ndcountedusingalightmicroscopeat400xmagnification.

Dailyaveragepollenconcentrationsareexpressedasthenu mberofpollengrainspercubicmeterofair(PG/m³).Todefinethe start,theendandthedurationoftheseasonthe90%methodwa sappliedtoeliminatelongtailsoflowvaluesatthestartandtheendo ftheseasonsthatcoulddistortthelimits

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Fig.2MapofPolandshowingthem onitoringsitesaccordingtoregion sclassifiedbyNiedźwiedź(2006).

Tworegions:southernandsouthea sternweremarkedwithblack,bold lineasregionswhereaircirculation s,airmassesandatmosphericfront swereclas-

sified(Niedźwiedź2015)

oftheseasons.Thestartoftheseasonwasdefinedasthedatewhen5

%oftheseasonalcumulativesporecountwastrappedandtheendo ftheseasonasthedatewhen95%oftheseasonalcumulativespor ecountwasreached(NilssonandPersson1981).Tocompar ethepollenconcentrationsoverthestudiedyears,aSeasonalPolle nIndex(SPI)wascalculatedasthesumofthedailypollencountsin agivenseason.BecauseofthehighallergenicityofAmbrosiapoll enandasairbornepollenconcen-

trationsatsomesamplingsitessometimesmarginallyexceeded10 grainspercubicmeterofair,weacceptedthevalueof10pollengrai nsm^−3asthethresholdfor‘high’concentration.

Meteorologicaldata

TheinfluenceofsynopticsituationsonArtemisiaandAmbrosia pollenconcentrationsintheairwasexaminedonthebasisoftwo

calendarsoncirculationtypesofatmosphereinPoland(Nied źwiedź2006,2015).

Thetypeofthesynopticsituation,airmassesandatmo- sphericfrontinagivendaywasdefined(http://klimat.wnoz.us.e du.pl).ClassificationbyNiedźwiedź(2015)forthesouth- ernpartofPolandcouldhavebeen appliedfortheregion withincoordinatesof49-51^oNand18-

25°E(Niedźwiedź2015)

(Fig.2).Fortheremainingfour sites,beyondtheselimit s,otherclassificationalsobyNiedźwiedź(2006)wasusedf or9regions(Fig.2).Unfortunatelythisclassificationwasnotav ailablebefore2001andcomprisesonlythetypeofaircirculation withoutairmassesandatmosphericfronts.Accordingtothiscla ssificationŁódźissituatedinthecentralregion,Wr ocławandP oznańinthewesternregion,andSzczecininthenorth-

westernregions.Thesymbolsofsynop-

ticsituationtypesarethesameinbothclassifications(Table2 ).

Table1Someinformationonstudysi

tes,including Studysite Longitude(E) Latitude(N) Altitudea.s.l.(m) Altitudea.g.l.(m) Studyperiod geographicallocation

(coordinates,heightabovesea Szczecin 14^o3

3’ 53^o2

6’ 52 21 2000–2012(13yrs)

levelandheightaboveground Poznań

16^o5

3’ 52^o2

4’ 65–92 53 1996–2012(17yrs)

level)andthestudyperiod Wrocław 17^o0

1’ 51^o0

6’ 105–155 20 2002–2012(11yrs)

Łódź 19^o2

8’ 51^o4

7’ 150 15 2003–2012(10yrs)

Sosnowiec 19^o0

8’ 50^o1

7’ 263 20 1998–2012(15yrs)

Kraków

19^o5

9’ 50^o0

4’ 220 20 1992–2012(21yrs)

Rzeszów 22^o0

2’ 50^o0

1’ 200–215 12 1997–2012(16yrs)

Lublin

22^o3

2’ 51^o1

4’ 197 18 2001–2012(12yrs)

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IntJBiometeorol(2017)61:747–760 75 1

Table2Synopticsituations,airm assesandatmosphericfronts(acc ordingtoT.Niedźwiedźcatalogu e,2014)

SymbolsCirculationtypes

E+SEa AnticyclonicsituationwithanadvectionofairmassesfromEastandSouth- EastCa+Ka Centralanticyclonicsituation,anticyclonicwedge

Cc+BcC entralcyclonicsituation,throughoflowpressure

S+SWcCyclonicsituationwithanadvectionofairmassesfromSouthandSouth-West

S+SWa AnticyclonicsituationwithanadvectionofairmassesfromSouthandSouth- WestE+SEc CyclonicsituationwithanadvectionofairmassesfromEastandSouth-East W+NWcCyclonicsituationwithanadvectionofairmassesfromWestandNorth-West

W+NWaAnticyclonicsituationwithanadvectionofairmassesfromWestandNorth- WestN+NEaAnticyclonicsituationwithanadvectionofairmassesfromNorthandNorth- EastN+NEcCyclonicsituationwithanadvectionofairmassesfromNorthandNorth-East xUnclassifiedsituation

Airmasses PPkPolarcontinental

PPmsP olarmaritimeold(transformed) PPmcP olarmaritimewarm

PPmP olarmaritime(fresh) rmpVariousairmassesinday PZTropicalairmasses PAA rcticairmasses

Atmosphericfronts

−Daywithoutfront zColdfront cWarmfront stS tationaryfront

rS everalvariousfrontsinday oOccludedfront(occlusion)

DetailedanalysisontheinfluenceofsynopticsituationsonA mbrosiapollenconcentrationsinthesouthernpartofPolandwa sachievedbyusingregressivetrees(C&RT).Itwasthere- forepossibletodefinecirculationtypes,airmassesandatmo- sphericfronts,whichfavourhighconcentrations.Theoccur- renceoftheses ynopticsituationsinthelastphaseoftheArtemis iapollenseasonfavoursoverlappingofArtemisiaandAmbro siapollenseasons.Thismethodallowstheexplo-

rationofagreatnumberofdata,todefineasetofsynopticparam etersthatdeterminethedivisionofadependentvariable(dailyco ncentrationofAmbrosiapollen)intoseparablesub-

setsofdifferentiation.

Results

Descriptivestatisticsofpollenseasons

Theseasonstartdatesandthepeakconcentrationexhibitlowvar iabilityforbothtaxaatallthesites,buttherearelowercoefficie ntsforArtemisiawhichmeansthattheseasonstart

ofAmbrosiaismorevariablefromyeartoyear.Thehighestcoef ficientsofvariabilityforArtemisiaoccurfordayswithPG/m^3≥

30(20.2%-

75.0%)andforAmbrosiaitoccursfordayswithPG/m^3≥10(3 9.0%-92.0%)(Table3).TheKruskal-

WallistestrevealedthatstartdatesoftheAmbrosiapollenseas onandtheirdurationdonotdifferamongsites(p>0.05).I nthecaseofArtemisia,therearestatisticallysignificantdiffe rencesamongsites(Table3).

Overlappingofpollenseasonsofbothtaxa

TheArtemisiapollenseasonsmostoftenbegin,inthesecondhal fofJulyatallthesitesandstartdatesfluctuateinrelativelysmallra ngesfromyeartoyear.ThemoststablestartdatesoftheArtemisi apollenseasonwererecordedinRzeszów(±7days)andthem ostvariableinŁódź(±18days)

(Fig.3).ThebeginningofAmbrosiapollenseasonsismuchmor evar-

iablefromyeartoyear.ItmostoftenfallsintheseconddecadeofA ugustalthoughtheearlieststartcouldhavebeeninthemiddleofJ

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752 IntJBiometeorol(2017)61:747–760

uly(Łódź),andthelatestinfirstdaysofSeptember(Poznań,Sos nowiec,Kraków).StartdatesoftheAmbrosia

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Artemisia Ambrosia

Season Season Dayswith Season Season Dayswith start¹ duration² PG/m³≥

30² start¹ duration² PG/m³≥ 10²

18–07 40 9 22–08 29 2

11 11 6 6 15 2

5.5 27.7 67.5 2.6 51.3 88.3

25–07 32 13 19–08 30 2

4 12 7 8 12 2

2.1 37.2 52.0 3.5 41.9 159.5

27–07 28 13 18–09 31 3

3 8 5 13 16 2

1.5 28.7 36.2 5.6 52.8 78.8

20–07 39 9 14–08 35 3

5 9 6 6 8 2

2.7 22.0 72.3 2.4 23.3 147.7

25–07 38 26 17–08 37 7

4 14 9 8 14 3

1.8 35.9 64.0 3.4 38.1 49.1

26–07 32 7 15–08 32 3

3 13 5 12 15 3

1.7 42.4 75.0 5.2 46.8 95.9

29–07 34 7 17–08 27 7

3 14 5 5 13 3

1.2 40.5 67.5 2.1 46.2 41.1

23–07 41 20 17–08 38 6

4 13 4 6 14 2

1.8 31.5 20.2 2.8 35.5 42.0

p<0.01 p<0.01 p<0.01 p=0.18 p=0.38 p<0.01 Table3A rtemisiaandAmbrosiap

ollenseasonc haracteristicsinthese lectedcitiesinPoland.Thedescripti ves tatisticsw erecalculatedontheb asisofdataseriespresentedinTable 1inagivencity.Thecoefficientofv ariability(V

%)wascalculatedonthebasisofnot roundedvalues,thevaluesofarithm eticmean(x)andstandarddeviation (s)areexpressedasintegers.Atthe bottomofthetabletheresultsofKr uskal-Wallistest

Studysite Statistics/

seasoncharact eristics

Szczecin x sV

%

Poznań x

sV

% Wrocław x

sV

%

Łódź x

sV

% Sosnowiec x

sV

%

Kraków x

sV

% Rzeszów x

sV

%

Lublin x

sV

% Kruskal-Wallist est

Seasoncharacteristicswerecalculatedusingthe90%method;x-arithmeticmean;s-standarddeviation;V%- coefficientof v ariation

1d ate;²n

umberofdays

pollenseasonvariedtheleastinSzczecin,RzeszówandLublin andvariedthemostinKrakówandWrocław.

TheSpearman’srankcorrelationtestrevealedthattherew erenostatisticallysignificantcorrelationsbetweenstartdateso fArtemisiaandAmbrosiapollenseasons.Itislikely,thatthebe ginningoftheAmbrosiapollenseasonisassociatedwithinflow ofairmasses.Thisisconfirmedbysynchroniza-

tionofpollenseasonstartdatesatthreesitesinsouthernPoland (Sosnowiec,Rzeszów,Lublin).Thecorrelationcoef-

ficientbetweenthestartdatesofAmbrosiapollenseasonatthes esitesisover0.88(Fig.4).

TheendofArtemisiaandAmbrosiapollenseasonsvariedgre atlyIncaseofArtemisiathedifferencebe-

tweentheearliestandthelatestenddatesatallthesiteswasfrom27 daysinŁódźto54daysinSzczecinandforAmbrosiaitwasfrom 20daysinWrocławto49daysinSzczecin(Fig.3).Analysis

revealedthattheArtemisiapollenseasonusuallystartedbetwe en19and25daysbeforethebeginningoftheAmbrosiapolle nseasonatthemajorityofsites.Figure3demonstratesthatp ollenseasonsofbothtaxacouldoverlapatallsitesalthoughnote veryyear.ThevaluespresentinFig.3:

(a)percentageofdaysintheAmbrosiapollenseasonoverlappi ngtheArtemisiapol-lenseason,

(b)numberofoverlappingdays,

(c)averagenumberofoverlappingdayswithhighconcentratio nsofbothtaxa.

TimeseriesofhighArtemisiapollenconcentrations(≥30g rains)andhighAmbrosiapollenconcentrations(≥10grains) presentedinFig.5showthattheco-

occurrenceofhighdailypollenconcentrationsofthesetaxa(si ngledaysorseriesof2–

4days)mostoftenoccurinSosnowiecandLublin,andsporad icallyinWrocławandKraków.HighdailyArtemisiaand

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Fig.3S tart,endanddurationofArtemisiaandAmbrosiapollenseasonsin givenmonitoringsites.a)percentageofdaysintheAmbrosiapollenseason soverlappingtheArtemisiapollenseasons,b)numberof

Ambrosiapollenconcentrationsonthesedayscouldbeathrea ttoallergicpopulation.Suchco-occurrence

Fig.4 S electedc haracteristicso f t heAmbrosiap ollens eason:a veragedateo ftheseasonstart,averageSPI(thebiggerthecirclethehighertheSPI),correlat ioncoefficient(R)betweendatesofseasonstarts

overlappingdays,c)averagenumberofoverlappingdayswithhighp ollenconcentrationsofbothtaxa

usuallyhappensinAugustwhentheAmbrosiapollenseasons tartsinthefirsthalfofAugust(2008).IftheAmbrosiapollense asonbeginsa littlebitlater,inthethirddecadeofAugust,highp ollenconcentrationsofArtemisiaandAmbrosiadonotoccur onthesamedays(2011).

Dayswithdifferentambrosiatpollenconcentrationsdu ringtheArtemisiapollenseasons

TherearesituationsduringArtemisiaandAmbrosiapollensea sonswhenseasonsofbothtaxadonotoverlapatall.Thereareals osituationswhendayswithAmbrosiapollengrainsequalto1 0PG/m^3andover10PG/m^3co-

occurwiththeArtemisiapollenseason.DayswithAmbrosia pollengrainsbelow10PG/m^3alsoshowup,overlappingtheAr temisiapollenseason(Fig.6).Lookingatallsites,andassu mingthatthewholecircleistheArtemisiapollenseason(100%) ,twogroupsofsitescouldbedistinguished:sites,wherethet hreatforsensitivepeopleislow,below5 %

(Szczecin,Poznań,Wrocław,Łódź,Kraków)andthesecondgr oup,wherethethreatishigher,over5%

(Sosnowiec,Rzeszów,Lublin)(Figs3and6).

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Fig.5TimeseriesofhighArtemisi apollenconcentrations(≥30PG/m

3)andAmbrosiapollenconcentra tions(≥10PG/m³)instudiedsitesi nselectedyears

Dayswithhighpollenconcentrationofbothtaxaingivensyno pticsituations

HighArtemisiapollenconcentrationswereexaminedinrelation tosynopticsituations:withaircirculationtypesinallthesitesandals owithairmassesandatmosphericfrontsincaseofsitesinthesouth ernpartofPoland(Sosnowiec,Kraków,Rzeszów,Lublin).Analy sisofthefrequencyofdayswithhighArtemisiapollen

concentrationsindifferentaircirculationtypesindicatesnoclearr elationship.Highpollenconcentrations(≥30PG/m³⁾appearedwit hsimilarfrequency(10–20%)innoadvectionsituation(cen- tralanticyclonesituation-Ca,anticyclonicwedge–

Ka,centralcyclonesituation–Cc,throughoflowpressure–

Bc)andinothersituations(Fig.7).Therelationshipbetweenhigh pollenconcen-

trationandairmasseswasmoredistinct.Highpollenconcentra- tionsoccurredwhenpolarcontinental(PPk)orpolarmaritime

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Fig.6P iechartofAmbrosiapollenoccurrenceduringtheArtemisiapollenseasons,wherethewholecircle(100%)istheArtemisiapollenseason

transformed(PPms)airmasseswereoverthestudiedsites.Thesea irmassesbringwarm,evenhotanddryweatherwithnoprecip- itationandnoatmosphericfronts.ForSzczecin,Poznań,Wroc ławandŁódźitisdifficulttopointoutatypeofsituation,thatcould bedecisiveforhighArtemisiapollenconcentration.Inthesesites pollenconcentrationin agivendayseemstobedepen-

dentontheairmassesratherthanontheaircirculationtype.Theincr easeinArtemisiapollentakesplacewhentheweatheriswarm,dr y,noprecipitation.Suchsituationisprovokedbypolarcontinental orpolarmaritimetransformedairmasses.

Theregressivetrees(C&RT)andanalysisoffrequencyofday swithhighAmbrosiapollenconcentrations(≥10PG/m^3grains) showedresultsdifferentthaninthecaseofArtemisia.Itwasstate dthatinRzeszówandLublindayswithhighpollenconcentration soccurredmostoftenwhensouthernPolandwasinfluenced bylowpressure,especiallybycentralcyclonic(Cc)orthroughof lowpressure(Bc)andcyclonicadvectionfromsouthorsouth- westdirections(S+SWc)

(Fig.8).InSosnowiecandKrakówhighpollenconcentrations wereas-

sociatedmainlywithairadvectionfromsouthandsouth- westdirections(S+SW)oreastandsouth-

eastdirections(E+SE)nomatterwhatsituation,cyclonicoran ticyclonewas.GenerallyhighAmbrosiapollenconcentration saccompaniedpolarcontinental(PPk)andpolarmaritimetran sformed(PPms)airmasses,andinKrakówalsotropicalairm assesadvection(PZ).Dayswithhighpollenconcentrations

occurredmostoftenwhennoatmosphericfrontswerepresent.In WrocławandŁódź,similarlyasinSosnowiecandKrakówhigh Ambrosiapollenconcentrationswereassociatedwithairadve ctionfromsouthandsouth-

westdirections(S+SWaorS+SWc)nomatterwhatsituation,cy clonicoranticyclonicwas.InSzczecinandPoznańthefrequenc yofdayswithhighpollenconcentrationswassimilartothatinR zeszówandLublin,whenlowpressuredominated(Fig.8).

Discussion

AnalysisofArtemisiaandAmbrosiapollenseasoncharacter- isticsrevealedonlytwocharacteristics,aseasonstartdateandad ayofmaximumconcentrationwiththelowcoefficientofvariabi lityforbothtaxainallsites.Similarresult,onthelowcoefficientof variabilityfortheAmbrosiapollenseasonstart,wasgivenbyK asprzyk(2008).Itcouldresultfromtimedur-

ingtheyear(July,August)whenbothtaxastarttheirpollenseas ons.Generally,thevalueofthecoefficientofvariabilitydepend sonthermalconditionsthataremorestableinlatermonthsoft heyear(Myszkowskaetal.2011).Thepollenseasonstart ofearlyspringtaxae.g.AlnusandCorylusdem-

onstratethehighestseasonalvariabilitywhichdependso nchangeablethermalconditionsatthebeginningoftheyear(K asprzyketal.2004;Rodriguez-Rajoetal.2004).

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Fig.7FrequencyofdayswithhighArtemisiapollenconcentrations(≥30PG/m³)instudiedsitesingivensynopticsituations:A–inaircirculationtypes;B–

inaircirculationtypes,airmasses,atmosphericfronts(accordingtoNiedźwiedź,T.,catalogue,2015)

ThepollenseasonsofArtemisiabegin,mostoften,intheseco ndhalfofJulyatallthestudiedsites.Similarresultswerereported byGrewlingetal.(2012)intheirworkonthevaria-

tionofArtemisiapollenseasonsinCentralandEasternEurop e.TheyindicatedthatArtemisiapollenseasonsgener- allyoccurredbetweenthemiddleofJulyandSeptember.These findingsconfirmedtheearlierworkbySpieksmaetal.

(1989),whostatedthatstartdatesdidnotvaryverymuchatcertai nsitesinEurope.ArtemisiaflowersinCentralEuropeattheendo fJulywhileinMediterraneanareaspollinationoccursmainlyi nSeptember.ThisdelayresultsfromreleasingArtemisiapolle nafterthepeakofsummertemperatureintheMediterraneanregi onorgenerallyfromtheeffectofrainfall,asevensingleday’srain ,sharplystopsthepollinationwithinthemainpollenseason,or highernutrientavailability(Spieksmaetal.1989;D’Amatoa ndSpieksma1990).Puc(2006)notedthestartofmugwortinth ethirddecadeofJuly,whichagreeswithourstudy.Asregardsth eAmbrosiapollenseasonstart,itismuchmorevariableanddepe ndenton

site.Onsiteswherethepollenseasonstartswereleastdiffer- entiateditcouldhaveresultedfromlocalsources.

Incontrasttothelowvariabilityfoundfortheseasonstartdayan dthedayofmaximumpollenconcentration,thevaluesofAmbr osiaandArtemisiaseasonalpollenindexarethemostvar- iableseasoncharacteristics.Overconsecutivelystudiedyearsthe valuesofAmbrosiaSPIinSzczecin,Poznań,Wrocław,Łódźan dKrakówwererelativelysimilarandlowerincomparisonwithSo snowiec,RzeszówandLublinwherehigherpollenconcentra- tionscouldresultfromalongdistancetransport.Thesefindingscoi ncidewithreportsbyChłopekandTokarska-

Guzik(2006),MalkiewiczandWąsowicz(2003),Piotrowskaand Weryszko-Chmielewska(2006),Puc(2004)andStępalskaetal.

(2002).Ragweedpollenisoneofthemostabundantpollentypeint hePannonianPlainsuchasCroatia,whereyearlytotalsumsexcee d24,000grains(IvanićGrad)

(Peterneletal.2005),whichismanytimeshigherthaninPolishsite s.

ConsideringthespatialdistributionofsitesinPoland,sta- tisticallysignificantdifferencesonlyoccurredinthecaseof

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Fig.8FrequencyofdayswithhighAmbrosiapollenconcentrations(≥10PG/m³)instudiedsitesingivensynopticsituations:A–inaircirculationtypes;B–

inaircirculationtypes,airmasses,atmosphericfronts(accordingtoNiedźwiedź,T.,catalogue,2015)

Artemisiapollenseasonstartdatesandduration,whileAmb rosiapollenseasonstartdatesandtheirdurationsonlydiffered significantlyatthreesitesinsouthernPoland.Differencesina irbornepollenconcentrationsareduetovari-

ablewinddirectionsanddependonthedistancebetweenthesiteo fmeasurementandthesourceofemission(EmberlinandNorris- Hill1991).Furthermore,thelarge-

scaledispersionofatmosphericconstituentsiscontrolledbysyn optic-,continen-tal-,orhemispheric-

scalemeteorologicalphenomena(Sofievetal.2013).Pollentra nsportisaffectedbyacombinationofwinddirection,windspee dandwindduration,assumingnomajorrainfall.Damialisetal.

(2005)reportedanimportanteffectofthewinddirectiononairbo rnepollenconcentrations,particularlyinthecaseofnumerousp ollensourceslyinginonedirection.A similardependenceb etweenpollenconcentrationsandthepresenceofpollinatingt axainthevicinityofthemeasurementsitereportedArobbaeta l.(2000)inGenoa.InSzczecinhighatmosphericpollencon- centrationsofragweedandmugwortwererecordedatthesite

inthevicinityofwhichtherewerenumerousplantsofthesetaxa(

Puc2006).AnalysesofArtemisiapollenseasonsineightsitesin Polandin2001–

2005revealedthecleardifferencesinannualpollentotalsamon gsitesandyears(Weryszko-Chmielewskaetal.2006).

Co-occurrenceofpollenseasonsofdifferenttaxawasre- portedearlierbyonlyfewpapers.Thephenomenonofco- occurrenceisoftenconsideredasaresultfromextensionofpoll enseasonscausedbygradualglobalwarmingandthenthereisp ossibilityofoverlapping.Pollenseasonsofspeciesfloweringi nsummerhavebecomelonger.TheendofPoaceae,Artemisia ,UrticaandAmbrosiapollenseasonshastendedtoappearlater (Wanetal.2002).ThecomparisonofArtemisiaandAmbrosia pollenseasonaldynamicsinCracow,Polandshows,thatthereis possibilityofthehighpollencon-

centrationoccurrenceofbothtaxasimultaneously,inthesec- ondpartofAugust(latesummer).Thiscouldbethereasonforthei ncreaseinallergysymptomsresultingfromacross-

reactionbetweenallergensofbothtaxa(Myszkowskaetal.

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2012).Moreover,inthecaseofthelatesummerpollinatingplan ts(ArtemisiaandAmbrosia),thenegativecorrelationbe- tweenpollenseasonstartandendwasfound,thelaterpollenseas onstarts,theearlierpollenseason ends(Myszkowskaeta l.2011).

Inaerobiologicalliteratureitisstressedthatincreasedtemper- atureduringsummerandearlyautumncouldcausetheincreas- inggrowthofAmbrosiaplants,andincreasingpollenproduc- tion;andthisphenomenonisassociatedoftenwiththehigherconce ntrationofCO2intheair(Smithetal.2013andreferencestherein).B arnesetal.

(2001)statedthattemperatureandrelativehumidityslightlyinflue ncedailyAmbrosiapollenconcentrationsbutpassingcoldfronts havethegreatesteffectonairborneAmbrosiapollenconcentra tions.Accordingtostudiesonpheno-

logicalphasesitisstatedthatthelengthofthepollenseasonbecome sextendedinplantsfloweringinsummer(Huynenetal.2003)t hatcouldresultinco-occurrenceofdifferentspecies.

Accordingtoourpresentresults,cnalysisofArtemisiapol- lenconcentrationsagainstabackgroundofsynopticsituationre vealedthatthereisnoclearrelationshipbetweenfrequencyofda yswithhighpollenconcentrationsindifferentaircircu- lationtypes.However,therelationshipbetweenhighpollenco ncentrationandairmasseswassharplyoutlined.Highpol- lenconcentrationsoccurredwhenpolarcontinental(PPk)from theeastorpolarmaritimetransformed(PPms)airmassesfromth ewestwereoverthestudiedsiteswhichsuggeststhecaseofthere gionaltransportandsporadicallylong-

distancetransport.Longdistancetransport(LDT)episodesofai rbornepollenareusuallyirregular(Smithetal.2008)andcanmo difythecharacteristicsofthepollenseason(Sofievetal.2006).

LDTepisodeshavebeenearlieridentifiedforAmbrosia(Sik oparijaetal.2009;Stachetal.2007),Artemisia(Izquierdoet al.2011)andBetula(Skjøthetal.2007).

InBudapest,Hungary,significantdifferencesmightbefou ndinAmbrosiapollenconcentrationsondayswithdiffer- entweathertypes.Mostoftheanticyclonicsituationsarefavou rableforpollination,andallcyclonicsituationsareunfavourabl e.However,apartoftheanticyclonictypeswerealsounfavourab le(FehérandJárai-

Komlódi1996).Analysisofwinddirectionsoccurringthemost ofteninCracowshowedAmbrosiapollenconcentrationsassoc iatedtowindblowingfromeasterly(E)andeast-

southeasterly(ESE)directionswhichindicatedthelongdist ancetransportfromtheCzechRepublic,Slovakia,Hungarya ndUkraine.Windfromwesterly(W)andwestsouthwesterly(W SW)directionscouldhavebroughtpollenfromlocalsourcesint hewesternpartofPoland(Stępalskaetal.2008).Kasprzyk(200 8)notedhighairborneAmbrosiapollenconcentrationsrecord edondayswhenairmassadvectioncamefromeastandsoutheast ,andfromsouthandsouth-

west.Ondayswithpolarmaritimeorarcticairmasses,pollenco ncentrationswerestatisticallysig-

nificantlylowerthanondayswithpolarcontinental,polarma ritimewarmandpolarmaritimetransformedairmasses.

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ThestudyperformedinSosnowiec,PolandonthethreatofA mbrosiapollenataregionalscaleshowedahighnegativecorr elationbetweenfrequencyofairmasses(polarmaritime)from thewestandtheannualsumofpollengrainsandmax-

imumdailyconcentration(Chłopeketal.2011).Hotanddrywe atheronthePannonianPlain(PP)favoursthereleaseAmbros iapollenduringthefloweringseason.Adequatesyn-

opticsituationsarerequiredforairmassesbearingpollentomo venorthwardcausingLDTfromthePPtoPolandandf urtherintoScandinavia(Šikoparijaetal.2013).

Conclusio ns

1.TheArtemisiapollenseasonsmostoftenstartinthesec- ondh alfo f J ulya t a llt hes ites,w hileA mbrosiap ollensea sonsstartsarem uchmorevariable.

2. Seasons tartd atesa ndd ateso f m aximumc oncentrationfo rArtemisiaandAmbrosiashowthelowestcoefficientofvar iability.

3. Pollenseasonsofbothtaxacouldoverlapatallthesites althoughnoteveryyear.InLublinandRzeszów(100%eac hsite),andinŁódź(90%)theco-

occurrenceofbothtaxapollenseasonsisthehighest,whil einSzczecin(62%),Poznań(60%),andWroclaw(55%)is thelowest.

4. Insouth-

easternPoland(Sosnowiec,Rzeszów,Lublin)highA mbrosiapollenconcentrationsduringtheArtemisi apollenseasonappearmoreoftenthaninotherstudysites.I tis,ontheaverage,3–5daysinayear.

5. HighArtemisiap ollenc oncentrationso ccurw henp olar continental(PPk)airmassesinflowintoPolandfromtheea storwhenpolarmaritimetransformed(PPms)airmasses comefromthewest.

6. IncaseofAmbrosia,dayswithhighpollenconcentrationso ccurredmostoftenwhensitesunderquestionwereaffect- edbylowpressureandcyclonicadvectionfromsouthorsout h-

westdirections(Szczecin,Poznań,Rzeszów,Lublin)orhig hpollenconcentrationswereassociatedmainlywithairadve ctionfromsouthandsouth-westdirectionsoreastandsouth- eastdirectionsirrespectiveofcyclonicoranticy-

clonicsituation(Wrocław,Łódź,Sosnowiec,Kraków).

7. Co-occurrenceofpollenseasonsofbothtaxadependson thetypeofatmosphericcirculation.

AcknowledgmentsT h e resultspresentedhereaddresssomeaspectsd escribedintheCOSTActionSmarter,especiallyintheWorkGroup4relat edtotheAsteraceaefamily(Artemisia,Ambrosia)whichintensifyhuma nhealthrisk.

OpenAccessThisarticleisdistributedunderthetermsoftheCreativeCo mmo nsAt tribu t ion4. 0In t ernat iona lLicen se(ht tp://creativeco mmons.org/licenses/by/4.0/),whichpermitsunrestricteduse,distributi on,andreproductioninanymedium,providedyougiveappro-

priatecredittotheoriginalauthor(s)andthesource,providealinktotheCreat iveCommonslicense,andindicateifchangesweremade.

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