STANISŁAW UZIAK
M IN ERA LOG ICAL CO M PO SITIO N OF THE CLAY FR A CTIO N OF SO ILS FORM ED FROM SILT D E PO SITS
O F D IFFE R E N T O R IG IN
D epartm ent of Soil Science, Faculty of Biology and Sciences of the Earth, Maria C urie-Skłodow ska U niversity in Lublin. Head — Prof. Dr. B. D obrzański
T he p re se n t p a p e r deals w ith th e re su lts of in vestig ation s on th e com position of clay m in e rals of th e colloidal soil fra c tio n fo rm ed from silt depo sits in v ario u s p a rts of P o la n d based on th e m a te ria l of e a rlie r p a p e rs [11, 5]. T he chosen profiles re p re s e n t soils in d iffe re n t stages of dev elo p m ent and d iffe re n tly utilized.
T he profiles X and X I come fro m th e L ow land of M iddle P oland, I, II, V I — fro m th e L u b lin U pland, III and IV — from th e M ałopolska U pland, IX — fro m th e Sandom ierz L ow land, V II — from th e S u d etes Fo reland , V — fro m th e C a rp a th ia n F oreland, and V III and X II — from th e C arp ath ian s. T hey re p re s e n t b ro w n soils (typical and acid), chern o zem s a n d podzolic soils (subtype pseudopodzolic). T hey come m ain ly from a ra b le fields, b u t also fro m fo rests and g rassland.
METHODS
T he clay m in e rals w ere exam in ed in a fractio n sm aller th a n 0,001 m m . T he clay fra c tio n w as se p ara te d b y sed im en tatio n a fte r G o r b u n o w [2]. T he soil sam ples w e re w ashed (by décantation) w ith d istilled w a te r only, if calcium carbonates, w ere p resen t, th e y w ere rem oved w ith 0,2 N HCl. T he organic m a tte r w as rem o v ed w ith 6— öVo H 20 2.
T he clay fra c tio n w as stu d ied w ith X -ra y pow der d iffractio n accord ing to th e D e b y e - S c h e r r e r m eth o d and of DTA.
1 Study financed by the Comm ittee of Soil Science and- Agricultural Chemistry, Polish Academ y o f Sciences.
Mineralogi c a l composition of clay fr a c tio n and some p rop erties of s o i l s Nr. of p r o file s and lo c a lit y Type of s o i l Depth cm CaCOz % PH (KCl) Fraction < 0 ,0 0 1 mm. content %
M ineralogical composition of fr a c tio n < 0 ,0 0 1 mm. and mode
o f u tiliz a t io n
Horizon predominant
m inerals accessory m inerals remarks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Э 10
S o ils formed from lo e s s
I . Lublin Brown s o i l (arable) *1 (B) с 5-20 40-50 ^ 2 0 0 0 .0 0 .0 13.9 6 .1 6 .0 7.3 9 .7 16.9 9 .0
I - U k a o lin ite , quartz considerable admixture of k a o lin ite
с ~ 800 10.1 7.6 7 .1 montmorillonoid il l i t e ,k a o l i n i t e ,q u a r t z small content of quartz
I I . Hrubieszów Degraded chernozem (arable) A1 h AC 5-15 30-40 90-100 0 .0 0 .0 1 .2 5.9 5 .4 7.3 15.6 15.3 12.9
I - M k a o lin ite , quartz
С ^ 3 0 0 11.2 7.3 10.7 montmorillonoid i l l it e ,k a o lin it e ,q u a r t z I I I . Sandomierz ^rown^s^il h (B) 5-15 30-40 0 ,0 0.0 6 .6 6.7 10.8 13.1
i l l i t e I - У , k a o lin ite ,q u a r tz small content of k a o lin ite , very sm all content of quartz
с ^ 300 10.5 7.6 15.2 I - U, montmorillonoid,
k a o lin it e , quartz small content of quartz IY. Słomniki Degraded
chernozem (arable) A1 A1 5-15 30-40 0 .0 0 .0 6.4 6.2 19.0 18.3 i l l i t e I - 11, m ontmorillonoid,
quartz, k a o lin it e , mica great content of quartz
V. Rzeszów P odzolic s o i l (arable) A1 a2 в 5-15 20-30 70-80 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 4 .9 5 .0 4 .7 8 .9 8.5 20.9
I - M k a o lin it e , quartz small content o f quartz
с r** 250 0 .0 4.8 14.3 i l l i t e I - U, k a o lin ite , quartz
с ~ 350 9 .7 7.1 13.8 36 8 S . U z ia k
24 R o c z n ik i G le b o z n a w c z e 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
S o ils formed from lo e e e - lik e d e p o sits VI. Majdan Kozic Doi. {Lublin Region) Podzolic so i l (arable] A1 a2 в 5-15 30-35 50-60 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 5 .5 5 .1 4 .4 6.8 11.1 37.6 I - U I - u
k a o lin ite , quartz the amonnt o f k a o lin ite decreases with the increasing depth, sm all content 01 quartz V II. Rudnik (Racibórz Region) Brown s o i l (arab le) A1 (B) 5-20 30-40 0 .0 0 .0 5 .8 4 .6 16.0 20.9
I -11 k a o lin ite» quartz, mica
с 80-90 0 .0 4 .6 24.3 k a o lin ite , quartz sm all content of quartz
VIII,Tomice (Wadowice Regiog) Podzolic pseudogley 80 i l (arable) h a2 в с 5-15 25-40 60-70 /х, 600 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 5 .9 5 .8 3.7 3 .8 17.7 9 .2 15.2 20.8
I - u k a o lin it e , quartz great content of quartz
S o ils formed from s i l t d ep o sits of water o rig in IX. Moczary (J.aiicut Region) Podzolic s o i l (fo r e s t) A1 a2 в 3-8 35-45 55-65 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 3 .8 4 .4 3 .8 4 .9 5.4 15.1
I - M k a o lin ite , quartz D istin c t 14 kX lin e - regular i n t e r s t r a t i f i - ca tio n X. Polubicze (Wiodav/a Region) Podzolic s o i l (arable) A1 a2 в 5-15 30-40 50-60 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 4 .7 4 .7 4 .5 4 .1 7.6 31.9
I - M k a o lin ite , quartz
XI. Błonie Brown s o i l
(arable) h (B) 5-15 40-50 0 .0 0 .0 5 .2 5.7 7.6 18.8
I - M k a o lin ite i quartz
S i l t s o i l formations from weathered fly sc h rock X I I .Słone Góry (Sanok Region) Brown acid s o i l (pasture) Ai (B) с 5-15 30-40 70-80 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 4 .8 4 .4 4 .3 13.8 15.2 15.1 mica, о 14 A m ineral (I - M) k a o lin it e , quartz, R2O2 * д H^O amorphic substance
Remarks: I - li - i n t e r s t r a t if ied complex o f i l l i t e and m ontm orillonite. Uontmorillonoid i s an a ty p ic a l m ontm orillonite.
The stru ctu re of k a o lin ite i s not com pletely ordered, so that i t approaches the fir e c la y typo
M in e r a lo g ic a l co mposition of th e cla y fr a ct io n in sil t so il s
370 S. Uziak
P rio r to ro en tg en o g rap h ic an alysis th e clay fra c tio n w as p re p a re d in a special wtey according to th e w ell kn o w n m eth o d s of M i t c h e l l a nd M a c k e n z i e , J e f f r i e s a nd J a c k s o n , M a c E v a n , K u n z e and J e f f r i e s , a nd D i x o n a nd S e a y [6]. F irst, fre e iro n oxides w ere rem o v ed w ith N a2S 20 4. T h en one p a rt of th e in v estig a ted clay w as sa tu ra te d w ith m agnesiu m cations an d glycerin, th e o th e r p a rt w ith po tassiu m cations, an d su b seq u e n tly ig n ited a t 600cC.
X -ra y analysis w as carried o u t a fte r P a v e l [4] w ith copper rad iatio n a n d a m ic ro stru c tu ra l a p p a ra tu s “M ik rom eta” w ith sm all cam eras a d a p te t fo r re fle x reco rd in g a t sm all-ang les. T he m in e rals w ere id e n ti fied by com parison w ith control m in erals and Tab. 1 [3].
T h erm al analysis w as p e rfo rm e d by a rap id m eth o d w ith th e use of th e a p p a ra tu s co n stru c te d b y P a v e l [6] a fte r B e r g a nd R a s s o ń - s к a. P rev io u sly th e sam ples w ere s a tu ra te d w ith m ag nesiu m cations.
RESULTS
T he re su lts of th e in v estig atio n are com pared in th e tab le. It gives th e m ineralogical com position of th e clay fraction, its c o n ten t in p ercent, th e h yd ro g en ion c o n cen tratio n and th e C a C 0 3 content.
It is w o rth noticing th a t th e clay fra c tio n c o n ten t in th e in vestig ated soils is g re a tly d iffe re n tia te d , b o th in in d iv id u al silt deposits and in th e p a rtic u la r horizons of th e sam e profile. G re a te r d iffe re n tia tio n can be o b serv ed in podzolic soil profiles, in w hich th e hig h est am ou nts of clay p articles are co n tained in illu v ial horizons, w h ereas th e sm allest am ounts are observed in th e u p p e r horizons (А ъ A 2).
C alcium carbon ate is p re se n t on ly in th e p a re n t loess m ate ria l, w hile th e o th e r sed im ents do n ot co ntain C a C 0 3 and a re acid. T he soil rea c tio n (pH) depends on th e presence of calcium carb o n ate an d th e d ep th of its occurrence, on th e soil ty p e and on its utilization.
It app ears also fro m th e enclosed tab le th a t th e clay fractio n of th e exam in ed soils contains m ain ly illite, m ontm orillonoid, or th e ir in te r s tr a tified com plex, as w ell k ao lin ite an d q u artz.
The m ain m in e ral in soils fo rm ed from loess-like and silt deposits of w a te r orig in is th a t of a m ix e d -la y e r s tru c tu re (illite-m ontm orillonoid). In loess soils th e com position is m o re d iffe re n tia te d . In th e p a re n t rock we fin d illite or m ontm orillonoid, w h ereas in th e u p p er horizons — in te r- stra tifie d illite and m ontm orillonoid, o r illite. In th e soil fro m flysch rocks p red o m in ate m ica and illite-m o ntm o rillo no id.
In all soils th e accessory m in erals a re kao linite an d q u artz, w hich occur in v a ry in g q u a n titie s. Som etim es m ica and am orphous substan ces also e n te r into th is group. In loess soils th e accessory m in erals m ay be
M ineralogical com position of the clay fraction in silt soils 371
illite, m on tm o rillono id o r th e ir in te rstra tifie d com plex, according to w hich of th em p red o m in ates. In som e profiles th e re can b en noticed c e rtain re g u la rity in th e d istrib u tio n of k ao lin ite (q u antities decreasing w ith depth).
It m ay be m en tio n ed th a t m ontm o rillon oid is an aty p ical m o n tm o ri- llo n ite an d th e s tru c tu re of k ao lin ite is no t com pletely ordered. I n te r stra tific a tio n of th e illite-m o n tm o rillo n o id lay e rs is m ore or less irre g u la r; in some cases, how ever, it is of a re g u la r c h a ra c te r (line 14 kX is dis tinct).
It should be noticed th a t o u r findings, p a rtic u la ry those on th e loess soils, ag ree on th e w hole w ith those in o th e r countries, e.g. w ith those of B e a v e r s et al. in U SA [1], P a v e l in Czechoslovakia [5], S c h r o e d e r [8] a nd S c h e f f e r and o th ers [7] in G erm any, S e d l e c k i [9] in USSR, S t e f a n o v i t s [10] in H un g ary .
REFERENCES
[1] B e a v e r s A. H., J o h n s W. D., G r i m R. E., O d e l l К. T.: Clay m inerals in some Illinois soils developed from loess and till under grass vegetation. Proc. Third Nat. Conf. on Clays and Clay Minerals. W ashington 1955.
[2] G o r b u n o w N. I.: H ighly dispersed m inerals and the method- of their study. Publ. by the Soviet Acad, of Sei. Moskow 1963.
[3] Index to the X -ray powder data file (I960). Publ. by the Am erican Society for Testing Materials. Philadelphia I960.
[4] P a v e l L.: Roentgenographic id en tific a tio n of soil clay m inerals using the Czechoslovak m icrostructural X -ray apparatus Mikro-M eta. Sborn. Czesko- Slov. akad. zemëd. Vëd., 4, Praha 1958, 849—856.
[5] P a v e l L.: Investigations of colloidal organic-m ineral com plex of soil. Research thesis, type script. Vysoka śkola zemëd, Praha 1958.
[6] P a v e l L., U z i a k S.: Clay m inerals of soils form ed from pseudo-loess and silt sedim ents of w ater origin. Ann. Univ. Maria Curie-Skłodowska, sec. E, vol. XV, 3, Lublin 1962.
[7] S c h e f f e r F., M e y e r B., K a l k E.: M ineraluntersuchungen am Würm- Löss Südniedersächsischer Lössfluren als Voraussetzung für die M ineralanalyse verschiedener Lössbodentypen. Chemie d. Erde, 19, 1958, 338—360.
[8] S c h r o e d e r D.: Tonm inerale m it W echsellagerungsstruktur im Löss. Z. Pfl. Ernähr. Düng. Bodenkunde, 70, 1954, 17—22.
[9] S e ć l e c k i j J. D.: Colloid dispersed m inerals of loess deposits in low er Don and their aeolian origin. Dokł. AN SSSR, 81, 1951, 909—915.
[10] S t e f a n o v i t s P.: Investigation of colloidal fraction in characteristic types of soil. A grokem ia es Talajtan, 8 Budapest 1959, 37—48.
[11] U z i a k S.: Clay m inerals in soils form ed from loess. Ann. Univ. Maria Curie-Skłodow ska, sec. B, vol. XV, 2 Lublin 1961.
372 S. Uziak
s. U Z IA K
DIE MINERALZUSAMMENSETZUNG DER TONFRAKTION DER AUS STAUBGEBILDEN VERSCHIEDENARTIGEN
URSPRUNGS ENTSTANDENEN BÖDEN
L e h r s t u h l f ü r B o d e n k u n d e a n d e r M a r ia C u r i e - S k ł o d o w s k a U n i v e r s i t ä t in L u b l i n
Z u s a m m e n f a s s u n g
U nter A nw endung der röntgenographischen M ethode und' der kurzen therm i schen D ifferentialanalyse w urde die Tonfraktion der aus verschiedenartigen Staubge bilden entstandenen Böden der H auptgebiete Polens untersucht. B ei diesem V er fahren ist festgestellt worden, dass in den aus lössartigen Form ationen und aus w asserentstam m enden Staubform ationen gebildeten Böden als Hauptm ineralien Illit und Montmorillonoid m it W echsellagerungsstruktur erscheinen, in den Löss böden dagegen ist es entweder Illit oder M ontmorillonoid oder auch deren K om plex m it W echsellagerungsstruktur. Als andere Tonm ineralien treten Kaolinit and Quartz in verschiedenen Mengen auf.
s . U Z IA K
LA COMPOSITION MINÉRALE DE LA FRACTION ARGILEUSE DES SOLS FORMÉS SUR ROCHES LIMONEUSES DE DIVERSES ORIGINES
C h a i r e d e P é d o l o g i e à l ’U n i v e r s i t é M a r i e C u r i e - S k ł o d o w s k a d e L u b l i n , P o l o g n e
R é s u m é
Suivant la m éthode de diffraction des rayons X et la m éthode accélérée d ’analyse therm ique différentielle, on a analysé la fraction d’argile des sols form és sur différentes roches lim oneuses des principales régions de la Pologne. Il a été constaté que dans les sols formés sur les roches loessiques et les roches lim oneuses d’origine aquatique, l ’illite in terstratifiée et la m ontm orillonite sont les m inéraux principaux; dans les sols de loess cependant, ce sont soit l ’illite, soit la m ontm orillo nite, soit encore leur com plexe interstratifié. La koalinite et le quartz, en quantités variables, sont des m inéraux associés.
s . u z i a k
SKŁAD MINERALOGICZNY FRAKCJI ILASTEJ GLEB
WYTWORZONYCH Z UTWORÓW PYŁOWYCH RÓŻNEGO POCHODZENIA K a t e d r a G l e b o z n a w s t w a U n i w e r s y t e t u M a r ii C u r i e - S k ł o d o w s k i e j , L u b l i n
S t r e s z c z e n i e
Zbadano za pomocą m etody rentgenograficznej proszkowej i szybkiej term icz nej analizy różnicowej frakcję ilastą gleb w ytw orzonych z różnych utw orów pyło w ych w ażniejszych regionów Polski. Stwierdzono, że w glebach w ytw orzonych z utw orów lessow atych oraz pyłow ych wodnego pochodzenia m inerałam i głów nym i są interstratyfikow any ilit i montmorylonoid, w glebach zaś lessow ych ilit bądź m ontm orylonoid lub ich interstratyfikow any kompleks. M inerałam i tow arzyszą cym i są przeważnie kaolinit i kwarc, w ystępujące w różnych ilościach.
M ineralogical com position of the clay fraction in silt soils 37a С . У З Я К МИНЕРАЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ СОСТАВ ГЛИНИСТОЙ Ф РАКЦИИ ПОЧВ ОБРАЗОВАВШ ИХСЯ ИЗ ПЫЛЕВАТЫХ ОТЛОЖЕНИЙ РАЗНОГО ПРОИСХОЖДЕНИЯ К а ф е д р а П о ч в о в е д е н и я У н и в е р с и т е т а и м . М а р и и К ю р и - С к л о д о в с к о й в Л ю б л и н е , П о л ь ш а Р е з ю м е При помощи рентгенографического порошкового метода и быстрого терми ческого дифференциального метода исследовалась глинистая фракция почв, образовавш ихся из разны х пылеватых образований в различных районах Поль ши. Констатировано, что в почвах образовавш ихся из лессовидных отложений а такж е из пылеватых отложений субаквального происхождения главными ми нералами являются интерстратифицированный иллит и монтмориллоноид, а в лессовых почвах — иллит или ж е монтмориллоноид или интерстратифици рованный комплекс этих минералов. Сопутствующие минералы это обычно каолинит и кварц, имеющиеся в разны х количествах.
