A W e ek ly f o u m a l D e v o te d t* In d u stria l arid E e g ln e e rfn g .OwnsisB
S A T U R D A Y . F E B R U A R Y
1 0
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PRACTICAL RECOVERY
o f x * o
SOLVENTS
r r E C H N i W lv \b y
“ACTICARBONE”
methods
A cetone’ Alcohol
E ther Petrol
Rubber solvents Tri-cMor E sters
C om p lete P lan ts for V entilation , R e co v e ry and D istillation d e sig n e d and in sta lled .
Our la rg e W ar-tim e e x p e rien ce is a v a ila b le now , for stu d y of P e a c e -tim e p ro jects.
PRICE STUTFIELD & CO. LTD.
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T e l. ROYAL 7011 ’G ram s : E x c o n se c , F e n , L ondon
ii T HE C H E M I C A L A G E Fe b r u a r y i o, 1 9 4 5
W ith W e lls’ W aste- OII Filter you can use you r oil several tim es
over and change It m ore often . A thorou ghly reliable supply of oil Is assured w ith th e use o f W e lls’
Special Filter Pads w hich w ork In conjunction w ith W ells* Patent Syphon Feed.
A.C. WELLS
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Write for luller particulars of these oil filters.
Telephone : H vd t 953 Telegrams : Un
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E ffic ie n t p e r fo rm a n c e , s im p lic ity o f d e s ig n , a n d r u g g e d c o n s tru c tio n , a re s o u n d re a so n s fo r lo n g e v ity p a r t i c u la rly i n th e case o f p la n t. T h e M O N O P u m p h a s all th r e e q u a litie s a n d m u c h b e sid e s. I t p u m p s a n y th in g fro m c le a r w a te r to ta r , a n d keeps o n d o in g it
f o r y e a rs a n d y e a rs a n d y e a rs. I d s a m atter o f design.
M O N O P U M P S L I M I T E D
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Fe b r u a r y i o, 1 9 4 5 T HE C H E M I C A L A G E i
F i n e C h e m i c a l s F o r E v e r y P u r p o s e
EN GLAN D LO N D O N
OXLEY E N G I N E E R I N G C O . LTD . U N S L E T L E E D S 10
T el.: 27468 ( 3 lin e s) 'G ra m s.? 41 O xb ro s, Leeds "
® w.ll
V istin ctlu a cas fo r
" n x L E y
’m eta l s u r g e r y
I N th e se tim e s , w hen p la n t ren e w als a r e d ifficu lt and even im p o ssib le , th e re is no n ecessity to le t p lan t fall o u t of co m m issio n b ecau se of w ea kn ess o r leakag e due to co rro sio n o r o th e r d am ag e. W e can r e p a ir gas-holders w h ile s t ill In c o m m is sio n , and a re adepts a t w eld ed re p a irs to a ll in d u s tria l and ch e m ica l e q u ip m e n t.
O x le y M etal S u rg e ry has e x e c u te d m a jo r' and m in o r re p a irs t o all classes o f p la n t by u n iq u e arc -w e ld in g m e th o d s d e v e lo p e d by us t o a high d e g r e e o f skill and in g e n u ity . W r i t e fo r o u r b o o k “ M etal S u rg e ry .”
S o m e o f t h e re p a irs d e s c rib e d th e r e in a re alm o st in c re d ib le — b u t th e y re ta in e d p la n t in se rv ic e w h ich w o u ld o th e r w is e have had t o b e lald-off.
I n d u s t r y ’s N
ewS u i t
Soon ou r vital British industries, first in the call to arm s, m ust switch to the re-construction o f stricken E urope. In the resurgence o f peace
ful p ro d u ctio n , new Industries, too, will arise w ithin the fram ew ork of the old. Sw ords to ploughshares, in very tru th . New m aterials, each with an unique function, will meet the needs ol w hat econom ists call th e “ consum er-goods m ark et.”
M ay & Baker, with their research g roup o f Chem ists, w ho have w on lustre and fame th ro u g h o u t the w ar years, m ain tain a leader
ship in the p ro d u ctio n o f Fine Chem icals which they have held since th e 18th C entury, an d which affirms D agenham as a cen tre o f the Fine C hem icals Industry. In fo rm a
tion which is co n stan tly arising from the discovery o f chem icals for new purposes, and which will help to meet th e needs o f industries yet 10 see th e light o f day, will be handed on for th e benefit o f o u r custom ers.
M & B In d u strial C hem icals and D rugs are rigidly stan d ard ised for quality before release, by o u r C o n trol L ab o rato ries. May & B aker’s Sales D ivision will gladly co -o p erate in th e so lu tio n ol yo u r post-w ar chem ical problem s, and reply to all
enquiries. Tel. : Ilford 3060
Ext. : 71 and 72
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M & b In d u stria Chem icals * S e r c.- N o. la).
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ii T H E C H E M I C A L A G E Fe b r u a r y i o, 1 9 4 5
B E L T I N G
and
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S u p e r l a t i v e Q u a l i t y
L A R G E S T O C K S . . . P R O M P T D I S P A T C { H
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B U R S L E M - S to k e - o n - T r e n tT T f t n n V | « r a V A J Phone: S toke-on-T rent 7181-2
t l A i m i v W O « L l u i « W lr e c Belting, Bursletn
KESTNER DOUBLE ABSORBER SILICA GEL DRIER WITH ELECTRIC REGENERATOR.
W R I T E F O R L E A F L E T 245.
a re b ein g in c re a sin g ly a p p lie d in th e n u m e ro u s p ro b le m s p r e s e n te d by th e m o is tu re c o n tr o l o f air, gases, and so lid s. T h e re a re m any and v a rie d c o n d itio n s In w h ic h low , o r d e fin ite m o is tu re c o n te n t Is n e c e s
sa ry . K e s tn e r Silica G el d ry in g p la n ts have p ractically u n lim ite d life, as th e Silica G el is easily r e a c tiv a te d . W e sh o u ld be pleased t o p ro v id e f u r t h e r in fo rm a tio n and t o p u t o u r w id e e x p e r ie n c e in th is m a tte r a t y o u r se rv ic e fo r any p ro b le m w h ic h you m ay have.
K E S T N E R E V A P O R A T O R & ] E N G IN E E R IN G C O . Ltd.
Chemical Engineers - 5 ,
G R O S V E N O R G A R D E N S , L O N D O N , S .W .I
Laboratory Glassware
used w h erever G LA SS a n d HEAT m eet
made by CHANCE BROTHERS LTD. A
HEAD OFFICE: SMETHWICK, BIRMINGHAM hS / J » )
L O N D O N OFFICE: 10, PRINCES STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W .I îiiii’iîSÎ Fe b r u a r y, l o, 1945 T H E C H E M IC A L A G E
IV T HE C H E M I C A L A G E Fe b r u a r y i o, 1 9 4 5
B A R
BARBI T<
A L L O I
A C T U A L L Y M/
B 1 T DNE SC
A ND
B A R Bl
O N E D L U B L E I T O N E
D A T B A R N E T FINEST QUALITY.
V N U F A C T U R E I
PIERSON, MORRELL & CO., LTD.
(THE O R IG IN A L BRITISH ASPIRIN MAKERS)
Q U E E N ’S ROAD - BA R N ET - HERTS
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A . J. RILEY & SON, L td .
BATLEY, YORKS
Telegram s: " B O ILER S . B A T L E Y .” Telephone: 657 B A T L E Y (3 lin es) E S TA B LIS H E D 1888
M ak ers of
MILD STEEL RIVETED A N D W E L D E D VESSELS JACKETED PANS COM PLETE
W IT H A G ITA TO RS SHEET LEAD O R H O M O G E N E O U S
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D U N L O P R U B B E R C O . L T D . , C A M B R I D G E S T R E E T , M A N C H E S T E R.
C L E R K E N W E L L H O U S E , C L E R K E N W E L L G R E E N , L O N D O N , E .C .I.
T H E C H E M I C A L A G E Fe b r u a r y i o, 1 9 4 5
v i T H E C H E M I C A L A G E Fe b r u a r y i o, 1 9 4 5
READS
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Fe b r u a r y i o, 1 9 4 5 T H E C H E M I C A L A G E
T h e d ev a statio n caused by a volcano has its p a ra lle l in th e havo c of w a r. T h e re c o n stru c tio n fo llo w in g m u st m ean a m o re e fficie n t sta te of so cie ty and in d u stry . In the ch e m ica l tra d e s, P L A N T of advanced d esig n — in sta in le ss ste e l, m ild ste e l o r a lu m in iu m — is th e p ro d u ct of o u r w id e e x p e rie n ce , w hich is w h o lly a t y o u r s e rv ice .
viii T H E C H E M I C A L A G E Fe b r u a r y i o, 1 9 4 5
DORR-OLIVER EQUIPMENT AND PROCESSES O N ACTIVE SERVICE
IN T H E C H E M IC A L IN D U STR Y
FOR TREATM ENT OF LIQ U ID SOLID SUSPENSIONS
T a k e a d v a n t a g e o f o u r k n o w l e d g e g a in e d t h r o u g h y e a r s o f e x p e r i e n c e , and s u b m i t y o u r difficulties t o us.
DORR-OLIVER CO. LTD.
ABFORD HOUSE, WILTON ROADL O N D O N , S.W.I
tee ean sub true t a snteli
In m a n y industrial processes it’s im p o r t a n t to have y o u r su b s ta n c e m in u s its smell o r m i n u s its im purities, since it m ay be goin g into a fo o d o r d r i n k o r a be a u ty p re p a r a ti o n . O u r A ctive C a r b o n c a n d o m o r e t h a n deodorise, o f course.
It c a n de-c olourise . It c a n simplify crysta llis ation. I t can im p ro v e c o lo u r a n d increase c o n c e n t r a ti o n . I t can re m o v e d e tr im e n ta l flavours.
It c a n cle an precious liquids a n d gases. In o t h e r w o rd s it c a n re m o v e the obstacles in th e way o f im p ro v in g the q u a lity a n d a tt ra c t iv e n e s s o f m a n y p ro d u c t s in every d ay use, a n d o u r ad v is o ry d e p a r t m e n t will be on ly to o ple ased to assist th e process.
M e lb o u r n e A g e n t s — M e ssr s. H . R. H ill & S o n , P ty . L td ., 350 K ing S t r e e t .
S U T C L I F F E S P E AK MAN
A N D C O M P A N Y LTD LE IG H * L A N C A S H IR E
Lo n d o n O ffic e : 6 6 V icto ria S t ., S . W . I . V i c t o r ia 7982-3
Fe b r u a r y i o, 1 9 ^ 5 THE C H E M I C A L A G E
X T H E C H E M I C A L A G E Fe b r u a r y i o, 1 9 4 5
A MOST POWERFUL AND ECONOMICAL ST R IP PIN G AGENT
TITANOUS SULPHATE
W R I T E F OR P A R T I C U L A R S
PETER SPENCE & SONS LTD.
NATIONAL BUILDINGS ■ST. M ARY'S PARSONAGE
M A N C H E S T E R , 3
LONDON O fF IC e : 4 HANGER GREEN.EALING W.5 ) TT 4
LIMITATION OF SUPPLIES
Afl oil U luuonaBjr Im portant. b u t fo r th e ttm « buln j f iltf n o n oofy b« tupplled to u t» n hav ln j batches of ort of know n grade sufficient t o Justify th e »li* selected and having a direct m e fo r th e filtered oil.
T hose unable t o secure a filter a t p resen t should nevertheless save th e ir Ml. A r ra n je -
»>ents for. Its disposal will be advised on
request.
- ___ —— — _i
STREAM-LINE FILTERS LTD.
Hele-Shaw Works, Ingate Place, LONDON, S.W.8.
EXPERTS IN OIL FILTRATION.
S T E A M t i W A T E R . F I T T I N G S F O R À L L
ENSURE TH E MAXIMUM OF EFFICIENCY TOGETHER WITH LONG L IF E UNDER
A L L WORKING CONDITIONS
Also SAN D C A STIN G S IN ALL N O N -FERRO U S M E T A L S IN C L U D IN G H IG H T E N S IL E B R O N Z E S & A LU M IN IU M
Trionite Ltd., Cliffe Vale, Stoke-on-Trent
S H O R T - S T R O K E
A utom atic Valve
to th e co m m u n ity ! in addition, it cannot fa il to interest you th a t by filtering your used lubricating oil for continued re-use you will m a ke a substantial saving for yourself.
To con serve oil stock s Is essential w hile w orld com m unications are difficult. T o do so by means of th e Stream -Line filter makes a saving fo r you w hich w ill repay th e co st of th e filter in a few w eek s. Did you realise that, In addition, th e use of a Stream -Line filter ensures better lu brica tion than ev e r before I It encourages you always to run on clean o il, to use a good grade and thus to reduce engine w ear.
F o r DRY AIR E x tra c tio n in V acuum P lan t : also P u m p in g D ry C O . o r o t h e r G ases.
S u p p lied w ith Single o r T w in A ir C y lin d e rs and d riv e n by e i t h e r Flat B elt, V ee Belt, S team o r M o to r.
E fficient an d re lia b le P u m p s a t a ttra c tiv e ly low co st.
MIRRLEES WATSON
iim iiiiim iin iiiiiH Jr^^co v.jP A I J Y ] IM lT tP ^ x^iiimiHHHMlHWUHENGINEERS GLASGOW
Fe b r u a r y i o, 1 9 4 5 T HE C H E M I C A L A G E x i
T h e fo llo w in g a r e a v a ila b le o n a p la n t p r o d u c t i o n b a s i s :
Uric acid, Alloxan, A lloxantin, A llantoin, Acid Sodium urate.
L im ite d sm a ll q u a n titie s o f th e f o llo w in g a r e a v a ila b le f o r r e s e a rc h p u r p o s e s :
Violuric acid, Uracil, Thiouracil, D ialuric acid, Triam inopjrim idinc, Alurcxidc.
GBNATOSAN LABORATORIES SPECIALISE IN RESEARCH ON
P U R I N E S &
P Y R I M I D I N E S
E n q u ir ie s t o
GENATOSAN LTD.,
Telephone: L oug h b o ro u g h 2292
A N I L I N E D
F A S T BA SES FOR IC E C O L O
Benzol, N itrobenzol, Blnltrobenzol, Nltronaphthalene, Blnltronaphthalene, Xylol, N ltroxylol. Blnltroxylol.
Xylldlne, Toluol, O rtho & Para N itrotoluol, Blnltrotoluol (AH Grades) Para N ltro O rtho Toluldine, Meta N ltro Para Toluidlne
ORTHO TOLUIDINE PARA TOLUIDINE
Extensive Range of Oil Colours, A dd Colours, Basic Colours, Direct Colours, Pigment Colours, Azoic Colours for W o o l, also Colours suitable for all Trades
META TOLUYLENE DIAMINE META PHENYLENE DIAMINE
J O H N W . L E I T C H & C O . , L T D .
M ILNSBRIDGE C H EM ICA L W O R K S
Telephone
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Telegrams:189-190 MILNSBRIDGE I i - L . l s LEITCH, MILNSBRIDGE
I N D IA Khatau Valabhdas & Co.,
Yadgadi .Bombay.
S C O T L A N D Kirkpatrick & Lauder Ltd., 180, Hope S treet, Glasgow, C.2
C A N A D A Prescott & Co., Regd.
77-4, St. Paul St. W est, Montreal
x i i T HE C H E M I C A L A G E Fe b r u a r y i o, 1 9 4 5
CLE AN GAS
L O D G E
COTTRELL
ELECTROFILTERS
5-STAGE CO M PRESSO R 400 A tm .
PETER BROTHERHOOD LTD.
PETERBOROUGH
F o r p r e s s u r e s u p t o 1,000 A t m . and ca p a c ity up t o u n it s a b s o r b i n g 3,500 B.H.P.
A lso
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Gotlalminj?Sumy. P I O N E E R S A N D S P E C I A L I S T S
H ea d Office a n d Wo'h:
BIRMINGHAM.
F O R C O M P L E T E P R E C I P I T A T I O N O F C E M E N T K I L N D U S T T A R F O G 81 A C I D M I S T B O I L E R F L U E D U S T P Y R I T E S D U S T S M E L T E R F U M E S B L A S T F U R N A C E D U S T
The Chemical Age
A W eekly Journal Devoted to Industrial and E ngineering C hem istry
B O U V E R I E H O U S E , 154 F L E E T S T R E E T , L O N D O N , E .C .4 T e le g ra m s: A LLA N G A S F L E E T LO N DO N
G LA SG O W : n(> H o p e S tre e t (C en tral 3970)
T e le p h o n e : C E N T R A L 3 2 12 (xo lines) B IR M IN G H A M : D aim ler H ouse, P a rad ise S tre e t (M idland 0784*3 ) T H E C H E M IC A L A G E offices are closed on S a tu rd a y s in acco rd an ce w ith th e ad o p tio n ol th e fiv e-d ay w eek by
B enn B ro th e rs L im ited
VOL. L I I
N o. 13 3 7 .
F e b ru a ry 10 , 1945
A n n u al S ubO ven
T h e T e am I
T is n o t o f t e n t h a t a G e n e r a l i n th em i d s t o f a fierce ,, e v e n d e s p e r a t e , b a t t l e f in d s h i m s e l f a b l e t o t e l l t h e w o r l d th e p r i n c i p l e s u p o n w h i c h ' h e b a s e s h is s t r a t e g y . F i e l d - M a r s h a l M o n t g o m e r y , t h e e x c e p t i o n i n s o m a n y w a y s , h a s p r o v i d e d t h e e x c e p t i o n in t h i s a l s o . H i s w o r d s h a v e b e e n w i d e l y r e c o r d e d i n t h e w o r l d ’s P r e s s a n d t h e r e is n o n e e d to r e p e a t t h e m . B u t w e p r o p o s e , n e v e r t h e le s s , to q u o t e c e r t a i n p a s s a g e s o f t h a t a d d r e s s d e l i v e r e d t o w a r c o r r e s p o n d e n t s , p a r t l y b e c a u s e t h e m e m o r y is to -d a y ' so o v e r b u r d e n e d t h a t r e i t e r a t i o n is n o t w i t h o u t i t s a d v a n t a g e s , a n d p a r t l y b e c a u s e , b e i n g s p o k e n o f w a r a n d p r i n t e d a s p a r t o f t h e w a r n e w s , t h e i r l a r g e r s i g n i f i c a n c e m a y h a v e b e e n o v e r l o o k e d . T h i s i s p a r t o f w h a t S i r B e r n a r d M o n t g o m e r y s a i d : — •
“ I t i s t e a m w o r k t h a t p u l l s y o u t h r o u g h d a n g e r o u s t i m e s ; i t i s t e a m w o r k t h a t w in s | b a t t l e s ; i t i s v i c t o r i e s i n b a t t l e t h a t w in w a r s .
1
w a n t to p u t i n a s t r o n g p l e a f o r A l l i e d s o l i d a r i t y a t t h i s v i t a l s t a g e o f t h e w a r : a n d y o u c a n a l l h e l p i n t h i s g r e a t l y . N o t h i n g m u s t b e d o n e ■ b y a n y o n e t h a t t e n d s to b r e a k d o w n t h e t e a m s p i r i t o f o u r A l l i e d t e a m . . . . N o o n e o b j e c t s t o h e a l t h y a n d c o n s t r u c t i v e c r i t i c i s m .On Other P ages
X e w C o n tr o l O rd e rs S o l e s a n d C o m m e n ts S c ie n c e H is to r y L e c tu r e s
C r e o s o te -1 'itc h ... ' ...
F u e l E c o n o m y D isc u ss io n s : I. T h e F u tu r e o f L im e - S o d a S o f t e n i n g ... ...
L e t t e r s to th e E d ito r : W a s te F u lle r a n d th e C h e m ist S c i e n t i f i c P u b lic ity ...
S c ie n c e in th e E m p ir e P e rs o n a l .Votes
H e r m a n P a te n ts a f t e r th e W a r P a r lia m e n ta r y T o p ic s ...
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I t is g o o d f o r u s . B r it~ I e f ''u s h a v e d o n e w i t h d e s t r u c t i v e c r i t i c i s m t h a t a i m s a b lo w a t A l l i e d s o l i d a r i t y , t h a t t e n d s to b r e a k u p o u r t e a m s p i r i t , a n d t h a t t h e r e f o r e h e l p s t h e e n e m y .
“ T h i s is m y m i l i t a r y p h i l o s o p h y . A f u n d a m e n t a l p o i n t is s h a p i n g th e b a t t l e to y o u r d e s i g n . I a l w a y s m a i n t a i n t h a t y o u h a v e g o t to d e c i d e w h a t y o u r d e s i g n o f b a ttle ; is g o i n g t o b e b e f o r e y o u . s t a r t t h e b a t t l e , a r id s o y o u f i g h t i t y 'o u r w a y a n d n o t a n y b o d y e l s e - w a y a n d m a k e t h e e n e m y d a n c e to y o u r t u n e .
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m a i n t a i n t h a t is t h e w a y t o t i g h t b a t t l e s . N o w , if y o u ’r e g o i n g to f i g h t b a t t l e s t h a t w a y , y o u ’v e g o t t o h a v e b a l a n c e o r p o i s e — so b a l a n c e d t h a t w h a t e v e r t h e e n e m y m a y d o t h e r e w i l l n e v e r b e a n y n e e d f o r y o u to r e a c t t o h i m . T h a t is t h e f u n d a m e n t a l p o i n t in m y m i l i t a r y p h i l o s o p h y . . . . I t i?a q u e s t i o n o f g e t t i n g b a l a n c e d a n d p u t t i n g r e s e r v e s in s u c h p l a c e s t h a t y o u d o n 't m i n d w h a t t h e e n e m y d o e s b e c a u s e y o u h a v e g r o u p e d y o u r f o r c e s to m e e t t h e p r o b l e m . A n d y o u m u s t n o t h u r r y . Y o u m u s t h a v e a w e l l - b a l a n c e d , t i d y s h o w w h e n y o u a r e m i x e d u p i n a d o g - f i g h t . Y o u c a n ’t d o i t n o h o w — I d o n o t t h i n k t h a t w o r d is E n g l i s h
— y o u c a n ’t w in th e b i g v i c t o r y w i t h o u t a t i d y s h o w . . . . I t w a s 136
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t h e m o m e n t o f d a n g e r , t h e c o m p l e t e A l l i e d t e a m r a l l i e d t o t h e c a l l . ”
T h e c o n c e p t i o n o f t h e A l l i e d a r m i e s a s a t e a m a p p l i e s d i r e c t l y t o i n d u s t r i a l o r g a n i s a t i o n a n d p o l i c y a f t e r t h e w a r . T h e r e r e m a i n tw o “ b a t t l e s ” t o f i g h t w h e n t h e s w o r d h a s b e e n s h e a t h e d . O n e o f t h e m is t o r e h a b i l i t a t e B r i t i s h i n d u s t r y ; t h e o t h e r i s t h e l a r g e r o n e o f e n a b l i n g a l l n a t i o n s t o s h a r e i n a g e n e r a l w o r l d p r o s p e r i t y . T e a m w o r k is t h e s e c r e t o f s u c c e s s i n b o t h t h e s e h i g h e n d e a v o u r s .
W e d o n o t s u g g e s t t h a t t h e r e is a c t i v e d i s r u p t i o n i n t h i s c o u n t r y a m o n g o u r i n d u s t r i a l i s t s , o r b e t w e e n C a p i t a l a n d L a b o u r , o r b e t w e e n a n y o t h e r s w h o s h o u l d b e p a r t n e r s . B u t t h e s e e d s a r e t h e r e . C a p i t a l a n d L a b o u r d o n o t s p e a k w i t h o n e v o ic e . T h e r e i s s t i l l to o m u c h o f t h e s p i r i t o f “ w h a t a r e m y i n t e r e s t s ” a t w o r k o n b o t h s i d e s . T h e i n t e r e s t o f a l l is i d e n t i c a l — s o u n d e c o n o m y a n d a p r o s p e r o u s a n d b u s y i n d u s t r y . W e m a y h a v e d i f f e r e n t i d e a s a s to h o w t h i s is to b e a c h i e v e d , b u t w h e n t h e w a r is o v e r , l e t u s w o r k o u t t h o s e i d e a s a s a t e a m a n d n o t i n w r a n g l i n g a n d b i t t e r n e s s .
T h e c h e m i c a l i n d u s t r y i s c o m p o s e d o f m a n y s e c t i o n s . T h e " a . B . C . M . i s i n i t s e l f a m u l t u m i n -p a rv o o f t h e s e s e c ti o n s . W e d o n o t f o r o n e m o m e n t s u g g e s t t h a t a n y d i v i s i o n s e x i s t b e t w e e n t h e s e c t i o n s . O n t h e c o n t r a r y , t h r o u g h t h e A .B J C .M . t h e y w o r k t o g e t h e r f o r th e c o m m o n g o o d — t h e y a r e a n e x a m p l e o f t e a m w o r k . T h e B . C . P . M . A . , is a n o t h e r e x a m p l e o f t e a m w o r k . I t is a n i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r i n s u c c e s s , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h e
“ b a t t l e d i s p o s i t i o n s ” s h o u l d b e “ t i d y , ” i . e . , t h a t t h e r e s h o u l d b e a p l a n a n d t h a t t h e p l a n s h o u l d b e o r d e r l y w i t h e v e r y o n e i n h i s r i g h t p l a c e a t t h e r i g h t t i m e . I s t h e w h o l e c h e m i c a l i n d u s t r y , i n c l u d i n g t h e c h e m i c a l p l a n t s i d e o f t h e i n d u s t r y , s o o r g a n i s e d f o r p o s t - w a r t r a d e , w i t h its
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" b a t t l e f i e l d ” w i l l b e “ t i d y ? ” W e d o u b t i t. T h e r e a r e s t i l l m a n y lo o s e e n d s t o b e t i e d u p . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , w e h a v e n o t a c o m m a n d e r o f t h e c a l i b r e o f E is e n h o w e r o r M o n t g o m e r y t o t e l l u s h o w t o d o t h i s . W e m u s t m a k e o u r o w n d i s p o s i t i o n s b y t h e m o r e c u m b e r s o m e m e t h o d s ; o f c o m m i t t e e s — a n d t h a t w i l l n e e d t e a m - w o r k r i g h t f r o m t h e s t a r t .
T h e n t h e r e is t h e l a r g e r p r o b l e m o f b r i n g i n g t h e w o r l d b a c k t o e c o n o m i c
s a n i t y . T h a t is a s g r e a t a p r o b l e m f o r t h e A l l i e s to f a c e a s t h e p r o b l e m o f w i n n i n g t h e w a r . R fe c a u se s e l f - i n t e r e s t is l i k e l y to f i g u r e i n i t to a g r e a t e r e x t e n t t h a n i n w a r , t h e f o r c e s a t w o r k w i l l t e n d to b e m o r e d i s r u p t i v e o f t e a m w o r k . B u t t h e p r o b l e m m u s t b e s o l v e d . T h i s is e m p h a t i c a l l y a c a s e w h e r e , i f w e d o n o t h a n g t o g e t h e r , w e s h a l l a l l h a n g s e p a r a t e l y . B r i t a i n , t h e D o m i n i o n s a n d o t h e r m e m b e r s o f t h e B r i t i s h C o m m o n w e a l t h , t h e U . S . A . , R u s s i a , a n d a l l t h e A l l i e d n a t i o n s m u s t f a c e a s a t e a m t h e p r o b l e m o f s e c u r i n g p r o s p e r i t y f o r a l l , w i t h o u t w h i c h t h e r e w i l l b e p r o s p e r i t y f o r n o n e . T o - d a y , t h e r e a r e a l l to o m a n y s i g n s o f m u t u a l s u s p i c i o n i n t h e f ie ld o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r a d e , a n d i t i s f o r t u n a t e t h a t i n t h i s f ie ld t h e r e a r e t r u s t e d l e a d e r s w h o c a n , i f t h e y w i l l , d i s p o s s e s s t h e i r m i n d s o f t h e s e p e t t y f e a r s a n d d i s c u s s t h e p r o b l e m o n a h i g h e r p l a n e . W e r e f e r t o R o o s e v e l t , C h u r c h i l l , a n d S t a l i n . I t is i n s o l v i n g s u c h p r o b l e m s t h a t G o v e r n m e n t a s s i s t a n c e is n o t o n l y w e l c o m e b u t n e c e s s a r y .
T h e n a t i o n s o f t h e w o r l d a n d t h e u n i t s o f e a c h n a t i o n m u s t m a i n t a i n t h e t e a m s p i r i t ; t o g e t h e r t h e y m u s t t i d y u p t h e w o r l d ’s i n d u s t r i a l p o l i c i e s .
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N a c c o r d a n c e w ith th e P r i c e s o f G o o d s ( P r ic e - R e g u la te d G o o d s) O r d e r , 1945 ( S . R . & 0 . 1945, N o . 08) s t a in , v a r n is h , a n d l a c q u e r a r e a d d e d to th e s c h e d u le o f g o o d s p r ic e -r e g u la te d u n d e r th e G o o d s a n d S e r v ic e s ( P r ic e C o n tro l) A c t, 1941. B rie fly , th is m e a n s t h a t in f u t u r e a ll t r a d e r s d e a lin g in th e s e a r t i c l e s m a y in c r e a s e t h e i r p r ic e s b e y o n d th o s e r u lin g o n A u g u s t2 1
, 1939, o n ly to th e e x te n t o f th e a c t u a l in c r e a s e in t h e i r c o s ts a n d e x p e n s e s , a n d m u s t b e p r e p a r e d to j u s t i f y a n y su c h in c r e a s e .T h e n e w O r d e r a m e n d s S . R . & O . 1942, N o. 794, a n d r e - e n a c ts S . R . & O . 1943, N o.
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(A n tim o n y ) O r d e r , 1942, u n d e r w h ic h th e d is p o s a l a n d a c q u is itio n of a n tim o n y m e ta l, c r u d e a n tim o n y s u lp h id e , a n tim o n y o x id e , g o ld e n o r c rim s o n s u lp h id e o f a n tim o n y , a n d a n tim o n y o r e a r e s u b je c t to lic e n c e . L ic e n c e s w ill 'n o lo n g e r b e r e q u ir e d f o r th e d is p o s a l o r a c q u is itio n o r th e s e c o m m o d itie s.Fe b r u a r y i o, 1 945 T H E C H E M I C A L A G E
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G A L A X Y o f d i s t i n g u i s h e d s p e a k e r s g r a c e d t h e m a s s d e m o n s t r a t i o n o f t h e S o c i e t y o f I n d i v i d u a l i s t s a n d N a t i o n a l L e a g u e f o r F r e e d o m , l a t e l y h e l d a t t h e C e n t r a l H a l l , W e s t m i n s t e r , a n d t h e s e n t i m e n t s e x p r e s s e d w e r e , i n t h e m a i n , u n e x c e p t i o n a b l e . T h e r e c a n b e fe w w h o a r e e n g a g e d in t h e c h e m i c a l i n d u s t r y , f o r e x a m p l e , i n w h a t e v e r c a p a c i t y , w h o a r e n o t c o n v i n c e d o f th e i n a d v i s a b i l i t y o f b u r e a u c r a t i c c o n t r o l ; w e h a v e a l l h a d a n i n e v i t a b l e t a s t e o f i t s p e c u l i a r i t i e s a n d , b e c a u s e w a r d e m a n d e d i t , w e h a v e s u b m i t t e d w i t h a m o r e o r l e s s g o o d g r a c e . B u t w e a r e f a r f r o m s u r e w h e t h e r w e a r e p r e p a r e d to g o o n s u b m i t t i n g a d i n f i n i t u m . S o m e o f u s , h o w e v e r , a r e a l i t t l e n e r v o u s a b o u t t h e p o s s i b l e a l t e r n a t i v e s ; w e h a v e m e t w o r t h y i n d i v i d u a l i s t s , w e k n o w o f i n s t a n c e s o f p r i v a t e e n t e r p r i s e w h o s e a c t i v i t i e s w e r e , w i t h o u t a s h a d o w o f d o u b t , a n a s s e t to t h e c o m m u n i t y a s w e l l a s t o t h e a c t u a l d i r e c t o r s o f s u c h e n t e r p r i s e s . W e h a v e , h o w e v e r , m e t t h e o t h e r k i n d a s w e l l , a n d t h e m o r e d e f e n c e l e s s a m o n g u s c a n n o t b e b l a m e d f o r s e e k in g - s o m e p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t t h e s e . I t m a y b e s i m p l y a c a s e o f e x c h a n g i n g X i n g L o g f o r K i n g S t o r k : y e t , l i k e t h e f r o g s in t h e f a b l e , w e m a y b e p a r d o n e d f o r t h i n k i n g t h a t s o m e s o r t o f a c h a n g e m i g h t b e a n a d v a n t a g e .R oom for C om p rom ise
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I R S T A F F O R D ' C R I P P S h a s s a id t h a t i t i s t h e d u t y o f p r i v a t e e n t e r p r i s e to l o o k a t i t s a f f a i r s f r o m t h e n a t i o n a l p o i n t o f v i e w ; a n d if p r i v a t e e n t e r p r i s e w i l l f o l lo w h i s c o u n s e l , a l l w i l l b e w e ll- O u r l e a d i n g a r t i c l e l a s t w e e k p o i n t e d o u t s o m e o f t h e d a n g e r s t o i n d u s t r y w h ic h a r e i m p l i c i t i n a l l o w i n g G o v e r n m e n t d e p a r t m e n t s t o i n t e r f e r e to o m u c h w i t h t h e c o u n t r y ’s w o r k . T h i s w e e k w e h a v e c o n s i d e r e d t h e m a t t e r f r o m t h e o t h e r s i d e , w i t h a p l e a f o r t e a m w o r k w i t h i n i n d u s t r y . A s w e s e e i t , t h e r e is s a f e t y in t h e g o o d o l d F m g l i s h p r i n c i p l e o f c o m p r o m i s e ; w i t h a n a c k n o w l e d g m e n t o f t h e t r u t h o f A c t o n ’s m a x i m , “ A l l p o w e r c o r r u p t s , ” a n d w i t h a n a p p r e c i a t i o n o f o f t h e t i m e - h o n o u r e d s a w , “ S e t a t h i e f t o c a t c h a t h i e f , ” w e m a y b e a b l e toC O M M E N T S
s t r i k e a p r o f i t a b l e b a l a n c e b e t w e e n t h e tw o s id e s .
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E T W E E N t h i s w a r a n d t h e l a s t , t h e G e r m a n s s h i p p e d b a r y t e s t o t h i s c o u n t r y a n d s o l d it a t a p r i c e wyh i c h ( to p u t i t m i l d l y ) w a s c e r t a i n l y n o t e c o n o m i c . O n e r e s u l t o f t h i s w a s t h a t o u r o w n b a r y t e s m i n e s v e r y l a r g e l y w e n t o u t o f c o m m i s s i o n , so t h a t a t t h e o u t b r e a k o f w a r w e f o u n d o u r s e l v e s t h r e a t e n e d w i t h a s h o r t a g e o f t h i s e s s e n t i a l c o m m o d i t y . S i n c e t h e n , h o w e v e r , h o m e p r o d u c t i o n h a s b e e n r e v i v e d , a n d t h e s t o r y o f o n e i n s t a n c e o f t h i s r e n e w e d d o m e s t i c p r o d u c t i o n w a s t o l d t h e o t h e r d a y t o t h e M i n e r a l o g i c a l S o c i e t y in L o n d o n b y |L t.- C o l . J . V . R a m s d e n , C . M . G . , D . S . O . , w h o is t h e m o v i n g s p i r i t o f t h e D e v o n B a r y t a C o m p a n y a n d a l e a d i n g a u t h o r i t y o n B r i t i s h b a r y t e s m i n i n g . A p a r t f r o m a m o s t e n t e r t a i n i n g a c c o u n t o f t h e m i s a d v e n t u r e s s u r r o u n d i n g t h e r e v i v a l o f t h e c o m p a n y — w h i c h , d e s p i t e i t s t i m e - h o n o u r e d n a m e , d o e s n o t m i n e b a r y t a — a n d h i s o w n a d v e n t u r e s w h i l e s u r v e y i n g t h e p r o p e r t y , C o l o n e l R a m s d e n v o i c e d s o m e m o s t i n t e r e s t i n g t h e o r i e s a b o u t t h e f o r m a t i o n a n d t h e l o c a t i o n o f b a r y t e s d e p o s i t s . I n t h e e a r t h b a r i u m is i n v a r i a b l y f o u n d i n a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h s t r o n t i u m , w h i c h m a y o c c u r i n p r o p o r t i o n s u p t o50
p e r c e n t . , a n d w i t h l e a d , w h i l e a l e s s e a s i l y e x p l a i n e d a s s o c i a t i o n is t h a t o f m a n g a n e s e , s o m e t r a c e o f w h i c h is u s u a l l y f o u n d s u r r o u n d i n g b a r y t e s d e p o s i t s . I t is o n t h e b o r d e r s o f a r e a s o f o r t h o c l a s e ( g r a n i t e o r s y e n i te ) t h a t b a r y t e s o c c u r s ( e . g . , o n t h e s k i r t so f D a r t m o o r ) .
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d e g . W . l o n g i t u d e , w i t h o c c u r r e n c e s o f b a r y t e s a n d i t s c o m p a n i o n m i n e r a l s , in S c o t l a n d , W a l e s , D e v o n a n d C o r n w a l l , a n d B r i t t a n y . W a r i n t e r r u p t e d h i s r e s e a r c h e s i n S p a i n , w h e r e t h e l i n e i n t e r s e c t s t h e l e a d - b e a r i n g r e g i o n n e a r C o r d o b a , a n d h e h a s n o t y e t e x p l o r e d M o r o c c o . I t m a y b e n o t e d , h o w e v e r ,T H E C H E M I C A L A G E Fe b r u a r y i o, 1 9 4 5 t h a t a m a n g a n e s e d e p o s i t h a s r e c e n t l y
b e e n e x p l o i t e d X . W . o f C o l o m b B e c h a r ( s e e T h e C h em ical A g e, D e c e m b e r 9,
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) , w h i c h is a t l e a s t a n i n t e r e s t i n g c o i n c i d e n c e .T he F orm ation of B arytes
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S to t h e f o r m a t i o n o f b a r y t e s , C o l.R a m s d e n ’s t h e o r y t h a t t h e b a r i u m w a s b r o u g h t u p f r o m t h e m a g m a a s a h a l i d e ( c h l o r i d e o r f l u o r i d e ) a n d , o n m e e t i n g s u l p h a t e d m e t e o r i c w a t e r s n e a r t h e s u r f a c e , c r y s t a l l i s e d o u t a s a s u l p h a t e . w a s d i s p u t e d b y D r D u n h a m , in the. b r i e f d i s c u s s i o n w h i c h f o l lo w e d t h e l e c t u r e . D r . D u n h a m p o i n t e d o u t t h a t a s u l p h i d e r a t h e r t h a n a s u l p h a t e w o u l d h a v e b e e n e x p e c t e d i n s u c h c i r c u m s t a n c e s , a n d t h a t t h e b a r i u m s u l p h a t e o c c u r r e d in s i t u a t i o n s w h e r e it c o u l d h a r d l y h a v e b e e n a f f e c t e d b y r a i n , e tc . : t h e c r y s t a l l i s a t i o n o f t h e s u l p h a t e w o u l d a p p e a r t o h a v e t a k e n p l a c e a t a p r i o r s t a g e — a n a m e n d m e n t w h i c h t h e l e c t u r e r r e a d i l y a c c e p t e d . C o l. R a m s d e n e x h i b i t e d a r o u g h f lo w - s h e e t s h o w i n g th e s i m p l e m e t h o d e m p l o y e d f o r s c r e e n i n g a n d c l a s s i f y i n g t h e r a w m a t e r i a l , a n d i t o c c u r r e d to u s — t h o u g h w e w o u l d w is h to e x a m i n e t h e p r o c e s s in g r e a t e r d e t a i l
— t h a t c e r t a i n i m p r o v e m e n t s c o u l d h a v e b e e n i n t r o d u c e d a t t h a t s t a g e . T h a t , h o w e v e r , w a s m e r e l y a s i d e i s s u e ; th e i m p o r t a n t p o i n t w a s t h e s k i l l e d d e v e l o p m e n t o f a d o m e s t i c r e s o u r c e . W i t h e n t e r p r i s e o f t h i s n a t u r e a v a i l a b l e , w e m u s t e n s u r e t h a t w e d o n o t f in d o u r s e l v e s d e p e n d i n g o n c e a g a i n o n o v e r s e a s s o u r c e s o f s u p p l y , w h e n t h e r e l e v a n t m a t e r i a l is o n t a p a t o u r b a c k d o o r .
SCIENCE H ISTO RY LECTURES
T h e H is to r y o f S c ie n c e C o m m itte e , w h ic h w a s f o rm e d a t C a m b r id g e a s a r e s u lt o f th e E x h ib itio n o f H i s t o r i c S c ie n tific I n s tilm e n ts in D e c e m b e r, h a s r e c e iv e d in f lu e n tia l b a c k in g , a s it is r e a lis e d t h a t m o re te a c h in g in t h a t field is n e e d e d . T h e o p e n in g le c tu r e in a n e w ly .o r g a n is e d s e rie s e n t i t l e d “ S c ie n c e i n th e H is to r y o f T h o u g h t ” w a s d e liv e r e d
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J a n u a r y 20 by P r o f e s s o r G . X . C la r k , w h o g a v e a n i n tr o d u c to r y s u rv e y o f th e field fro m th e p o in t o f v iew b o th o f th e s c ie n tis t a n d o f th e h i s t o r i a n . L a t e r le c t u r e s i n th e s e r ie s w ill b e g iv e n b y P r o f e s s o r R a v e n . D -D ., P r o f e s s o r C . D . B r o a d . L i t t . D . . a n d P r o f e s s o r J . R . P a r t i n g t o n , M .B .E ., D .S c .C reosote-Pitch
U s e f u l G u i d e f o r C o n s u m e r s
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O O N a f t e r th e w a r s t a r t e d , in d u s t r i a l u s e rs o f im p o r te d p e tr o le u m f u e l o ils w e re a s k e d to r e p la c e th e m , w h e r e v e r p r a c tic a b le , by h o m e - p ro d u c e d c r e o s o te -p itc h m ix tu r e . M o re t h a n 800 p l a n t s (of w id e v a rie ty ) h a v e b e e n c o n v e r te d to th e u se o f th is fu e l a n d m o re t h a n 500,000 to n s of c r e o s o te - p itc h m ix tu r e is b e in g c o n su m e d a n n u a lly (w h ic h is a b o u t, tw o -fifth s o f th e t o t a l a m o u n t o f liq u id fu e l a t p r e s e n t b u r n t in in d u stry )'.C / P (a s it is now c o m m o n ly c a lle d ) s h o u ld n o t b e r e g a r d e d a s b e in g m e re ly a “ se co n d - b e s t fu e l, to b e to l e r a t e d o n ly u n t i l o t h e r liq u id fu e ls b e c o m e a v a ila b le . G e n e r a lly s p e a k in g , C / P is lo o k e d u p o n a s a s a tis f a c to r y a l t e r n a t i v e to o t h e r liq u id fu e ls a n d a s b e in g c a p a b le in so m e in s ta n c e s o f im p r o v in g t h e r m a l efficien c y . B u t a s w ith a n y k in d o f f u e l, b est r e s u lts a r e o b t a i n a b l e fro m C / P o n ly b y s k ille d a p p lic a tio n a n d c a re fu l s u p e rv is io n . C o n s u m e rs o f C '/ P w ill .b e h a n d s o m e ly r e p a id f o r a n y tim e s p e n t in g e t t i n g to k n o w m o re a b o u t th e c h a r a c t e r i s tic s a n d u s e o f t h i s fu e l.
U n til now th e r e lia s b e e n l i t t le p u b lis h e d in f o r m a tio n c o n c e r n in g th e a p p lic a tio n o f ( 1’. B u t n o w th e r e is a v a ila b le a 2 4 -p a g e b o o k le t w h ich w ill be o f g r e a t h e lp to all in te r e s te d in C / P sy s te m s. T h e b o o k le t is F u e l E fficien cy B u lle tin N o . 30 p u b lis h e d bv th e M in is tr y o f F u e l a n d P o w e r . T h e e a r ly p a r t o f t h g b u lle tin g iv e s t e c h n ic a l d a t a su c h a s th e sp e c ifie d b le n d , v is c o s ity , c a lo r ific v a lu e a n d so o n . T h e n e x t s e c tio n ,
011
th e a p p lic a tio n o f th e fu e l, is g o o d 'p r a c tic a l stu ff e a s y to fo llo w a n d q u ic k ly g r a s p e d . F i r s t , th e s to r a g e t a n k s a n d th e m e th o d s to be u se d f o r k e e p in g th e fu e l a t its p r o p e r s t o r a g e t e m p e r a t u r e a r e d e a l t w ith . T h e n th e r e a r e d e s c r ip tio n s o f th e tw om ain"
ty p e s o f C / P sy s te m — th e r in g m a in sy s te m a n d th e g r a v ity fe e d sy s te m . T h e s e a r c v ery c le a r ly i l l u s t r a t e d w ith a ll th e m a in p a rt's lis te d a n d k e y e d . N o m a t t e r w h a t sy ste m is .in u s e th e r e a r e a n u m b e r o f e s s e n tia l p o in ts c o m m o n to a ll. T h e b u lle tin g iv e s th e s e p o in ts in q u ie k - re f e r e n c e fo rm . A s e c tio n d e v o te d e n tir e ly to b u r n e r s is a p r o m in e n t f e a t u r e o f the* b u lle tin a n d is f o llo w e d b y a c h a p t e r o n c o m b u s tio n a n d a ir s u p p ly .
C o n s u m e rs o f C / P s h o u ld m a k e a p o in t o f o b ta in in g t h e b u lle tin a t o n c e a n d o f r u n n i n g th r o u g h it a s a c h e c k
011
t h e i r sy ste m a n d its o p e r a t i o n . P o t e n t i a l u s e r s , to o , w o u ld d o w e ll to g r a s p th e o p p o r t u n it y o f g e t t i n g to k n o w a t th e s t a r t j u s t w h a t c o n s t it u t e s a g o o d C / P sy s te m a n d h o w to g e t th e b e s t r e s u l t s fro m it. F u e l E fficien cy B u lle tin N o . 36 is a v a ila b le f re e o f c h a r g e fro m th e M in is tr y o f F u e l a n d P o w e r , L o n d o n , o r fro m R e g io n a l O ffices o f th e M in is try .Fe b r u a r y i o, 194 5 T H E C H E M IC A L A G E
F U E L E F F IC IE N C Y IN T H E C H E M IC A L IN D U S T R Y
1 3 9
T H I S is the f ir s t o f th e second series o f lectures a n d discussions arra n g ed b y the A . B . C . M . , to
■*- p ro m o te f u e l econom y in the chem ical in d u stry , a n d d ealing w ith subjects w hich w ill le a d 10 efficiency in f u e l consum ption. E a ch m eeting is h e ld in both L o n d o n a n d M a n c h e ste r, a n d each lecture a n d discussion w ill be f u l l y r e p o n e d in Th e Ch e m i c a l Ag e. T h e f ir s t m eeting w as h eld in M a n c h e ste r on N o v e m b e r
1 5
a n d repeated in L o n d o n on N o v e m b e r2 9
/ th e d e la y in p u b lish in g is due to the care needed in collating th e discussions fo llo w in g th e lecture, w h ich , as w ill be seen, i s f a i fr o m being a negligible p a r t o f the'proceedings. R e p o rts o f subsequent m eetings w ill fo llo w a t fre q u e n tin te rv a ls.
F uel E conom y D iscu ssio n s
I.—The Future of L im e-Soda Softening
b y W . F . G E R R A R D *
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H E lim e -s o d a m e th o d is s till th e p ro c e s s m o st w id e ly u se d f o r s o f te n in g w a t e r on a c c o u n t o f its c h e a p n e s s a n d s im p lic ity . I t is, h o w e v e r, s u s c e p tib le o f im p ro v e m e n t. A f u n d a m e n ta l d iffic u lty w h ic h s p r in g s fro m th e b a s ic c h e m is tr y o f th e p r o c e s s is th e p r e s e n c e o f r e s id u a l h a r d n e s s w h ic h m ay p e r s is t fro m a few h o u r s to s e v e ra l d a y s.N u m e ro u s e x p e d ie n ts h a v e b e e n em p lo y e d to s p e e d u p th e p ro c e s s . T h e s e in c lu d e a r r a n g e m e n ts f o r h e a tin g th e in c o m in g w a te r , u s e o f lim e a n d s o d a in e x c e s s o f th e s t r i c t c h e m ic a l e q u iv a le n t, a d d itio n o f c o a g u la n ts su c h a s a lu m in o - f e r r ic a n d so d iu m a ltn n in - a t e . w h ile in r e c e n t y e a r s m u c h a t t e n t i o n h a s b e e n p a id to c a t a l y t i c a c tio n a s . fo r e x a m p le , b y c a u s in g th e w a te r to flow th r o u g h z o n e s o f p r e fo r m e d s lu d g e . IIo w e a t tiie p ro c e s s b e sp e e d e d u p in th e c o ld ?
T h e r o o t o f th e lim e -s o d a p r o c e s s is t o c o n v e r t all th e c a lc iu m in to c a r b o n a te a n d all th e m a g n e s iu m in to m a g n e s iu m h y d r o x id e , in w h ic h fo rm s th e y a r e re m o v e d . T h e r e a c tio n s s h o u ld le a v e t h e w a te r w ith ■ a slig h t f re e a l k a l i n i t y , a s a p r o te c tio n a g a in s t c o r ro s io n , o f b e tw e e n 20 a n d 50 p .p .m . in te r m s o f C a C O , a n d o f tb e s e 10 to 20 p .p .m . sh o u ld b e c a u s tic a lk a lin ity . T h e s o lu b ility o f i.'a C O , (22 p .p .m . in d is tille d w a te r at 6 0 ' F .) a n d of M g ( O H ) . (3.5 p .p .m . at 6 0 ' F .) p r e v e n ts th e a t t a i n m e n t o f z e ro h a r d n ess by th e lim e -so d a m e t h o d ; th e s e s o lu b ilitie s d e c r e a s e in p r e s e n c e o f N a ,C O , o r N a O l i , b u t in th e o r y th e b e s t o n e c o u ld h o p e f o r fro m lim e -s o d a s o f te n in g is a r e s i d u a . h a r d n e s s o f b e tw e e n
10
a n d20
p a r t s p e r m illio n o f C a C O , a n d 1 to 3 p a r t s p e r m illio n o f M g (O H ) , d e p e n d e n t c h ie fly o n th e n u m b e r s o f C O ,, io n s m a in ta in e d in th e w a te r a n d a ls o to a m u c h le s se r e x te n t on th e te m p e r a t u r e a n d th e c o n c e n tr a tio n s of o t h e r s a l ts in so lu tio n .It is c le a r ly n o t g o o d p r a c t i c e to p r e c i p i ta t e a c a r b o n a t e a n d h y d r o x id e s i m u l t a n e o u s ly fro m th e sa m e s o lu tio n . A n y s u b s ta n c e s e p a r a te s m o st r e a d ily a s a so lid w h e n th e p H v a lu e o f t h e s o lu tio n is in th e v ic in ity of t h a t se t u p b y t h e so lid its e lf
" E e e d w a te r S p ecialists C o m p an y .
in p u r e w a t e r , a n d it is q u ite im p o ss ib le to m a in ta in tw o d if fe r e n t p H v a lu e s a t o n e a n d th e sa m e tim e . I t is a ls o u n w ise to h a v e a n a m o r p h o u s s p r e c i p i t a t e (e .ij.. floc- c u le n t M g ( O i l ) .) p r e s e n t w h e n tr y in g to s e p a r a te a c r y s ta llin e p r e c i p i t a t e (e .'j., C a C O ,) , sin c e th e a m o r p h o u s M g ( O l I ) . w o u ld
3
b la n k e t th e c r y s t a l l i n e C a C O , a n d p r e v e n t c r y s ta l g ro w th . M a g n e s iu m fo rm s b a s ic c a r b o n a t e s v e ry r e a d ily a n d f o r c o m p le te c o n v e rs io n to th e h y d r o x id e it i s n e c e s s a ry to k e e p th e p H v a lu e a s h ig h as p o s s ible'. c e r t a i n l y w ell o v e r
1 1
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, b u t if a s o lu b le c a r b o n a t e lik e s o d iu m c a r b o n a te is d e l i b e r a te ly a d d e d th e o d d s a r e s tr o n g ly a g a in s t a p i l v a lu e o v e r 11.0. S in c e c h e m ic a l r e a c tio n s a r e r e v e r s ib le , w ith a sy s te m o f M g , N a , C 02
a n d O i l io n s in w a t e r , a c e r t a i n a m o u n t o f M g C O , is to b e e x p e c te d at e q u ilib riu m , d e p e n d e n t o n th e n u m b e r s of th e in d iv id u a l io n s p r e s e n t. M o r e o v e r , w h e n s o lu b le c a r b o n a t e s a r e p r e s e n t, th e r e a r e t h r e e a l t e r n a t i v e f o rm s t h a t m a g n e s iu m m ig h t ch o o se r a t h e r th a n th e h y d r o x id e (i.e ., th e c a r b o n a te , b a s ic c a r b o n a t e , o r d o u b le c a r b o n a te w ith c a lc iu m , a ll o f th e m m o re s o lu b le t h a n th e h y d ro x id e ) w h ic h r a is e s th e iss u e s o f m e ta s ta in lity a n d s u p e r- s a f u r a t i o n . In s h o r t, if th e id e a o f u sin g lim e a n d s o d a fo r s o f te n in g w a te r h a d o c c u r r e d to u s to -d a y in s te a d o f to C la r k e a h u n d r e d y e a r s a g o , we s h o u ld h a v e s e t a b o u t t h e b u s in e s s o n m o re s c ie n tific lin e s. W e s h o u ld n o t h a v e a tt e m p t e d th e s im u lta n e o u s r e m o v a l o f c a lc iu m a s c a r b o n a t e a n d m a g n e s iu m a s h y d r o x id e , b u t w e w o u ld h a v e a d ju s te d th e C o n d itio n s firs t fo r re m o v a l of o n e a n d th e n th e o t h e r , j u s t a s th e c h e m is t d o e s in m a k in g a q u a n t i t a t i v e a n a ly s is in th e l a b o r a to r y . T h is a r g u m e n t w a s th e s t a r t i n g p o in t o f o u r r e s e a r c h .W h e n th e co ld lim e -s o d a p ro c e s s p r o v e s u n s a tis f a c to r y , it is in v a r ia b ly f o u n d t h a t th e ra w w a te r c o n ta in s b o th c a lc iu m a n d m a g n e s iu m h a r d n e s s a n d t h a t th e w o r s t r e s u lts a r e o b ta in e d w h e n th e p r o p o r t i o n o f m a g n e s iu m h a r d n e s s is h ig h . W h e r e i t g iv e s g o o d r e s u l t s in th e c o ld th e h a r d n e s s is a lm o s t e n tire ly , d u e to c a lc iu m , o r in o d d
14 0
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c a s e s, to m a g n e s u im . F r o m t h i s r e a s o n in ga n d e x p e r im e n ta l d a t a a tw o -s ta g e p ro c e s s w a s b u ilt u p in w h ic h lim e w a s f irs t a d d e d , a n in t e r v a l w a s a llo w e d Cor p r e c i p i t a t i o n a n d c o a g u la tio n , th e s o lu tio n w a s filte r e d a n d s o d a w a s th e n a d d e d . T h e t o t a l r e a c tio n tim e w a s tw o h o u r s . T h e r e s u l t o f s e r ie s o f te s ts , a ll in p a r t s p e r m illio n , w a s :
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T h e s e e a r l y e x p e r im e n ts p r o v e d t h a t , o t h e r th i n g s b e in g e q u a l, tw o -s ta g e s o f te n in g w a s f a s t e r th a n sin g le -s ta g e s o f te n in g o v e r a n y fix ed p e r io d o f tim e a n d t h a t th e o p tim u m r e s u l t c o u ld b e o b ta in e d b y tw o- s ta g e s o f te n in g if th e r e a c tio n p e r io d s w e re e x te n d e d f a r e n o u g h .
T h e tim e r e q u ir e d f o r c o m p le te r e a c tio n w a s s till 48 h o u r s a n d h a d to bo s h o r te n e d f o r p r a c t i c a l a p p lic a tio n . I t h a d b e e n n o te d t h a t th e r e m o v a l of m a g n e s iu m in th e f ir s t s ta g e to o k lo n g e r t h a n th e r e m o v a l o f c a l c iu m in th e s e c o n d , a n d w e t h e r e f o r e t r ie d th e e ffe c t o f p r o g re s s iv e in c r e a s e s in lim e o v e r-d o s a g e . I t w a s f o u n d t h a t q u ite a s m a ll e x c e s s o f lim e h a d a p r o n o u n c e d i n flu e n c e o n th e r a t e o f M g p r e c i p i t a t i o n a n d t h a t it w a s u s e fu l to a d d u p to
10 0
p a r t s p e r m illio n C a ( O l I ) , in te r m s o f C a C O , in e x c e s s o f th e th e o r e t i c a l q u a n tity . T h e e x c e s s o f lim e w a s t h e n re m o v e d b y a d d in g s o d iu m b ic a r b o n a t e :C a ( O H ) . 4- 2 X a H C O , = N a ,C O ,
4
. C a C O , + 2 1 1 ,0 I f (a s is c u s to m a ry ) a s lig h t c a u s tic a l k a l i n i t y is w a n te d in th e t r e a t e d w a t e r i t c a n b e p r o v id e d b y u sin g le s s t h a n th e f u ll a m o u n t o f s o d iu m b ic a r b o n a t e b e c a u s eC a (O H ) , + X a l l C O , = C aC O ,'-)- H , 0 + N a O H T h e p ro c e s s a s it h a d so f a r d e v e lo p e d m a y b e b rie fly s u im n a r is e d . A m e a s u re d v o lu m e o f w a t e r w a s t r e a t e d w ith s a t u r a t e d lim e w a t e r to a th e o r e t i c a l e x c e s s o f
10 0
p a r t s p e r m illio n a s C a C O , o v e r th e a m o u n t r e q u i r e d b y t e m p o r a r y h a r d n e s s a n d m a g n e s iu m c o m p o u n d s . T h e w a t e r w a s s t i r r e d g e n tly f o r 30 m in . a n d a llo w e d to s ta n d fo r a f u r t h e r 30 m ill., w h e n c l e a r w a t e r w a s d r a w n off a n d te s te d f o r a lk a lin ity to p h e u o l- p h t h a l e i u a n d m e th y l-o r a n g e in d ic a to r s .T h e r e s u l t s g a v e a c h e c k o n th e lim e d o se c a lc u la tio n s . T h e w e ig h ts o f s o d iu m b i c a r b o n a te a n d s o d iu m c a r b o n a te r e q u i r e d to d e s tr o y th e e x c e s s lim e a n d re m o v e th e p e r m a n e n t h a r d n e s s w e r e t h e n i n tr o d u c e d a n d th e w a t e r w a s a g a in s t i r r e d g e n tly a n d s e ttle d f o r p e r io d s o f 30 m in . T h e t o t a l s o f te n in g tim e , e x c lu s iv e o f f i lt r a t i o n a f t e r th e lim e t r e a t m e n t s ta g e , w a s tw o h o u r s , a n d s o f te n in g b y t h i s t e c h n iq u e w a s e q u a l to t h a t o b ta in e d o n th e sa m e w a t e r in th e sa m e p e r io d o f tim e b y o r d i n a r y h o t p ro c e s s
(1 2 0 ° F .) w ith s o d iu m a lu m in a te . T h e p r e c i p i t a t e t h r o w n d o w n in S ta g e 1 o f th e m o d i
fied p r o c e s s h a d e x c e lle n t s e t tl i n g p r o p e r ti e s , b u t th e c a lc iu m c a r b o n a t e f ro m S ta g e 2 w as fin ely d iv id e d a n d d id not- f ilte r a t a ll w e ll th r o u g h c o a r s e m a t e r i a l . I f , h o w e v e r, th e t r e a t e d w a te r in S ta g e 2 w a s p a s s e d by u p w a r d flow th r o u g h a b e d o f c r u s h e d lim e s to n e o r e a le ite , th e re m o v a l o f C a C O , w a s c o m p le te in a b o u t 10 m in . A lm o st a n y k in d o f s u s p e n d e d m a t t e r w ill c a ta ly s e th e s e p a r a tio n o f C a C O ,, a n d t h e b e s t r e s u lts of a ll w e re a c h ie v e d w ith p a p e r p u l p c a r r y in g so m e e n t r a i n e d c a lc iu m c a r b o n a t e . P e r f e c tly c l e a r w a te r c o n ta in in g le s s th a n 25 p a r t s p e r m illio n C a C O , w a s d r a w n off by g r a v ity th r o u g h th e f ilte r m a t f o rm e d b y s e t tl i n g th e p a p e r p u lp a f t e r s t i r r in g w ith th e w a te r in S ta g e 2 f o r 10 m in . W e th e n t r ie d th e e ffe c t o f p a p e r p u lp
011
th e p r e c i p i t a t e s in S ta g e 1 o f th e p r o c e s s a n d d is c o v e r e d t h a t t h e s e p a r a ti o n o f m a g n e s iu m w a s lik e w ise a s g o o d in S ta g e 1 a s in S ta g e 2.B a th e r c u r io u s ly , c o tto n p u lp w a s n o t n e a r ly so e ffe c tiv e a s p a p e r p u lp a s a n a c c e l e r a t o r f o r m a g n e s iu m s e p a r a tio n .
S i l i c a R e m o v a l
M a g n e s ia is a v a lu a b le r e a g e n t f o r r e m o v a l o f s ilic a fro m w a te r , a n d w e h a v e f o u n d t h a t th e m o d ifie d s o f te n in g p r o c e s s a u to m a tic a lly r e d u c e s th e silic a c o n te n t to le s s th a n 4 p .p .
111
., a s a g a in s t 7 p .p .in . b y t h e h o t lim e -s o d a - a lu m in a te p ro c e s s . H o w e v e r , th e c o n d itio n s w h ic h g o v e rn th e p r e c i p i t a t i o n o f s ilic a w ith m a g n e s iu m h y d r o x id e a r e n o t y e t c lo s e ly u n d e r s to o d a n d th e t r i a l s m u st b e e x te n d e d to m o r e ty p e s o f w a t e r s u p p ly b e f o re c la im s c a n b e p u t f o r w a r d w ith th e sa m e q u a n t i t a t i v e a c c u r a c y a s f o r re m o v a l of c a lc iu m a n d m a g n e s iu m .C a l c u l a t i o n o f C h e m i c a l Q u a n t i t i e s A n e x a m p le o f t h e c a lc u la tio n s in v o lv e d in th e u se o f lim e , so d iu m b i c a r b o n a t e , a n d s o d iu m c a r b o n a t e a c c o r d in g to t h e n e w t e c h n iq u e , a lo n g w ith t h e c o r r e s p o n d in g f ig u re s f o r o r th o d o x p r a c t i c e , w ill b e o f i n t e r e s t . F o r th e p u r p o s e o f t h i s i l l u s t r a t i o n it w ill b e a s su m e d t h a t th e r e a g e n ts a r e
10 0
p e r c e n t, p u r e . A s a m p le o f h a r d w a t e r fro m a c o llie r y h a s th e fo llo w in g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ; T e m p o r a r y h a r d n e s s 275 p ts . p e r m illio n P e r m a n e n t h a r d n e s s 210 „ ,, ., C a lc iu m h a r d n e s s 345 ,, „ ., M a g n e s iu m h a r d n e s s . 140 ,, ,,N e w T e c h n i q u e
S ta g e 1.— L im e is a d d e d e q u iv a le n t to th e su m o f te m p o r a r y h a r d n e s s a n d m a g n e s iu m h a r d n e s s p lu s a n e x c e s s e q u a l to 100 p . p .
111
. a t C a C O ,, i.e . :74
(2 7 5 + 1 4 9
4
-10 0
) x = 381 p .p .m . 100= 3.81 lb . p e r 1000 g a l.
A f te r th e sc h e d u le d tim e f o r r e a c t i o n a n d
