Theologisches Literaturblatt,
Unter Mitwirkung
z a h l r e i c h e r V e r t r e t e r k i r c h l i c h e r W i s s e n s c h a f t u n d P r a x i s
Prof. D. Chr. E. Luthardt.
E r s c h e i n t je d e n F r e i t a g . E x p e d itio n : K ö n ig s s tr a s s e 1 3 .
A b o n n e m e n ts p re is v i e r t e l j ä h r l i c h 2 J6 . 5 0 / $ . I n s e r t io n s g e b ü h r p r . g e s p . P e t it z e i l e 3 0
A. Hauck’s Kirchengeschichte. II.
Salmond, Stewart D. F., The C h r i s t ia n d o c t r i n e
o f immortality.
Schnitze, Julius Leopold, D. Julius Müller als
Ethiker und die Glaubensfrage mit Bezug auf das Apostolikum.
Weber, Lic. L., Gesi hichte der sittlich-religiösen und sozialen Entwicklung Deutschlands in den letzten 35 Jahren.
Geschichtschreiber der deutschen Vorzeit.
Neueste theologische Literatur.
Zeitschriften.
Verschiedenes.
Eingesandte Literatur.
A. Hauck’s Kirchengeschichte.
i i.
D e n g e w a ltig e n S to ff h a t H a u c k in z w e i B ü c h e r z u s a m m e n g e f a s s t, v o n d e n e n d a s e r s te (d a s s e c h s te in d e r g a n z e n R e ih e ) d ie K o n s o lid ir u n g d e r d e u ts c h e n K ir c h e 9 1 1 — 1 0 0 2 v o n H e in r i c h I . b is O tto I I I . in se c h s K a p ite ln b e h a n d e lt. (1. K ro n e , E p is k o p a t u n d H e r z o g th u m . G r u n d le g u n g d e r b is c h ö flic h e n F ü r s te n m a c h t . 2 . D ie G r ü n d u n g d e r K ir c h e im n o r d d e u ts c h e n W e n d e n la n d . 3. W ie d e r a u f n a h m e d e r s ü d ö s tlic h e n M issio n . T h ä t i g k e i t d e r d e u ts c h e n K ir c h e in B ö h m e n u n d P o le n . 4 . D ie E r n e u e r u n g d e r B e z ie h u n g e n z u I t a l i e n u n d i h r e R ü c k w i r k u n g a u f d ie k ir c h lic h e L a g e im N o rd e n . 5 . L i t e r a t u r u n d K u n s t. 6. D ie A n f ä n g e d e r K lo s te r r e f o r m .) D a s z w e ite B u c h u m f a s s t n a h e z u z w e i D r i t t e l d e s B a n d e s u n d s c h i ld e r t d a s U e b e r g e w ic h t d e s K ö n ig th u m s in d e r K ir c h e u n d d e n B r u c h d e ss e lb e n d u r c h R o m 1002— 1 1 2 2 in s ie b e n K a p ite ln . (1. W a c h s e n d e r E in flu s s d e s K ö n ig th u m s u n t e r H e in r ic h I I . 2. E r s t a r k e n d es M ö n c h th u m s . 3. K a is e r th u m u n d P a p s tth u m . 4 . D e r F o r t g a n g d e r W e n d e n m is s io n u n d d ie b e g in n e n d e L o s- l'ö su n g d e r s k a n d in a v is c h e n K ir c h e n v o n D e u ts c h la n d . 5. D ie E m a n z ip a tio n d e s P a p s tth u m s v o n d e r k ö n ig lic h e n G e w a lt.
6. F ü n f z i g J a h r e S t r e it . 7. F o r t s c h r i t t e d es g e is tig e n L e b e n s .) D e r U e b e r b lic k ü b e r d ie G lie d e r u n g d es g a n z e n S to ffes z e i g t d e n sc h ö n e n A u fb a u u n d d e n F o r t s c h r i t t in d e r E n tw ic k e lu n g , w ie d ie B e s c h r ä n k u n g in d e n K a p ite ln , d ie b e i d e r F ü l l e d e r Q u e lle n u n d d e r d r a m a tis c h e n B e w e g u n g ih r e s I n h a lt s d e n H i s t o r i k e r n u r z u le ic h t ü b e r G e b ü h r f e s th a lte n , n ä m lic h d ie Z e i t H e in r ic h ’s IV . u n d V . M e y e r v o n K r o n a u h a t in d e n J a h r b ü c h e r n d e s d e u ts c h e n R e ic h s f ü r d ie se Z e it b e r e its z w e i g r o s s e B ä n d e g e b r a u c h t u n d i s t d o c h e r s t b is z u m J a h r 1 0 7 7 g e la n g t . H a u c k i s t es g e lu n g e n , d e n S to ff a u f 2 5 0 S e ite n z u s a m m e n z u d r ä n g e n . A lle r d in g s h a t e r s ic h s ic h tlic h Z w a n g a n g e t h a n , u m d ie K ä m p fe u n t e r H e in r ic h V . k u r z u n d k n a p p z u g e b e n . H i e r s in d d ie C h a r a k te r e n u r m it e in ig e n S tr ic h e n g e z e ic h n e t. G e rn e h ä t t e m a n n o c h g e h ö r t , a u s w e lc h e n K r e is e n u n d S te llu n g e n H e in r ic h V . d ie v o n ih m b e s te llte n B is c h ö fe w ä h l t e , w a s d ie K ir c h e n p o litik H e in r ic h ’s V . n ic h t w e n ig k e n n z e ic h n e te ; d ie S te llu n g H e in r ic h ’s V . z u d e n K l ö s t e r n u n d u m g e k e h r t v e r d ie n te n o c h w e ite r e A u f k lä r u n g . A b e r w e r d ie A r b e i t H a u c k ’s b is z u m W o r m s e r V e r t r a g v e r f o l g t , v e r s t e h t a u c h d ie N o th w e n d ig k e it, d ie s e lb e z u ein em A b s c h lu s s z u b r in g e n .
D a s G o tte s r e ic h d e r K a r o l in g e r w a r b a n k e r o t t g e w o rd e n . M ü h s a m h a lf e n d ie B isc h ö fe d ie M a c h t d e s K ö n ig th u m s g e g e n ü b e r d e n S o n d e r g e lü s te n d e r d e u ts c h e n S tä m m e u n d dem S e l b s t ä n d i g k e it s d r a n g d e r S ta m m e s h e rz o g e a u f r e c h t h a lte n . D e r E p is k o p a t s t e h t a ls S c h u tz w e h r d e s K ö n ig th u m s u n t e r K o n r a d I . d a . D ie F e in d e d e s K ö n ig s w e r d e n a u f d e r S y n o d e z u H o h e n a lth e im a ls F e in d e G o tte s g e r ic h te t . D ie e n g e V e r b in d u n g d e r B is c h ö fe m it dem K ö n ig l a g a b e r im I n te r e s s e d e r K ir c h e u n d d e r S e lb s tä n d ig k e it d e r B is c h ö fe g e g e n ü b e r d e n H e r z o g e n . W a s u n t e r K o n r a d I . s ic h g e z e ig t, b e s tim m t d a s fo lg e n d e J a h r h u n d e r t . D ie M a c h t d e s K ö n ig th u m s b e r u h t a u f d e r T r e u e d e r B is c h ö fe , d ie j e t z t im A n s c h lu s s a n d e n
K ö n ig s ic h z u R e ic h s f ü r s te n e n tw ic k e ln , w e lc h e e b en s o T e r r i t o r i a l h e r r e n s in d , w ie d ie w e ltlic h e n F ü r s te n . D ie M a c h t
e n tf a lt u n g d es d e u ts c h e n K ö n ig th u m s b is a u f H e in r ic h I I I . , se in S ie g ü b e r d ie w e ltlic h e n F ü r s t e n , s e in E in flu s s a u f d ie g a n z e K ir c h e , se in e K r a f t g e g e n ü b e r d e n N a c h b a r n i s t b e d in g t d u r c h d ie H in g e b u n g d e r B is c h ö fe . D ie A u s b r e itu n g d e r K ir c h e im N o rd e n , O s te n u n d S ü d e n s t e h t in e n g s t e r W e c h s e l
b e z ie h u n g z u d em m it d em E p is k o p a t a u fs i n n ig s te v e r b u n d e n e n K ö n ig th u m . D ie R e ic h s p o litik b e s tim m t d e n F o r t s c h r i t t u n d d e n S t i ll s t a n d d e r M iss io n , w ie d ie G e s t a lt u n g d e r n e u g e w o n n e n e n K ir c h e n g e b ie te u n d d ie A r t d e r M is s io n s th ä tig k e it im U n te r s c h ie d v o n d e r a ltk ir c h lic h e n u n d h e u tig e n M issio n . M it d em F a l l d es K ö n ig th u m s b e g in n t d ie A b b r ö c k e lu n g d e r n e u g e w o n n e n e n G e b ie te u n t e r B e g ü n s t ig u n g d e r P ä p s t e . D ie P r o b e f ü r d a s K ö n ig th u m u n d se in e k ir c h lic h e n S t ü t z e n b r i n g t d e r S t r e i t z w is c h e n K a is e r th u m u n d P a p s t t h u m u n t e r H e in r ic h IV . u n d V . W e n n G r e g o r V I I . d ie R e f o r m a tio n d e r K ir c h e u n d d ie B e s e itig u n g d e r L a i e n i n v e s t it u r v e r t r i t t , u m dem P a p s t t h u m d ie W e l t h e r r s c h a f t u n d d ie O b e r h e r r lic h k e it ü b e r d a s K a is e r th u m z u g e w in n e n , so b ild e t d iese T e n d e n z n u r e in e E p is o d e , e in f ü r s e in e Z e it n o c h u n m ö g lic h e s P r o g r a m m f ü r d ie Z u k u n f t, d a s G r e g o r V I I . in S a le r n o jä m m e r lic h z e r r in n e n s ie h t. M it A u f b ie tu n g a lle r K r ä f t e k ä m p fe n H e in r i c h IV . w ie s e in tr e u l o s e r S o h n f ü r d a s u n b e s t r e i t b a r e R e c h t a u f d ie L e h n s p f lic h t d e r B is c h ö fe a ls R e ic h s f ü r s te n u n d a u f d ie V e r f ü g u n g ü b e r ih r e H i l f s k r ä f t e , w e lc h e d a s R e ic h n i c h t e n tb e h r e n k a n n . D e r W o r m s e r V e r t r a g i s t n ic h ts w e n ig e r a ls e in S ie g d e s G r e g o r ia n is m u s . W o l e r k a n n t e g a n z D e u ts c h la n d d e n r ö m is c h e n B is c h o f a ls O b e r h a u p t d e r K ir c h e a n , a b e r d ie B isc h ö fe b lie b e n a b h ä n g ig v o m K ö n ig , u n t e r se in e m E i n flu ss w u r d e n sie g e w ä h l t , ih m l e is te te n s ie L e h n s e id u n d L e h n s p flic h t. A b e r d ie f r e ie V e r f ü g u n g ü b e r d ie B is c h o fs s t ü h l e , w ie s ie H e in r ic h I I ., K o n r a d I I . u n d H e in r ic h I I I . n o c h b e s e s s e n , w a r d a h in . D ie k ir c h lic h e R e fo rm u n t e r d e r F ü h r u n g d e r M ö n ch e d e s W e s te n s h a t t e d a s W a h l r e c h t w ie d e r a u s d em G r a b e e r w e c k t. B e i d e n B is c h o fs w a h le n w a r d e r E in flu s s d e s K ö n ig s d u r c h d ie I n te r e s s e n d e r T e r r i t o r i a l h e r r e n b e s c h r ä n k t. D e n e ig e n tlic h e n G e w in n a u s d em f ü n f z ig jä h r ig e n K a m p f t r u g n ic h t d a s P a p s t t h u m , n ic h t d a s K ö n ig th u m , s o n d e r n d a s F ü r s t e n t h u m , d a s g e is tlic h e u n d w e ltlic h e , d a v o n . D ie E n tw ic k e l u n g , w e lc h e m it d em N ie d e r g a n g d es k a r o lin g is c h e n R e ic h e s b e g o n n e n , w a r j e t z t z u m A b s c h lu s s g e k o m m e n . D ie B is c h ö fe w a r e n R e ic h s f ü r s te n g e w o r d e n u n d t h e i l te n d ie s e l b s ts ü c h tig e n I n te r e s s e n d e r w e ltlic h e n T e r r i t o r i a l h e r r e n g e g e n ü b e r d em K ö n ig th u m . So s c h lie s s t H a u c k d a s E n d e d e r P e r io d e d e u ts c h e r K ir c h e n g e s c h ic h te , w e lc h e d e r d r i t t e B a n d d a r s t e l l t, sc h ö n m it d em A n f a n g z u s a m m e n , d a s s w i r e in s c h a r f u n d k l a r a b g e r u n d e te s G a n z e e r h a l te n .
D ie E n tw ic k e lu n g i s t k e in e g e r a d lin ig e . „ W e n n d a s K ö n ig th u m a n d e r P o l i ti k H e in r ic h ’s I . f e s t h i e l t , so w a r es n u r e in e F r a g e d e r Z e it, ob d ie K ir c h e ü b e r a l l in Abhängig™
k e it v o n d e n h e r z o g lic h e n G e w a lte n k o m m e n w ü r d e . E s w ä r e e in f ü r d ie K ir c h e eb en so w e n i g , a ls f ü r d a s d e u ts c h e V o lk e r w ü n s c h te r Z u s ta n d g e w e s e n “ . S . 2 0 . D a s C h a r a k te r b ild ,
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d a s H a u c k v o n H e in r ic h I . e n t w i r f t , i s t b e d e u te n d d u n k le r , a ls in d e n h e rk ö m m lic h e n Z e ic h n u n g e n . „ W i r p fle g e n H e in r i c h I . a ls d e n e r s t e n d e u ts c h e n K ö n ig z u b e tr a c h t e n u n d ih n d e m g e m ä s s z u i d e a l i s i r e n “ . S. 2 1. O tto I . g r e i f t a u f d ie k a r o lin g is c h e n B e c h ts g r u n d s ä tz e z u r ü c k . D ie E r n e n n u n g d e r B is c h ö fe i s t ih m k ö n ig lic h e s E e c h t, d a s a lt e W a h l r e c h t w ir d h ö c h s te n s a ls V o r s c h la g s r e c h t a n e r k a n n t, a b e r d a f ü r v e r e i n ig t e r p o litis c h e H e r r s c h a f t s r e c h t e u n d g e is tlic h e s A m t in e in e r H a n d , n ic h t o h n e d a s s m a n v o n S e ite n d e r K ir c h e d e n in n e r e n W id e r s p r u c h d ie s e r V e rs c h m e lz u n g g e f ü h lt h a t. V o n d ie s e m G e s ic h ts p u n k t a u s w e is s H a u c k a u c h d e r r ä th s e l h a f t e n , s c h e in b a r in s ic h w id e r s p r u c h s v o lle n P e r s ö n lic h k e it d es E r z b is c h o f s F r i e d r i c h v o n M ain z g e r e c h t z u w e rd e n . „ A b e r d e r E in d r u c k g r ö s s e r P e r s ö n lic h k e ite n i s t m ä c h t ig e r a ls p r in z ip ie lle B e d e n k e n “ . O tto fin d e t b e i d e n h e r v o r r a g e n d s t e n M itg lie d e r n d e s E p is k o p a ts b e r e itw illig e s E n tg e g e n k o m m e n , u n d M ä n n e r w ie B r u n v o n K ö ln v e r s te h e n a ls F ü r s t e n z u w a l te n u n d z u g le ic h d ie g e is tlic h e n P f lic h te n ih r e s A m te s z u e rfü lle n .
B ild e n j e t z t B is c h ö fe u n d A e b te d ie s ic h e r s te n S tü tz e n des T h r o n e s u n d d e r E in h e it d es E e ic h e s , so i s t d em K ö n ig th u m E a u m g e s c h a ffe n f ü r B e s e itig u n g d e r S ta m m e s h e rz o g e , a n ih r e S te lle t r e t e n t e r r i t o r i a l e F ü r s t e n , d ie u n t e r K o n r a d I I . d a s E r b le h n r e c h t g e w in n e n . A n d e r e r s e its t r i t t d e r E in flu s s des P a p s t t h u m s n ic h t b lo s in F o lg e d e r t r a u r i g e n P o r n o k r a t ie in B o m , s o n d e rn e n ts p r e c h e n d d e r L a g e d e r D in g e in D e u ts c h l a n d z u r ü c k . U m so g r ö s s e r w a r d e r G e w in n d e r K ir c h e a n w e ltlic h e n H e r r s c h a f t s r e c h t e n . W a s sc h o n u n t e r d e n K a r o l in g e r n b e g o n n e n , V e r le ih u n g v o n G e r i c h t s b a r k e i t , Z o ll, M üDze u n d M a r k t r e c h t a n d ie K i r c h e , k a m u n t e r d e n O tto n e n e r s t r e c h t in G a n g . S e h r d a n k e n s w e r th i s t d ie U e b e r s ic h t d e r G r a f s c h a f t s r e c h t e , w e lc h e d ie B is c h ö fe v o n O tto I . b is K o n r a d I I . e r la n g te n . S. 6 2 , A n m . 7, 4 0 9 . E in e ä h n lic h e U e b e r
s i c h t w ä r e a u c h f ü r d ie A b t e ie n , d ie j e t z t a u c h z u F ü r s t e n t ü m e r n sic h a u s w u c h s e n , e r w ü n s c h t. S. 4 4 2 , A n m . 4 sin d n u r d ie G r a f s c h a f ts r e c h te v o n F u l d a g e n a n n t , a b e r d ies es s t a n d s ic h e r n i c h t a lle in . D a s s W e is s e n b u r g u n t e r H e in r ic h I I . o d e r K o n r a d I I . d ie G r a f s c h a f t im H a i s t e r g a u e r h a l t e n , h a t B e f. i n d e n „ W ü r tte m b e r g is c lie n G e s c h ic h ts q u e lle n “ 2, 2 8 4 g e z e ig t .
D ie u n t e r O tto b e g o n n e n e E n tw ic k e l u n g w a r so k r ä f t i g , d a s s d e r M a n n d e r g r o s s e n P l ä n e u n d d e r k le in e n T h a te n , O tto I I . u n d d e r P h a n t a s t O tto I I I . d ie H e r r s c h a f t ü b e r d ie K ir c h e a u c h a u f E o m a u s d e h n te n u n d d e n r ö m is c h e n S tu h l g le ic h d e n d e u ts c h e n B is th ü m e r n b e s e tz te n . W a r es n o c h e in u n r e if e r G e d a n k e d es j u n g e n O tto I I I . , d a s K a is e r th u m K a r l ’s d e s G ro s s e n z u e r n e u e r n , w ä h r e n d d ie d e u ts c h e K ir c h e im O s te n s c h w e r e E in b u s s e e r l i t t , d e r G e d a n k e t r a t d o c h w ie d e r h e r v o r u n d s o llte u n t e r d e n fo lg e n d e n K ö n ig e n s e in e r V e r w ir k l ic h u n g n a h e g e b r a c h t w e rd e n . D ie C h a r a k t e r i s t i k O tto ’s I I . , S. 2 4 1 ff. u n d O tto ’s I I I . , S . 2 5 7 ff. s e ie n b e s o n d e re r B e a c h tu n g em p fo h len . M it s i c h tlic h e r L ie b e h a t H a u c k H e in r i c h I I . b e h a n d e lt. „ A u f e in e n g e is tr e ic h e n K ö n ig f o lg te e in v e r s t ä n d i g e r “ , S. 3 8 9 , d e r n ic h t r a s c h v o n E n ts c h lü s s e n , s t e ts a u f d a s U n e r r e ic h b a r e v e r z i c h t e te , u m d a s M ö g lic h e z u e r r e ic h e n , n ie d a s G le ic h g e w ic h t s e in e r S tim m u n g v e r lo r , k la r e n , g e r a d e n S in n m it fris c h e m v o lk s th ü m lic h e n H u m o r v e r b a n d u n d , o b w o l e in k r a n k e r M a n n , n ic h ts S c h w ä c h lic h e s u n d W e ic h lic h e s a n s ic h h a tt e . M it u n g e m e in e r T h a t k r a f t u n d Z ä h i g k e i t s i c h e r t e r s ic h d ie H e r r s c h a f t ü b e r d ie K ir c h e , s e t z t B is c h ö fe e in , o h n e s ic h u m d ie W a h lp r iv ile g ie n z u k ü m m e r n , s e t z t sie a b , w e n n s ie ih m u n t r e u e r s c h e in e n , g r ü n d e t B is th ü m e r u n d ä n d e r t i h r e G r e n z e n , h ä l t S y n o d e n a ls H e r r d e r K ir c h e , d e re n E e c h te ü b e r a ll i h r e S c h r a n k e n im G e h o rs a m g e g e n d e n K ö n ig fin d e n . W e d e r v o n d e r W e l t s t e l lu n g D e u ts c h la n d s n o c h v o n d e r M a c h ts te llu n g d e s K ö n ig s in d e r K ir c h e h a t e r i r g e n d e tw a s v e r g e b e n .
W e n n H a u c k in d e r W ü r d ig u n g H e in r ic h ’s I I . a ls K ö n ig s ic h g e g e n E a n k e w e n d e t , d ü r f t e e r E e c h t b e h a lte n . D e n n o h n e H e in r ic h H . w ä r e d ie K ir c h e n p o litik e in e s K o n r a d I I . u n d H e in r ic h I I I . n i c h t d e n k b a r . M it r ü c k s ic h ts lo s e r E n e r g i e g r e i f t K o n r a d I I . d re in , v e r f ü g t ü b e r K ir c h e n b e s itz , b e h a n d e lt B is c h ö fe w ie H e r z ö g e a ls s e in e B e a m t e , b r i n g t v o n s ic h a u s s c h w ie r ig e k ir c h lic h e F r a g e n , w ie d e n S t r e i t v o n G a n d e rs h e im z w is c h e n M a in z u n d H ild e s h e im u n d d ie h e ik le E h e s a c h e
O tto ’s v o n H a m m e r s te in , z u m A b s c h lu s s u n d r e g e l t s e lb s t ä n d i g r e in k ir c h lic h e A n g e le g e n h e ite n , w ie d ie B e o b a c h tu n g d e s Q u a te m b e r, d ie B e r e c h n u n g d e s A d v e n tf e s te s . D e r f r ä n k is c h e G r a f , e in M a n n v o n r a u h e r A r t u n d w e ltlic h e m S in n , w i r d b e i s e in e r K r ö n u n g v o m E r z b is c h o f v o n M a in z a ls S t e ll v e r t r e t e r C h r is ti b e g r ü s s t u n d v o n d e n D ic h te r n u n d H i s t o r i k e r n a ls G e s a lb te r d es H e r r n g e p r ie s e n . D e r P a p s t w a r e in w i l le n lo se s W e r k z e u g in d e r H a n d K o n r a d ’s, k a u m j e i s t e in P a p s t g r a u s a m e r g e d e m ü th ig t w o r d e n a ls J o h a n n X I X . v o n K o n r a d . A b e r d ie s e r h a t t e w o l d ie M a c h t, a b e r k e in k la r e s Z ie l i n s e in e r K ir c h e n p o litik . D ie g e is ti g e M a c h t s e in e r Z e it, d ie m ä c h t ig a n s c h w e lle n d e k ir c h lic h e E e f o r m , w u s s te e r n ic h t d i e n s tb a r z u m a c h e n . H e in r ic h I I I . k o n n te w o l f ü r s ic h d a s U e b e r g e w ic h t d e s K ö n ig th u m s in d e r K ir c h e w a h r e n u n d es in S u t r i a u f d e n h ö c h s te n G ip fe l e rh e b e n , in d e m e r d e r E e fo rm e in e b r e it e G a s s e in d e r K ir c h e s c h u f u n d w ie e in th e o - k r a t i s c h e r K ö n ig w a l t e t e , d ie S im o n ie b e s e i t i g t e , F r i e d e n s c h u f , d e r m e h r w a r a ls d e r B u r g u n d is c h e G o tte s f r ie d e , d e r d ie h a lb e W o c h e d e r F e h d e p r e is g a b , u n d e in e n t ü c h t i g e n E p is k o p a t h e r a n z o g . A b e r m it d em T o d e H e in r ic h ’s I I I . z e i g t e es sic h , w e lc h e M a c h t d ie k ir c h lic h e B e f o r m b e w e g u n g d em d u r c h d e n K a i s e r r e g e n e r ir t e n P a p s t t h u m v e rlie h e n , w ie u n h a l t b a r d e r D u a lis m u s w a r , d e r in d e r S te llu n g d e s r e fo r m f r e u n d lic h e n K ö n ig th u m s H e in r ic h ’s l a g , a b e r s ic h sc h o n in d em k ir c h lic h e n E e c h ts b u c h B u r c h a r d ’s v o n W o r m s g e o f fe n b a r t h a t t e , w ie s t a r k d ie U e b e r z e u g u n g v o n d e r a b s o lu te n G i l ti g k e i t d e r k a n o n is c h e n V o r s c h r if te n d u r c h d a s M ö n c h th u m g e w o r d e n w a r .
S a l m o n d , S t e w a r t D . F . , M .A ., D .D . (P r o f . o f T h e o l., F r e e C h u rc h , A b e r d e e n ) , T h e Christian d o c t r i n e o f i m m o r - t a l i t y . E d in b u r g h , 3 8 G e o rg e S t r e e t , 1 8 9 5 , T . & T . C la r k ( X I I , 7 0 4 S. g r . 8). 1 4 sh.
D e r V e rf. b e v o r w o r te t, d a s s e r u n t e r „ U n s t e r b l i c h k e i t “ im T i t e l s e in e s W e r k e s k e in e s w e g s e tw a d ie U n s te r b lic h k e it n u r d e r S e e le , s o n d e r n , in d e m e r s ic h a u f 1 K o r. 1 5 , 5 3 . 5 4 , b e r u f t , d ie U n s te r b lic h k e it e b e n d e s M e n sc h en v e r s t e h e u n d v e r s ta n d e n h a b e n w o lle . Ueberhaupt b e to n t e r n a c h d r ü c k li c h , d a s s e r a u f G r u n d d e r B ib e l, im B e s o n d e re n d e r W o r t e d e s H e r r n a n d ie B e h a n d lu n g u n d L ö s u n g s e in e r A u f g a b e h in a n t r e t e u n d s c h lie s s t v o n se in e m V o rh a b e n je d e g r u n d s ä tz lic h e B e z ie h u n g d e r U n s te r b lic h k e it z u r n a tü r l i c h e n V e r n u n f t, z u r N a tu r w i s s e n s c h a f t u n d P h ilo s o p h ie a u s d r ü c k lic h a u s (p. V I I , V I I I ) .
— D a m it s in d j a e in ig e s o n s t s e h r n a h e lie g e n d e M is s v e r s tä n d n is s e s e in e s T h e m a s u n d s e in e r M e th o d e z u n ä c h s t w e n ig s te n s t h a t s ä c h l i c h u n m ö g lic h g e m a c h t. I n d e s s e n f r a g t es s ic h d o ch , ob d e r e ty m o lo g is c h e u n d h is to r is c h e S in n d e s W o r te s „ U n s t e r b l i c h k e i t “ e in e d e r a r t i g e V e r w e n d u n g , w ie d e r V e rf. s ie im T i t e l s e in e s B u c h e s u n d s o n s t a u s Z w e c k m ä s s ig k e its g r ü n d e n v o rn im m t, w ir k lic h z u lä s s t. D e r W id e r s p r u c h m a c h t s ic h e b e n unwillkürlich g e lt e n d : „ E in e c h r is tlic h e L e h r e v o n d e r U n s t e r b li c h k e i t g i b t es n i c h t “ . K a n n d e rs e lb e m it g e n ü g e n d e n G r ü n d e n a ls u n h a lt b a r e r w ie s e n u n d a b s c h lie s s e n d b e s e it i g t w e r d e n ? B e z . m u ss d ie s e n ts c h ie d e n b e z w e ife ln . D a s N e u e T e s ta m e n t g e b r a u c h t d e n A u s d r u c k d ö a v a c u a , d e r v o n d e r L X X v ö llig v e rm ie d e n i s t , b e k a n n tlic h n u r a n z w e i S te lle n , v o n d e n e n d ie e in e , 1 T im . 6, 1 6 d ie U n s te r b lic h k e it a u s s c h lie s s lic h G o t t b e il e g t u n d a ls o f ü r e in e B e g r ü n d u n g d e r U n s te r b lic h k e it d es M e n sc h e n ü b e r h a u p t n i c h t i n B e t r a c h t k o m m e n k a n n , u n d d ie a n d e r e , d ie v o m V e rf. a n g e z o g e n e K o r in th e r s te lle , d ie v o n d e r U n s te r b lic h k e it a ls v o n e in e m K le id e u n d B e s itz e r e d e t , d ie d em M e n sc h en e r s t in d e r A u f e r s te h u n g z u e ig e n g e g e b e n w e r d e n . G o tte s B e ic h k o m m t z u s e in e r h e r r l i c h e n V o lle n d u n g e b e n , w e n n d ie s S te r b lic h e a n g e z o g e n h a b e n w i r d d ie U n s te r b lic h k e it. I n d ie s e m , d u r c h d e n K o n t e x t f e s tg e s te llte n a llg e m e in e n S in n e d e r S te lle f ä l l t d a n n im B e s o n d e r e n e in N a c h d r u c k n i c h t e tw a d a r a u f , d a s s d e m M e n s c h e n , a ls s o lc h e m , d ie E ig e n s c h a f t d e r U n s te r b lic h k e it b e ig e l e g t w e r d e , s o n d e r n d a r a u f , d a s s e in e I d e n t i t ä t b e s t e h t z w is c h e n d em M e n sc h e n i n d iesem L e ib e u n d i n d e r U n s t e r b li c h k e i t ( O p o r te t, c o r ru p tiv u m is tu d in d u e r e in c o r r u p te la m e t m o r ta le i s tu d in d u e r e i m m o r t a l i ta t e m , T e r t . D e r e s . c a r n . ; cf. T h e o p h y l. z u 2 K o r. 5 , 4 ; eb en so C h r y s .: ’ A d a v a o i a s x a i a < p ö a p atas £m,ooaY)<; au x u i, H ie ro n . a d M a rc . u . a .) . — E s i s t
n u n s o n s t e in rü h m lic h e s U n te rn e h m e n , w e n n m a n e in v e r lo r e n g e g a n g e n e s c h r is tlic h e s S p r a c h g u t , w ie z. B . d a s D e u ts c h e E i n f a l t , E i n f ä l t i g , f ü r c h r is tlic h e n u n d k ir c h lic h e n u n d th e o lo g is c h e n G e b r a u c h z u r ü c k z u e r o b e r n s ic h b e m ü h t. A b e r „ U n s te r b li c h k e i t d e s M e n s c h e n “ in dem v o m V e rf. v e r s ta n d e n e n S in n e i s t n ie m a ls d e r A u s d r u c k f ü r d ie b e z ü g lic h e c h r is tlic h e W a h r h e i t g e w e s e n u n d sc h o n w e g e n s e in e r fo rm a l n e g a tiv e n G e s t a lt u n t ü c h t i g u n d u n f ä h ig , d ies je m a ls z u w e r d e n . — W e n n d ie a ltte s ta m e n tlic h e n A p o k ry p h e n d a s W o r t a & a v a o ia a n e in ig e n S te lle n (z. B . W e is h . 8, 1 7 ; 1 5 , 3 ) a u c h p o s itiv e r u n d i n h a l t r e i c h e r a u ffa s s e n o d e r a u fz u fa s s e n s c h e in e n , so w ir d f ü r d a s e n ts c h e id e n d e n a tü r l i c h e V e r s tä n d n is s d e sse lb e n eb en d o c h im m e r a u f d ie g r ie c h is c h e P h ilo s o p h ie u n d b e s o n d e rs a u f P l a t o , d e r d a s W o r t g e m ü n z t h a t , z u r ü c k g e g a n g e n w e r d e n m ü s s e n . U n d b e i ih m i s t es z w e ife llo s n u r e in fo r m a le r A u s d r u c k , d e r n ic h ts b e s a g t , a ls b le ib e n d e s E x i s t i r e n , o h n e d a s s d a m it e in e th is c h e r I n h a l t v e rb u n d e n w ä r e ( P l a t. P h a e d r . 2 4 5 , C ., D eff. 5 0 5 , A ). — R e z . k a n n d a h e r n i c h t u m h in , d ie A n w e n d u n g des W o r te s „ U n s t e r b l i c h k e i t “ in e in e m so u m fa s s e n d e n , in h a ltr e ic h e n u n d c h r is tlic h e n S in n e , w ie d e r V e rf. d ies t h u t , f ü r v e r f e h l t z u h a lte n . H a t m a n d a n n s e in W e r k g e l e s e n , so w i r d m a n s ic h n u r u m so m e h r w u n d e r n m ü sse n , w a r u m e r n ic h t in d e n T it e l d e s s e lb e n s e t z t e : „ D ie c h r is tlic h e L e h r e v o n d e n l e t z te n D i n g e n “ o d e r „ C h r is tlic h e E s c h a to lo g ie “ . D e n n e r b e s p r i c h t im W e s e n tlic h e n do ch a lle d ie T h e m a t a , w e lc h e v o n d ie s e r e r w e i t e r t e n B e z e ic h n u n g u m f a s s t w e rd e n .
N a c h e in e m e in le ite n d e n K a p ite l ( O r ie n tir u n g ; U n a b h ä n g ig k e i t d e r c h r is tlic h e n O ffe n b a ru n g in B e z ie h u n g a u f e s c h a to - lo g is c h e L e h r e n ) b e h a n d e lt d e r V e rf. d ie b e z ü g lic h e n A n s c h a u u n g e n d e r h e id n is c h e n V ö lk e r n ie d e r e r (p. 9 — 2 4 ) u n d h ö h e r e r (p . 2 5 — 1 5 6 ) K u ltu r s tu f e n . E r v e r m e id e t s p e k u la tiv e , u n d g e h t h is to r is c h e W e g e , in d e m e r a u s d e r R e lig io n s g e s c h ic h te b e s o n d e rs d e r I n d e r , E g y p te r , B a b y lo n ie r u n d A s s y r e r , P e r s e r , G r ie c h e n , i h r e A n s c h a u u n g e n ü b e r d ie S e e le , d e n T o d , d a s k ü n f t ig e L e b e n , d a s G e r ic h t e tc . z u r D a r s t e l l u n g b r i n g t.
R e z e n s e n t v e r m is s te e in e e in g e h e n d e r e B e r ü c k s ic h tig u n g d e r j e t z t z u g ä n g lic h g e w o rd e n e n C h in e s is c h e n L i t e r a t u r u n d d e r d o c h s e h r e ig e n th ü m lic h e n R ö m is c h e n A n s c h a u u n g e n ü b e r T o d u n d B e g r ä b n is s e tc . im U n te rs c h ie d e v o n d e n G r ie c h is c h e n . S o n s t i s t d a s ü b e r a u s u m f a n g r e ic h e M a te r ia l s e h r fle is s ig g e s a m m e lt u n d d u r c h g e a r b e ite t in s c h a r f s in n ig e r u n d g e w is s e n h a f t e r U n te r s c h e id u n g z w is c h e n d e m , w a s w is s e n s c h a f tlic h a ls f e s ts te h e n d g e lte n k a n n , u n d z w is c h e n b lo s s e n H y p o th e s e n . V o n b e so n d e re m W e r t h e u n d h o h e m I n te r e s s e s in d v o r a lle m d ie A b s c h n itte , w e lc h e d ie e g y p tis c h e n , b a b y lo n is c h e n , a s s y r is c h e n D e n k m ä le r , I n s c h r if te n e tc . b e h a n d e ln . D ie b e z ü g lic h e F a c h l i t e r a t u r i s t j a s o n s t f ü r T h e o lo g e n n ic h t eb en s e h r z u g ä n g lic h ; u n d so i s t dem V e rf. z u d a n k e n , d a s s e r s e in e g ro s s e B e le s e n h e it in d e rs e lb e n f ü r se in W e r k so a u s g ie b ig v e r w e n d e t h a t . W e n n E in z e ln e s h e r a u s g e h o b e n w e r d e n k a n n , so d ü r f te n s e in e M itth e ilu n g e n u n d B e w e is f ü h ru n g e n u . a . v o n N e u em b e s t ä t i g e n , d a s s z. B . d ie U r g e s c h ic h te E g y p te n s k e in e s w e g s d ie so o f t g e s u c h te n r u d im e n tä r e n A n s ä tz e z u s p ä te r e n i d e a le r e n r e lig iö s e n A n s c h a u u n g e n d a r b ie te t , s o n d e r n v ie lm e h r r e lig iö s e A n s c h a u u n g e n v e r h ä ltn is s m ä s s ig h o h e r I d e a l i t ä t k e n n t, d e n e n g e g e n ü b e r e in e s p ä t e r e E n tw ic k e lu n g e h e r a ls D e g e n e r a tio n e r s c h e in e n m u ss. M it d e r U e b e r t r a g u n g d es s o g e n a n n te n N a t u r g e s e tz e s d e r E v o lu tio n a u f r e lig io n s g e s c h ic h tlic h e s G e b ie t m a c h t m a n e b a i d o c h im m e r w ie d e r r e c h t f a t a l e E r f a h r u n g e n .
— I m G a n z e n w i r d m a n a u s d ie sem T h e ile d e s v o r lie g e n d e n W e r k e s w ie d e ru m d e n E in d r u c k v e r t i e f t u n d b e r e i c h e r t em p f a n g e n , d a s s d e r n a tü r l i c h e n M en sc h h eiß ü b e r a l l u n d z u a lle n Z e ite n d a s S e h n e n n a c h e in e m e r lö s te n z u k ü n f tig e n L e b e n (R öm . 8, 1 9 — 2 3 ) a u f g e h e im n is s v o lle W e is e t i e f u n d u n a u s lö s c h lic h e in g e p r ä g t is t. E s g i b t k e in e M e n s c h e n b ru s t, d ie n ic h t in i r g e n d e in e r F o r m d ie s L e b e n a ls L a s t e m p fin d e t u n d in TjAspo; 70010 a u fs e u fz t. J e n e r b u d d h is tis c h e S a t z : „ W ie S a l z k r a f t u n d S a lz g e a c h m a c k d a s u n e rm e s s lic h e W e ltm e e r d u r c h d rin g e n , so i s t u n s e r e L e h r e d u r c h t r ä n k t v o m G e s c h m a c k d e r E r lö s u n g u n d B e f r e i u n g “ , fin d e t m it v o lle m R e c h te e in e E r w e i t e r u n g u n d a llg e m e in s te A n w e n d u n g a u f d a s b e z ü g lic h e E m p fin d u n g s - u n d G e d a n k e n le b e n d e r g e s a m m te n M e n s c h h e it.
A u c h d ie D a r s t e l l u n g d e r e s c h a to lo g is c h e n A n s c h a u u n g e n n n d L e h r e n in d e r a lt- u n d n e u te s ta m e n tlic h e n O ffe n b a ru n g
b i e t e t m a n c h e s T ü c h t i g e u n d B e a c h te n s w e r th e in w o h lb e g r ü n d e te n u n d h a l t b a r e n b ib lis c h - th e o lo g is c h e n A u s f ü h r u n g e n . H e r v o r z u h e b e n i s t z. B . d ie w i c h ti g e , g u t d u r c h g e f ü h r te U n t e r s c h e id u n g d e r is r a e litis c h e n r e lig iö s e n V o r s te llu n g v o n d e r h e id n is c h e n in B e tr e f f d e r M e te m p s y c h o s e , d e r P r ä e x is te n z d e r S e e le (p. 1 7 2 ff.), d ie A b w e h r d e r U n te r s c h ä tz u n g u n d M is s a c h tu n g d e r R e li g i o s i tä t I s r a e l s d u r c h K a n t , S c h o p e n h a u e r (p. 2 2 8 ; 2 3 0 ) ; d ie B e to n u n g d es a u f O ffe n b a ru n g g e g r ü n d e te n G la u b e n s a n d e n le b e n d ig e n G o tt, a ls d es I n b e g rif f s u n d d e s Q u e lls d e r H o ffn u n g a u f e in z u k ü n f tig e s L e b e n (z. B . p . 2 1 5 — 2 2 0 ; 2 7 3 ). B e s o n d e rs w e r th v o ll e rs c h ie n d em R e z e n s e n te n d ie a ls e in P r i n z ip d es g e s a m m te n W e r k e s (p. I X ) h i n g e s te l lt e e in g e h e n d e D a r l e g u n g , d a s s d ie p e rs ö n lic h e F ü h r u n g in d iesem L e b e n ü b e r S e lig k e it u n d U n s e lig k e it in d e r E w i g k e i t e n ts c h e id e t (p. 3 7 4 — 3 9 4 ) u n d G o tte s U r th e il ü b e r d ie a u s d iesem L e b e n in d ie E w i g k e i t E in g e t r e t e n e n e in a b s c h lie s s e n d e s u n d u n a b ä n d e r lic h e s i s t (z. B . p . 5 4 5 ; v g l. a u c h p . 6 2 8 — 6 6 0 ). A u f a lle n d e n g e n a n n te n G e b ie te n u n d m a n c h e n a n d e re n , d ie w i r d e r B e s c h r ä n k u n g d e s R a u m e s w e g e n n i c h t im E in z e ln e n n a c h w e is e n k ö n n e n , b i e t e t d e r V e rf. w illk o m m e n e F ö r d e r u n g e n f ü r b ib lis c h -th e o lo g is c h e , d o g m a tis c h e u n d e x e g e tis c h e S tu d ie n . — A lle r d in g s i s t e r in s e in e r M e th o d e a u c h ö f te r z u ein em a to m is ire n d e n V e r f a h r e n g e n e i g t , w ie z. B . i n d e r B e h a n d lu n g d e s B e g riffe s S h eo l (p. 1 9 8 ff.); u n d d a s s c h lie s s lic h e E r g e b n i s s i s t n ic h t e b e n e in k l a r e s u n d g e n ü g e n d e s . D a n n s t e l l t e r z . B . a ls g e w is s d ie T h a ts a c h e h i n , d a s s im A lte n T e s ta m e n t d a s L e b e n d es In d iv id u u m s v o n d em G a t t u n g s le b e n w e n ig , j a g a r n ic h t u n te r s c h ie d e n i s t (p. 2 3 2 ; 2 6 1 ) , w ä h r e n d e r a n a n d e r e n S te lle n d a s G e g e n th e il, d ie v o lle B e d e u tu n g d es in d iv id u e lle n , p e r s ö n lic h e n , r e lig iö s e n L e b e n s im A lte n T e s ta m e n t w e n ig s te n s a ls E r g e b n is s d e r S c h r if tle h r e z u r A n s c h a u u n g b r i n g t (p. 1 7 2 ; 2 3 3 , A n m . 1). E s d ü r f t e w o l d e r M ü h e w e r t h g e w e s e n s e i n , d e n N a c h w e is z u v e r s u c h e n , w ie m a n s ic h e tw a b e i A b r a h a m , d em E in z e ln e n , d a s W e s e n d e r g e o ffe n b a rte n a lt t e s ta m e n tlic h e n R e lig io n a ls e in v o rn e h m lic h dem V o lk e G o tte s , dem n a tio n a lr e lig iö s e n L e b e n v e rlie h e n e s G u t v o r z u s te lle n h a b e ! A u c h i s t d em R e z e n s e n te n b is h e r k e in e b e frie d ig e n d e E r k l ä r u n g b e k a n n t g e w o r d e n , w ie e in r e lig iö s e s L e b e n ü b e r h a u p t g e d a c h t w e r d e n k ö n n e , o h n e d a s s d ie p e rs ö n lic h e V e r a n t w o r t l ic h k e it d es E in z e ln e n v o r G o tt v o ll u n d g a n z a n e r k a n n t is t. D ie s e u n d m a n c h e ä h n lic h e T h e ile d e s W e r k e s m a c h e n d e n E in d r u c k , a ls ob sie a u s z w ie s p ä ltig e n V o r a u s s e tz u n g e n h e r v o rw ü c h s e n . S ie k ö n n e n je d e n f a lls z u e in e m e in h e itlic h e n E r g e b n is s n i c h t h in d u r c h
d r in g e n u n d w e d e r w is s e n s c h a f tlic h n o c h r e lig iö s e in e w i r k lic h e B e f r ie d ig u n g b ie te n . — ’ E in n o c h w e s e n tlic h e r e r M a n g e l k a n n s c h lie s s lic h n ic h t u n e r w ä h n t b le ib e n . N a c h d e r g a n z e n A n la g e d e s B u c h e s u n d in v ie le n e in z e ln e n A e u s s e r u n g e n h ä l t d e r V e rf. a n d em O f f e n b a r u n g s c h a r a k te r d e r h e ilig e n S c h r i f t f e s t; u n d d em g e g e n ü b e r b r i n g t e r d e n n o c h im m e r w ie d e r s e in e D a r s t e l l u n g in e n g e B e z ie h u n g z u d e n A e u s s e r u n g e n b e s o n d e rs v o n so lc h e n d e u ts c h e n G e le h r te n , w e lc h e d ie s e n O ijen - b a r u n g s c h a r a k t e r a u fs e n ts c h ie d e n s te le u g n e n u n d d ie B ib e l a n s e h e n u n d b e h a n d e ln , w ie je d e a n d e r e n a tü r l i c h e n ts ta n d e n e l i t e r a r i s c h e E r s c h e i n u n g , j a in ih r e m W id e r s p r u c h e g e g e n d ie B ib e l, a ls G o tte s W o r t , g e g e n d ie I n s p i r a ti o n , d ie W e is s a g u n g , d a s W u n d e r u n d a lle s U e b e r n a tü r lic h e in d e r B ib e l, sie so m is s h a n d e ln , w ie n ie m a ls e in e n a tü r l i c h e n ts ta n d e n e l it e r a r i s c h e E r s c h e in u n g m is s h a n d e lt w u r d e . W e n n n u n d e r V e rf. in s e h r v ie le n F ä l le n s ic h im m e r w ie d e r a u f d ie B e h a u p tu n g e n d e r n e g a t i v e n K r i t i k i n W id e r s p r u c h g e g e n s e in V o r w o r t b e z ie h t, so g e s c h ie h t d a s f r e ilic h k e in e s w e g s in d e r F o r m , d a s s e r ih n e n offen z u stim m e . E r l ä s s t im G e g e n th e il, o b w o l e in e n ts c h ie d e n e s , u n u m w u n d e n e s B e k e n n tn is s a n d e n b e d r o h te n S te lle n v e r m is s t w i r d , se in e e ig e n e p o s itiv e o d e r p o s itiv e r e S te llu n g d u r c h w e g w e n ig s te n s a h n e n . A b e r d ie s f o r t w ä h r e n d e H e r a n z ie h e n d e r n e g a tiv e n K r i t i k , d ie s s tills c h w e ig e n d e V e r fle c h te n d e r s e lb e n in se in e e ig e n e n A e u s s e r u n g e n d r ü c k t d ie s e n w ic h tig e n T h e ile n s e in e r A r b e i t e in e n z w e id e u tig e n S te m p e l a u f. — M a n m u ss s ic h f r a g e n , w a r u m d e r a r t i g e P i-o b lem e u n d Z i t a t e , d ie a n s ic h g e n o m m e n o f t r e c h t n ic h ts s a g e n d u n d ü b e r flü s s ig s i n d , im m e r w ie d e r a u f tr e te n . D ie s g a n z e M a te r ia l g e h ö r t j a z w e ife llo s n ic h t h ie r h e r , s o n d e r n in e in e Darstellung d e r b ib lis c h e n E in le itu n g s w is s e n s c h a f t u n d k a n n u n d m u s s
827
d o r t e in g e h e n d b e s p ro c h e n n n d w ir k lic h e r le d ig t w e rd e n . H i e r d a g e g e n w ir d es im m e r n u r b e r ü h r t , im m e r n u r g e s tr e if t, o h n e j e m a ls e in e g r ü n d lic h w is s e n s c h a f tlic h e B e h a n d lu n g z u f in d e n . E in d e r a r t ig e s V e r f a h r e n k a n n n u r d a z u d i e n e n , d a s s t h a t s ä c h l i c h im m e r m e h r u n d im m e r n e u e S a m e n k ö r n e r a u s g e s t r e u t w e r d e n , a u s d e n e n U n g e w is s h e it u n d Z w e ife l a ll e r A r t a n d e r g e o ffe n b a rte n W a h r h e i t h e r v o rw a c h s e n m ü sse n . — S o d a n n le id e n d ie A u s f ü h r u n g e n d e s V e r f .s s e lb s t a u c h m a te r i e l l u n t e r se in e m s tills c h w e ig e n d e n M ittr a g e n a m fre m d e n J o c h . A u f n e u te s t t a m e n tlie h em G e b ie te t r i t t d ie s w e n ig e r d e u tlic h h e r v o r , d a e r d o r t im G a n z e n s e lb s tä n d ig e r u n d th e o lo g is c h k o n s e q u e n te r v e r f ä h r t . I n d e r E r f a s s u n g d e r S te llu n g d e r a ltte s ta m e n tlic h e n G lä u b ig e n z u m e w ig e n L e b e n d a g e g e n m a c h t s e in e D a r s t e l l u n g o f t d e n E in d r u c k , a ls ob e r in s e in e r A r b e i t e in e n K a m p f h a b e b e s te h e n m ü sse n , w ie e in s t d e r E r z v a t e r J a k o b , e in e n K a m p f f r e ilic h m it e in e m a n d e r e n G e g n e r, d o c h , ä u s s e r lic h g e n o m m e n , m it d e rs e lb e n F o lg e u n d W ir k u n g d e s G e lä h m ts e in s u n d H in k e n s . So k a n n e r u n t e r a n d e re m s e lb e r d a s r i c h t i g e P r i n z ip a u f s te lle n , d a s s im A lte n T e s t a m e n t d e r g a n z e , s c h w e re N a c h d r u c k d a r a u f f ä l l t , d a s s d e r T o d d e r S ü n d e S o ld i s t (p. 1 9 7 ), u n d k a n n a u c h e in z e ln e r i c h t i g e F o lg e r u n g e n a u s d ie s e r g e o f fe n b a r te n T h a ts a c h e a b le ite n . A n s t a t t n u n a b e r d ie s P r in z ip w ir k lic h d u r c h z u f ü h r e n u n d e in g e h e n d n a c h z u w e is e n , w ie a u c h d em a lt t e s ta m e n t li c h e n G lä u b ig e n in d e r V e r g e b u n g d e r S ü n d e n a u s G n a d e n d a s w a h r e u n d w e s e n tlic h e e w ig e L e b e n n a c h M a s s g a b e d e r W e is s a g u n g s ö k o n o m ie g e s c h e n k t w ir d ; a n s t a t t a u f d ie s e m g e r a d e n u n d z u v e r lä s s ig e n W e g e z u e in e m c h r is tlic h u n d th e o lo g is c h h a lt b a r e n E r g e b n is s h i n d u r c h z u d r in g e n , n im m t e r d a n n so v ie le f r e m d a r ti g e E le m e n te in se in e G e d a n k e n b e w e g u n g a u f, d a s s je d e s b ib lisc h - u n d o f f e n b a r u n g s m ä s s ig - p o s itiv e R e s u l ta t d a d u r c h v e r d u n k e l t, w e n n n i c h t g a n z b e s e it i g t w e r d e n m u ss, U n t e r a n d e re m l ä s s t e r s ic h v o n d e r E e h a u p tu n g d e r K r i t ik , d a s s d ie a lt t e s ta m e n tlic h e R e li g i o s i tä t w e s e n tlic h i n d ie G r e n z e n d e s ir d is c h e n L e b e n s e in g e s c h lo s s e n se i, so s t a r k b e e in f lu s s e n , d a s s e r, o b w o h l ih m a lle M itte l z u r B e s e itig u n g d ie s e s T r a u m e s z u G e b o te s t e h e n , z u l e t z t , u m d e n O ffen- b a r u n g s c h a r a k t e r d e s A lte n B u n d e s n o c h ir g e n d w ie z u r e t t e n , a u f d ie s e lts a m e u n d v e r f e h lte B e h a u p tu n g k o m m t, b e i d en G lä u b ig e n d es A lte n B u n d e s se i d a s ir d is c h e G e s e g n e ts e in in d e m B e w u s s ts e in d e r G e g e n w a r t G o tte s d ie H a u p ts a c h e u n d h i e r i n h ä t t e n sie e in re lig iö s e s G u t b e s e s s e n , d a s d ie e n t s p r e c h e n d e B e g a b u n g d e r n e u te s ta m e n tlic h G lä u b ig e n v ie lle ic h t ü b e r tr e f f e . I n d ie s e r W e is e se i d ie a lt t e s ta m e n tlic h e O ffen
b a r u n g a u c h e in e O ffe n b a ru n g d e r „ U n s te r b lic h k e it“ u n d d es H im m e ls , o b w o h l i h r H im m e l a u f E r d e n g e s u c h t w e r d e n m ü sse (p . 2 7 6 — 2 7 7 ) . M a n v e r m is s t d a b e i n u r n o c h d ie B e h a u p tu n g , d a s s a u c h d ie d a m a lig e „ U n s te r b lic h k e it“ in d e r S t e r b lic h k e it b e s ta n d e n h a b e u n d v o n d e n G r e n z e n d ie s e s L e b e n s e in g e s c h lo s s e n g e w e s e n se i! — B e i d iesem fo rm e lle n u n d s a c h lic h e n V e r f a h r e n i s t es n i c h t z u v e r w u n d e r n , w o l a b e r z u b e d a u e r n , d a s s d e r V e rf. k e in e R u h e , k e in e n R a u m u n d k e in e F r e u d i g k e i t fin d e t, u m so lc h e a ltte s ta m e n tlic h e T h a t s a c h e n u n d Z e u g n is s e , w ie sie in H e n o c h ’s H in w e g n a h m e , in l s a a k ’s O p f e r u n g (H e b r. 1 1 , 1 9 ), in d e r B e z e ic h n u n g G o tte s a ls d es G o tte s A b r a h a m ’s e tc . ( M a tth . 2 2 , 3 2 ; J o h . 8, 5 6 ) , in d e n T o d te n e r w e c k u n g e n , d a n n g e n e r e ll in d e r s c h w e r e n , a n fe c h tu n g s r e ic h e n P i l g r im s c h a f t d e r a ltte s ta m e n tlic h e n G lä u b ig e n z u r S t a d t G o tte s v o r lie g e n (H e b r. 1 1 ), e in g e h e n d e r u n d f r u c h t b r i n g e n d e r z u b e h a n d e ln .
D ie S c h lu s s k a p ite l b e s p r e c h e n in w e s e n tlic h s e lb s tä n d ig e n A b h a n d lu n g e n d e n B e i t r a g d es C h r is te n th u m s z u r „ U n s te rb lic h - k e i t s “ -H o ffn u n g (p. 5 7 9 — 5 9 1 ) ; d ie B e h a u p tu n g e n e in e r V e r n i c h t u n g d e r S e e le in d e r E w i g k e i t u n d e in e r b e d in g te n U n s t e r b li c h k e i t (p. 5 9 2 — 6 2 7 ) ; d ie A p o k a ta s ta s is (p. 6 2 8 — 6 6 0 ) ; d ie c h r is tlic h e L e h r e v o n d e r A l t e r n a ti v e z w is c h e n e w ig e m L e b e n u n d e w ig e r V e rd a m m n is s (p. 6 6 1 — 6 7 3 ) . E in i g e W ie d e r h o lu n g e n k o m m e n h i e r v o r , d ie w o l h ä t t e n v e rm ie d e n w e r d e n k ö n n e n . A u c h m ü s s te d ie B e s p r e c h u n g d e r A n s ic h te n ü b e r d a s k ü n f t ig e L e b e n b e i N a tu r v ö lk e r n (p. 5 8 0 ; 5 8 6 ) e ig e n tlic h d o c h d em z w e ite n K a p ite l (p. 9 ff.) b e ig e f ü g t se in . S o n s t i s t d ie T ü c h t i g k e i t d ieses T h e ile s m it F r e u d e u n d D a n k a n z u e r k e n n e n , o b w o l d ie f r ü h e r b e r ü h r t e n M ä n g e l a u c h h i e r n i c h t g a n z fe h le n .
E in e R e ih e v o n in te r e s s a n te n E x k u r s e n i s t d em W e r k e b e ig e g e b e n (p. 6 7 7 — 6 9 4 ) z. B . ü b e r N i r v a n a u n d A r a h a t ; ü b e r d ie b u d d h is tis c h e A n s c h a u u n g v o n d e r I d e n t i t ä t d e s M e n s c h e n u n d d a s K a r m a ; ü b e r H io b 1 9 , 2 3 — 2 7 . — D e r I n d e x k ö n n te v o lls tä n d ig e r se in . — D ie b u c h h ä n d le r is c h e A u s s t a t t u n g i s t e in e v o r tr e f f lic h e , a u c h s in d dem R e z . n u r s e h r w e n ig e D r u c k f e h le r b e g e g n e t.
R o s t o c k . _________ Hashagen.
S c h u l t z e , J u l i u s L e o p o ld ( P a s t o r u n d P r o f e s s o r a m K g l . J o a c h im s th a l’s c h e n G y m n a s iu m z u B e r l i n ) , D . J u l i u s M ü l l e r a l s E t h i k e r u n d d i e G l a u b e n s f r a g e m i t B e z u g a u f d a s A p o s t o l i k u m . E in e e th is c h e u n d e in e e th is c h d o g m a tis c h e S tu d ie . B re m e n 1 8 9 5 , C. E d . M ü lle r ’s V e r la g s b u c h h a n d lu n g ( V I I I , 2 4 5 S . g r . 8). 4 . 8 0 .
V o rlie g e n d e d e r h o c h w ü r d ig e n th e o lo g is c h e n F a k u l t ä t d e r U n i v e r s i tä t H a lle „ a l s Z e ic h e n d e r vom G r o s s v a te r d u r c h d e n V a te r , a u f d e n E n k e l s ic h f o r tp fla n z e n d e n d a n k b a r e n E r in n e r u n g e n , so w ie a ls a u f r ic h tig e B e z e u g u n g d es in d em V o r
w o r t a u s g e d r ü c k te n W u n s c h e s d e r V e r s t ä n d i g u n g “ g e w id m e te n z w e i S tu d ie n d es zu m e r s te n M a le a ls g e l e h r t e r T h e o lo g e in d ie O e ffe n tlic h k e it tr e t e n d e n — E n k e ls v o n J u l i u s M ü lle r, S o h n e s d e s b e k a n n te n G e n .-S u p . L e o p . S c h u ltz e in M a g d e b u rg — w ü r d e n so w o l d e n v ie le n n o c h le b e n d e n S c h ü le r n d e s h o c h b e r ü h m te n J u l i u s M ü lle r w illk o m m e n s e i n , a ls b e s o n d e rs d e r th e o lo g is c h e n W is s e n s c h a f t f ö r d e r lic h e r s c h e in e n , s o fe rn a u f d e n g r o s s e n D o g m a tik e r zu m e r s t e n M ale so e r fo lg r e ic h a u c h a ls e in e n s e lb s tä n d ig e n u n d f r u c h t b a r e n E t h i k e r h in g e w ie s e n w ir d . D ie e r s t e S tu d ie w a r sc h o n in d e n „ N e u e n J a h r b ü c h e r n f ü r d e u ts c h e T h e o lo g ie “ a b g e d r u c k t u n d w ir d h i e r w e ite r e n K r e is e n z u g ä n g lic h g e m a c h t.
B e i dem sic h s t e ts s te ig e r n d e n I n te r e s s e a n e th is c h e n F r a g e n in d e n V e r w ir r u n g e n u n d V e r i r r u n g e n d e r G e g e n w a r t l a g d e r G e d a n k e n ic h t f e r n , d e s b e r ü h m te n D o g m a tik e rs V o rle s u n g e n ü b e r d ie E t h i k h e r a u s z u g e b e n . E s w ä r e t r o t z a ll e r d a m it v e r b u n d e n e n S c h w ie r ig k e ite n g e s c h e h e n , w e n n n i c h t d e r v e r e w ig te T h e o lo g (n a c h S. 3 ) es v e r b o te n h ä t t e . E s w a r d a h e r e in a n g e m e s s e n e r G e d a n k e d e s E n k e ls , a u f G r u n d d e r s e lb e n d e n G ro s s v a t e r in s e in e r B e d e u tu n g f ü r d ie s e W is s e n s c h a f t d a r z u s te lle n . Z w a r d ie G r u n d r ic h tu n g w ie d ie G r u n d p r in z ip ie n f ü r d ie E t h i k l a g e n in se in em b e k a n n te n W e r k v o n d e r S ü n d e v o r , u n d in s o f e r n s c h o n , w ie d e r E n k e l m it R e c h t b e m e r k t, h ä t t e J . M ü lle r in e in e r G e s c h ic h te d e r E t h i k , g a n z a b g e s e h e n v o n s e in e m E in flu s s d u r c h se in e d ie s e W is s e n s c h a f t b e tre ffe n d e n V o r le s u n g e n a u f d ie D ie n e r a m W o r t , w e lc h e in so g r ö s s e r S c h a a r s e in e Z u h ö r e r w a r e n , a ls a u c h a u f d ie d a d u r c h m it b e d in g te Z e i t r ic h tu n g d e r G e g e n w a r t e in e B e r ü c k s ic h tig u n g in u m fa s s e n d e re m M a ss e s e in e r u n v e r k e n n b a r e n B e d e u tu n g n a c h v e r d ie n t.
A b e r d i r e k t h a t e r d o c h n ic h t a u f d ie e th is c h e W is s e n s c h a f t e in g e w ir k t. E s d a r f d a h e r a ls e in w ir k lic h e s V e r d ie n s t d e s V e rf.s a n g e s e h e n w e r d e n , in s e in e r g e h a ltv o lle n S tu d ie (S . 1 — 1 4 2 ) a u f d ie je n ig e n P u n k t e in d e n V o rle s u n g e n h in z u w e is e n , w e lc h e th e ils s e in e B e d e u tu n g k e n n z e ic h n e n , t h e ils a u f d ie w is s e n s c h a f tlic h e E n tw ic k e lu n g j e t z t n o c h v o n E in flu s s s e in k ö n n e n . M it fe in e m G e s c h ic k u n d e in d r in g e n d e m V e r s t ä n d n i s s , w ie m it u m fa s s e n d e r K e n n tn is s d e r n e u e r e n e th is c h e n L i t e r a t u r h a t d e r E n k e l s e in e n ic h t le ic h te A u f
g a b e z u lö s e n g e w u s s t, d u r c h w e lc h e e r d e m G r o s s v a te r a u c h f ü r d ie s e W is s e n s c h a f t se in e B e d e u tu n g z u s ic h e r n u n d e in D e n k m a l z u s e tz e n b e d a c h t g e w e s e n .
E s m u ss je d e m V e r e h r e r M ü lle r’s w ie je d e m a u f d em G e b ie t d e r E t h i k a r b e ite n d e n T h e o lo g e n i n te r e s s a n t, j a w ic h tig se in , z u s e h e n , w ie d e r b e r ü h m te S y s te m a tik e r d ie s e D is z ip lin b e m e is te r t u n d w e lc h e U r th e ile e r ü b e r n e u e r e L e is tu n g e n g e f ä l lt h a t. U m n u r e i n s z u e r w ä h n e n , w ir d es s e in e r w ie d es E n k e ls s o r g f ä l t i g e r B e a c h tu n g z u d a n k e n s e in , d a s s a u s M ü lle r ’s G e s c h ic h te d e r E th i k f ü r d ie lu th e r is c h e K ir c h e d e r R e f o r m a tio n je n e m u n b e r e c h tig te n V o r w u r f g e g e n ü b e r , d a s s d ie lu th e r i s c h e T h e o lo g ie m e h r a u f d e n G la u b e n a ls a u f d ie L ie b e a c h te , u n d d ie r e f o r m i r te T h e o lo g ie v ie lm e h r v o n A n f a n g a n d ie S i t tl i c h k e i t g e f ö r d e r t h a b e , w ie f r ü h e r s c h o n d u r c h r i c h t i g e W ü r d ig u n g d e s V e n a to r iu s , so j e t z t e in a n d e r e r l u th e r i s c h e r Z e itg e n o s s e , e in v ö llig v e r g e s s e n e r T h e o lo g , z u s e in e r v e r
329
d ie n te n W ü r d ig u n g k o m m t. E s i s t J o h a n n e s R i v i u s , d e r g e b o r e n 1 5 0 0 u n d g e s to r b e n 1 5 5 4 , e in h o c h v e r d ie n te r h u m a n i s t is c h e r P ä d a g o g u n d lu th e r i s c h e r T h e o lo g , im G e is te M e la n c h th o n ’s , f ü r d ie R e f o r m a tio n e i n t r a t u n d a u s s e r d u r c h s e in e S c h u ls c h r if te n a u c h f ü r d ie P a s to r a lth e o lo g ie , D o g m a tik u n d , w a s u n s h i e r a n g e h t , a u c h f ü r d ie E t h i k tre fflic h e S c h r if te n g e s c h r ie b e n ; a u s s e r d e r S. 1 6 g e n a n n te n A b h a n d lu n g n e n n e n w i r n o c h d e c o n s c ie n tia l i b r i l l l , 1 5 4 1 , d e v e ro e r g a d e u m a m o re ( 1 5 5 2 ) , de p e r p e tu o c o n flic tu p io ru m cu m c a rn e , m u n d o , d iab o lo s e u d e t u c t a C h r is tia n a ( 1 5 4 9 ) g e s c h rie b e n h a t.
A u s d e n m it g e th e i lt e n D a r b ie tu n g e n M ü lle r ’s le r n e n w i r d e n I n h a lt , d e n S t a n d p u n k t, n a m e n tlic h d e n v o n K a n t b e e in flu s s te n d es S o llen s a ls P f lic h te n le h r e g e g e n ü b e r dem n e u e n s u b je k tiv e n d e r Z w e c k s e tz u n g b e i P h ilo s o p h e n w ie T h e o lo g e n k e n n e n . E n d lic h w ir d d e r g a n z e A u f b a u d a r g e b o te n u n d m it e in z e ln e n , vom H e r a u s g e b e r a u s g e w ä h lte n A u s f ü h r u n g e n z u H a u p tp u n k te n d ie b e tre ffe n d e n F r a g e n d e r G e g e n w a r t b e le u c h te t.
W i r h e b e n h i e r n o c h b e s o n d e rs h e r v o r se in e S te llu n g z u S c h le ie rm a c h e r u n d s e in e r S c h ü le r A b w e g e ü b e r d e n W ille n a ls S u b je k t d e r S i t tl i c h k e i t, ü b e r d a s G e w is s e n g e g e n W . S c h m id t, ü b e r d a s W e r t h u r t h e i l g e g e n J u l. K a f t a n ; n a m e n t
lic h d e n tr e f f lic h e n E x k u r s ü b e r C h r i s t u s a l s V o r b i l d . S e in s o n s t b e k a n n t e r k a n ti s c h e r S t a n d p u n k t t r i t t in d e r A u f f a s s u n g d e s S o lle n f ü r d ie E t h i k h e r v o r. M e h rfa c h w i r d d a s V e r h ä l t n is s v o n Z w e c k u n d M itte l b e to n t. D ie P f lic h te n le h r e w i r d a ls d ie d e r u n m itte lb a r e n P f lic h te n g e g e n G o tt ( m it B e z ie h u n g a u f d ie R its c h l’s c h e n e th is c h e n P r in z ip ie n u n d g e g e n ü b e r d e r G a l lw it z ’s c h e n A u fs te llu n g e n ) u n d d e r P f lic h te n d e r M itb e z ie h u n g a u f d e n M e n sc h e n ( G e r e c h tig k e its - u n d V o ll
k o m m e n h e its p flic h te n ) b e s p ro c h e n . D e n S c h lu s s m a c h e n M ü lle r’s A n d e u tu n g e n ü b e r d ie G ü te r le h r e .
W ü r d e es d e r R a u m g e s t a t t e n , so k ä m e Z w e c k s e in g e h e n d e r e r B e s p r e c h u n g so w o l d e s V e r e w ig te n A u ffa s s u n g e in z e ln e r e th is c h e r F r a g e n , a ls d e s H e r a u s g e b e r s D a r s t e l l u n g u n d „ D u r c h d e n k e n u n d W e it e r d e n k e n “ d e r G e d a n k e n d e s fe in s in n ig e n T h e o lo g e n in B e tr a c h t . I n e r s t e r e r H in s ic h t w ü r d e n w i r z. B . se in e A u ffa s s u n g d e r lu th e r is c h e n E t h i k im A llg e m e in e n , w ie sie S. 1 6 u n s b e g e g n e t, n i c h t a n e r k e n n e n k ö n n e n ,—
ob h i e r n i c h t a u c h d ie F o r t a r b e i t u n d tie f e r e V e r s e n k u n g in d ie n e u e r e lu th e r is c h e E n tw ic k e lu n g d e r h e r v o r r a g e n d s t e n V e r t r e t e r d e r V e r m itte lu n g s th e o lo g ie z u a n d e re m U r th e il b e s tim m t h ä t t e ? E b e n s o in d e r L e h r e v o m G e w iss e n — w e n ig e r d ie u n h a lt b a r e U n t e r d r ü c k u n g d es o u v , a ls d ie m it „ V ilm a r sic h a m m e is te n b e r ü h re n d e A u ffa s s u n g d e s G e w is s e n s , w o n a c h es s e lb s t g e w is s e r m a s s e n t a b u l a r a s a i s t , u n d a ls d a s v o n d e r F o r m d es G e fü h ls z u d e r d es V o rs te lle n s f o r ts c h r e ite n d e in n e r e U r th e il ü b e r d ie B e z ie h u n g d e s s ittlic h e n G e s e tz e s a u f u n s e r e H a n d l u n g e n “ g e f a s s t w ir d .
I n d e r a n d e r e n R ic h tu n g v e rm is s e n w i r z w a r n i c h t d ie b e r e c h ti g t e B e le u c h tu n g R its c h l’s u n d d e r R i ts c h l ’s c h e n S c h ü le r u n d i h r e r a b s p r e c h e n d e n A e u s s e r u n g e n ü b e r J u l . M ü lle r’s T h e o lo g ie u n d d ie p r in z ip ie lle A u s e in a n d e r s e tz u n g m it d e r l u th e r is c h e n T h e o lo g ie , b e s o n d e rs m it F r a n k , d e sse n a u s g e p r ä g t e r t i e f g e g r ü n d e t e r l u th e r i s c h e r S ta n d p u n k t m it d em J u l . M ü lle r ’s b e i v ie le n U e b e re in s tim m u n g e n d o ch z u p r in z ip ie lle n W id e r s p r ü c h e n A n la s s b o t; a b e r d o c h m a n c h e n a h e lie g e n d e B e m e r k u n g e n , z. B . ü b e r S c h e n k e l’s A u ffa s s u n g vom G e w iss en , S te in m e y e r ’s f e in s in n ig e B e h a n d lu n g d e s D e k a lo g s f ü r d ie P f lic h te n g r u p p ir u n g ; v o r a lle m d ie V e r w e r t h u n g d e r v .O e ttin g e n - s c h e n E t h i k in ih r e m g r o s s a r t i g w is s e n s c h a f tlic h e n U n te r b a u d e r e r s t e n A b th e ilu n g d e s z w e ite n B a n d e s .
W i r d a n k e n es d em V e r f ., d a s s e r sic h d ie s e r m ü h e v o lle n a b e r h ö c h s t d a n k e n s w e r th e n A r b e it u n te r z o g e n h a t, u n d m it u m fa s s e n d e n K e n n tn is s e n , n a c h a lle n S e ite n a b w ä g e n d em w ie m a s s v o lle m U r t h e i l , in k l a r e r D a r s t e l l u n g e in e n s c h ä tz b a r e n B e i t r a g z u r e th is c h e n W is s e n s c h a f t , so w o l in d em w a s e r v o n J u l . M ü lle r a ls w a s e r a u s E ig e n e m d a r b i e t e t , g e l ie f e r t h a t.
W i r k ö n n e n a u f d ie z w e i t e , n o c h m e h r in d ie w is s e n s c h a f tlic h e n u n d p r a k ti s c h e n B e w e g u n g e n d e r G e g e n w a r t e in g r e if e n d e A b h a n d lu n g : „ J u l i u s M ü l l e r u n d d a s a p o s t o l i s c h e S y m b o l , e in e e th is c h e S tu d ie ü b e r d ie G l a u b e n s f r a g e d e r G e g e n w a r t “ n u r n o c h g a n z k u r z e in g e h e n .
D ie A b h a n d lu n g r u h t a u f d e n in d e n f r ü h e r e n U n t e r
s u c h u n g e n d e r e r s te n A b h a n d lu n g . S ie l e g t z u e r s t d a s e th is c h e M a n k o d e r R i ts c h l ’s c h e n S c h u le d a r , z e i g t d ie e th is c h - p r a k tis c h e u n d k ir c h lic h e R ic h tu n g J u l . M ü lle r ’s , d ie e r w ie f r ü h e r b e i d e r E h e s c h e id u n g , so a u c h s t e ts r ü c k s ic h tlic h d e s A p o s to lik u m s u n d d ie s i t tl i c h v e rp flic h te n d e K r a f t s e in e r G e ltu n g , b e to n t. V o n b e s o n d e re m I n te r e s s e d ü r f t e d ie S. 1 6 4 f. m itg e - t h e i l te B e h a n d lu n g ü b e r d i e w u n d e r b a r e G e b u r t J e s u se in .
Im F o lg e n d e n h a n d e lt d e r V e rf. v o n d em W e s e n d es G la u b e n s , g e g e n ü b e r d e r E in s e i t ig k e i t R i t s c h l ’s , d e r es in d ie n o t it i a , u n d a u c h n i c h t o h n e B e d e n k e n g e g e n E d . K ö n i g , w e lc h e r z u s t a r k d e n a s s e n s u s b e to n t; e r s c h lie s s t s ic h m e h r a n K ö s tl i n , in d em e r d e n s ittlic h e n P r o z e s s v o r n ä m lic h h e r v o r h e b t. „ A u f s c h e in b a r e n U m w e g e n “ , n a m e n tlic h g e g e n R its c h l, G o tts c h ic k , H e r m a n n , K a f t a n , g e g e n K ö n ig , F l ü g e l e t c . , w ie d e r V e rf. s e lb s t s ic h r e c h t f e r t i g t , k o m m t e r z u d e r t i e f e r e in d r in g e n d e n B e h a n d lu n g v o n H e b r . 1 1 , 1 ff. E r h e b t h i e r m a n c h e tre ffe n d e G e s ic h ts p u n k te h e r v o r , h a t a b e r in d e r A u f
f a s s u n g v o n V . 6, w ie w i r m e in e n , n i c h t d es H e b r ä e r b r ie f v e r f a s s e r s G e d a n k e n g e tro ffe n . D e rs e lb e w ill n ic h t z e ig e n , w ie m a n z u m G o tte s - u n d S c h ö p fu n g s g la u b e n k o m m t, s o n d e rn , d a s s m a n vom G la u b e n a u s , vom H e ils g la u b e n a n d ie G n a d e in C h ris to u n d se in e V e r s ö h n u n g , w ie d ie H e ils g e s c h ic h te ü b e r h a u p t so a u c h n u r d ie V o r a u s s e tz u n g a lle r H e ilso ffen b a r u n g , d ie W e lts c h ö p f u n g G o tte s e rk e n n e n k a n n .
Im U e b r ig e n w i r d d e r H e ils g la u b e a ls s i ttlic h e B e th ä t ig u n g d e r g a n z e n P e r s ö n lic h k e it g e g e n ü b e r d e r H e ils g n a d e G o tte s in C h r is to , in d e r a u c h vom V e rf. b e to n te n E in h e i t vom D e n k e n , F ü h le n u n d W o lle n a u c h d ie E in h e i t v o n n o t i t i a , a s s e n s u s , fid u c ia s e in m ü s s e n , eb en so w ie in d em s ittlic h e n P r o z e s s d e r B u s s e (jx sx av o ia = S in n e s ä n d e r u n g ) g le ic h fa lls a lle d r e i M o
m e n te in i h r e r E in h e i t v o r h a n d e n sin d . E s i s t w o h l z u u n t e r s c h e id e n , w ie m a n z u m H e ils g la u b e n g e la n g t u n d w a s e r se in e m W e s e n n a c h is t.
R. L. Schulze.
W eb e r, Lic. L . (Pfarrer in m.-Gladbach), G eschichte d e r s ittlic h - r e li
giösen u n d sozialen E n tw ic k lu n g D eu tsch lan d s in den le tz te n 35 Ja h re n . Zusammenhängende Einzelbilder von verschiedenen V e r
fassern herausgegeben. Gütersloh 1895, Bertelsm ann (V I, 487 S. 8).
4. 80.
W e b e r w ollte eine G eschichte der sittlich-religiösen und sozialen E nt
w ickelung der Jahre 1 8 6 0 -1 8 9 5 geben und hat zu dem Ende Mono
graphien von den verschiedensten Fachmännern schreiben lassen, welche die treibenden und gestaltenden Ursachen der sittlich-religiösen und sozialen Zeitbewegungen (im ersten T h eil) und die sittlich-religiösen und sozialen Zustände (im zw eiten T h eil) darstellen. U n ter den treibenden und gestaltenden Ursachen werden die K irch e, die politische E n t
wickelung, die Naturwissenschaft, die m oderne W issenschaft und Bildu n g überhaupt, die Kunst, die Schule, H an del und Industrie, soziale Lehren und Parteib ild u n gen , P resse, m aterielle und soziale N othstände, die neueste Sozialdem okratie genannt. Dann werden die Zustände auf den Gebieten des häuslichen Lebens, der Sonntagsfeier, der vornehmen W e lt, des M ittelstandes, der K ü nstlerw elt, der Land- und Industriearbeiter, des Proletariats, der Unzucht und des Verbrechens, der H u m anität und der christlichen N ächstenliebe vorgeführt. D ie V erfasser, welche je einen, manche m ehrere A bsch n itte geschrieben haben, tragen m eist N am en von gutem K lan g. Es is t unmöglich, auf diesem Raum in eine W ü rd igu n g des Einzelnen einzutreten. N u r einige hervorstechende Punkte seien erwähnt. Im ersten A b sch n itt (S. 1— 15) verm issen w ir eine D arstellu ng der Verdienste, welche sich der Stand der evangelischen G eistlichen in den letzten Jahrzehnten auf vielen Gebieten des öffent
lichen Lebens erworben hat. H a t der V e r f., selbst G eistlich er, sie geflissentlich gem ieden, so dürfte sich w ol ein N icht-G eistlich er finden, der gerade den Unkirchlichen in den gebildeten K reisen unserer T a ge etw a durch eine einfache Aufzählung von Thatsachen klar m achte, w ie viel die G esam m theit dem treuen, selbstlosen W irken zahlreicher tü ch tiger G eistlich er verdankt. D agegen finden w ir S. 473 f. eine Verherrlichung des ärztlichen Standes, die über das Mass des B erechtigten hinausgeht:
S. 474 k lin gt, als ob es G eistliche überhaupt nicht gäbe. P ein lich be
rührt auch S. 87— 88 die A rt, in der der V erf. des bezüglichen A b schnitts sich selbst in den Vordergrund s tellt und eine Beurtheilung seiner eigenen Leistungen versucht: selbst der sonst so seelenvolle und ernste Charakter, das sittlich-religiöse Pathos des reichhaltigen und ge
diegenen Aufsatzes täuschen über diese Em pfindung nicht hinweg.
W arum ferner geh t jener A b sch n itt auf Gerock und G eibel ga r nicht ein (S. 83) ? D er dafür genannte Grund w ird niemand befriedigen. In den beiden K ap iteln , die von den W irku ngen der Trunksucht handeln»
