Chemical & Metallurgical Engineering, Vol. 49, No. 11

CHEMICAL

» M I T * . l l U « « | C A l

ENGINEERING

ESTABLISHED 1902 S. D. KIRKPATRICK. Editor

NOVEMBER, 1942

RESOURCES AND RESOURCEFULNESS

S u p p o s e

we explore together a few channels of thought th a t are suggested by these two w ords:

“ Resources” an d “ R esourcefulness.” B oth are exceedingly im p o rtan t in these critical times. Y et we here in the U nited S tates have been inclined to th in k too m uch about the form er an d too little about the latter. W e are ju s t now beginning to realize th a t resources w ithout resourcefulness m ay prove more of a liab ility th an an asset.

C ertainly w hat has happened so f a r in this great global w ar should cause us to ponder a little as we look over the balance sheet of w orld resources.

The U nited N ations a t the beginning of the w ar controlled three-quarters of the iron and steel capacity, tw o-thirds of the alum inum , 93 percent of the copper, 100 percent of the tin, petroleum and ru b b e r. Today the Axis powers have w rested from us 57 percent of the w o rld ’s pig iron capac­

ity, h alf the steel, 58 p ercen t of the alum inum , 65 percen t of the tin and 89 percent of the ru bber.

A sixth of the w o rld ’s copper an d petroleum capac­

ities are in enemy hands. E ven the fu tu re of our food supply is threatened as Axis powers have m ultiplied six-fold th e ir share of w heat and cattle and have tightened th eir hold on alm ost four-fifths of the w o rld ’s potatoes.

W e m ay well ask ourselves how our enemies, holding the short end of the lever, have made themselves so strong th a t they now control more of some v ital m aterials th a n we do. P a r t of the answer, of course, is th a t they took u n fa ir advan­

tage of u s ; they violated th e ir pledged w o rd ; they conspired and p lotted our destruction while we were b lindly p u rsu in g our peaceful ways. P a rt of the answer, too, is th a t they worked h a rd e r and longer and did w ithout lu x u ries; th ey chose the

h ard end of the dilem m a in th eir choice of “ Guns instead of B u tte r .”

B u t the most significant th in g th a t G erm any did in h er whole

pro g ram was to replace h er resources w ith researches. Lacking o u r great n a tu ra l resources, she mobilized h e r technical resourcefulness an d never before in the history of the w orld has so m uch been done w ith so little in the w ay of strategic raw m aterials. The re su lt is as m uch a victory fo r her scientists an d engineers as it is fo r h er fighting forces.

Jo h n Collyer, able presid en t of the Goodrich company, has recently likened the w a r work of our technologists to the tactical im portance of the Commandos. In helping to dedicate C ornell’s new Olin I la ll of Chemical E ngineering earlier last month, he said : “ N either m illions of m en n o r b il­

lions of dollars can be throw n into the w a r effort effectively u n til these first Commando attacks of the scientists are successful. . . . M odern w ar on land and sea—an d in the stratosphere an d u n d e r the sea—is p lotted in the laboratories. H ere the com­

mandos of science and engineering have been h ard a t work. T heir initiative, skill an d perseverance have m ade it possible fo r us to get over hurdles quickly. They have been confronted w ith m any b a rrie rs th a t had to be cleared aw ay before the fu ll stren g th of our arm s could be em ployed.”

All th is has a b ea rin g on the big job th a t is

ahead fo r all of us. W e need to utilize to the fu ll

no t only our resources b u t also our in h ere n t re ­

sourcefulness. W e need to apply more science and

technical in genuity to the whole w a r effort. We

need mass production of new and m ore deadly

im plem ents of war. W e need to work h ard er and

longer—w ithout w aiting fo r W ashington to waste

oui- time and energies w rangling over rules and regulations. W e liave w hat it takes to w in b u t we w o n ’t unless we m atch our rich resources w ith g reater resourcefulness.

WE SALUTE THE MIDDLE WEST

F o r h e r

b o u n tifu l supplies of ag ric u ltu ra l an d m ineral resources. Nowhere else in the

has N atu re concentrated such w ealth in a com parable area.

F o r the energy, enthusiasm an d in te g rity of her people. N othing can stan d in th e ir w ay once they set th e ir will tow ard accomplishment.

F o r the stren g th an d u tility of h er industries.

They supply fundam enetal hum an needs of the nation fo r food, clothing, shelter, h ealth and tra n s ­ portation.

F o r the p a r t she is play in g in the w ar effort.

The M iddle W est is tru ly the arsenal as well as the g ra n a ry an d m eat shop of democracy.

F o r the recent in dustrialization and diversifica­

tion of her economy. B oth ag ricu ltu re an d in­

d u stry have gained stren g th and stability.

F o r the tre n d tow ard sounder in teg ratio n of ag ricu ltu re and in d u stry . A b e tte r balance of farm and fa cto ry is in the m aking.

F o r the n um ber and ch aracter of h er schools and colleges. They hold a leading place am ong our institutions of higher learning.

F o r tlie recognition th a t is accorded research and development. H er laboratories have con­

trib u te d more th an th e ir share of recent advances in science and technology.

F o r the close bond betw een academ ic and indus­

tria l research. H e r universities have benefitted themselves an d in tu r n benefitted in d u stry b y en­

couraging a two-way flow of ideas and inventions.

F o r the sp irit of en terprise an d independence of h er chemists and chemical engineers. T heir courage and perseverance has been p u t to test in p lanning and pushing fo rw ard w ith th eir program fo r a second N ational Chemical E xposition in Chicago, November 24-29.

F o r the able leadership th a t has been provided by the E xposition Committee of the Chicago Sec­

tion of the A m erican Chemical Society. U nder the chairm anship of V ictor Conquest of A rm our & Co., it has m et and overcome m any discouraging obstacles.

F o r, in short, all of her rich resources an d her rem arkable hum an an d in d u strial resourcefulness in th e ir developm ent an d use.

W A S H I N G T O N H I G H L I G H T S

SPONGE IRON has become a subject o f controversy between W P B and the B ureau o f Mines. U n fortunately, much o f the difference is either p e r­

sonal controversy or a mere misuse o f the technical words involved.

M any people still think th a t the old- fashioned sponge-iron processes are both technically im practical and eco­

nom ically unsound, even fo r w ar tim e. This is probably true. The B u reau of M ines in its proposals reg a rd in g direct reduction o f iron ore is not ta lking about those old procedures. The B ureau proposes radically modified new p la n s which a p p a re n tly have considerable m erit, a t least u nder certain lim ited local conditions. I t is u n fo rtu n a te th a t these new developm ents are being criticized in some cases largely be­

cause they have been inaccurately nam ed “sponge iro n ” or inadequately described.

SPEED in w ar tim e is essential. E x ­ cessive speed is, however, u n fo rtu ­ nate. The old adage “H a ste makes w aste” m ust be carefully observed.

W e m ight safely p a ra p h a se it also as “ H u rry makes w orry.” This is p eculiarly tru e o f the continuous process-industry operations which fo r sake o f smoothness, overall ef­

fectiveness, and m axim um produc­

tion m ust n o t be unduly rushed.

W hen the p ressure comes from the executive office or from W ashington fo r speeds beyond those th a t are wise, there should be g re a t care tak­

en to p o in t out th a t overall p ro d u c­

tion is g rea ter when hourly ra te s are w ithin reason.

SALARIES fo r chemical engineers m ust not exceed $25,000 p e r y e a r a fte r taxes are p aid and authorized de­

ductions have been settled. Most Chem. & M et. readers will n o t lose very much sleep w orrying over this lim itation. B u t we can well give some thought to the f a c t th a t this

“refo rm ” was effected by presiden­

tial ra th e r than legislative p re sc rip ­ tion. N ext tim e the “ medicine”

m ight not be so palatab le !

WHISKEY DISTILLERIES now make only in d u stria l alcohol as the result of a trem endous sh ift in th e ir tech­

nology m ade to aid the w a r effort.

One more change is going to he necessary. They will have to learn to use w heat instead o f corn. Hence there will be no let-up in the tech­

nical problem s fo r this division of the process industry. H ence also the need f o r m aintaining technical skills despite the d r a ft and increases in voluntary; enlistm ent.

POWER SHORTAGES next y ea r now threaten electrochemical industry.

Cessation o f new construction on h y ­ droelectric p la n ts and steam -electric p la n t extensions leaves a dangerous­

ly narrow m argin f o r nex t year. F u r ­ therm ore, this th re a t comes a t a tim e when the arm y and navy req u ire ­ m ents im pose increasing dem ands fo r chlorine, fe rro alloys and other p ro d ­ ucts of electric furnaces and cells.

A ll who can increase electrochemical an d electrom etallurgical production should do so. Those who can find ways to do w ithout the p roducts of this division o f in d u stry m ay have to do th a t also.

TARIFF on ru b b er a t the end of the w ar will lead to a th ird world w ar—

a t least th a t is the dism al forecast of Vice P re sid en t W allace. I t shows the extent to which A m erican poli­

cies are going to be reviewed fo r the pu rp o se o f in te rn atio n a l tra d in g in ideas as well as in goods. F o rtu ­ nately, it is not a t all necessary th a t there be official decisions on these m atters a t this time. A nd it is doubtful w hether M r. W allace in his extrem e view will be as influential as m ight now a p p e a r when the actual tim e o f decision arrives. C ertainly there is no gain fo r anyone in talk ­ ing about post-w ar tariffs.

7(5— 11 N O V E M B E R 191,2 . CHEM ICAL & M ETALLUR GICAL E N G IN EER IN G

C H E W & M E T

3 E P O R T

R E S O U R C E S a n d

R E S O U R C E F U L N E S S of t h e MI DDL E W E S T

”W atch the M iddle West!" That's the a d v ice of a high governm ental official w h o is in a peculiarly favorable position to foresee industrial trends. A lready there is evid en ce that a revolutionary ch a n g e is in process a s the w ar program h a s brought a desirable industrialization an d diversification to w h at has heretofore b een a predom inately agri­

cultural econom y. H uge governm ental projects and greatly stim ulated w ar industries h a v e created a better b a la n ce b e tw een farm an d factory. More p eo p le are working more productively than ever before in our history. If w e can but carry som e of that sam e activity and enterprise into our peace-tim e econom y, an ev en greater future is assured for this vast M idwestern Empire. To reach that difficult objective w ill call for the fullest utilization of the rich resources an d inherent resourcefulness of this region that a lrea d y produces almost a third of the products of the chem ical process indus­

tries. It is a clearcut ch allen ge for chem ical en gin eers of vision, en erg y and ability.

C H E M I C A L & M E T A L L U R G I C A L

E N G I N E E R I N G • N O V E M B E R 1 9 4 2

PROVIDE LIMITLESS SOURCES OF RAW MATERIALS

Rich Resources

---C/iem. & M e t. I N T E R P R E T A T I O N — ■■■...

That v a st in lan d em pire w e st of the A lle g h e n ie s, ea st of the R ockies an d north of T e n n essee h a s lo n g b e e n this country's bread b ask et an d butcher sh op . It h a s filled the c o a l b in s, p rovid ed the lum ber, iron an d ste el, g la s s , le a d an d zinc for our sh elters, the w o o l and leath er for our clothing. N ow , in the nation's tim e of n eed , its great a rsen a ls, h u g e am m unition a n d e x p lo siv e s p lan ts, its tank a n d au to­

m otive factories are turning out m ore m unitions than a n y other s e c ­ tion of the country. A m on g the factors that h a v e m a d e this p o ssib le are, first, an d p erh a p s m ost im portant, the a b u n d a n ce of natural resou rces. N ow h ere e ls e in the w orld is there co m p a ra b le c o n cen ­ tration of agricultural, m ineral a n d ch em ica l resou rces. N early e v e r y ra w m aterial for industry is a v a ila b le , m ost of them in alm ost lim itless su p p ly . T hese are certain to b eco m e m ore im portant to ch em ica l en g in e e r s n ow intent on turning out m a teria ls that w ill h elp the w a r effort, but on w hom m ust e v e n tu a lly rest m uch of the resp on sib ility for the future grow th an d d ev elo p m en t of the M iddle resp on sib ility for the future d ev elo p m en t of the M iddle W est.

FROM M IN E , FARM A N D FOREST

I

trated fully a th ird of the chem­

ical process industries w ithin the fourteen M iddle W estern states. S u r­

prising thing is th a t there are not more such plants. Coal and salt, petroleum and n a tu ra l gas, lim estone and most of the other m ineral raw m aterials of chemical industry are available in abundance. An out­

standing exception is native sulphur, but p y rite s and zinc blende are available and would be used in g re a t­

er quantities fo r m aking sulphuric acid were it not fo r the low price a t which G ulf-Coast brim stone can be brought up the M ississippi to m ost o f the consum ing industries.

Adequate, low-cost tran sp o rtatio n had a lot to do with the develop­

ment o f M idwestern resources. Short hauls by rail, highway or w aterway, bring raw m aterials to m a n u fa ctu r­

ing p la n ts th a t can distribute finished products m ore widely and m ore eco­

nom ically than is possible from most

other p a rts o f the country. Chicago, D etroit, Cleveland, M ilwaukee and St. Louis have benefitte:l by their location on navigable w aterways. The G reat Lakes alone norm ally account fo r a q u a rte r of the total of U. S.

w ater-borne tra n sp o rta tio n . The M is­

sissippi, Ohio and M issouri rivers ca rry an increasing share o f the tr a f ­ fic. B ut, by and large, it is the effi­

cient netw ork o f M idw estern ra il­

roads th a t has been responsible fo r the trem endous spread o f industry in this region th a t has m ore miles of tracks than any other com parable section in the U nited S tates. Looking still fu rth e r ahead to the g rea ter use o f a ir tra n sp o rta tio n in the fu tu re , p ractically every city of any size in this are a has o r is developing its own a irp o rt facilities.

F ro m the mines, quarries and oil wells o f the fourteen M iddle W estern states are produced about 30 percent of the total value o f m ineral products fo r the entire U nited S tates. W est

V irginia takes the leading place with coal, n a tu ra l gas, and petroleum con­

trib u tin g m ost and in th a t order.

Illinois takes second place, again with petroleum , coal, stone and ce­

m ent as the ran k in g products. Next comes K an sa s where zinc production falls into th ird place behind her oil and gas. Ohio is fo u rth am ong the m ineral producers of the Middle W est, but ran k s n inth in the country as a whole. Ohio’s clay products am ount in value second only to coal.

K entucky follows although as a coal producer she has been exceeded only by W est V irginia, P ennsylvania and Illinois. M ichigan creeps in slightly ahead of M innesota despite the fa c t th a t iron ore is the chief m ineral in each state. The h itte r’s prem ier position as an ore producer is more (ban offset by M ichigan’s o u tp u t of petroleum , cement and copper.

There is an ap preciable drop from M innesota’s 2.51 percent o f the U. S.

total to In d ia n a ’s 1.25 percent and M issouri’s 1.08 percent. Coal makes the difference, and more than offsets M issouri’s o u tp u t o f 37.2 percent of the n atio n ’s lead su p p ly in 1039.

None o ther o f the fourteen states produces 1 percent of the cou n try ’s m ineral values— not even South D a­

kota which is No. 3 am ong the U. S.

gold producers.

T hat the chemical process indus­

tries follow in somewhat the same p a tte rn as the m inerals is not su r­

prising. Chemical utilization o f coal, petroleum and n atu ra l gas would alone determ ine that. B ut, o f course, there are other m ineral raw m aterials th a t arc less valuable in the ag g re­

gate b u t are of g re a te r specific im ­ portance to chemical industry. F o r exam ple the brines o f M ichigan and Southern Ohio, M issouri’s barytes, fluorspar in Illinois and K entucky, glass sand, gypsum , etc. The ac­

com panying m ap and ta bulation sum ­ m arize the m ineral and farm p roduc­

tion of the 14 M iddle W estern States.

On page 84 of this issue is a com par­

able m ap and su p p o rtin g d ata fo r the distribution o f the chemical proc­

ess industries. Ohio, Illinois, I n ­ diana, M ichigan, W isconsin, and

TS — 11 X O V É M B E R 1943 • CHEM ICAL & M ETALLURGICAL E N G IN E E R IN G

AND RESOURCEFULNESS

W est V irginia are the ran k in g states.

Note th at in 1939 the area th a t p ro ­ duced 29.13 o f m ineral values had 31.21 p ercen t o f chemical values.

F irs t am ong the products o f the forest, as f a r as chemical engineers in the Middle W est are concerned, is the p id p wood th a t supplies the im ­ p o rta n t p u lp and p a p e r industries of W isconsin, M ichigan, Ohio, M inne­

sota and Illinois. H ardw ood d istil­

lation is a ran k in g process industry in ly in M ichigan. T anning m ate­

rials and extracts are o f still less im ­ portance. B u t there is increasing production o f plywood req u irin g syn­

thetic resin and other chemical adhe­

sives. W ood flour is used in a tiller in plastics and there has lately been an increasing in te rest in lignin p la s­

tics and various p u lp wood products.

B ut in the broad scheme o f things in the Middle W est, the products of mine and forest are much less im ­ p o rta n t than those of the farm . The fertile soil and high p roductivity of the Corn B elt are legendary. Y ear a fte r y e a r these states lead the world in g rain production p e r acre, p er square mile and p e r state.

N ot so well known as the g rain crops is the ra p id progress th a t has been made in grow ing soybeans fo r both feed and m arket. The heavy concentration o f this in d u stry in Illinois, Iowa, In d ia n a and Ohio, to­

g ether w ith m inor contributions from M ichigan and M issouri, accounts fo r fully 90 p ercen t o f the n atio n ’s total.

This lias already led to an im p o rtan t

processing industry with an increas­

ing list o f useful products other than stap le oil and meal.

Flaxseed is another M iddle W est­

ern monopoly w ith more than h alf of the U. S. total in M innesota and with ap proxim ately 85 percent con­

ce ntrated in M innesota, N orth and South D akota, Iow a and K ansas.

G reater u tilization of both the seed and fiber are proceeding apace as our im ports have been cut by difficulties of ocean shipping.

The synthetic ru b b er in d u stry ’s in ­ sistent dem and fo r butadiene, to­

gether w ith the large q uantities of

ethyl alcohol required fo r smokeless pow der and other m unitions, has fo ­ cused a g rea t deal of atten tio n on the utilization o f corn and w heat as chemical raw m aterial.

I n the N orthern R egional R e­

search L ab o rato ry o f the U. S. De­

p artm en t o f A griculture, the so- called science or field o f “chemur- g v ” is being p u t u n d er the micros­

cope and into pilot p la n t dem onstra­

tions to give a sounder basis on which to build industries th a t can utilize to the fu llest extent the rich ag ricu ltu ral resources o f the Middle

West.

SELECTED FARM AND MINERAL PRODUCTS OF THE MIDDLE WEST

(B ased o n co m p ilatio n of M ississippi V alley Assoc., M a y 1942)

(Showing percentage o f total U. S . production except where il am ounts to less than 1 percent).

Farm Products, 1940

S T A T E S

Corn Oats Wheat Soybeans Flaxseed Percent Total U. S. FarmIncome RankAmong States in FarmIncome Coal Salt Petroleum Natural Gas IronOre Lead Limestone Percent Total U. S.Value of Mineral Products

bfiC o

1 * 1

Illin o is ... 13.57 12.34 4 .92 44.01 0 .2 0 4 11.79 9 ,5 5 7 .9 S 4.97 6

I n d ia n a ... 5 .9 5 4,0 4 3 .0 9 13.70 4.0 2 0 4 ,0 8 3 ,8 5 1.20 19

Io w a ... I S .81 3 .9 3 18,82 8 ,0 9 7 .9 8 1 6 .3 8 .00 31

K a n s a s ... 1.05 3 .53 15.10 4 22 3.21 10 7 45 5,93 3 38 4 10 3 .0 8 2.91 8

K e n tu cky ... 2 .8 7 3. 1.75 19 11.17 2,31 4 .5 5 2 .0 7 11

M ic h ig a n ... 2 .04 4 .9 0 2 . IS 1.47 2 .7 0 14 25.91 1.10 17.45 10.88 2.74 10

M in n e so ta ... 7 .0 0 14.03 3 ,9 3 53,03 4 .0 9 5 00,04 1.20 2.51 12

M isso u ri... 4 .8 7 3 ,9 3 3 .8 8 1.47 3.31 9 33 (X) 3 82 1.08 21

N e b ra s k a ... 4 .3 7 2 .89 4 ,2 0 3 .0 5 13 42 .10 43

N o rth D a k o ta ... 1.00 2 .7 0 11.87 12,49 1.71 20 .00 40

O hio ... 4 .9 3 4.04 3 .0 9 10.52 3 .7 9 7 5 .2 0 IS. 50 1.79 10.78 2 .8 3 9

So u th D a k o ta ... 2 .0 4 4.31 3.21 0 .12 1.02 21 .59 32

W est V irginia... .40 44 2 0 .9 0 1.01 0 .1 9 1.96 2 .8 5 0.51 4

W iscon sin ... 3 .8 2 7 .83 3 .4 5 8 2 .6 8 .30 30

T o ta l fo r M idw est 7 2 .9 8 09.07 50.79 9 0 .0 5 S4.55 4 8.0 0 5 9 .2 0 53.53 10.04 13.77 85 .4 5 3 7 .1 0 5 8 .5 3 29.13 M ineral Products, 1989

W I S C O N S I N

C o r n O a t s C a t t l e H o r s e s H o g $ I r o n O r e

M I C H I G A N .

ILLIN O IS

I N D I A N A

WEST V IR G IN IA

C o r n C o » " e

H o r » « s N O R T H D A K O T A

C o r n i . o %

O a t s 2 . 7

W h e a t 1 1 . 8 7

F l a x s e e d 1 2 . 4 9

C a t t l e 2 . 0 5

H o r s e s 2 . 3 7

W o o l 1 . 8 3

S O U T H D A K O T A

C o r n 2 . 0 4 %

O a t s 4 . 3 1

F l a x s e e d 6 . 1 2

C a t t l e 2 . 4 6

H o r s e s 2 . 2 8

H o g s 2 . 0 3

W o o l 3 . 0 2

N E B R A S K A

C o r n 4 . 3 7 %

O a t s 2 . 8 9

W h e a t 4 . 2 6

C a t t l e 4 . 3 5

H o r s e s 2 . 9 3

H o g s 3 . 5 8

M I N N E S O T A

C o r n 7 . 0 6 %

O a t s 1 4 . 6 3

W h e a t 3 . 9 3

F l a x s e e d 5 3 . 6 3 C a t t l e 4 . 9 9 H o r s e s 3 . 8 3

H o g s 6 . 4 2

W o o l 2 . 1 3

I r o n O r e 6 6 . 0 4

I O W A

C o r n 1 8 . 8 1 % O a t s 1 6 . 7 2 S o y b e a n s 1 8 . 8 2 F l a x s e e d 8 . 0 9 C a t t l e 7 . 0 7 H o r s e s 4 . 5 4 W o o l 2 . 7 4

M I S S O U R I

K A N S A S C o r n

O a t s

4 . 8 7 % 3 . 9 3

C o r n 1 . 6 5 % H o g s 2 . 3 3 % W h e a t 3 . 8 8

O a t s 3 . 5 3 W o o l 1 . 0 5 S o y b e a n s 1 . 4 7

W h e a t 1 5 . 1 6 L e a d 4 . 1 7 C o t t o n 3 . 0 9

F l a x s e e d 4 . 2 2 Z in c 1 4 . 2 C a t t l e 4 . 1 4

C a t t le 4 . 5 4 S a l t 7 . 4 5 H o r s e s 3 . 2 6

H o r s e s 2 . 4 0 P e t r o le u m 5 . 9 3 H o g s 6 . 2 7

N a t . G a s 3 . 4 8 % W o o l 2 . 5 6

L e a d 3 3 . 0 0

Z in c 1 . 9 0

C o r n 1 3 . 5 7 %

O a t s 1 2 . 3 4 W h e a t 4 . 9 2 S o y b e a n s 4 4 . 0 1 C a t t l e 4 . 2 7

H o r s e s 3 . 5 6

H o g s 9 . 7 7

W o o l 1 . 4 7

C o a l 1 1 . 7 9

P o t r o le u m 9 L 5 5

C o r n 2 . 0 4 %

O a t * 4 . 9 0

W h e a t 2 . 1 8

S o y b e a n * 1 . 4 7 C a t t l e 2 . 5 0 H o r s e » 2 . 1 2

H o g s 1 . 5 7

W o o l 2 . 2 5

Ir o n O r e 1 7 . 4 5 C o p p e r 6 . 6 9

S a l t 2 5 . 9 1

P e t r o le u m 1 . 1 6

C o r n 5 . 9 5 %

O a t s 4 . 0 4

W h e a t 3 . 6 9 S o y b e a n s 1 3 . 7 6 C a t t l e 2 . 5 1 H o r s e s 2 . 1 5

H o g s 7 . 3 5

W o o l 1 . 3 1

C o a l 4 . 0 8

C o r n 4 . 9 3 %

O a t * 3 . 6 3

W h e a l 5 . 1 6

S o y b e a n s 1 0 . 5 2 C a t t l e 2 . 9 8 H o r s e s 2 . 7 5

H o g s 5 . 8 8

W o o l 4 . 5 9

C o a l 5 . 2 0

S a lt 1 8 . 5 6

N a t . G a s 1 . 7 9

Remarkable

PAVES THE W AY FOR INDUSTRIAL PROGRESS

— ... ... C h em . & M e t. I N T E R P R E T A T I O N ...

This w ar h a s proved that resou rces w ithout reso u rcefu ln ess are m ore of a lia b ility than a n a sse t. Fortunately, the M iddle W est h a s both.

Her p e o p le are a m atch in in g en u ity an d productivity for the w e a lth of her reso u rces a n d the fertility of her soil. Thus sh e h a s so h ig h ly d e v e lo p e d her agriculture an d industry that th ey are k now n and en v ie d throughout the w orld. But, a s this w a r h a s a lso p roved , a better b a la n c e of farm an d factory is g rea tly to b e d esired . There are still m a n y ch a lle n g in g opportunities for n e w in dustries ev e n though m ost of them w ill h a v e to w ait until the w ar is over. Those w h o are to m eet this c h a lle n g e an d carry forw ard the M idw est's program of industrialization a n d d iversification are the tec h n ic a lly trained m en an d w o m e n in our sch o o ls an d c o lle g e s, resea rch an d d ev elo p m en t lab oratories an d in en g in e erin g an d adm inistrative p o ­ sition s in industry. Their re so u rcefu ln ess is treated in th ese p a g e s.

FROM SCHOOL, LABORATORY A N D PLANT

T

lege graduates, p articu la rly from sci­

entific and professional courses, is an index of industrial progress. So too are the num bers o f research labora­

tories and of their staffs o f skilled investigators. And because so m any o f the new problem s o f in d u strial de.

velopm ent are essentially chemical in character, it is alw ays helpful to know the ap proxim ate num ber of chemists and chemical engineers available to do a given job.

By all these m easures of resource­

fulness the 14 Middle W estern states shown in the accom panying m ap ran k unusually high when com pared with other sections o f the United States. W ith 34 percent of the n a­

tion’s population, they have 37 p e r­

cent o f the colleges and professional schools. E nrollm ent in these in stitu ­ tions of higher learning totals 522,- 990 men and women, which is 35 percent o f the total fo r the entire United States. M ore than 800 of the

country’s 2,237 in d u strial research laboratories (as of 1938) are located in these states. Their total research personnel a t th a t tim e exceeded 15,- 000 or 34.28 percent of the total fo r all such A m erican laboratories.

A uthentic figures fo r the num ber o f chemists and chemical engineers in these states are lacking but in the accom panying tabulation we have estim ated th a t there are ap p ro x i­

mately 20,000 people o f such tra in ­ ing in the M iddle W est. N ot all are em ployed in the chemical process in ­ dustries, o f course, but it is in terest­

ing to observe th a t this area also accounts fo r 28.17 percent of the pla n ts and 31.21 p erc en t of the total value of products. (See m ap and table on page S4.)

W hen the N ational K oster o f Sci­

entific and Specialized P ersonnel was undertaken as an aid to the w ar effort, it was hoped th a t we m ight have from it, fo r the first time an adequate census o f chemists and chemical engineers. I f such totals have been compiled, they are a p p a r ­

ently regarded as m ilitary secrets fo r they have not been m ade avail­

able to the general public. P e rh ap s a fte r the w ar is over they will be published as historical d ata in the p riv a te p ap e rs o f some of our gov­

ernm ental officials. M eanwhile the most recent and com prehensive data we have are the figures obtained last year in the questionnaire survey of the com mittee on the economic sta­

tus o f members of the American Chemical Society and published in Chemical and E ngineering News, fo r Oct. 25, 1942.

This committee, under the ch air­

m anship o f D r. Lawrence W. Bass, received replies to its questionnaire from 19,009 members, of whom 16,- .104 were identified as senior and 1,255 as ju n io r male members. F e ­ male members and those fo r whom sex was n o t rep o rted totalled 1,644.

O f the m ale members 22.3 percent of the seniors and 29.2 percent of the ju n io rs were chemical engineers while 71.8 percent and 64.9 percent, respectively, rep o rted chem istry as their m a jo r field. O ther fields, in ­ cluding those o f science and engi­

neering, accounted f o r 5.9 percent of the senior males and 5.7 percent of the ju n io r males. F ro m 1926 to 1941 the num ber o f chemical engi­

neers increased from 1,712 to 4,168 or to 243 percent. The num ber o f chemists increased from 6,120 to 13,- 641 or to 223 percent. In both eases the largest grow th occurred between 1934 and 1937.

D istribution by geographic dis­

tricts has not yet been published in sufficient detail to make possible direct com parisons with the estim ates given here but in 1941 the E ast N orth C entral and W est N orth Cen­

tra l regions totalled 29.1 percent of the U.S. total. The pro p o rtio n s in E ast N orth C entral—Illinois, Ohio, Indiana, M ichigan and W isconsin—

increased from 22.7 p erc en t in 1926 to 23.6 percent in 1941. In the la t­

te r y ea r Illinois reported 8.4 percent against 6.7 percent fo r Ohio and

M ID W E ST E R N RESOURCES

8.5 percent fo r the other three states combined.

In the E ast N orth C entral region only about a th ird o f the members are em ployed in com munities of 100,000 o r less populatio n while in the W est N orth Central the p ro p o r­

tion was nearly half. This is largely explained by the fa c t th a t in I lli­

nois 70.8 percent o f those reported lived in cities o f over 500,000, as com pared with only 28.3 percent in Ohio and less in some o f the states without such large cities.

y ears 1920 to 1938. A m ore de­

tailed study of these d ata was made by George P erazich and P h ilip M.

F ield fo r the W orks P ro je cts A d­

m in istratio n ’s N ational Research P ro je c t and published in Ja n u a ry , 1940, as its R e p o rt No. M-4. (See also Chem. <£ M et. Septem ber, 1939, p p . 523-5.) F ro m this source were taken the figures shown in the ac­

com panying table and m ap. I t will be noted therein th a t in 1938 Ohio led in the M iddle W est both in the total num ber o f laboratories and in

research personnel. Illinois is sec­

ond, followed by M ichigan, In d ian a and W isconsin. I n the Chemical and Allied Ind u stries, however, M ichigan w ent into the lead over Ohio in 1938 with more than twice the research personnel o f Illinois.

In adequate as are these figures as tru e m easures o f inherent resource­

fulness, they are nevertheless indica­

tive o f a g rea t creative force th a t is actively a t work in developing the agricultural, m ineral and chemical resources o f the -Middle W est.

NORTH DAKOTA

P r o f e s s io n o l S c h o o l s 11 T o t a l E n r o ll m e n t 8 , 3 3 2 In d . R e s e a r c h L a b s ...

R e s e a r c h P e r s o n n e l . . . . C h e m . & C h o m . E n g r s . 1 0 0

SOUTH DAKOTA

P r o f e s s io n a l S c h o o l s 1 6 T o f a l E n r o ll m e n t 6 , 5 8 3 In d . R e s e a r c h L a b s . 2 R e s e a r c h P e r s o n n e l . . . . C h e m . & C h o m . E n g r s . 1 0 0

Ind.

MINN ESOTA

P r o f e s s io n a l S c h o o ls 3 9 T o t a l E n r o ll m e n t

3 4 , 6 4 7

R e s e a r c h l a b s . 3 0

R e s e a r c h P e r s o n n o l 2 7 8

C h e m . & C h e m . E n g r s . 8 0 0

IOW A

W ISCON SIN

P r o f e s s io n a l S c h o o l s 6 4 T o f a l E n r o ll m e n t 3 3 , 1 3 5 '

In d . R e s e a r c h L a b s . 5 0 R e s e a r c h P e r s o n n e l 4 8 5

C h o m . &

C h e m . E n g r s . 1 , 0 0 0

N EBRASKA

P ro fe ss io n a l S c h o o ls T o ta l E n ro llm e n t In d . R c so a rc h ta b s.

R o se arc h P orson n ol 22 1 6 , 5 7 9 .7

3 2

P r o f e s s io n a l S c h o o l s T o t a l E n r o ll m e n t I n d . R e s e a r c h L a b s . R e s e a r c h P e r s o n n e l

6 2 2 9 , 7 5 3 10 61

r \

P r o f e s s io n a l S c h o o l s T o t a l E n r o ll m e n t

I n d . R e s o a r c h L a b s . R c s o a r c h P e r s o n n e l C h e m . & C h e m . E n g r s .

61 6 0 , 9 6 1 '1 3 2

2 , 9 9 3 2 , 5 0 0

C h o m . & C h e m . E n g r s . 6 0 0

C h o m . & C h o m . E n g r s . . 2 0 0

KANSAS

P r o f e s s io n a l S c h o o l s 4 5 T o t a l E n r o ll m e n t 2 7 , 2 4 4 I n d . R e s e a r c h L a b s . 1 3 R e s e a r c h P e r s o n n e l 7 0 C h e m . & C h o m . E n g r s . 5 0 0

M ISSO URI

P r o f e s s io n a l S c h o o ls T o t a l E n r o ll m e n t I n d . R o s e a r c h L a b s . R e s e a r c h P e r s o n n e l

ILLIN O IS

P r o f e s s io n a l S c h o o ls T o t a l E n r o ll m e n t In d . R o s o a r c h L b b s . R c s o a r c h P e r s o n n e l C h e m . & C h e m . E n g r s 5 , 0 0 0

IN D IA N A

P r o f e s s io n a l S c h o o l s 41 T o t o l E n r o ll m e n t 3 7 , 0 6 5 I n d . R o s e a r c h L a b s . 7 0 R e s e a r c h P e r s o n n e l 1 , 2 8 2 C h e m . & C h o m . E n g r s . 2 , 0 0 0

P r o f e s s io n a l S c h o o U T o t a l E n r o l l " '» " '

l „ d . R e s e a r c h l o b s

srîsrsUÆ

6 4 8 ^ . 3 6 6

2 1 6 4 , 7 6 3

& C h e

OHIO

KENTUCKY

5 6 4 0 , 3 9 3 4 5 4 8 0 C h e m . & C h o m . E n g r s . 1 , 5 0 0

T e c h n ic a l M a n p o w e r

P r o f e s s io n a l S c h o o l * T o to l E n r o ll m e n t

| n d . R e s e o r c h l o b s . R e s e a r c h P e r s o n n e l C h e m . & C h e m . E n g r s . 5 0 0

WEST V IR G IN IA

P r o f e s s io n a l S c h o o l . 2 T o t o l E n r o llm e n t

I n d . R e s e a r c h L a b s . 1 R e s e a r c h P e r s o n n e l b t e m j J C h o m . E " g r s .

P e rh a p s the best conclusion one can draw from these figures is th at the num ber of chemists and chemical engineers has been grow ing steadily d uring the p a s t 15 years and has m ore than k e p t p ac t w ith the ad ­ vance o f industry. The M iddle W est has m aintained, and in fa c t lias slightly increased, its p ro p o rtio n of the cou n try ’s total chemical person­

nel.

Illum inating statistics are readily available on research laboratories and personnel, thanks to the system ­ atic surveys conducted by the N a­

tional Research Council d u rin g the

A N D RESOURCEFULNESS

DISTRIBUTION OF TECHNICAL MANPOWER IN 14 MIDWESTERN STATES

—Research Personnel—

Chemicals T otal Total Estinuited number

and allied for all College o f Chem. &

S T A T E industries industries Enrollment Chem. En^rs.

1927 1938 1927 1938 1939-40 1942

Illinois... ___ 151 402 1.810 4.5 2 7 107,074 5,0 0 0 In d ia n a ... ___ 120 244 401 1.282 37,005 2,0 0 0

Io w a ... 9 4 01 29,753 000

K a n sa s... 38 70 27,244 500

K en tu ck y ... 29 2 109 22,414 500

M ich ig an... 923 954 2,993 00,901 2 ,5 0 0

M in n eso ta ... Gl 53 278 34,0*17 800

M issouri... ___ 59 110 100 480 40,393 1,500

N e b ra sk a ... 4 20 32 10,579 200

N orth D a k o ta ... 8,3 3 2 100

O h io ... 77 8 2,100 4,7 0 3 84,300 4 ,0 0 0

S outh D a k o ta ... 0,583 100

\ \ e st V irg in ia ... 40 8-1 109 104 14,444 750

\ \ isconsin ... 123 37 277 485 33,135 1,000

T o tal for 14 S ta te s ... 920 2,747 5,934 15,184 522,990 19,550

Total for U n ited S ta te s ... . . . . 3.463 9 ,5 4 2 18.982 44,292 1,493,203 60.000 P ercen t in M id w est... . . . . 20.73 28 .7 8 31.20 34 .2 8 35 .0 2 3 2 .5 8 Sources: D a ta on Schools and E nro llm en t from U . S. Office of E ducation.

"S u m m ary of S tatistics of H igher E d u c a tio n ,” 1939-40.

D a ta on R esearch Personnel from “ In d u stria l R esearch a n d C hanging Technology,” N at. Re*.

P ro ject. W. P. A., J a n . 1940.

D a ta on C h.rn

Why Midwest Makes More Monitions

C h em . & M e t. I N T E R P R E T A T I O N — — ...

Those w ho are m ost resp o n sib le for p la n n in g the n a tio n a l d e fe n se program b a ck in 1940 b e g a n b y settin g up a " sa fety zone" that w a s b o u n d ed b y a n indefinite border ro u g h ly 200 m ile s in la n d from a n y s e a coast. W h erever p o ssib le , n e w plant fa cilities for w a r pro­

duction w e re lo c a te d w ithin this protected territory. G rad u ally, too, another principle w a s recogn ized an d la r g e ly acce p ted . A s first en u n ciated b y A gricultural C om m issioner C hester C. D a v is of the old N a tio n a l D efen se A d v iso ry Board, it w a s that "no n e w d efen se industries sh ou ld b e lo ca te d in a r e a s w h ere the h e a v y industries e sse n tia l to the d e fe n se are a lr e a d y concentrated." This m o v e w a s m a d e to tap n ew reservoirs of u n em p lo y e d lab or a s w e ll a s u n d e­

v e lo p e d resou rces a n d m aterials. The M iddle W est, in particular, b en efitted b y this program a n d up to the tim e w e a c tu a lly entered into the w ar, this a re a acco u n ted for fu lly 60 percent of the total n e w industrial fa cilties. Sin ce then there h a v e b e e n larger projects for sh ip b u ild in g an d aircraft that h a v e b e e n lo c a ted ou tsid e of this territory but it is sign ifican t that 45.72 percent of the n e w war-indus- try p la n ts are to b e found in the M iddle W estern sta tes. C ontracts for a ll w ar su p p lie s are distributed m ore w id e ly but th ese sta tes a ccou n t for 36.79 p ercen t of the alm o st 80 b illion d ollars that h ad b e e n contracted up to A u gu st 1, 1942.

G

struction. W hen C hon. <£ M et. last reviewed the d istribution of con­

trac ts fo r in d u stria l facilities (see

A pril, 1941, p p . 98-9), the 14 M id­

dle W estern states accounted fo r 49.8 percent of the U. S. total fo r p la n ts o f all types including sh ip ­ building and a irc ra ft. F o r the more lim ited classification o f “A rm s, A m ­

m unition and Explosives,” in which chemical in d u stry is m ost interested, the M idwest’s p ro p o rtio n exceeded 65 jjercent. A ccording to the most recent figures released by the S ta ­ tistics Division of W P B , the p ro p o r­

tion fo r total facilities had dropped to 35.63 percent and fo r in d u strial facilities to 45.72 percent. Detailed d ata are no longer publishable fo r chemical m unitions as such.

T h at this is still a la rg e r share of w ar production facilities than th at of any other regional group o f states is a p p a re n t from the tabulations shown below and from the m ap on the opposite page. The p e r cap ita value o f all w ar contracts is $644.74 fo r the M iddle W estern states as com pared with $597.81 fo r the U. S.

average. W ith 34.10 p erc en t o f the population, the area has 36.79 p e r­

cent o f the dollar value of contracts aw arded up to A ugust 1, 1942. This totals alm ost th irty billions o f dol­

lars.

M ichigan has lately moved into first place am ong the. states, having received more than 10 percent o f all w ar contracts aw arded since Ju n e , 1940. This results, o f course, from the progress being made in the con­

version o f the autom obile in d u stry and the heavy production o f tanks, airc ra ft, engines an d other autom o­

tive equipm ent. Ohio is next among

DISTRIBUTION OF MAJOR WAR FACILITIES PROJECTS IN THE MIDDLE WESTERN STATES

June 1940 through July 1942

I ndustrial Facilities R a n k o f Total Facilities R a n k o f

Projects Staten Projects Stoles

States (000 omitted) in U. S . A . (000 omitted) in U. S . A.

Illinois... SI .02 4 ,0 2 0 4 S I. 174.233 5

In d ia n a ... 893.230 5 1 .049.082 8

Io w a ... 151.645 28 173.27S 34

K a n sa s ... 240.923 19 346.369 19

K e n tu c k y ... 171,554 26 307,822 25

M ich ig an ... 1.028.471 3 1.070.S94 7

M in n eso ta ... 264,850 17 208.909 29

M isso u ri... 498 ,8 2 8 9 034,327 10

N e b ra sk a ... 154,316 27 242,838 31

N o rth D a k o ta . . . . 48 48

O h io ... 1 ,1 0 0 ,5 7 2 2 1,203,009 4

South D a k o ta 150 47 50,617 42

W est V irg in ia 259,341 18 200,793 30

W isco n sin ... 3SS,908 11 440,724 15

T o tal of 14 M id ­

w est S ta te s 0 ,1 7 6 ,8 2 0 . . 7 ,2 2 3 ,4 9 5 T o tal for U. S. A .. 13,5 0 9 ,7 6 5 . . 20 ,2 7 1 .9 0 7 P ercen t in M idw est

S ta te s ... 4 5 .7 2 . . 35.63

Compiled b y George C. Sm ith, D e p artm e n t of In d u strial D evelopm ent.

M - K - T R R , St. Louis, M o., from official releases of S tatistics D ivision, W ar Production Board.

DISTRIBUTION OF WAR SUPPLY AND FACILITY CONTRACTS IN MIDDLE WESTERN STATES

June 1940 through July 1942

Dollar Value R ank of Per R a n k o f o f Contracts States Capita States

Population Awarded t n Value of tn

Staten (1940) (000 omitted) U. S . A. Contracts U. S . ,1.

Illinois... 7 ,897,241 $4,0 2 5 .3 5 3 I S509.72 20 In d ia n a ... 3 ,4 2 7 ,7 9 6 3,2 9 2 ,1 7 2 9 900.43 9 Io w a ... 2 ,5 3 8 ,2 6 8 54$,598 27 21G.13 35 K an sas... 1 .SO I,028 2 ,4 7 2 ,1 1 2 11 1,372.61 4

K e n tu ck y ... 2,S45,627 443,332 31 155.80 43

M ich ig an ... 5 ,2 5 0 ,1 0 0 7 ,9 5 7 ,18S 1 1,513.89 2 M in n eso ta ... 2 ,7 9 2 ,3 0 0 736.921 21 263.91 30 M isso u ri... 3 ,7 S 4 ,6 6 4 1,442,808 10 381.24 25

N e b ra sk a... 1 ,315,834 462,330 29 351.30 28

N o rth D a k o ta . . . . 6-11,935 2,942 48 4 .5 8 48

O h io ... 6 ,9 0 7 ,6 1 2 5 ,5 0 0 ,1 8 0 4 797.12 11

S outh D a k o ta . . . . 642,961 54,401 45 84 .7 0 40

W est V irginia... 1,901,975 435,742 33 229.10 34

W isconsin ... 3 ,1 3 7 ,5 8 7 1 ,578,818 15 503.19 21 T o tal for 14 M id­

west S ta te s ... 44 ,8 9 9 ,9 3 3 2 8 ,959.029 044.74

T o tal for U. S. A .. 131,669.275 7 8,713,192 597.81

P ercen t in M idw est

S ta te s ... 3 4 .1 0 36.79

C om piled b y George C. Sm ith, D e p artm e n t of In d u strial D evelopm ent, M - K - T R R , St. Louis, M o., from official releases of S tatistics D ivision, W ar Production Board.

R esou rces an d M anpow er

of th e 14 M id d lew estern S la tes

B k c a u s e s o

much of the fu tu re grow th and de­

velopment of the chemical process industries of the M iddle W est is dependent upon chemical engi­

neers, we have tu rn e d principally to the educa­

tional institutions fo r the articles th a t follow. We have asked the heads of the various departm ents of chemical engineering to survey quite briefly those m ineral and ag ric u ltu ral resources th a t are likely to be of most interest fo r in d u stria l exploita­

tion. To this extent th eir contributions b rin g up- to-date the more extensive series of regional su r­

veys th a t appeared in Vol. 34 of

ct

beginning w ith the J a n u a ry 1927 issue.

A nyone who cares to review those articles of 15 years ago and to contrast them w ith the c u rren t sum m aries will be struck w ith the trem endous

changes th a t have alread y resulted from the de­

centralization and diversification of the chemical engineering industries. To p ro ject yo u r thinking th a t f a r into the fu tu re is a difficult b u t stim ulating adventure !

B ut, as noted elsewhere in this M iddlew estern issue, “ resources w ithout resourcefulness” are of little avail. So we have also asked our authors to discuss the question of technical m anpower—to tell us som ething of the production facilities and the p resent and prospective m arket fo r chemical engineers in the various states of the M iddle W est.

I f these b rie f sum m aries prove of in terest and lead to fu r th e r stu d y of the opportunities they re p re­

sent, both authors and editors will have reason to feel th a t th e ir jo in t efforts were worthwhile.

By HAROLD VAGTBORG

D irector, A rm ou r R e sea rch F oundation a n d In stitute o i G a s T ech n o lo g y , C h icago

T

ta ry authority as one o f the fo u r most im p o rtan t in dustrial centers of the U nited States. The m an who ex­

pressed this opinion may have been speaking not only of its presen t in ­ dustrial production, but also o f its prom ise of fu tu re development and its strategic location. Chief am ong its industries are chemical m anufac­

tu rin g and the closely related indus­

tries o f steel m a n u fa ctu rin g and the processing o f petroleum and agricul­

tu ral products.

Illinois is well placed g eographi­

cally f o r fu tu re expansion in the chemical fields. W ater and railw ay tran sp o rta tio n are am ple. Railway systems converge a t Chicago, from the ag ricultural sections of the west and south and from the industrial areas of th e east.. Im p o rta n t from the m ilitary standpoint, a fac to r in­

fluencing the location o f new indus­

tries today, is the fact th a t it is cut oil' by m ountain ranges from both seacoasts and is well inland. Also im p o rta n t is its already well estab­

lished industrial and civilian demand f o r chemical products w ithin its own m etropolitan area.

Illinois is fo rtu n a te in the n atu ra l resources upon which chemical indus­

tries depend: agricu ltu ral products, petroleum , coal and m inerals. I t has an abundance of these m aterials to meet the dem ands o f increasing chemical m anufacture. In addition it is near the g rain fields and cattle g razing regions to the west.

A growing chemical industry de­

m ands am ple supplies of pow er and fuel, which Illinois coal regions p ro ­ vide; o f w ater, which exists in abundance in Lake M ichigan and in the rivers o f the sta te ; of raw m a­

terials, already m entioned; o f steel, available in the South Chicago m ills;

of skilled m anpower, which is being

train ed in increasing num bers in

a

There are, in addition, the research facilities o f educational institutions, o f an industrial research institute and o f the N orthern Research L abora­

tory o f the U. S. D epartm ent of A g­

ricu ltu re a t P eoria.

The program o f train in g m anpower is expanding to m eet the needs of the chemical industries and unless seri­

ously delayed by the m ilitary require­

m ents of the nation, should be able to su p p ly the fu tu re needs o f the industry. The educational program s a t Illinois In stitu te o f Technology, the U niversities of Chicago and of Illinois, N orthw estern In stitu te of Technology and m any sm aller insti­

tutions show a definite increase in the demand fo r courses in the fields of chem istry, chemieal engineering, and related subjects. There is a t the p res­

en t tim e a shortage of m anpower in several fields, a situation created by the w ar and likely to become worse before it is corrected, but it is be­

lieved th a t in the long ru n the need will be filled by the educational facili­

ties now available.

The chemical industries o f Illinois are located largely in the Chicago, E a st St. L ouis,-P eoria, and D ecatur areas. The late.il ..available figures of the Census of M anufactures fo r 1939 indicate an annual o u tp u t of

$304,841,094 f o r the Illinois chemical industries. The o u tp u t o f the allied

CHEM ICAL & M ETALLUR GICAL E N G IN E E R IN G • N O V E M B E R 19J,2 • 11— 85