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›Ă•œƒ œ‘σ ƒ‘™ƒ ™ ‘œƒ‹—ǡ ›†œ‹ƒÏ ‹ƒ•×™ ‹ ƒ‘™‘ä…‹ e-mail: michalina.budna@vp.pl

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›Ă•œƒ œ‘σ ƒ‘™ƒ ™ ‘œƒ‹—ǡ ›†œ‹ƒÏ ‹ƒ•×™ ‹ ƒ‘™‘ä…‹ e-mail: michalina.budna@vp.pl

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(12)

24

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@ : SU]\SDGNX ZSURZDG]HQLD SRGDWNX FXNUX SRGVWDZą RSRGDWNRZDQLD E\áDE LORĞü FXNUX ]QDMGXMąFHJR VLĊ VNáDG]LH GDQHJR SURGXNWX

: ]DSURSRQRZDQ\P SRGDWNX FXNUX 3ROVFH VWDZNL PRJá\E\ Z\QRVLü RGSRZLHGQLR

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(13)

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(14)

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(15)

QLHMVWDZNLSRGDWNRZHRUD]XZ]JOĊGQLRQRUyĪQHPRĪOLZRĞFL]PLDQ\SRS\WX

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VSRĪ\ZDMąF\FKQDSyMW\SX cola UD]ZPLHVLąFXZ\QRVLáE\FRRGSRZLDGD

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Wariant 3. %LRUąF SRG XZDJĊ VSDGHN SRS\WX R  RGVHWHN RVyE VSR

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(16)

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Tabela 10. 3RUyZQDQLHFHQZ\EUDQ\FKSURGXNWyZSU]HGRSRGDWNRZDQLHPLSRRSRGDWNRZDQLX

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