RADIOCARBON DATES FROM THE GRAVES OF THE YAMNAYA CULTURE AT THE INGULETS RIVER (THE KIROVOHRAD REGION)

(1)

CHRONOLOGY OF CULTURES BETWEEN

THE VISTULA AND DNIEPER:

3150-1850 B C Ivan T. Chernyakov ElkeKaiser Viktor I. Klo hko Aleksander Ko±ko Nikolay N.Kovalyukh VladimirA. Kr uts Mykola N. Kryvaltsevi h Vadim L. Lakiza Jan Ma hnik Sergey V. Nazarov Alla V. Nikolova Vadim V. Skripkin Marzena Szmyt Mihailo Y. Videiko 1 V O L U M E 7

•

1999

(2)

w.Mar in78

Tel.(061)8536709ext. 147,Fax(061)8533373

EDITOR

AleksanderKo±ko

EDITORIALCOMMITEE

SophiaS.Berezanskaya (Kiev),AleksandraCofta-Broniewska

(Pozna«), Mikhail Charniauski (Minsk), Lu yna Doma«ska

(ód¹), ViktorI. Klo hko (Kiev), Valentin V. Otrosh henko

(Kiev),PetroTolo hko (Kiev)

SECRETARY

MarzenaSzmyt

SECRETARYOFVOLUME

AgnieszkaPrzybyª

ADAMMICKIEWICZUNIVERSITY

INSTITUTEOFEASTERNSTUDIES

INSTITUTEOFPREHISTORY

Pozna«1999

ISBN83-86094-06-0

(3)

CHRONOLOGY OF CULTURES BETWEEN

THE VISTULA AND DNIEPER:

3150-1850 B C Ivan T. Chernyakov ElkeKaiser Viktor I. Klo hko Aleksander Ko±ko Nikolay N.Kovalyukh VladimirA. Kr uts Mykola N. Kryvaltsevi h Vadim L. Lakiza Jan Ma hnik Sergey V. Nazarov Alla V. Nikolova Vadim V. Skripkin Marzena Szmyt Mihailo Y. Videiko 1 V O L U M E 7

•

1999

(4)

CoverDesign: EugeniuszSkorwider

Lingvisti onsultation:JohnComber

PrintedinPoland

(5)

EDITORS'FOREWORD ... 5

ASSUMPTIONS ... 7

ViktorI.Klo hko,AleksanderKo±ko,MarzenaSzmyt,PROBLEM

OFTAXONOMICLIMITATIONSINTHESYNTHESISOFTHEHISTORY

OFBALTIC-PONTICBORDERLANDIN3150-1850BC ... 7

NikolayN.Kovalyukh,Sergey V.Nazarov,RADIOCARBON

DATINGCALIBRATIONINARCHEOLOGICALSTUDIES ... 12

VadimV.Skripkin,NikolayN.Kovalyukh,RADIOCARBONLSDATING

OFBONEMICRO-SAMPLES ... 27

PARTI.THEBLACKSEABASIN(CHRONOLOGYOFTAXONOMICUNITS) ... 34

Mihailo Y.Videiko, RADIOCARBONDATINGCHRONOLOGYOFTHELATE

TRIPOLYECULTURE ... 34

ViktorI.Klo hko,VladimirA.Kruts,RADIOCARBONDATES

FROMTHEYAMNAYACULTUREBARROWATTHETRIPOLYECULTURE

"GIANTSETTLEMENT"NEARTALYANKY ... 72

AllaV. Nikolova,RADIOCARBONDATESFROMTHEGRAVES

OFTHEYAMNAYACULTUREATTHEINGULETSRIVER

(THEKIROVOHRADREGION) ... 80

AllaV. Nikolova,RADIOCARBONDATINGOFGRAVES

OFTHEYAMNAYAANDCATACOMBCULTURES

ONTHEDNIEPERRIGHTBANK ... 103

ElkeKaiser,RADIOCARBONDATESFROMCATACOMBGRAVES ... 129

Mykola Kryvaltsevi h,NikolayN.Kovalyukh,RADIOCARBONDATING

OFTHEMIDDLEDNIEPERCULTUREFROMBELARUS ... 151

ViktorI.Klo hko,RADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGYOFTHEEARLY

ANDMIDDLEBRONZEAGEINTHEMIDDLEDNIEPERREGION.

THEMYRONIVKABARROWS ... 163

Marzena Szmyt,IvanT. ChernyakovRADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGY

OF"AKKIEMBETSKIYKURGAN".APRELIMINARYREPORT ... 196

PARTII.THEBALTICSEABASIN(CHRONOLOGYOFPONTIC"INFLUENCE") .. 203

Aleksander Ko±ko,PONTICTRAITSINTHEMATERIALSOF

(6)

CULTURE|ARADIOCARBONPERSPECTIVE ... 211

JanMa hnik, RADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGYOFTHECORDEDWARE

CULTUREONGRZDASOKALSKA.AMIDDLEDNIEPER

TRAITSPERSPECTIVE ... 221

VadimL.L akiza, RADIOCARBONDATINGOFTHECORDEDWARE

CULTUREFROMTHENIEMENRIVERBASIN.AGRAVEFROM

PARKHUTY,SITE1,THEGRODNAREGION ... 251

CONCLUSION ... 264

ViktorI.Klo hko,AleksanderKo±ko,MarzenaSzmyt,ACOMPARATIVE

CHRONOLOGYOFTHEPREHISTORYOFTHEAREABETWEEN

THEVISTULAANDDNIEPER:3150-1850BC ... 264

Referen es ... 283

(7)

ThisvolumeoftheBalti Ponti Studies fo usesontheresultsoftheresear h

arried out so far into the absolute (radio arbon) hronology of the area lying

betweentheVistulaandDnieperorthebio- ultural borderlandbetween theWest

andEastofEurope.Absolute hronologyistreatedherebothasaresear hgoaland

fundamentalpremise inthebroaderstudiesof the hronometri anddevelopment

syn hronizationof\borderland" ulturalsystems.Ina seriesofarti les devotedto

individualtaxa a onsiderable numberofnew 14

Cdates havebeen ompared.The

dates on ernsour ematerialsthathavebeen hosenfromthepointofviewoftheir

representativenessand hronometri value (\short-lived"materials werepreferred

to minimize a potential error). The vast majority of analyses were purposefully

made in the same 14

C laboratory of the State S ienti Center of Environmental

Radiogeo hemistry of Ukrainian A ademy of S ien es in Kiev taking advantage of

fundsgenerouslyprovidedbythePolishCommitteeforS ienti Resear h.

Thevolume devotedto the\dark" se tionofthe\borderland"history

(3150--1850BC)istherstbutnotthelastpubli ationonthebroaderissuesmentioned

(8)

1. All dates in the B-PS are alibrated [see: Radio arbon vol.28, 1986, andthe

nextvolumes℄.Deviations fromthisrule willbepointoutinnotes.

2. Thenamesofthear haelogi al ulturesandsitesarestandarizedtotheEnglish

literatureonthesubje t(e.g.M.Gimbutas,J.P.Mallory).Inthe aseofanew

term,theauthor'soriginalnamehasbeenretained.

3. The spelling of names of lo alities having the rank of administrative entres

followsoÆ ial,state,Englishlanguage artographi publi ations(e.g. Ukraine,

(9)

PLISSN1231-0344

AllaV.Nikolova

RADIOCARBON DATES FROM THE GRAVES OF THE

YAMNAYA CULTURE AT THE INGULETS RIVER (THE

KIROVOHRAD REGION)

For the purposes of analysis, resear hers sele ted a group of the Yamnaya

ulture(YC)gravesstudiedbytheexpeditionoftheInstituteofAr haeologyofthe

Ukrainian A ademy of S ien es in 1990-1992.The graves were part of theburial

sitelo atedinthesouth-easternpartoftheKirovohradRegionnearthevillages of

GolovkovkaandProtopopovkaintheAleksandriaDistri t(Fig. 1:A,B).

The burial site was situated on the watershed plateau of the Ingulets river

anditstributary,theBeshka, and onsistedof48individual mounds.The mounds

formedseparategroupsthatstood0.5to2kmfromea h other(Fig.1:C-I).Allin

all, 56 graves were found in 41 ex avated burial mounds,and human bones were

takenfrom17YCgravesfor 14

C alibrationdating(Table1).Belowisades ription

ofthegraves.

1. DESCRIPTIONOFMATERIALS

1.1. BURIALMOUNDSNEARGOLOVKOVKA

Barrow3.Height: 0.4m,diameter: 20m.Madeovergrave 1oftheYC(Fig. 2:1).

Grave 1 (main, Fig. 2:2) was foundin the entre of thebarrow. At thelevel

oftheburiedbla k earth,thegrave was overedwithwooden blo ksupto0.18m

wide.There tangular pit,1.85mx1.06min size,wasorientedfromsouth-westto

north-east.Thebottomofthepitlayata depthof1mfromthelevel ofthebla k

earth.Theskeletonlayinafoetalpositiononitsba k,headtothesouth-west.The

(10)

felldowninarhombus.Theboneswere overedwitho hre.Totheleftoftheskull,

there wasa lumpofo hre shapedin theformof a rimsonoval \ at ake", 9.5x

8x4 minsize. Therewassome brownrotonthe oorofthepit.

Barrow5.Height: 3m, diameter- 35m.There were twograves oftheYCin this

barrow(Fig.2:3).

Stratigraphy of the barrow. The barrow was built in two stages. The earlier

moundwas made overgrave 5; itis2.3 m highandabout25 min diameter. Two

re-beds were foundunderthismoundat thelevel ofthean ient horizon:onein

thenorth-easternse torofthebarrow,andtheother2.5mtothesouth-eastofthe

grave. The se ond mound ofthe barrowwas onne ted withgrave 3;after it was

built,thebarrowrea hed its urrentsize.

Grave 3(Fig. 3:1) was sunkinto thesouth-easternse torof therst mound,

and overedwith woodenblo ksat thatlevel.The re tangular pit,1.4x1.05 min

size,orientedwithitslongsidesfromnorth-easttosouth-west,wasruinedatsome

stage. Thepit was1m deep.Atthebottomof thepit,alongthelongwalls,there

wasagroove,5 mwideand2-4 mdeep.Onlytheupperpartoftheskeletonwas

preserved; it layin a foetal positiononitsright side, head to thenorth-east.The

rightarmwasextended,andtheleft armwasslightlybentattheelbow.There was

a sheep/goat hoofbehind the skull, and some white rot, olouredwith o hre,on

the oorofthepit.

Grave5(main,Fig.3:3)wasfoundatthe entreofthebarrow.Thepit,

re tan-gular inproje tion,withrounded orners,was 2x 1.2minsize, withitslongsides

orientedfromsouth-westtonorth-east.Itwas overedwithwoodenblo ks,pla ed

paralleltothelongsides.Thepit was1m deepfromthelevel oftheburied bla k

earth.Theskeletonlayinafoetalpositiononitsba k,headtothesouth-west,arms

slightly bent at the elbows. The bones were overed with o hre, and there were

severallumpsofo hrebehindtheskull.The oordisplayedbrownrotandpat hes

ofo hre.

Barrow6. Height: 3.3m, diameter: 40 m. Three graves of theYC were foundin

thisbarrow(Fig4:1).

Stratigraphyofthebarrow.Therstbankwasmadeovergrave8;itwas1.7m

highand15m indiameter. L ater,grave 9wassunk intothesouthernedge ofthe

barrow,andwassubsequently overedwithabank (2.5mhigh,22mindiameter).

The onstru tion of the se ond bank was onne ted with grave 11, sunk in the

south-easternse torof thebarrow;it waslo al in natureand madenosigni ant

hanges tothesize ofthebarrow.The next bankof thebarrowwas onne tedto

gravesof theCata omb ulture(CC). Thelast bankofthebarrowwasmade over

grave 2 ofthe MnogovalikovoiPottery ulture (MPC), andalso onne tedto the

onstru tionofamoataroundthepreviousbank,asfragmentsofvesselsbelonging

(11)

Fig.1.L o ation(left)andlayout (right)of theburialmoundnearthe villages ofGolovkovka and

ProtopopovkaintheAleksandriaDistri t,KirovohradRegion

A-B-layoutofthelo ationofthebarrowgroups;C-I-layoutsofthelo ationofthebarrowswithin

thebarrowgroups;(I-XI-barrowgroupsnearthevillageGolovkovka).L egend:a-barrowgroups;b

(12)

(13)

Fig.2.Golovkovka,AleksandriaDistri t,KirovohradRegion

1-generallayoutofbarrow3;2-planandse tionofgrave1ofbarrow3;3-generallayoutofbarrow

(14)

1-planandse tionofgrave3ofbarrow5:2-planandse tionofgrave8ofbarrow6;3-planand

(15)

Table 1

Listof 14

Cdatings

Site L ab.No. Nobarrow Culture, DateBP DateBC DateBC

/Nograve Strati ation 68%- 95%

-L evel 1sigma 2sigma

Golovkovka Ki-6718 3/1 YC 3920

±

60 2468-2312 2566-2524 1 2304-2296 2502-2270 2260-2202 Golovkovka Ki-6730 5/3 YC 3960

±

60 2564-2526 2612-2280 2 2500-2398 2220-2210 2378-2348 Golovkovka Ki-6731 5/5 YC 4005

±

55 2580-2460 2856-2820 1 2660-2640 2624-2394 2382-2338 Golovkovka Ki-6719 6/8 YC 3970

±

55 2568-2522 2610-2598 1 2504-2450 2588-2290 2434-2402 2374-2356 Golovkovka Ki-6720 6/9 YC 3880

±

55 2456-2418 2470-2192 1 2410-2284 2162-2146 Golovkovka Ki-6721 6/11 YC 3850

±

55 2460-2314 2552-2542 3 2302-2296 2492-2198 Golovkovka Ki-6722 7/4 YC 3980

±

60 2574-2452 2846-2826 1 2430-2402 2652-2648 2370-2360 2618-2288 Golovkovka Ki-6723 11/5 YC 4030

±

60 2614-2464 2866-2810 1 2746-2726 2698-2450 2434-2400 2374-2354 Golovkovka Ki-6724 12/3 YC 3950

±

50 2556-2536 2572-2518 1 2494-2444 2506-2288 2442-2398 2378-2348 Golovkovka Ki-6727 14/2 YC 3910

±

55 2464-2316 2558-2532 ? 2494-2270 2260-2202 Golovkovka Ki-6725 14/3 YC 3895

±

55 2458-2312 2548-2544 ? 2304-2294 2490-2196 2156-2150 Golovkovka Ki-6726 14/4 YC 3840

±

50 2398-2378 2456-2184 ? 2348-2198 2170-2140

(16)

Site L ab.No. Nobarrow Culture, DateBP DateBC DateBC

/Nograve Strati ation 68%- 95%

-L evel 1sigma 2sigma

Golovkovka Ki-6728 14/7 YC 3905

±

55 2500-2300 2580-2530 1 2510-2270 2250-2200 Golovkovka Ki-6729 14/9 YC 3920

±

50 2580-2540 2580-2200 ? 2500-2010 Protopopovka Ki-6733 1/2 YC 3945

±

50 2580-2530 2590-2300 1 2510-2450 2430-2360 Protopopovka Ki-6734 1/3 YC 3925

±

55 2560-2540 2580-2280 ? 2500-2340 2230-2210 Protopopovka Ki-6732 1/4 YC 3890

±

55 2410-2310 2570-2540 ? 2500-2210

Grave 8 (main, Fig. 3:2) was lo ated in the entre of the barrow. The lay

dis hargelaytothenorth-westandthesouth-eastofthepit.Thepitwasre tangular

inshape, 1.8x 1.1minsize, withitslongwalls orientedfromsouth-westto

north--east. At the level of the buried bla k earth it was overed with wooden beams

(0.18min diameter),pla ed alongthelongerwalls.The pitwas0.95m deep.The

skeleton lay in a foetal position on its ba k, head to the south-west. The arms

were extended; the legs, bent at the knees and raised up, later fell down in a

rhombus.Theboneswere olouredwitho hre.The oorofthepitdisplayedbrown

rot.

Grave 9(Fig. 3:4)was sunkinthebarrow,4.2mtothesouthofthe\0".The

re tangularpit,1.85x 1min size,wasorientedwithitslongsidesfromsouth-west

tonorth-east.Itwas0.9mdeep,and overedwithwoodenblo kspla ed a rossit.

Theskeletonlayinafoetalpositiononitsba k,headtothesouth-west.The arms

were extended; thelegs, bent at the knees and raised up, later fell down to the

left.The bones were overed with o hre,espe iallyintensiveontheskull.Pat hes

ofo hre were alsofoundundertheskullandnear theleft hand.There wassome

brownrotonthe oorofthepit.

Grave 11 (Fig. 4:2) was foundto theeast of theprevious grave. The pit was

trapezoidinshape,1.7x0.85-1.15minsize,withitslongsidesorientedfrom

south--west to north-east. The entran e to the 0.7m deep pit was blo ked with beams,

arranged a ross it. The skeleton lay in a foetal position onits ba k, head to the

south-west.Thearmswereextended;thelegs,bentatthekneesandraised up,fell

totheright.The skull,bones ofthehandsandthefeetwere olouredwitho hre.

There wasbrownrotat thebottomofthepit.

Barrow7. Height: 0.9m, diameter: 30 m. It ontained one grave of theYC, and

(17)

1-general layoutandse tionofbarrow6;2-planandse tionofgrave 11.L egend: a-buriedbla k

(18)

1-general planandse tionsofbarrow7;2-planandse tionofgrave4ofbarrow7;3- intknife

(19)

Grave 4 (main, Fig. 5:2) was found in the entre of there tangular pit, 1.7

x 1.1 m in size, oriented with itslong sides from west to east. The dis harge lay

to the northof the pit, whi h was 0.95 m deep. At the level of theburied bla k

earth, thepitwas overed withwooden blo ks; in thesouth-eastern ornerofthe

pit there was a blo kof granite, 0.4 x 0.3 x 0.08 m in size. The skeletonlay in a

foetalpositiononitsba k,headtothewest.Thearmswereextended;thelegs,bent

atthekneesandraisedup,laterfelltotheright.Totherightoftheskull,therewas

a fragment,8x 5.5x 0.8 m insize, ofa intknife witha brokenblade(Fig.5:3).

The remainingpie e, madeof a at int ake,retou hedonbothsides, onsisted

ofapart ofthebladeandthebluntedbaseofthehaft, andwaspossiblyusedasa

s raper.Inthebottomofthepit,alongthewalls,there werepostholes10 mdeep,

5 m in diameter. The skull, bones of thehandsand thefeet were oloured with

o hre.Therewerealso theremains ofagrassmat onthepit oor.

Barrow 11. It represented the so- alled \maidan", i.e. its bank was used for the

produ tion of saltpetre in the XVII-XVIII enturies, and, therefore, the major

partof itwas ruined. Onlya smallpart ofthean ient bank remained.There, two

graves of theYC were found; theone thatwas hosen fordetermining thedates

had presumably been onne ted to the onstru tion of the se ond bank of the

barrow.

Grave5(Fig.6:2)wasmadeinapit3x2.7minsize,withitslongwallsoriented

fromsouth-westtonorth-east.Onaledgeinthepit,1.6mdeepfromthe\0"level,

there was a shield made fromten beams. Belowtheledge, there was a trapezoid

pit ,1.95x 1.45-0.9m insize. The bottomofthepit lay 1mbelow theledge and

displayed8postholes,3-4 mindiameter andupto15 mdeep.The skeletonlay

in a foetalpositiononitsba k, head tothesouth-west. The armswere extended;

the legs, bent at the knees and raised up, later fell to theright. The bones were

overedwitho hre.Therewasbrownrotatthebottomofthepit.

Barrow12.Height:0.5m,diameter:20m.Itwas madeoveraYC grave(Fig.6:1).

Grave3(main,Fig.7:2)waslo atedinthe entreofthebarrow.There tangular

pit,with rounded orners, was2.45 x 1.25m in size,with itslongerwalls oriented

from north-eastto south-west. The pit was 0.6 m deep. The lling ontained the

remainsofawoodenshieldandlumpsofo hre.Theskeletonlayinafoetalposition

onitsba k,head tothenorth-east.The armswere extended,thelegs,bent atthe

knees and raised up,later fell downin a rhombus. The skulland thebones were

overedwitho hre.Theskullrestedona 15- mearth\pillow".

Barrow14.Thebankofthebarroworiginallyrea hed theheightof6-8mandwas

60mindiameter.OfsevengravesoftheYCthatwerefoundinthebarrow,5were

sele tedforanalysis(Fig.7:1).

Stratigraphyofthebarrow.The entralpartofthebarrowhadbeenruinedby

apit(\maidan") madefortheprodu tionofsaltpetre;theremaining \ aps"ofthe

(20)

1-generalplanofbarrow12;2-planandse tionofgrave5ofbarrow11.L egend:a-woodenshield;

(21)

1-general planandse tionofbarrow14;2 -plan andse tionofgrave 3of barrow12.L egend:

(22)

thatoneofthetra edbanksofthebarrowhadbeen onne tedtothatgrave.The

otherex avated gravesweresunkaftergrave 7.

Grave 2(Fig. 8:1) was lo ated at a distan e of 18 m tothe north-eastof the

assumed entre of thebarrow. It was made in a pit 2.15 x 1.9 m in size, with its

longerwalls orientedfromnorth-westtosouth-east. Ona ledgein thepit,1.85m

deep,therewerewoodenblo ks.Inthesouth-eastern ornerofthepittherewasa

smallpile ofslightlyburntbonesofasmallanimal(sheep-goat?).Belowtheshield

there was a re tangular pit, 1.55 x 1m in size, 0.65 m deep fromthelevel ofthe

ledge. Theskeletonlayina foetalpositiononitsleftside,headtothenorth-west.

The left arm was extended, the right arm was bent at the elbow. The legs were

bentatrightanglestothebody.Onthe oorofthepitwere theremainsofagrass

mat,1.15x0.65m, overedwithwoodenrods.Undertheskullandinthenorthern

ornerof themat there weretra es ofo hre.Infrontof theskeletonthere wasa

longwooden bar,0.78 mlong and1 mthi k. Beyondthemat therewere several

bonesofasmallanimal.Behindtheheadoftheskeletonwasamouldedvesselwith

ashortstraightne k,strongly ontouredshouldersanda atbottom.Theshoulders

were de orated with a \herringbone" pattern made with a omb-like instrument.

The vesselwas14.1 mtall,thediameter 12.2 mattherim,16.6 min thebody,

and6 matthebottom(Fig.8:2).

Grave 3(Fig.8:3) wasfound19.5m to thesouth-eastof theassumed entre.

The re tangular pit,1.3x 1min size, was orientedwith itslongwalls from north

tosouth.Thelling ontainedtheremains ofa woodenshield.The bottomofthe

pit lay2.2 m deep fromthe \0" level.The skeletonlay in a foetalpositiononits

left side, head tothe north.Botharms were slightly bent at theelbows. The legs

were bentatright anglestothebody.Therewasa grassmatonthe oor,withan

unbrokenlayerofthinrods.

Grave 4(Fig.9:3) wasfound15.5m to thesouth-eastof theassumed entre.

Atthedepth of1.1m,there werepartially preservedlongitudinalledges, 1.05and

1 m wide, whi h had served as rests for thebeams, 16 m in diameter, thathad

beenpla edalongthepit.Oneofthebeamswaspartiallyburned.Belowtheshield,

therewas a re tangularpit withrounded orners,1.7x 1m insize, withitslonger

walls oriented from north to south. The pit was 1 m deep from the level of the

ledge.Theskeletonlayinafoetalpositiononitsba k,headtothenorth.Thearms

wereextended;thelegs,originally bentatthekneesandraisedup,felltotheright.

Theboneswere overedwitho hre.Thebottomofthepitwas overedwithagrass

mat,sprinkled witho hre,andfeaturedsixpostholes,5 mindiameterand10 m

deep.

Grave 7 (Fig. 9:2) was found 15 m to thesouth-west of theassumed entre.

L edges, 1 m wide, were made at a depth of 1.5 m from the entran e level, and

supportedseveralbeams, pla ed alongthepit.Belowtheshield wasa re tangular

(23)

1-planandse tionofgrave2ofbarrow14(1-animalbones;2-vessel);2-vesselfromgrave2;3

(24)

-Fig.9.Golovkovka,AleksandriaDistri t,KirovohradRegion

1-planandse tionofgrave9ofbarrow14;2-planandse tionofgrave7ofbarrow14;3-planand

(25)

m deep fromthe level of theledges, was oriented with itslongsides from

south--west to north-east.The skeletonlay in a foetal positiononitsba k, headto the

south-west.Thearmswereextended;thelegs,bentatthekneesandraisedup,later

fell to theleft. The bones were overed with o hre. There were pat hes of o hre

and some brown roton the oor.At thebottomof thepit, along thewall, there

weresixpostholeswithwoodenremainsinside. Thehollowswere5 mindiameter

and10 mdeep.

Grave 9 (Fig. 9:1) was sunk 22.5 m to the south-eastof theassumed entre.

1.5 m deep from the\0" level there were several ledges, 0.12-0.2 m wide, whi h

had served as therests for 0.1m wide wooden blo ks pla ed a ross thepit. The

lling of the pit ontained one half of a granite grinder, oval in proje tion and

semi- ir ularinse tion.Theworkingfa etofthegrinderdisplayedtra esofo hre.

Itsdimensionswere 12.2 x 9.5x 4.5 m. Belowtheshield there wasa re tangular

pit,1.1x0.8minsize,withitslongersidesorientedfromnorth-easttosouth-west.

The pit was 0.4m deep fromthe level of theledges. The skeletonlay in a foetal

positiononitsleftside,headto thenorth-east.Bothofthearmswerebent atthe

elbows.Thelegs werebent atrightanglestothebody.Therewasbrownrotonthe

oor.

1.2. BARROW1NEARTHEVILLAGEOFPROTOPOPOVKA

The barrow stoodon the high plateau of the Ingul's left bank. By the time

the ex avations began, the entral part, and the north-easternand south-western

\ aps"hadbeen ruinedby earlier onstru tionworks. The remaining barrow was

2mhigh, and20mindiameter.

Of thefour graves of theYC foundin thebarrow, samples foranalysis were

takenfromthree(Fig.10:4;11).

Stratigraphyof thebarrow.The barrowwas onstru tedin twostages.Therst

bank was onne tedto grave 2. It onsisted of 2 onstru tionlayers. The rst of

these,0.9mdeepand10min diameter, wasmadeofbla kearth \pellets".Inthe

pro essofmakingthebank,theburiedbla kearthandthesurfa eofthebankhad

been overed with a watery layerof soil.Ontopof thiswas these ond layer,0.5

m thi kand15 m indiameter, alsomade ofbla k earth \pellets". Theex avation

teamdidnotmanage to tra ethe onne tionofthese ondbla k earth bank with

aparti ular grave(Fig.10:1-3).

Grave2(main,Fig.10:4) wasfoundinthe entreofthebarrow;thedis harge

lying tothesouthofthegrave. Atthelevel of theburied bla k earth,thepit was

(26)

Fig.10.Protopopovka,AleksandriaDistri t,KirovohradRegion

1-planofbarrow1;2-3-se tionsofbarrow1;4-planandse tionofgrave3ofbarrow1.L egend:a

(27)

pit,withrounded orners,was2x 1.6minsize,withitslongerwallsorientedfrom

north-westtosouth-east.Thepitwas1.25mdeepfromtheleveloftheburiedbla k

earth.Theskeletonlayinafoetalpositiononitsba k,headtothenorth-west.The

armswereextendedalongthebody;thelegs,originallybentatthekneesandraised

up,felltotheright.Theskullwasintensively overedwitho hre.Pat hesofo hre

werealsoseen onthepelvisandthefeetbones.Therewasbrownrotatthebottom

ofthepit.Inthe ornersatthebottomthere wereholes madebywoodenpoles,5

mindiameterand11 mdeep.

Grave3(Fig.11:2)wassunkintothe entreofthelastbank.Therewereledges

made, 0.5m deep from the entrylevel, whi h servedas rests forthebeam over

pla ed a rossthepit.Belowthelevel oftheledgestherewasa re tangularpit,0.9

x0.8minsize,withitslongerwallsorientedfromsouth-westtonorth-east.Thepit

was 0.6m deepfrom thelevelof theledges. The skeletonlayin a foetalposition

onitsba k, head to thesouth-west.The arms were extended; theleg bones were

notpreserved.There wassomebrownrotatthebottomofthepit.

Grave 4(Fig.11:1) was sunk10.5 mto thenorth-eastof theassumed entre.

The re tangular pit, 1.5 x 0.96 m in size, was orientedwith its longer sides from

south-westto north-east. The bottomlay 2.7m from the\0" level. The skeleton

lay in a foetal positionon itsleft side, head to thesouth-west. The left arm was

extended,therightarmwasbentattheelbow; thelegswerebentatrightanglesto

thebody.Therewassomebrownrotandpat hesofo hreatthebottomofthepit.

2. CHRONOLOGY(CONCLUSION)

2.1. RELATIVEDATINGOFTHEMONUMENTS

From the features of the burial rite, the presented group of graves may be

dividedintotwogroups:(1)graveswithskeletonsinafoetalpositionontheirba ks

(12graves);and(2)graveswithskeletonsinafoetalpositionontheirside(5graves,

with1skeletononitsright sideand4ontheirleftside).Mostofthegravesofthe

rst group were oriented in a westerly dire tion: skeletons in 8 outof 12 graves

laywiththeir headstothesouth-west;onetothewest,onetothenorth-west,one

to thenorth, and oneto the north-east. Intwo of thegraves, theskeletons were

positioned either on theright oron theleft side, heads tothe north-east;andin

threeothergraves,theskeletonslayinafoetalpositionontheirleftsidewiththeir

(28)

Fig.11.Protopopovka,AleksandriaDistri t,KirovohradRegion

1-planandse tionofgrave4ofbarrow1;2-3-plansandse tionofgrave3ofbarrow1.L egend:a

(29)

Stratigraphi ally, the graves an be divided as follows: in one ase, only one

typeofgravewasfound(barrow6),whileinthreeotherbarrowstherewere graves

inwhi htheskeletonshadbeenpositionedinthesamewaybutorienteddierently,

andthereweregravesinwhi hboththepositionoftheskeletonanditsorientation

weredierent(barrows5and14nearthevillageofGolovkovka,andbarrow2near

the village of Protopopovka). In these barrows, graves that ontained skeletons

positionedontheirba kshadbeenmadeearlierthanthegraveswiththeskeletons

in a foetal position on their right or left side. On theother hand, 5 graves with

skeletonsthatlay ina foetalpositionontheirba ks, withtheir headstowardsthe

south-west,thenorth-west,thewestandthenorth,hadsomespe i detailssu has

postholesinthebottomofthegrave.Ingeneral,thisdetailwastypi alfor40per ent

ofthegravesstudiedattheburialsite,anddistinguishedthesitesigni antly from

thoseinotherregions ofUkraine,wherethisdetailoftheburialritedidnoto ur

in more than5to10 per ent[Nikolova 1992℄.Itshouldbe notedthattherole of

thesepostholesisnotsuÆ iently lear,despitetheassumptionsofsomeresear hers

thatthey were usedfor installing some spe i wooden onstru tionsin thepits.

Although wood was typi ally very well-preserved in this region, our observations

suggest that no tra es of wood were found inside the postholes in most of the

graves. Possibly, before losing thegrave, su h onstru tionswere removed from

the pit, or else thepostholes may havebeen designed for a ompletely dierent

purpose.Whateverthe ase,thisdetailoftheburialritemayprobablyberegarded

asaspe i ethno- ulturalfeature.

Theanalysisofthestratigraphi lo ationofthefeaturesoftheburialrite,made

forallgravesoftheburialsite on erned,suggeststhattheearliest graveswerethe

small groupofthosewhi h ontainedskeletonsin afoetalpositionontheirba ks,

withtheirheadstotheeast[Polin,Tup henko,Nikolova1992;1993;1994℄.Thenext

hronologi algroupisrepresentedbygravesthat ontainedskeletonsthathadbeen

positionedontheirba ks,withtheirheadstothewestandthesouth-west,thelatter

beingthekeydire tioninthatburialsiteando urringinabout70per entof ases.

Othergravesthatweremadeatthesametime ontainedskeletonsthatwere

positio-nedontheirrightsideandorientedtowardsthesouth-west.Thesegravesdisplayeda

spe i feature:postholesatthebottomofthepit.Thefa tthatthetwowaysof

po-sitioningthebody oin idedintimeisprovedby aseswhereasinglebank overed

gravesofbothkinds,aswellasbygraveswherethebodieswereburiedontheirba ks

thatweremadelaterthanthose ontainingskeletonsthatlayontheirrightside(for

instan e,Golovkovka,barrows20,25),andbyseveraldoubleandgroupgraves

[Po-lin,Tup henko,Nikolova1993:17;1994:10℄.Thelast hronologi algroupofthe

bu-rialsite onsistsofgraves ontainingskeletonsinafoetalpositionontheirleftside.

Oneofthegraves,datedwith theuse ofthe 14

method, ontaineda vesselrelated

totheninth luster,a ordingtoour lassi ation[Nikolova,Mam hy h1997:108℄,

(30)

Withintheabove framework of hronologi al lassi ation of theYC

monu-mentsoftheUkrainiansteppe, thesematerials relate tothe3rdandthe4th

hro-nologi alperiods[Nikolova1992:16℄.

2.2. ABSOLUTEDATINGOFTHEMONUMENTS

Theanalysisofthedatesobtainedusingthe 14

Cmethodandthear haeologi al

databringsustothefollowing on lusions.

a.A ordingtothe alibrated 14

Cdates,with95.5%probability (Table 1),the

YC graves of this burial site had existed for a substantial time, and the graves

were dated between 2866- 2140 BC (Ki-6723,4030

±

60- Ki-6726, 3840

±

50 BP). However,takingintoa ountstandarddeviations,thedieren ebetweenindividual

radio arbondates ofsome gravesamountsto460-300years(forexample, Ki-6723

andKi-6725).

Table 2

CalibrationafterWeninger1993

L ab.No. No.barrow DateBP DateBC/AD

/No.grave al

Ki-6718 3/1 3920

±

60 2379

±

85 Ki-6730 5/3 3960

±

60 2446

±

97 Ki-6731 5/5 4005

±

55 2516

±

72 Ki-6719 6/8 3970

±

55 2472

±

90 Ki-6720 6/9 3880

±

55 2356

±

89 Ki-6721 6/11 3850

±

55 2296

±

94 Ki-6722 7/4 3980

±

60 2480

±

93 Ki-6723 11/5 4030

±

60 2539

±

81 Ki-6724 12/3 3950

±

50 2403

±

81 Ki-6727 14/2 3910

±

55 2377

±

79 Ki-6725 14/3 3895

±

55 2371

±

83 Ki-6726 14/4 3840

±

50 2285

±

90 Ki-6728 14/7 3905

±

55 2374

±

80 Ki-6729 14/9 3920

±

50 2386

±

72 Ki-6733 1/2 3945

±

50 2398

±

78 Ki-6734 1/3 3925

±

55 2388

±

78 Ki-6732 1/4 3890

±

55 2364

±

85

b. The use of theB. Weninger program[Kadrow, Szmyt 1996b:104-108℄

so-mewhatredu esthistime span(Table 2).A ordingtothese data,thedates ofthe

(31)

individual alibrated 14

C dates fall in therangeof 194to 144years (forexample,

Ki-6730andKi-6731).

. Comparison of the data of the burial rite and of the alibrated 14

C dates

obtainedsuggeststhatsomeofthegraveswhi hdisplaythesame setsofburialrite

featuresdiersubstantiallyintheir alibrated 14

Cdates,whilegraveswithdierent

sets of features have lose alibrated 14

C dates. The graves ontaining skeletons

positionedontheirba ksdisplaythebroadestrangeofdates: 2539

±

81(Ki-6723) -2285

±

90(Ki-6726)BC(Table2);onegrave ontainingaskeletonpositionedonits rightsidedatesba kto2446

±

97BC(Ki-6730).Therangeissomewhatnarrowerfor thegravesthat ontainskeletonspositionedontheirleftside:itfallswithin2386

±

72 -2364

±

85BC(Ki-6729andKi-6732).Ofthe12gravesoftherstgroup,nine fall intotherangeof2539

±

81(ki-6723)-2374

±

80(Ki-6728)BC(Table2);meanwhile, thegraves ofthisgroup, unitedbytheo urren e ofpostholesin the oorofthe

pits,produ ethemostsubstantialdieren ein 14

C alibrations:2539

±

81(Ki-6723) -2285

±

90Ki-6726BC.

d.Comparisonofstratigraphi observationsandof 14

C alibrationdatesin

ge-neralpointstotheir lose ompatibility,ex eptinbarrow14,wheretheobtained 14

C

dates of thegravesdonot orrespondto theirstratigraphi al sequen e. However,

itshouldbe notedthatthesevere ruinationofthebarrow's bank, andtheformer

pra ti e of using it for the produ tion of saltpeter, not only prevented the

rese-ar hers from determining the real stratigraphi sequen e of thegraves, but ould

alsohavein uen edthequalityoftheoriginalsamples.A ordingtothe 14

Cdates

obtained, the graves ontaining skeletons positioned on their ba ks (Ki-6726 and

Ki-6728)dateba kto a more re entperiod(3905

±

55and3840

±

50BP)thanthe graves(Ki-6725,Ki-6727,Ki-6729) ontainingskeletonslyinginafoetalpositionon

theirleft side(3895

±

55BP,3910

±

55BP,3920

±

50BP,respe tively). Therefore, the results obtained from the

14

C dating of the YC monuments

analysedallow ustoaddressanumberofissueslinkedtogeneralproblemsof

ana-lysisandofthear haeologi al interpretationofradio arbon datesfordetermining

absolute dates of ar haeologi al data [see in this volume: Nikolova,Radio arbon

dating

. . .

℄.

(32)

AO { Arkheologi heskiyeotkrytya,Moskva.

AJA { Ameri anJournalofAr haeology,NewYork.

BPS { Balti -Ponti Studies,Pozna«.

EA { EurasiaAntiqua,Berlin.

FPP { Folia Praehistori a Posnaniensia,Pozna«.

KSIA { Kratkiyesoobsh heniyaInstitutaArkheologii,Moskva.

KSIAANUSSR { Kratkiye soobsh heniya Instituta Arkheologii AN USSR,

Kiev.

KSIIMK { Kratkiye soobsh heniya Instituta Istorii Materialnoy

kul-tury,Moskva.

KSOGAM { Kratkie Soobsh heniya OdesskogoGosudarstvennogo

Ar-kheologi heskogoMuzeya,Odessa.

MIA { Materialy iissledovaniyapoarkheologii,Moskva.

NAIANANU { NaukovyArkhivInstitutaArkheologiiNa ionalnoi

Akade-mii NaukUkrainu, Kiev.

SA { SovetskayaArkheologia, Moskva.

SpA { SprawozdaniaAr heologi zne, Kraków.

ZFA { Zeits hriftf urAr haologie,Berlin.

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IvanI.Chernyakov

InstituteofAr haeology

UkrainianA ademyofS ien es

GeroivStalingrada12

254655Kiev

Ukraine

ElkeKaiser

Seminarf urUr-undFrehgesi hte

FreieUniversitatBerlin

Altensteinstrae15

14195Berlin

Germany

ViktorI.Klo hko

GeroivStalingrada12

254655Kiev

Ukraine

AleksanderKo±ko

InstituteofPrehistory

AdamMi kiewi zUniversity

±w.Mar in78

61-809Pozna«

Poland

E-mail:koskomman.poznan .pl

NikolayN.Kovalyukh

DepartmentofEnvironmentalRadiogemistry

InstituteofGeo hemistry

andPhysi sofMinerals

Palladina34

252142Kiev

Ukraine

VladimirA.Kruts

GeroivStalingrada12

254655Kiev

Ukraine

MykolaN.Kryvaltsevi h

InstituteofHistory

A ademyofS ien esofBelarus

F.Skaryna1

Minsk220072

Belarus

VadimL.L akiza

InstituteofHistory

A ademyofS ien esofBelarus

F.Skaryna1

Minsk220072

Belarus

JanMa hnik

InstituteofAr haeologyandEtnology

PolishA ademyofS ien es

Sªawkowska19

31-016Kraków

Poland

SergeyV.Nazarov

Palladina34

252142Kiev

Ukraine

AllaV.Nikolova

GeroivStalingrada12

254655Kiev

Ukraine

VadimV.Skripkin

Palladina34

252142Kiev

Ukraine

MarzenaSzmyt

InstituteofEasternStudies

AdamMi kiewi zUniversity

Nowowiejskiego55

61-734Pozna«

Poland

E-mail:marzenamain.am u.e du. pl

MihailoY.Videiko

Vydubi kaya40

252014Kiev

Ukraine