ISSN 1509-1619
ɋɟɪɝɟɣ Ɏɟɥɢɤɫɨɜ
ɉɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɋɜɹɬɨ-Ɍɢɯɨɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ
ȽɊȺɆɆȺɌɂɑȿɋɄȺə ɏȺɊȺɄɌȿɊɂɋɌɂɄȺ
ɅȿɄɋɂɄɈȽɊȺɎɂɊɍȿɆɕɏ ȿȾɂɇɂɐ ȼ «ɐȿɊɄɈȼɇɈɆ ɋɅɈȼȺɊȿ» ɉɊɈɌɈɂȿɊȿə ɉȿɌɊȺ ȺɅȿɄɋȿȿȼȺ
1Key words: the history of Russian lexicography, P.A. Alekseev, church vocabulary, 18th century, grammar
ȼ ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɬɨɥɤɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜɫɟ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɫɥɨɜ: ɡɧɚɦɟɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ – ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ (ɛɨɥɟɟ 5000 ɫɥɨɜ), ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶ- ɧɨɟ (ɛɨɥɟɟ 1000 ɫɥɨɜ), ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɟ (ɛɨɥɟɟ 20 ɫɥɨɜ), ɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 10 ɫɥɨɜ), ɝɥɚɝɨɥ (ɛɨɥɟɟ 1000 ɫɥɨɜ), ɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɢɟ (ɛɨɥɟɟ 200), ɞɟɟɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɢɟ (1 ɫɥɨɜɨ), ɧɚɪɟɱɢɟ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 250 ɫɥɨɜ); ɧɟɡɧɚɦɟɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ – ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝ (8 ɫɥɨɜ), ɫɨɸɡ (14 ɫɥɨɜ), ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚ (3 ɫɥɨɜɚ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɦɟɠɞɨ- ɦɟɬɢɣ (2 ɫɥɨɜɚ)2. Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɬɨɥɤɭɟɦɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ ɜ ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ, ɱɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɷɧɰɢɤɥɨ- ɩɟɞɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɉ.Ⱥ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜɚ.
1 ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɢɟɪɟɟɦ ɉɟɬɪɨɦ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜɢɱɟɦ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜɵɦ (1727–1801 ɝɝ.), ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɚɫɩɟɤɬɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟɦ, ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɟ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɨɧɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɪɨɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɤ XVIII ɜɟɤɭ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɰɟɪɤɨɜɧɵɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ. ɋɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɚɥ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ. ɉɟɪɜɨɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɜɵɲɥɨ ɜ 1773 ɝɨɞɭ, ɨɧɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ 4400 ɫɥɨɜɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ. ȼ 1776 ɝɨɞɭ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɸ, ɧɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɛɨ- ɥɟɟ 3900 ɫɥɨɜɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ, ɚ ɜ 1779 ɝɨɞɭ – ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1600 ɫɥɨɜɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ. ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɢ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɜ 1794 ɝɨɞɭ, Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɥ ɜ ɨɞɢɧ ɚɡɛɭɱɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɥ ɜɵɲɟɞɲɢɟ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ, ɨɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɨɤɨɥɨ 9800 ɫɥɨɜɚɪ- ɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɋɥɨɜɚɪɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɟɝɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ. Ɍɪɟɬɶɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɬɪɭɞɚɦɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɋɢɧɨɞɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɢɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɜ 1815–1816-ɦ ɝɨɞɚɯ, ɨɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ 10400 ɫɥɨɜɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ. ɑɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɋɥɨɜɚɪɹ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɨ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɂɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɢ: Ⱦ.Ɇ. ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜ, ɹɜɥɹɜɲɢɣɫɹ Ʉɚɡɧɚɱɟɟɦ Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɢ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɥ ɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɢɟ ɋɥɨɜɚɪɹ ɞɨ ɛɭɤɜɵ «ɋ», ɩɨɫɥɟ ɟɝɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɜ 1819 ɝɨɞɭ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɩɨ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɢɥ ɇɟɩɪɟɦɟɧ- ɧɵɣ ɋɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɶ Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɢ – ɉ.ɂ. ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜ, ɷɬɨ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ 15300 ɫɥɨɜɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ. ɂɡɞɚ- ɧɢɹ ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɞɨɛɪɟɧɵ ɤ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ Ʉɨɧɬɨɪɨɣ ɋɜɹɬɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɋɢɧɨɞɚ ɢ Ɇɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɨɦ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɢɦ ɉɥɚɬɨɧɨɦ (Ʌɟɜɲɢɧɵɦ). ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɨ ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟ ɉ.Ⱥ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜɚ ɫɦ.: [Ɏɟɥɢɤɫɨɜ 2010].
2 Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɩɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ [Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ 1794].
Ɂɚɝɨɥɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜ ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɢ.ɩ. ɟɞ. ɱ. (ɩɚɧɚɝɢɚ, ɩɚɩɟɪɬɶ, ɩɚɬɟɪɢɤ)3, ɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ: ɚ) ɢ.ɩ. ɦɧ. ɱ. (ɜ ɬ.ɱ. Pluralia tantum) (ɜɟɪɢɝɢ, ɚɝɧɰɵ, ɩɨɦɢɧɤɢ); ɛ) ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɞɟɠɟɣ (ɜɢɧɨɸ, ɜɟɞɱɟ, ɞɧɸ) ɢ ɞɜ.ɱ. (ɞɟɬɰɚ, ɩɢɪɝɨɜɟ); ɜ) ɜ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ (ɨɤɨɧɰɟ, ɩɬɢɱɢɳɟ, ɬɟɥɢɰɚ). ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨ ɦɧ. ɱ., ɞɜ. ɱ, ɡɜ. ɩ. ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ- ɧɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɸ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ (ȻɅȺɀȿɇɋɌȼɂə (ɦɧɨɠ. ɱɢɫɥɚ), ȽɈɊȾȿ, ɡɜɚɬ. ɩɚɞ. ɨɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɝɨɪɞ; ȽɅɍɋȿ (ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜ. ɱɢɫɥɨ). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɭ ɪɹɞɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɵ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ – ɪɨɞ, ɱɢɫɥɨ, ɩɚɞɟɠ (ȾȺɊɈȼȿ, ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜ. ɱɢɫɥɚ ɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɚɞɟɠ; ɈȻɅȺɑȿɇɂȿ, ɧɢɹ, ɫɪɟɞɧ. ɪ., ɉɈȾȼɈɂ (ɜɨɟɜ ɦɭɠ. ɪɨɞɚ, ɦɧɨɠ. ɱɢɫɥɚ)).
ɉ.Ⱥ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ, ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɨɧɚɯ ɉɚɦɜɵ Ȼɟɪɵɧɞɵ, Ɏɟɞɨɪɚ ɉɨɥɢɤɚɪɩɨɜɚ ɜ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟ- ɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ 1 ɥ. ɟɞ.ɱ. ɧɚɫɬ. ɜɪ. ȼ «ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟ»
ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɮɢɧɢɬɢɜ (ɛɞɟɬɢ, ɜɟ- ɥɢɱɚɬɢɫɹ, ɫɨɛɨɪɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɢ). ȼ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɟ ɩɪɢɜɨ- ɞɹɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ ɧɟɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ (ɜɨɡɜɟɳɚɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɡɜɟɫɬɢɬɢ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ-ɤɨɧɜɟɪɫɢɜɵ (ɜɯɨɞɢɬɢ ɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɢ). ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢɧɮɢɧɢɬɢɜɚ, ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɡɚɝɨɥɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɜ ɋɥɨɜɚɪɟ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ (ɚɥɱɭ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɟɸ, ɛɹɯɭ).
Ƚɥɚɝɨɥɵ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɢɧɮɢɧɢɬɢɜɟ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɵ ɫɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫ- ɬɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɵ 1 ɢ 2 ɥ. ɟɞ. ɱ. ɧɚɫɬ. ɜɪ. (ɜɪɚɡɭɦɥɹɬɢ ɢ ɜɪɚɡɭɦɢɬɢ (ɜɪɚɡɭɦɥɹɸ, ɥɹɟɲɢ)). Ʉ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚɦ, ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ 1 ɥ. ɟɞ. ɱ. ɧɚɫɬ. ɜɪ., ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ 2 ɥ. ɟɞ. ɱ. ɧɚɫɬ. ɜɪ., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɢɧɮɢɧɢɬɢɜɚ (ɚɥɱɭ (ɚɥɱɟɲɢ, ɚɥɤɚɬɢ); ɟɦɥɸ (ɟɦɥɟɲɢ, ɹɬɢ)). ȼ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɵ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ (ɢɫɤɭɩɢɬɢ (ɭɩɭɸ, ɢ ɤɭɩɥɹɸ, ɭɩɭɟɲɢ, ɢ ɥɹɟɲɢ)).
ȼ ɋɥɨɜɚɪɟ ɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɚɪɯɚɢɱɧɵɦ ɮɨɪɦɚɦ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɨɬ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ ɛɵɬɢ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɩɨɜɟɥ. ɧɚɤɥ., ɫɩɟ- ɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɦɟɬɚɦɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɋɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɛɟɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ (ȾɈɋɌɈɂɌɔ, ɝɥ. ɛɟɡɥɢɱɧɵɣ). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɪɟ- ɥɢɤɬɨɜɵɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɚɬɟ- ɝɨɪɢɢ – ɧɚɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ, ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɥɢɰɨ, ɱɢɫɥɨ (ɋȼɂȿɒɂ, ɜɬɨɪɨɟ ɥɢɰɟ ɛɭɞɭɳɚɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜ. ɱ.; ɂɋɉɂȿɌȺ, ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧ. ɱɢɫɥɨ, ɢɡɴɹɜɢɬ. ɨɛɪɚɡɚ, ɛɭɞɭɳ. ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ).
Ɂɚɝɨɥɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɢ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɂ.ɩ.
ɟɞ. ɱ. ɦ. ɪ. (ɞɨɪɢɧɨɫɢɦɵɣ, ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɵɣ, ɦɥɚɞ). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦ (ɸɪɨɞɢɜɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɸɪɨ- ɞɢɜ). ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ (ɜɟɥɟɝɥɚɫɧɟɣɲɢɣ, ɛɥɚɠɟɧɟɟ).
Ɂɚɝɨɥɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɂ.ɩ. ɟɞ. ɱ. ɦ. ɪ. (ɝɥɚɝɨɥɟɦɵɣ, ɩɨɫɩɟɲɟɫɬɜɭɟɦɵɣ), ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɬɶɹɯ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɫ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶ-
3 Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɦɭ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ:
[Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ 1773; Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ 1776; Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ 1779; Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ 1794].
ɧɵɦɢ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦ (ɨɬɱɚɹɜɚɟɦ, ɢɥɢ ɨɬɱɚɹɜɚɟɦɵɣ).
ɍ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɢɣ, ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ – ɂ.ɩ. ɟɞ. ɱ. ɦ. ɪ., ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɠ. ɢ ɫɪ. ɪ. (ɚɞɚɦɚɧɬɨɜɵɣ, ɜɚɹ, ɜɨɟ; ɛɨɠɢɦɵɣ, ɦɚɹ, ɦɨɟ).
Ɉɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ, ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶ- ɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ (ȻɅȺȽɈɁɇȺɆȿɇɇȿɃɒɂɃ, ɭɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥ. ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ);
ȻɅȺɀȿɇɇȿȿ, ɭɪɚɜɧɢɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɬɹɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ (ȾɈɆɈȼɂɌ, ɩɪɢɥɚɝ.; ɉȺȼɅ, ɢɦɹ ɩɪɢɬɹɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɉɚɜɟɥ, ɭɫɟɱɟɧɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɉɚɜɥɨɜ, ɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ). ɍɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɢɹ (ȼɇȿɆɒɂɃɋə, ɩɪɢɱ. ɫɬɪɚɞ.).
ȼ ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟ ɧɚɲɟɥ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɭɛɫɬɚɧɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɢɦɟɧ ɩɪɢɥɚ- ɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɚɞɴɟɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ, ɨ ɱɟɦ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ, ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɤ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɦ (ɅɘɌȺə, ɬɵɯ ɦɧ. ɱɢɫɥ. ɫɪɟɞɧ. ɪɨɞ. ȼ ɰɟɪɤɨɜɧɵɯ ɤɧɢɝɚɯ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɟ ɪɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɝɨ; ɉɊȿɅɘȻɈȾȿɃ, ɢɧɞɟ ɜɡɹɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ Ɇɚɬɮ. 12. 39.).
ɇɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɰɟɥɹɦ ɋɥɨɜɚɪɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɸ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɧɟɟ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɹ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɨɬɜɟ- ɱɚɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɦɟɧ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ, ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚ- ɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ – ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ (ɨɛɭɡɞɚɬɟɥɶ (ɱɟɝɨ); ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ (ɱɟɝɨ);
ɫɨɛɨɪɨɜɚɬɢ (ɤɨɝɨ)).
Ɇɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɜ ɋɥɨɜɚɪɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɡɚɝɨɥɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɞɚɧɵ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɞɟɠɟɣ ɞɜ. ɱ. (ɜɚɸ, ɟɸ, ɧɚɦɚ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɱɢɫɟɥ (ɦɢ, ɬɭɸ, ɤɢɦ), ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɨɦ (ɡɚ ɫɹ; ɧɚ ɧɵ, ɧɚ ɧɶ) ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɟ (ɦɹ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ).
ȼ ɋɥɨɜɚɪɟ ɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɟ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɥɢɤɬɨɜɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɣ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ (ȼȺɆȺ, ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɝɨ ɢ ɬɜɨɪɢ- ɬɟɥɶɧɚɝɨ ɩɚɞɟɠɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɜɚɦ). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜɨɩ- ɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ, ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɧɵɯ, ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɣ (ɄɂɆ, (ɬɜɨɪɢɬ. ɩɚɞɟɠ., ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜ. ɱɢɫɥɚ ɨɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ, ɄɌɈ)).
Ȼɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɫɥɨɜ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ «ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟ» ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɡɚ- ɝɨɥɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɚɪɟɱɢɹ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɨɧɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɦɟɬɚɦɢ – ɧɚɪɟɱ., ɧɚɪɟɱɢɟ (ȺɄɂ, ɧɚɪɟɱ.; ȻȿɁȽɈȾȺ, ɧɚɪɟɱɢɟ). ɍ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɪɟɱɢɣ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɡɪɹɞ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɢɯ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ (ȼɋɄɍɘ, ɧɚɪɟɱ.
ɜɨɩɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ; ɉɊəɆɈ, ɧɚɪɟɱɢɟ ɫ ɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɚɞɟɠɟɦ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɨɟ). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɋɥɨɜɚɪɟ ɧɚɲɟɥ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɜ XVIII ɜɟɤɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ- ɪɟɱɢɣ ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɪɟɱɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɦɟɬɨɣ «ɩɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɭ ɧɚɪɟɱɢɹ ɜɡɹɬɨ» ɢ ɞɪ. (ȾȿɋəɌɈȿ, ɩɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɭ ɧɚɪɟɱɢɹ ɜɡɹɬɨ).
ȼ ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɵ ɧɟɤɨ- ɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɦɟɬɨɣ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɟɪɟɱɧɭɸ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ (Ⱥɓȿ, (ɫɨɸɡɴ); ȼȿɊɏɍ, ɩɪɟɞɥ.). ȼ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ- ɫɹ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɡɪɹɞ ɧɟɡɧɚɦɟɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɢɦ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ (ɈȻɈɇɉɈɅ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɣ ɫ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɚɞɟɠɟɦ, ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɡɚ).
ȼ ɋɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɵ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɡɚɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɩɢɲɭɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɬɢɬɥɨɦ, ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ, ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ, ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɭɤɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɱɢɫɟɥ.
Ɂɚɝɨɥɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɜ ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ (ɚɞɚɦ ɧɨɜɵɣ, ɨɬɪɹɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɯ ɨɬ ɧɨɝ, ɩɥɨɬɶ ɢ ɤɪɨɜɶ, ɩɪɢɨɛɳɢɬɢɫɹ ɩɥɨɬɢ ɢ ɤɪɨɜɢ) (ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɤɨɥɨ 700)4. ɗɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɜ ɡɧɚ- ɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɨ ɜ «ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟ» ɡɚɞɚɱɟ ɢɫɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ «ɬɟɦɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬ» ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ ɋɜɹɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɉɢɫɚɧɢɹ.
Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɚɪɯɚɢɱɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɥɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɨɝ- ɪɚɮɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɚɲɥɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨ- ɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɚɯ ɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɥɹ ɱɬɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ ɰɟɪɤɨɜɧɵɯ ɤɧɢɝ. ɇɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɨɧɢ ɜɧɨɫɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɋɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɨ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɜ ɪɟɱɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɦɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɚ (ɜɨɩɢɸɳɟ, ɜɡɵɜɚɸ- ɳɟ ɢ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɸɳɟ). ȼɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɨɛɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɹɫɧɹɸɳɚɹ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɡɚɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɚɹɫɹ ɜ ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢ- ɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɉ.Ⱥ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜɚ.
Ɍɨɣ ɠɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɦɟɧɵ ɉ.Ⱥ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜɵɦ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɡɚɝɨɥɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɯ ɜ ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɵɣ ɫɥɨ- ɜɚɪɶ ɢɡ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ – Ʌɟɤɫɢɤɨɧɚ ɬɪɟɹɡɵɱɧɨɝɨ Ɏ. ɉɨɥɢɤɚɪɩɨɜɚ (1704 ɝ.) [ɉɨɥɢɤɚɪɩɨɜ 1704] ɢ «Ʉɚɬɚɥɨɝɚ ɢɦɟɧ» [Ʉɚɬɚɥɨɝ ɢɦɟɧ 1762], ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤ ȿɥɢɡɚɜɟɬɢɧɫɤɨɣ Ȼɢɛɥɢɢ. ɋɪ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ:
«Ʌɟɤɫɢɤɨɧ ɬɪɟɹɡɵɱɧɵɣ»
Ɏ. ɉɨɥɢɤɚɪɩɨɜɚ (1704 ɝ.) «ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ»
ɉ.Ⱥ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜɚ (1794 ɝ.) ɝɢɝɚɧɬ, ɝɧɭɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɢɝɚɧɬɵ, ɝɧɭɫɧɨɫɬɢ
«Ʉɚɬɚɥɨɝ ɢɦɟɧ», ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ
ɤ ȿɥɢɡɚɜɟɬɢɧɫɤɨɣ Ȼɢɛɥɢɢ «ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ»
ɉ.Ⱥ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜɚ (1794 ɝ.) ɚɤɪɢɞɚ, ɝɚɡɚɪɢɧ ɚɤɪɢɞɵ, ɝɚɡɚɪɢɧɵ
Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɭɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɡɚɝɨɥɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɵ ɜ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɨɧɟ ɉɨɥɢɤɚɪɩɨɜɚ ɢ «Ʉɚɬɚɥɨɝɟ ɢɦɟɧ» ɜ ɟɞ. ɱ. ɉ.Ⱥ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ, ɜɧɨɫɹ ɢɯ ɜ ɫɜɨɣ ɋɥɨɜɚɪɶ, ɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɦɧ. ɱ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɡɚɦɟɧɚ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɟɦ- ɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɜɧɨɫɢɦɵɯ ɜ ɫɥɨɜɧɢɤ ɫɥɨɜ, ɫ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɢɯ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ. Ⱦɟɥɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ
4 Ⱦɭɦɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɛɢɛɥɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɉ.Ⱥ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜɵɦ ɧɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɢɫɶ ɤɚɤ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɟ (ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ), ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ «ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɝɨ ɱɬɟɧɢɹ» ɋɜɹɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɉɢɫɚ- ɧɢɹ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɚɪɨɠɞɚɥɚɫɶ. Ɏɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɠɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ (ɜ ɬ.ɱ. ɢ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ). ɉɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ, Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ ɧɟ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɣ ɨɫɨɛɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɣ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ.
ɜɵɲɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɚɯ ɋɜɹɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɉɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɵ ɧɟ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ, ɚ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ.
ɇɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟɦ ɤ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɫɥɨɜ ɜ ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɚ Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɚ Ɇɟɥɟɬɢɹ ɋɦɨɬɪɢɰɤɨɝɨ (1648 ɝ.) [ɋɦɨɬɪɢɰɤɢɣ 1648]. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɣ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɉ.Ⱥ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜɚ ɛɵɥ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨ- ɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ Ɇ. ɋɦɨɬɪɢɰɤɨɝɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɨ ɫɨɛɨɣ «ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɚɧɚ- ɥɢɡɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɰɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ» [ɉɪɨɤɨɲɢɧɚ 1966, 94], ɞɨɥɝɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɹɜɥɹɹɫɶ «ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ»
ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɬɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ [Ɂɚɫɚɞɤɟɜɢɱ 1883, 202].
Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ ɨɬ Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɢ Ɇ. ɋɦɨɬɪɢɰɤɨɝɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɫɥɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ. ɋɪ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ:
«Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɚ»
Ɇ. ɋɦɨɬɪɢɰɤɨɝɨ (1648 ɝ.) «ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ»
ɉ. Ⱥ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜɚ (1794 ɝ.) Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɟɫɬɶ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ
ɛɥɚɝɨ ɢ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚɬɢ ɢ ɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɭɱɚɳɟɟ. ȽɊȺɆɆȺɌɂɄȺ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɭɱɢɬ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɢ ɩɢɫɚɬɶ.
Ƚɪɚɦ. Ɇɟɥɟɬ.
Ɉɪɮɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɟɫɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ, ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɢɫɦɟɧ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɢɯ, ɫɥɨɝ, ɪɟɱɟɧɢɟ, ɢ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɫɨ ɩɪɢɩɟɬɢɟɦ ɢ ɩɪɟɩɢɧɚɧɢɟɦ ɡɧɚɬɢ ɭɱɚɳɚɹ.
ɈɊɎɈȽɊȺɎɂə, ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɭɱɚɳɚɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɝɥɚɫɨɦ ɜ ɪɟɱɟɧɢɚɯ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɭɞɚɪɹɬɶ, ɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɩɪɟɩɢɧɚɬɶ ɝɪɚɦ:
Ɇɟɥɟɬ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɫɥɨɜ ɜ ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ, ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ Ɇ. ɋɦɨɬɪɢɰɤɢɦ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɉ.Ⱥ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜɵɦ ɦɟɠɞɨɦɟɬɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɨ- ɛɨɣ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɪɟɱɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ «ɞɟɟɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɢɟ», ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ Ƚɪɚɦ- ɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɋɦɨɬɪɢɰɤɨɝɨ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɟɧɟɣ, «ɞɟɟɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɢɟ» ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɉ.Ⱥ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜɵɦ ɤɚɤ ɭɫɟɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɚɪɟɱɢɹ ɜ ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɪɚɡ- ɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɹɦ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɟ ɜ Ɇ. ɋɦɨɬɪɢɰɤɢɦ. Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɪɟ- ɱɢɣ ɢ ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ ɩɨ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɨ-ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɚɦ, ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɢɦɟɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɜ ɋɥɨɜɚɪɟ ɉ.Ⱥ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜɚ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ ɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɟɣ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɋɦɨɬɪɢɰɤɨɝɨ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɜ ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɣ Ɇ. ɋɦɨɬɪɢɰɤɢɦ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ «ɫɤɚ- ɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɚɞɟɠ».
ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟ, ɫ Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɨɣ Ɇ. ɋɦɨɬɪɢɰɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɉ.Ⱥ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɥ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ, ɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫ- ɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɤ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɦɭ ɹɡɵɤɭ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ
ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɭ Ɇ. ɋɦɨɬɪɢɰɤɨɝɨ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɧ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟ, ɩɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫ- ɥɚ ɜ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: ɂɆȺ, ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧ. ɱɢɫɥɚ ɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɚɞɟɠ, ɨɬ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ ɨɧ, ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɢɦ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɥɨ- ɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫ. ɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ, ɩɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɭ ȿɥɥɢɧɨɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɚɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɧɟ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɧɭɠɧɨ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɚɞɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɹ ɨɩɹɬɶ-ɬɚɤɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɚ Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɚ Ɇ. ɋɦɨɬɪɢɰɤɨɝɨ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɉ.Ⱥ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜɚ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɨɣ Ɇ.ȼ. Ʌɨɦɨɧɨɫɨɜɚ.
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɹ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɉ.Ⱥ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥ ɧɚɦɟɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɚɡɛɭɤɨɜɧɢɤɚɯ ɢ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɨɧɚɯ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɸ. Ɂɚɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ, ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɦɢ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɨɝ- ɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɬɨɥɤɭɟɦɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɟ. ɋɪ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ:
«Ʌɟɤɫɢɤɨɧ ɬɪɟɹɡɵɱɧɵɣ»
Ɏ. ɉɨɥɢɤɚɪɩɨɜɚ (1704 ɝ.) «ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ»
ɉ.Ⱥ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜɚ (1794 ɝ.) Ȼɟɡ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝ, ɫ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɨɱɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ. ȻȿɁ, ɩɪɟɞɥ: ɫɨɱɢɧɹɟɦɵɣ ɫ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ
ɩɚɞɟɠɟɦ.
Ȼɨ, ɫɨɸɡ ɜɢɧɨɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɩɨɧɟɠɟ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ, ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨ, ɚ ɧɚɩɪɟɞɢ ɪɟɱɟɧɢɣ u ɫɥɚɜɹɧ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨɧɟɠɟ ɧɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɟɦ ɛɨ ɛɨɝ ɛɨ ɧɚɲ, ɢ ɩɪɨɱɚɹ:
ɦɚɥɨɪɨɫɵ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɟɞɢ ɪɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ.
ȻɈ, ɟɫɬɶ ɫɨɸɡ ɩɨɤɚɡɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɭ, ɢɥɢ ɜɢɧɨɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ, ɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɩɨɧɟɠɟ, ɩɨɟɥɢɤɭ, ɡɚɧɟ. Ɇɚɬɮ. 1. 20. Ɋɚɠɞɲɟɟɫɹ ɛɨ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɨɬ Ⱦɭɯɚ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɜɹɬɚ. ɂɡ ɱɟɝɨ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɸɡ ɫɟɣ ɧɟɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɪɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɪɟɱɢ ɧɟ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɨɬ ɟɹ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ.
ȼɚɠɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɜ ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟ ɩɪɢ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɨɜ (ɚɩɨɫɬɨɥɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ, ɚɧɟɩɫɢɣ, ɛɚɥɢɣ — ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɤɨɥɨ 50 ɫɥɨɜ) ɫɫɵɥɨɤ ɧɚ «ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɭ, Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɦ Ƚɪɟɤɨɦ ɢɡɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɟɧɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵ- ɤɟ». Ʉɚɤ ɩɢɲɟɬ ɂ.ȼ. əɝɢɱ ɜ Ɋɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɸɠɧɨɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɪɢɧɵ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚ Ƚɪɟɤɚ «ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɵ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɧɚ ɭɦɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɨ- ɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ», ɨɞɧɚɤɨ «Ɇɚɤɫɢɦ ɧɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɧɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɝɪɟ- ɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɧɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɫɥɚɜɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɜɫɟ-ɬɚɤɢ ɜ ɫɬɚɪɢɧɭ ɫɫɵɥɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɚɝɨ ɢ ɜɵɞɚɸɳɚɝɨɫɹ ɡɧɚɬɨɤɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɸɞɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ (…) ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɨɬɰɚɦɢ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ» [əɝɢɱ 1886, 297–298]. ɉɪɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɋɥɨɜɚɪɹ ɉ.Ⱥ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɬɪɟɬɶɢɦ, ɦɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɢɦ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟɦ Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɢ Ɇ. ɋɦɨɬɪɢɰɤɨɝɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ «Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜɨɣ» [Ɂɚɫɚɞɤɟɜɢɱ 1883, 61]. Ⱦɟɥɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɟɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɢɢ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɢ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɭɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭ, «ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɵɤɲɭɸ ɤ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɹɦ» [əɝɢɱ 1886, 297–298], ɩɵɬɚɥɢɫɶ «ɜɧɭɲɢɬɶ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɟ ɢ ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɬɪɭ- ɞɭ ɋɦɨɬɪɢɰɤɨɝɨ», ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ «ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɥɢ ɤ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɹ ɪɚɡɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ»
ɢɡ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚ Ƚɪɟɤɚ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ «ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɧɟ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɟɪɟɫɹɦ», ɫɤɪɵɜ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɦɹ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ «ɤɚɤ ɨɬɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɚ ɨɬ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɢɹ» [Ɂɚɫɚɞɤɟɜɢɱ 1883,
133–135]5. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɩɢɲɟɬ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ ȿɜɝɟɧɢɣ Ȼɨɥɯɨɜɢɬɢɧɨɜ, ɞɨɥɝɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɥɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɢ, ɢɡɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ 1648 ɝɨɞɭ, ɧɟ Ɇɟ- ɥɟɬɢɸ ɋɦɨɬɪɢɰɤɨɦɭ, ɚ Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɭ Ƚɪɟɤɭ [Ɂɚɫɚɞɤɟɜɢɱ 1883, 61]. ɉ.Ⱥ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ ɡɧɚɥ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ (ɜ ɱɟɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɢɡ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɫɵɥɨɤ ɧɚ Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɭ ɋɦɨɬɪɢɰɤɨɝɨ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɬɶɹɯ ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ (ɞɚɫɢɚ, ɞɨɝɦɚɬɫɬɜɟɧɵɣ, ɞɨɡɨɪɫɬɜɨ), ɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɚɦɟɬɤɢ Ɉ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɋɥɚɜɟɧɫɤɨɣ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ- ɧɨɣ ɉ.Ⱥ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜɵɦ ɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɚɪɯɢɜɧɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ: «Ɇɟɥɟɬɢɣ ɋɦɨɬɪɢɰɤɢɣ ɦɨɧɚɯ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɢɡɞɚɥ ɜ ȼɢɥɶɧɟ 1619 ɝɪɚɦɦɚ- ɬɢɤɭ ɋɥɚɜɟɧɫɤɭɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜ 1721 ɝɨɞɭ ɜɵɞɚɧɚ ɜ Ɇɨɫɤɜɟ [ɈɊ ɊȽȻ. Ɏ. 557.
Ⱦ. 90. Ʌ. 328]), ɧɨ, ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɭɹɫɶ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɟɣ, ɫɱɟɥ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɫɫɵɥɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚ Ƚɪɟɤɚ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɹ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɣ Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɬɨɥɤɭɟɦɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɥɢɫɶ ɢɡ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɭɱɟɧɵɦ, ɧɨ ɢ ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɵ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɡ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ, Ɇɟɥɟɬɢɟɦ ɋɦɨɬɪɢɰɤɢɦ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟ ɉ.Ⱥ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ, ɨɩɢɪɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧ- ɧɨɣ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɞɚɥ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɦ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɢɧɨɹɡɵɱɧɵɦ «ɪɟɱɟɧɢɹɦ», ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɚɯ Ȼɢɛɥɢɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɰɟɪɤɨɜɧɵɯ ɤɧɢɝɚɯ.
Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ ɉ.Ⱥ., 1773, ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ,1-ɟ ɢɡɞ., Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ.
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ ɉ.Ⱥ., 1776, Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɸ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ.
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ ɉ.Ⱥ., 1779, ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɚɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ.
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ ɉ.Ⱥ., 1794, ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ, 2-ɟ ɢɡɞ., ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ.
Ʉɚɬɚɥɨɝ ɢɦɟɧ // Ȼɢɛɥɢɹ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 1762.
Ʌɨɦɨɧɨɫɨɜ Ɇ.ȼ., 1755, Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ.
Ɂɚɫɚɞɤɟɜɢɱ ɇ., 1883, Ɇɟɥɟɬɢɣ ɋɦɨɬɪɢɰɤɢɣ ɤɚɤ ɮɢɥɨɥɨɝ, Ɉɞɟɫɫɚ.
ɈɊ ɊȽȻ. Ɏ. 557. Ⱦ. 90. Ʌ. 328.
ɉɨɥɢɤɚɪɩɨɜ Ɏ., 1704, Ʌɟɤɫɢɤɨɧ ɬɪɟɹɡɵɱɧɵɣ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ.
ɉɪɨɤɨɲɢɧɚ ȿ.ɋ., 1966, Ɇɟɥɟɬɢɣ ɋɦɨɬɪɢɰɤɢɣ, Ɇɢɧɫɤ.
ɋɦɨɬɪɢɰɤɢɣ Ɇ., 1648, Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ.
Ɏɟɥɢɤɫɨɜ ɋ.ȼ., 2010, ɉ.Ⱥ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ ɤɚɤ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɨɝɪɚɮ // Ⱦɢɫ. … ɤɚɧɞ. ɮɢɥɨɥ. ɧɚɭɤ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ.
əɝɢɱ ɂ.ȼ., 1886, Ɋɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɸɠɧɨɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɪɢɧɵ ɨ ɰɟɪɤɨɜɧɨ-ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɦɴ ɹɡɵɤɟ, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ.
5 Ɇ. ɋɦɨɬɪɢɰɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɲɟɥ ɜ ɭɧɢɚɬɫɬɜɨ.
Summary
GRAMMATICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LEXICOGRAPHICAL UNITS OF THE CHURCH GLOSSARY BY PETER ALEKSEEV
This article is devoted to the grammatical aspects of one of the most valuable works in eighteenth-century Russian culture – The Church Glossary by Archpriest P. A. Alekseev. It is the first work in the history of Russian lexicography that provides the most comprehensive description of church terms.
