Russian Industrial Heritage in the Twenty-First Century: New Challenges

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Delft University of Technology

Russian Industrial Heritage in the Twenty-First Century: New Challenges

ロシアにおける21 世紀の産業遺産：新たな挑戦

Nevzgodin, Ivan

Publication date 2019

Document Version Final published version Published in

東京での現代産業遺産の保護と適応的再利用のための専門家会議2019

Citation (APA)

Nevzgodin, I. (2019). Russian Industrial Heritage in the Twenty-First Century: New Challenges: ロシアにおける21 世紀の産業遺産：新たな挑戦. In 東京での現代産業遺産の保護と適応的再利用のための専門家会議 2019: Expert Meeting for Conservation and Adaptive Reuse of Modern Industrial Heritage in Tokyo 2019 (pp. 2-1 - 2-25)

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ТаЫе 2. Condition of the preservation and utilization of the saw·tooth roof mills (case study) Attitude toward Cultural Properties Original form (mills related to textiles) Way of utilization 01 02 [NOT Registered] Utilized before being aware of its value as heritage [NOT Registered] Utilized before being aware of its value as heritage [Registered] 03 l 2006 04 05 06 [NOT Registered] Utilized after being aware of its value as heritage [NOT Registered] Utilized after being aware of its value as

heritage [Registered] 1998 _Repaired

after registration Name /Year / Scale Kobayashi Тwisted Yarn Company Founded around 1950 Wooden construction, 5 structures connected Тоуо Processing Company Founded in 1949 Stone construction, 3 structures connected Moriyoshi Тextile Company and its new mill Founded in 1926 Wooden construction, 4 structures connected (originally 2) Мill of Thyo Spinning and Weaving Company Founded before 1920 Stone cons truction, 3 structures connected Extended in 1953 Wooden construction, 3 structures connected Kanaya Lace Company Founded in 1919 Brick construction, 4 structures connected (originally 5) The building was used as а carpentry studio, а mill related to textiles and а cosmetic shop after Кobayashi Тwisted Yarn Company . lt met several demands for utilization, as it was facing the street and having а wide opening and а deep room. 1n 1987, after KoЬayashi Тwisted Yarn Company, the building was moved into Ьу Wakamiya, which was running business at а different place. lt was used as а noodle manufacturing factory and а buckwheat· noodle shop. Тhе roof of the mill was surrounded Ьу а parapet. The building was estaЫished Ьу Thyo New name / Year Patisserie Uchiyama Wakamiya (traditional Japanese·style tofu restaurant) Processing Company. lt diverted the stone

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Ash, Hair Make material ofRyoumou Weaving Company and was founded on the site where the mill of Horiyuu Тextile Company existed. Jyoun·ji Te mple gained the mill afterwards, and named it space Kannon. The building was constructed Ьу the second generation ofYoshihei MORIYAMA. 16 weaving machines were installed and 20 employees were working. Wide textiles for export use were produced. Retired in 1970. The whole residence was left until recent years. _The mill oflwahide Te xtile Company, with stone construction and 3 structures connected, was gained Ьу Thyo Spinning and weaving Company in 1948. А new building, with wooden construction and 3 structures connected, was added inl953. Cotton industry was operated in the 6 structures, but closed its business inl968. Fujiwara Lace Company used the building afterwards. The building is composed of а mill, а lodging house for weaver, а storehouse, an offi.ce and а dwelling house. It is in good repair and shows how the weaving shop developed traditionally. It was operated until 2006. Moriyoshi mill Aoyagi, Japanese·style confectionary store Renga, bakery & cafe А patisserie was estaЫished Ьу using the 2 connected structures facing the main street in 1964. Тhе roof was hidden Ьу а parapet, but the whole figure was revealed at the time of repair in 2010. А novel pent·roof was also introduced in the front side. Wakamiya moved into the mill in 1992. Тhе internal space was decorated and finished to compare the roof truss to that of а vernacular house. lt is arranged in а folk style to completely change the atmosphere of the mill. 1n 1999, а franchise shop of Ash, Hair Маkе opened in Кiryu. Тhе inside and outside of the building were converted into а beauty parlor in order to meet its function, but the original sate was respected. Several artists converted the building into а core center for community works. Although the interior and exterior finishing are covered with new materials, the area with the earthen floor retains the original atmosphere of the mill. Aoyagi gained the building in 2009. It is composed of а shop and а storehouse. Тhе south half with stone construction is the shop. Тhе roof truss is painted and the interior finishing is renewed. Тhе studio is glassed in. Renga opened in 2011. Тhе internal structure is reinforced Ьу steel frame. lt has а kitchen, а shop and а dining room. Тhе mortar layer is taken off from the wall to show the brick surface. The exterior is not remodeled but has installed а pent·roof and а deck. ��i't

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examples of such experiments are the cylindrical shaped bread factories developed on basis of a technological scheme invented by the engineer Georgy P. Marsak.ov.

Figure 1: A design perspective of the Kushelevsky Bread factory in Leningrad <st. ·Petersburg), 1930s.

Figure 2: A technological scheme for bread factories, invented by the engineer Georgy P. Marsak.ov, 1930s.

In the 1920-1930s the Soviets implemented a state programme to build new bread plants. Only in Moscow eleven bread factories were built at the time; five were designed according the scheme by Marsak.ov. He invented a spiral movement of the bread production conveyor belt: the flour from a warehouse in the basement rose to the upper, third floor, and from there, going down the ring conveyor chain, was kneaded into dough, which was then baked in ring ovens, and the finished bread was tilted down the sloping descents into

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the bread store - all without the use of manual labour. In fact Frank Lloyd Wright applied the same spatial principle in 1959 in his design of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York City.

Figure 3: The interior of the Bread factory number 9 in Moscow, 2016.

Figure 4: The Bread factory number 9 in Moscow after the transformation to the department store 'Marsak.ov' , 2019.

Figure 5: The interior of the department store ' Marsak.ov", Interior architect Pavel Tyutyunnik (the former Bread factory number 9 in Moscow), 2019

The former Bread factory number 5 is a bad example of the treatment of such important industrial heritage. The interiors of the building and its surroundings are

dramatically contaminated. In 2018 the former Bread factory number 9 (opened in 1934), which continued to function till 2015, is re-used as a department store. The bread factories by Georgy Marsak.ov are a perfect case to test different approaches for renovation and re-use. Recently in St-Peters burg the preservation committee could stop the demolition plans of the Levashovsky Bread Factory (1930-1933), one of the two built in Leningrad according the Marsakov scheme.

The first Soviet attempts to preseNe industrial heritage

Already during the Soviet period the importance of the conservation and preservation of the industrial heritage became obvious. Thus on March 29, 1975, the Museum for the history and future of the Uralian architecture (now the Museum of Architecture and Design) was opened in the urban heart of Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg). The museum is located in an ensemble of monuments of industrial

architecture of the former workshops mechanical factory.

nineteenth century, the of the Y ekaterinburg In the late 1970s the

Sverdlovsk architectural Institute put a lot of effort in finding and installing the large·sized equipment of the former Ural factories in the courtyard of the museum, where an open-air exposition was launched. In 1985, the museum was renamed the Museum of the History of Architecture and Industrial Engineering of the Urals.

In Nizhny Tagil a metallurgical plant became an open-air museum, when in October 1987 the industrial use ceased. The famous Russian industrialist Akin.fiy N. Demidov (1678- 17 45) established this plant in Nizhny Tagil as early as in 1725. This plant included the full technological cycle of metal smelting: the preparation of iron ore and coal, smelting of foundry iron and copper.

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Figure 6: Panoramic VIew of the eco industrial techno-park 'Old Demidov Plant ' in Nizhny Tagil, 2018.

The plant, together with its maintenance services, the brick and sawmill factories, was the largest in Russia. Steel of the highest quality was produced there and most of it was exported to England and other European countries. In 1930, the plant was remodelled; newly installed blast furnaces made the steel production process much more effective. 'The Museum Factory of History of Technology and Ferrous Metallurgy Development ' was officially opened in January 1989. In 1992 the museum obtained a part of the industrial territory, including the infrastructure and the surrounding historical zone. Thus it formed a museum complex with a total area of 30 hectares. Today it is still functioning as open-air museum, although the museum activities are limited to guided tours through the industrial site on working days in summer. A spectacular

and raw museum of early Ural

industrialisation. The territory is huge and consists of centuries of overlapping industrial architecture. Nearly three centuries of metallurgic activity witness here the geopolitical and economic importance of the Ural region as well as the evolution of metal production techniques in imperial and Soviet Russia. The buildings, machines, mechanism and elements of infrastructures in open air without maintenance rust and form huge scale ruins of a former industrial landscape. Nevertheless they are very impressive for the

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Figure 18: Panoramic view of the former Silk Factory in Naro-Fominsk, 2017.

Figure 19: Robert Winkel (Mei architects and planners, Rotterdam), an analysis of the urban situation and opportunities for the transformation of the former Silk Factory in Naro-Fominsk, 2018.

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Figure 20: Robert Winkel (Mei architects and planners, Rotterdam), a scheme for the step by step realisation of the redevelopment of the former Silk Factory in Naro-Fominsk, 2018.

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Figure 21: Robert Winkel (Mei architects and planners, Rotterdam), Design proposal for the former Silk Factory in Naro-Fominsk, 2018.

Figure 22: Robert Winkel (Mei architects and planners, Rotterdam), Design proposal for the interior of the former Silk Factory in Naro-Fominsk, 2018.

Some Ural-Siberian examples

Already in the 1720s the Dutchman George W.

de Rennin had established factories and industrial settlements in the Urals. The already mentioned industrialist Akinfiy Demidov built several factories in Siberia. Thus his oopper and silver factory gave birth to the Siberian city Bamaul in the Altay Region. The territory of the former Demidov factory has a collection of industrial buildings from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Since 1995 these buildings have the status of a monument of Federal importance <National monuments) as the Bamaul silver smelting plant ' . This industrial ensemble formed from 1739 on. It includes the largest factory dam (from the eighteenth century, 500 meters long, 26 meters high) in Russia, factory buildings of the end of the eighteenth century and the first half of the

nineteenth century: a weigh house, a forge, a

burning workshop, the first and the second

smelting factories, and a head office building from the end of the nineteenth century. In 1991 and 2008 the archaeological excavations found many reminisces of the original structures preserved underground, including wooden pipes from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries of the hydraulic system and the basements of wooden defence walls of the Demidov factory.

Figure 23: The central part of the factory town Barnaul in Siberia with the Copper and silver factory, established by Akinfiy Demidov, 1752.

Figure 24: Panoramic view of the central part of Barnaul, photograph of 1893.

Figure 25: Drawings for the First Smelting factory of the State Barnaulian Silver Factory, the eighteenth century.

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Figure 26: Plans and fac;ades of the Smithy and the Silver smelting workshop of the State Barnaulian Factory, 1784.

In 2016-2017 an architect from Barnaul, Alexander F. Dering, made a concept design for the renovation of the former Barnaul silver smelting plant to integrate it in the urban fabric of the city centre of Barnaul and to

strengthen its extraordinary architectural

qualities as an ensemble. He proposed to lower the ground some 1,2 to 1,5 meters to the original level, to remove less valuable later additions,

several lost monuments should be

reconstructed. The existing buildings and clearly visible proposed additions should give space for hotels, museums, shops, workshops and recreation. The architectural solution is based on a dialog of Old and New. Also the already present variety of the nearly 50 sorts of vegetation should be preserved. Local volunteers supported the work of Alexander Dering. Usually the volunteers work on cleaning and improving the territory on Saturdays.

In 2018 the some local enthusiasts formed a team, working on a plan to rehabilitate the Sysertskiy Factory in the Ural Region, established in 1723, whose industrial use ceased in 1997. The Sysertskiy Factory should become a starting point for a recreational touristic centre 'Big Sysert' ' . In July 2019 in Sysert ' (post)graduate students will participate in an one-week workshop 'Re-Shkola' [ 'Re-School ' ] for the design of the redevelopment of the

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Russian Industrial Heritage in the Twenty-First Century: New Challenges

Delft University of Technology