5
Contents
Introduction ... 7
1. Basics of Petroleum Geology ... 9
1.1. Petroleum system ... 9
1.2. Organic matter and source rock formation ... 9
1.3. Petroleum source rocks and hydrocarbon generation process... 10
1.4. Subsurface pressures ... 16
1.5. Primary migration ... 17
1.6. Reservoir rocks and their petrophysical properties ... 19
1.7. Secondary migration ... 24
1.8. Petroleum seal rocks ... 26
1.9. Trap formation ... 27
1.10. Hydrocarbon accumulations ... 31
1.11. Natural drive mechanisms ... 34
1.12. Hydrocarbon reserve calculation ... 34
1.13. Destruction of hydrocarbon accumulations – dismigration ... 36
2. Drilling Related Rock Mechanics ... 38
Introduction ... 38
2.1. Stress State ... 38
2.2. Wellbore Stability ... 43
2.3. Determination of stress in directional wells ... 45
2.4. Calculation of the stability of the hole according to the modifi ed Lade criteria ... 47
2.5. Calculation of the stability of the hole according to the criterion of Mohr–Coulomb ... 49
3. Drilling Technique and Technology ... 50
Introduction ... 50
3.1. Drill string ... 50
3.2. Casing of oil and gas industry wellbore ... 58
3.3. Drilling bit ... 67
3.4. Drill bit operating parameters... 88
3.5. Units in drilling ... 92
4. Oil Reservoir Production ... 107
Introduction ... 107
4.1. Reservoir and fl uid properties – characteristics and method of determination ... 108
4.2. Primary recovery mechanisms ... 115
4.3. Methods of oil exploitation ...120
4.4. Reservoir deliverability ...123
4.5. Artifi cial lift methods ...127
5. Defi nitions and Terms ...129
