BRITISH CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS
B.—A P P L IE D C H E M IS T R Y
J U L Y 8, 1927.
I.—GENERAL; PLANT; MACHINERY. are then precipitated electrically. Chemical change may M athem atical theory of the M ichell ball viscosi- take Place during mist formation, or other constituents m e te r : its d esign, construction, and operation. cau addcd to the mist, such as inert material which R. 0 . Boswall (Phil. Mag., 1927, [vii], 3 , 991— 1006).— serv?s as a nucleus for the formation of the solid Mathematical consideration of the Michell viscosimeter Particles. L. A. Coles. shows th a t it can only be applied in practice to measure Evaporation of solution s by sp raying and su bse- viscosities over a range of temperatures with any degree quently drying th e dissolved substance. 0 . Nord- of accuracy if the following conditions are fulfilled : Strom (G.P. 437,257, 24.12.22).—The liquid is concen- (1) In order th a t there should be the least possible trated in 'an evaporator or other apparatus, and then change of constant with change of radius, the projections sprayed into a long tube through which hot furnace used for regulating the initial film thickness a t the gases are passed. A t the end of the tube is a shaft centre of the cup must be correctly spaced to suit the packed with granular filtering material which retains initial difference in radius and height of projection, and dries the solid recovered from the liquid used, (2) To avoid unequal expansion, both cup and ball whilst allowing the gases and vapours to escape. Any should be made of similar material. (3) The instrument liquid which collects in the drying tube is run into a should be calibrated over a range of temperature, reservoir, -whence it is pumped back through the spraying (4) The use of a high-constant instrum ent with a very device into the hot end of the tube. The supply of viscous fluid should be avoided. (5) When taking liquid to the drying tube is regulated by means of observations over a range of tem peratures the rate of floating valves in the feed tanks. In case the liquid cooling should be slow. The depth to which the instru- contains dissolved or suspended combustible matter, the ment is immersed in its bath does not affect its accuracy, packing of the drying shaft consists of a granular fuel provided th a t the edge of the cup is completely covered, which is thereby enriched in combustible matter.
A. E. Mit c h e l l. A. R. Po w ell.
E w ing ball-and-tube flow -m eter. J. II. Awbery Separation of so lid s from liquids. F. Bachmann, and E. Griffiths (Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, 1926,47, Assr. to Dorr Co. (U.S.P. 1,627,550, 10.5.27. Appl., 1—10).—Experiments confirming and supplementing 28.3.23).—A rotary screen is provided with means, those of Ewing (ibid.,1925, 45, 308) are described. The spaced from it, for effecting a sweeping action of a steady and chattering modes of motion of the ball were current below the surface of the liquid to prevent observed, and the action of the meter is analysed, accumulation of solids on the screen. H. Holmes. Calibration of a m eter with a number of liquids showed Separation of solid and liquid suspensions from th a t the rate of flow for any one position of the ball varies air, g a ses, and vapours. P. G p.aefe (G.P. 436,366, greatly from liquid to liquid. The influence of the angle of 3.2.24).—The gases are drawrn by centrifugal force or inclination of the tube was studied. The results are forced by means of a pump against the openings or discussed by applying the theory of similitude. In conducting surfaces of a rotating system of double general, it is not possible to deduce the calibration for one plates in such a wray th a t the impurities are driven liquid by means of th a t for another. W. Clark. out between each pair of plates by centrifugal force
P a t e n t s . into a collecting chamber. The apparatus consists of
M elting su bstan ces in jacketed v esse ls for a system of solid plates, between each pair of wrhich carrying ou t chem ical reactions. E. L e g e l e r are others with perforated walls provided with openings (G.P. 436,367, 7.7.25).—The space between the reaction and undulating surfaces so as to form hollow spaces vessel and the jacket is so subdivided th a t the whole or through which the impurities are ejected whilst the any portion can be heated according to the quantity gases pass through the perforations. A. R. P o w e ll.
of material to be melted or the amount of heat available. Separation of soluble substances. A k t i e s e l s k a p e t Alternatively, two or more concentrically-arranged Krystal (F.P. 612,993, 8.1.26. Conv., 12.1.25).—The heating cylinders may be employed, all of which are leaching solution is passed through a column charged double-walled and subdivided as above. with the substance to be leached (e.g., rock salt), thence
A. R. Po w ell. to an evaporator where it is concentrated until super-
A tom isin g solid m aterial. T. GoldschmidtA.-G., saturated with respect to one substance (e.g., sodium and V. Kohlschutter (G .P. 438,221, 5.8.19).—A mixture chloride). The hot solution is then passed through a of the material in the form of vapour with a large column containing coarse crystals of the substance volume of a gas is converted into a mist, and the particles with which it is supersaturated whereby the excess
463 a
B r itis h C h em ica l A b s tr a c ts —B .
464 Cl. I.—General ; Plant; Machinery.
salt is deposited. The mother-liquor is diluted with condensed steam from the evaporator, and used again
for leaching. A. R. Po w ell.
Evaporator. J. Pr ic e, Assr. to Griscom-Ru ssell Co. (U .S .P . 1,617,081, 8.2.27. Appl., 12.6.23).—An evaporator for producing vapour from a scale-forming liquid consists of a shell for containing the liquid together with a number of easily removable steam-heating elements. These are slightly bent tubes which, under changes of temperature, exfoliate a substantial portion
of the scale. S. Pex to n.
D istillation colum ns. Dam pfk esselu. Gasometer- f a b r. A.-G. vorm. A. Wil k e & Co. (G .P. 437,258, 2.7.25).
—A distillation plant comprises a series of columns of different heights grouped together, and provided with separate inlet and outlet pipes and valves for the heating medium, the whole being surrounded by a
heating jacket. A. R. Po w ell.
Condenser for stills. B. V. Ol iv e r (U.S.P. 1,628,736
—7, 17.5.27. Appl., 5.3.25).—The condenser casing is provided with bottom inlet passages for admission of the vapours and with spaced condensing chambers supported over openings in a horizontal partition.
(a) The condensing chambers are separated by spaces, open a t the top, receiving cooling water through pipes, from a reservoir closing the top of the casing, and an over
flow from the casing is provided above the open tops of the cooling-water spaces, (b) The cooling water is supplied to a trunk pipe with branches passing through the wall of the casing and discharging close to the lower ends of the condensing chambers. H . Holm es.
Separation or recovery of gases and vapours by solid absorbents. A. Godel (E.P. 270,099, 28.5.26).—
When regenerating solid absorbents by superheated steam, the issuing steam is superheated and/or com
pressed and used again to trea t the same or another mass of absorbent, or, if the quantity of valuable con
stituents is large enough to be worth separating, the steam is condensed in an evaporator and the resulting secondary quantity of steam compressed and/or super
heated for use. B. M. Ve n a b les. A pparatus for extracting g ases from liquids.
Mabag, Ha sc h in en- u. Apparatebau A.-G. (G .P. 436,858, 26.9.25).—A perforated drum situated above the liquid outlet, and serving to separate the liquid from the gases, encloses the float regulating the liquid and gas outlets.
The device can be used in meters for measuring the
volume of liquids. L. A. Coles.
T reating liquids w ith gases or vapours. J. Re n- notte (F.P. 613,123, 15.7.25).—The gas or vapour is passed through a narrow tube into the bottom of every one of a series of superimposed closed tanks in such a way th a t a mixture of gas and liquid is forced upwards, on the injector principle, through larger pipes into the next higher tank, and siphons are arranged so th a t the liquid in all the tanks remains a t the same height.
A. R. Po w ell. T reating liquids or m ix tu res of liquids and so lid s w ith gases. A. Barth (G.P. 437,483, 13.10.25).
—The upper p art of a reaction tower of the type de
scribed in G.P. 402,509 (B., 1925, 58) is connected by
means of a U-tube, having the horizontal portion of the same diameter as the tower, with the upper p art of a second similar tower. If desired, a series of these towers may be similarly joined together. The apparatus may be used for the manufacture of copper oxychloride and similar heavy-metal compounds. A. R . Po w e l l.
Regenerative furnace. A. W. Soderberg (U.S.P.
1,629,056, 17.5.27. Appl., 10.6.21).—An open-hearth furnace is provided with a combined gas and air port and with an air port a t each end of the hearth. Slag pockets arranged below each air port are connected to the ports by vertical flues. Butterfly valves mounted in these flues are operated simultaneously through lever connexions from hydraulic cylinders. H . Holm es.
Control and reversal of regenerative furnaces.
A. E. Wh it e. From Morgan Construction Co. (E.P.
270,184, 7.12.26).—A furnace hearth is provided a t each end with an inlet-outlet, regenerator, and chimney stack, and in each stack is a jet of pressure air blown from individually regulable separate fans, and dampers are provided beyond the jets. In the outlet the fan is run fast with damper open, and the high-velocity air acts as an ejector, withdrawing the products of combustion from the furnace. In the inlet the damper is closed and the fan run slowly so th a t the air delivered strikes the damper, doubles back to the furnace, and is used for combustion. The dampers and fan regulators are inter
connected so th a t reversal may be effected by the operation of one lever. B. M. Ven a b l e s.
Calcining or other operations in rotary k iln s.
T. Rig b y (E.P. 270,356, 3. and 13.11.25).—Slurry other than cement slurry is atomised and delivered from separate sprays situated outside the kiln along the length of a stationary portion of the kiln, which is inclined towards the rotating p art of the kiln. The supply of atomised slurry and of hot gases to the sta
tionary p art of the kiln is regulated so th a t there is no tendency for the dried slurry to cohere in large masses on the walls of the kiln (cf. E.P. 243,410 and 261,814;
B., 1926, 129 ; 1927, 76). B. W . Cl a r k e. Pulverising m ill. O. Sm ith and J. W. Hayes
(E.P. 270,159, 18.10.26).—A disintegrator for easily friable substances such as grain is formed with a serrated lining and tangential inlet in the upper half of the casing and perforated screens in the lower half, and the shaft carries a number of saw-toothed discs, with the teeth set alternately to either side and centrally, and, if desired, beater blades between the discs. By means of a hood air m ay be caused to circulate out through the screens and back into the mill through an aperture in the side.
B. M. Ve n a b l e s. G rinding viscou s m a terials. H . F. Win slo w (U.S.P. 1,628,211, 10.5.27. Appl., 29.6.21).—The material is passed over a sequence of grinding rolls.
That near the ends of a later roll is returned to an earlier roll, and the remainder delivered from the later roll constitutes the finished product. H . Holm es.
D evice for com p ressin g viscou s m aterials into h igh -p ressure v esse ls. Soc. In t e r n a t. d es Com b u stib les Liq u id es(F.P. 606,190,12.2.25).—The material is propelled by a screw through a check-valve into a compression chamber, and thence by a horizontally
B r itis h C h e m ic a l A b s tr a c ts —B .
Cl. I I . — Fu e l ; Ga s ; De s t r u c t i v e Di s t i l l a t i o n ; Mi n e r a l Oi l s. •165
moving piston through a second valve into the high- pressure vessel. The device is used in the production of hydrogen from iron and water under high pressure, and in the pressure oxidation of paraffins.
A. B. Ma nn in g. Centrifugal m achine. E. Roberts, Assr. to We st e r n States Mach in e Co. (U .S .P . 1,627,868, 10.5.27.
Appl., 24.12.21).—A non-rotary spindle is supported from a hanger to gyrate upon a spherical ball-joint which prevents axial movement of the spindle in either direction, passages being provided in the spindle for conveying lubricant to the joint. The basket shaft is mounted to rotate upon and to swing with the spindle.
H . Holmes. F ilter. E. Robertson (U.S.P. 1,629,085, 17.5.27.
Appl., 21.9.23).—An upright cylinder is provided with passages extending outwards from its top and bottom.
Filtering m aterial of progressively finer texture from bottom to top rests on the bottom around the lower passage with its top layer spaced from the upper passage.
Inlet and outlet means are provided, each with valved connexions to the upper and lower passages. The upper passage is connected to a combined filtering-outlet and washing-inlet nozzle, spaced from the filtering material and provided with a lower opening directed downwards and with various lateral openings. H . Holmes.
Pulp thickeners or filters. R. Haddan. From Oliv er Continuous Fil t e r Co. (E.P. 270,108,11.6.26).—
A number of tubular filter elements are continually and entirely submerged in a tank of the pulp to be thickened, and their interiors are subjected alternately to vacuum and pressure, preferably in groups, so th a t there is always some filtrate being withdrawn, the valve for thé purpose being placed below the liquid level in the tank. Means are provided to cause the thickened mud to travel continuously to a central outlet, and within the filter ' tube a short length of unperforated tube depends, which acts as a siphon trap to provide liquor, which, on application of the positive pressure, is blown as a back
wash through the filter before the air can get through.
B. M. Ven a bles. Separating out from g a s m ixtu res the constitu
en ts th at are readily condensable. Ge s. f ü r Lin d e’s Eism asch inen A.-G. (E .P . 258,856, 9.9.26. Conv., 25.9.25).—The liquefiable constituents are separated by cooling the gases by expansion. A preliminary cooling of the gases after compression is made in an evaporator cooler through which flow the expanded gases from which the liquefiable constituents have been removed. The expanded gases are sprayed with water in the cooler, and by evaporation of the water the compressed gas is cooled to 0°, and any water condensed separated.
A. C. Monkhouse. Continuous absorption b y porous m aterial of con stitu en ts of gas m ixtu res. I. G. Fa r b en in d. A.-G., Assees. of W. Simmat(G.P. 438,176, 15.10.22).—Absorb
ent material, such as activated charcoal, glides slowly down a spiral tower, and the gases pass up the tower.
L . A. Coles. Continuous an alysis of g as currents b y absorp
tion of the absorbable constituents. Wega m.b.H.
Wäkm etech n. Ge s. Aachen (G.P. 437,563, 11.11.24).—
A portion of the gas is passed into a lens- or prism-shaped measuring vessel connected at its lowest point through a U-tube with a vessel containing the absorbing medium in such a way th a t the reduction of pressure produced by absorption of one of the constituents of the gas causes the absorbing medium to be drawn into the measuring
vessel. A. R. P o w e l l .
F iltering arrangem ent for a flu e-gas recorder.
S iem ens & H a l s k e A.-G., Assees. of H . G ru s s (G.P.
437,936, 10.2.25).—The filter is arranged in a gas-tight chamber in th e wall of the setting or flue ; an inlet pipe leads to the chamber from the point a t which the gas to be tested is to be tak er. A position where the wall tem perature lies between £00° and 400° is suitable for
the chamber. A. B. M a n n in g .
C arrying out chem ical reactions or physical p rocesses. E. B u h t z (U.S.P. 1,629,200, 17.5.27.
Appl., 6.4.25. Conv., 7.2.25).—See E.P. 250,722 ; B ., 1926, 520.
C rushing or grin din g m achine. A. C. IIa m e y (E.P. 247,943, 10.2.26. Conv., 19.2.25).—See U.S.P.
1,627,506; B., 1927, 431.
R efrigeration. B. C. v o n P l a t e n and C. G. M u n te r s , Assrs. to E l e c t r o l u x S e r v e l Corp. (U .S.P. 1,629,733, 24.5.27. Appl., 7.12.26. Conv., 18.8.22).—See E .P . 202,602 ; B., 1924, 321.
S terilisin g and preserving liquids. R. S e lig m a n (E.P. 270,030,17.2. and 8.3.26. Addn. to E.P. 229,435).
S eparating the solid and liquid constituents of a m aterial (E.P. 270,066).—See II.
II.-FUEL; GAS; DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION;
MINERAL OILS.
D ehyd ration of alcoh ol [for m otor sp irit]. K.
P e t r l i k (Bull. Assoc. Chim. Suer., 1927,44,223—224).—
The air required for the combustion of a mixture of 95% alcohol and petrol in equal parts contains on the average about 2 • 5 times as much water as there is in the alcohol. Consequently there is no advantage in using absolute alcohol in making mixed motor spirits, especially as, by the addition of 10% of benzene to the 1 :1 alcohol- petrol mixture, no separation of the constituents takes place above 35°. A. R. P o w e l l .
T itrim etric determ ination of hydrogen sulphide in producer g a s . I. Ciochina (Bui. Soc. Chim.
Romania, 1926, 8, 126—127).—A measured quantity of the filtered gas is passed into calcium hydroxide solu
tion ; the hydrogen sulphide absorbed is swept out by a current of carbon dioxide into two vessels containing (a) 100 c.c. of a solution made by dissolving 28 g. of cadmium acetate, 112 g. of zinc acetate, and 280 g. of sodium acetate in 7 litres of water containing 5 c.c. of acetic acid, and (6) 50 c.c. of this solution diluted with 50 c.c. of w ater. Zinc and cadmium sulphides are p re c ip ita te d ; standard icdine solution is added, fol
lowed by 25 c.c. of hydrochloric acid (1 :3 ), and the mixture titra te d with standard sodium thiosulphate
solution. S. K. Tw eed y.
S im p le a n a ly sis of crude Rumanian petroleum s s2
B r itis h C h em ica l A b s tr a c ts — B.
4 C 6 Cl. I T .— Fu e l ; Ga s; Db s t b i j o t i v?. Di s t i l l a h o s; Mi n e r a l Oi l s.
a n d o f t h e p e t r o l e u m f r a c t i o n s s e p a r a t e d by fil
t r a t i o n . G. Game and (Mme.) A. Metta (Bui. Soc. Chim. Romania, 1926, 8, 100—115).—After removal of the fa c tio n volatile below 100°, the carbon and nitrogen were determined by Pregl’s method and the sulphur by combustion in a Berthclot bomb. Analysis of the different fractions indicates th a t an abnormal concen
tration of sulphur tends to occur in the fraction of b.p.
150—180°. This may be due to the formation of a trim ethylthiophen (cf. Challenger and o th e rs; B., 1926, 617). The results show that, "for equal density, the carbon content of Rumanian petroleums is higher than th a t of American oils, partly because of the neglect of the very volatile fraction in the analyses and partly because of the higher proportion of naphthalenic and benzenoid hydrocarbons. The nitrogen content is prac
tically constant a t 0-3% , iii marked contrast to American oils. The average sulphur content is 0-23%, and varies only slightly. Preliminary results of analyses of petroleum fractions separated by adsorption in siliceous earth are recorded, S. K. Tw e e d y.
B leaching action of fu ller’s earth. Neum ann and Kober, also Ke p p e l e r.—See X II.
Pa t e n t s.
Production of coke briquettes w ith inorganic binding agen ts. L. We b e r. (E.P. 269,655, 20.1.26.
Addn. to E.P. 243,129 ; B,, 1926, 42).—An inorganic substance which evolves a gas on being burnt may be used to briquette low-temperature coke. Such are sulphite-liquor, and the solid product derived from it (“ cell pitch ”). Materials, e.g., clay and cement, giving little or no gas m ay be used in conjunction with those having gas-forming properties. R. A. A. Taylor.
B riquetting coal and coke. E. Klein schm id t
(G.P. 433,237,7.5.24).—A stream of finely-ground pitch, asphalt, resin, etc., or a dispersed spray of ta r is blown simultaneously with a binder into a stream of finely- ground coal or coke to be briquetted. The process requires only the smallest quantity of binder.
S. Pe x to n. B riquetting coal. G. Mu ll e r and J. Fisc h er
(E.P. 611,548, 22.2.26).—The coal is mixed with a small quantity of a combustible binder such as the protein or latex of plants, e.g., rubber latex, and briquetted by a known process. The rubber latex can be used in solution in a volatile liquid, and the briquetting then so conducted th a t the solvent is wholly or partly vaporised.
A. B. Ma n n in g. D raining and concentrating coal and other slim e s. Sxmon- Ca r v es, Lt d., and A. Robinson (E.P.
269,967, 25.1.27).—The slurry separated by settling in the main tan k of the washery is passed over a vibrating sieve. The liquid passing through the sieves is returned for circulation in the washery after removal of the 'useless mineral m atter in it by gravity separation. The liquid from the slurry may be settled in a tank having a tapered or sloping bottom, or a number of conical depressions, or one or more weirs. Further, the slurry may be sieved over a pair of independent vibrating sieves. A substantially horizontal, rapidly vibrating sieve may be used. R . A. A. Taylor.
T reatm en t of coal [to prevent sm ok e form ation].
J. E. L m iart, J. S. La iia r t, and H. A. Pier c e (F .P . 610,879, 12.2.26).—By mixing coal with 1-1—2-2%
of a mixture of lime, salt, and Portland cement the fuel value is raised and smoke formation is prevented.
A. B. Ma n n in g. T reatm ent of p eat. Allgem. Kommerzges. A.-G., and A. Mannesm ann (E.P. 269,993, 1.2.26).—The peat is treated in a centrifugal device and, as the m aterial is thrown outwards, its cells are burst so th a t the water is separated ; rigid obstructions may be placed in its path out of the centrifuge to break it up, or a guide is placed just outside the disc of the centrifuge so th a t as the peat is thrown outwards a grinding action may take place between the guide and the edge of the disc.
Freed from its water, the peat is allowed to remain until it has formed a solid cake of lignitic or coal-like appearance of d 1 • 23; the consolidation may be accelerated by heat, and the product pressed without
■ a binder, bu t preferably with heating, into briquettes.
The delivery of the peat substance to the moulding device may be continuous, and pieces the size of the briquettes may be cut off. The crude peat is pressed into as thin a layer as possible for delivery to the centrifuge, from which the atomised water is removed
by suction. R. A. A. Taylor.
Separating the solid aiid liquid constituents of a m aterial [peat] from one another. Allg em. Kommerzges. A .-G ., and A. Mannesm ann (E.P. 270,066, 30.3.26. Addn. to E.P. 269,993 ; cf. preceding abstract).
—Material such as peat or lignite is fed to the centre of a rapidly-rotating concave disc or saucer provided with p in s ; the material is broken up by the pins, and the various solid constituents are flung off to various distances and fall into separate compartments, whilst the liquid constituents are atomised. There may be several co-axial discs of increasing diameter rotating in the same or opposite directions. B. M. Ven a bles.
D ryin g fuels in sta g e s b y internal heating in a shaft-drier. Me tallbank & Meta llu rg isch e Ge s. A.-G. (G.P. 437,099, 24.6.23).—The drying medium, which is circulated through the apparatus, is heated before each stage of the drying process by the admixture of hot gases, which are supplied to gas-mixing chambers built into the shaft-drier itself. A. B. Ma n n in g.
R ecovery of the d ryin g agent retained b y m o is t fuels after being dried. E. Be r l (G.P. 435,667, 20.2.25. Addn. to G.P. 419,906 ; B ., 1926, 308).—The drying agent retained by fuels which have been sub
m itted to the process described in the main patent is recovered by passing superheated steam through the material, which is preferably externally heated also, and cooling the mixed vapours to a tem perature just above the condensation tem perature of the steam, thereby condensing the greater part of the drying agent. The steam is again superheated and used for the recovery of a further quantity of the drying agent, either a t atm os
pheric or other pressures. A. B. Ma n n in g. Production of carbon black. C. Matlock, Assr. to Monroe-Lo u isia n a Carbon Co. (U.S.P. 1,617,071—2 and 1,617,074, 8.2.27. Appl., [a], 2.6.21, [b], 21.7.21.
B r itis h C h em ica l A b s tr a c ts — B .
Cl. I I . — Fu i l ; Ga s ; D w r a u e m v H Di s t i l l a t i o n ; Mi m b b a l Oi l s. 467
Renewed 30.10.20, [c], 16.11.21).—(a) Liquid [hydro
carbons are partially burnt, and the carbon black which is formed is separated from the products of combustion a t a tem perature above 425°. (b) Hydro
carbons are partially oxidised and the carbon black produced is collected on a screen which is continuously being passed through the products of combustion. The carbon is scraped from the screen after it has passed from the furnace flue. The carbon is thus separated from the combustion products a t a temperature above th e ignition point of the hydrocarbon from which it is formed, (c) A suitable furnace and burner for the production of carbon black by the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons are described. S. P e x to n .
Manufacture of absorbent carbon. E. Urbain
(E.P. 269,961, 20.1.26).—A pulverised charcoal is formed into a plastic mass writh a suitable binding material.
This is extruded before calcination, or it may be moulded.
In order to obtain a product of different absorptive properties, the amount of water in the agglomerant, or of the pressure of extruding or moulding, or both, is varied. [Reference is directed, in pursuance of Sect. 7, Sub-sect. 4, of the Patents and Designs Acts, 1807 and 1919, to E.P. 218,242 (B., 1925, 435), and in pursuance of Sect. 8, Sub-sect. 2, to E.P. 247,241 (B„ 1926, 308).] R. A. A. Taylor.
Production of h ig h ly active contact m aterial.
I. G. Fa r b e n in u. A.-G., Assees. of O. Nicodemus (G.P.
438,071, 14.6.24).—Carbonisable material with a cellular structure, such as peat or wood, is saturated with cata
lytic material in solution or in the colloidal form, and, after compression in moulds, is carbonised in the presence of gases containing ammonia, and then calcined.
L. A. Co l e s. R eactivation of charcoal. Algem. No r it Maat- s c h a p p ij (G.P. 433,523, 1.7.25).—The charcoal is re
activated by treatm ent with an acid solution under
p ressu re . S. Pexto n.
Production of [layers of] esp ecially hard carbon [upon other m aterial]. Sie m e n s & Halske A.-G., Assees. of C. A. Hartm ann (G.P. 438,429, 5.5.25).—
Material such as quartz, porcelain, or charcoal is coated w ith hard carbon by exposing it while hot to the action of a gaseous carbon compound a t a lower temperature, in a vessel from which the air has been exhausted or replaced by a non-reacting gas, such as nitrogen or argon, the volume of the gaseous carbon compound being small compared with th a t of the containing vessel.
L. A. Coles. Production of carbon dioxide for fertilising p lan ts, b y burning coal. E. Ho rn in g (G.P. 438,186, 15.7.25).
—Combustion gases drawn from the top of a furnace provided with a secondary air supply to prevent formation of carbon monoxide flow downwards together with a current of w'ater through a supply of purifying material, and thence to the place of use. L. A. Coles.
M otor fu els. I. G. Fa e b e n in d. A.-G., Assees. of M. Bachstez (G.P. 437,276, 24.7.25).—“ Knocking ” is prevented by the addition of alkyl substitution products of silicon hydride, e.g., silicon tetraethyl, to fuels for internal-combustion engines. A. B. Ma n n in g.
M otor fuel. N. Blan k (F.P. 612,227, 10.3.25. Conv., 11.3.24).—A hydrocarbon, e.g., petroleum or cleaning oil, is treated with fuming nitric or concentrated sulphuric acid and a deoxidising agent (lime, chalk, etc.), and the product mixed with benzine or benzene. The motor fuel so prepared should be free from unpleasant odour, and should produce no smoke. A. B. Ma n n in g.
M otor fuel m ix tu res. A.-G. f ü r Petro leu m in d., and M. Herrm a n n (G .P. 437,322, 21.7.22).—Aldehydes, e.g., acetaldehyde, are added to motor fuels containing alcohol, petroleum, and benzine or benzene, or both, in order to render the mixture homogeneous, the addition lowering considerably the temperature of separation.
A. B. Ma n n in g. G asification of raw fuel in a m u ltiple chambered producer. F . Jahns (G.P. 398,542, 25.2.21).—The pro
ducer is designed to yield gas of low moisture content.
Gas from the chambers in the early stage of gasification is introduced into the chambers where the final stages of gasification are proceeding. S. Pe x to n.
R em oval of benzol from gases containing the sam e. I. G. Fa r b e n in d. A.-G. (E.P. 257,906, 10.8.26.
Conv., 1.9.25).—The gases from which the benzol is .to be removed are washed with the products, or fractions of the products, obtained by the destructive hydrogena
tion of carbonaceous materials. R. A. A. Taylor. Apparatus for separating particles from gases at high tem peratures. C. Matlock, Assr. to Monrok- Lo uisiana Carbon Co. (U .S.P. 1,617,073, 8.2.27. Appl., 16.11.21).—H ot flue gases containing carbon particles are filtered through vertical tube screens which are supported from the top of a chamber by rods and springs. The lower ends of the screens engage in holes in a header plate. Gas passes through the screens from the inside, and the carbon which is deposited is brushed from the tubes into a receiving hopper attached to the bottom of
the chamber. S. Pe x to n.
Apparatus for purifying gases b y filtration through loose solid m aterial. B . Ch risto ffel s (G .P.
438,269, 15.1.24).—Channels for distributing the gases through the material lie in a plane parallel to th a t of the surface of the filter medium. L . A. Coles.
Gas producers. G. II. Ben tley and E . G. Appleb y (E .P . 269,689,26.1.26).—The air supplied to the generator is heated by being passed all round the wall of the gene
rator, and then upon entering the generator it comes into contact with a spray of water. The water may also be preheated. An intim ate mixture of air and water may
be made. R. A. A. Taylor.
G as producers [for wood]. J. R. F. M. Lasmolles (E.P. 262,088, 15.11.26. Conv., 27.11.25).—The pro
ducer consists of an upper furnace into which the wood is fed from a hopper. Air preheated in the dome of the furnace enters at the top and side of the furnace ; a partial combustion of the wood takes place, and the charcoal formed falls through the grate into a lowerfurnace in which are a number of balls of refractory earth or porcelain. Air is admitted to this furnace through adjustable or automatic valves, the charcoal is gasified, and the gases produced from both furnaces are withdrawn
B r itis h C h em ica l A b s tr a c ts — B .
4G3 Cl. II.— F u e i . ; Ga s; D e s t r u c t i v e D i s h l l a t i o w ; M i n e r a l Oo .
from below the grate of the lower furnace, and, after removal of dust, pass to the condensing system.
A. C. Monkhouse. M anufacture of w ater-gas. W. J. Meller sh- Jackson. From We s t e r n Gas ConstructionCo. (E.P.
269,221, 8.10.25).—The apparatus consists of a generator, a superheater, and a carburettor. An air-blast may be passed in each direction through all of these, so th a t s trplus heat is recovered from the superheater and restored to the fuel-bed, reconditioning it from above and below.
Alternatively, the air-blast may be passed upward through the generator cold. The gas made may be recovered. Steam may be added to the air-blast. Various predetermined cycles may be adopted for running the
plant. R . A. A. Taylor.
M anufacture of gas from oil or tar (hydrocarbons) or for cracking oil or tar. K. N. Wannebo (E.P.
269,711, 16.3.26).—The cracking or gasifying operation is conducted in a heat-retaining generator. The oil or ta r is a d n itte d near the middle of the generator, and air for combustion for generating the heat necessary for the reaction is admitted alternately from opposite ends of the chamber. The air consumes mainly carbon and lampblack deposited during the preceding period of the process. The produced gases are taken off a t the end opposite to th a t a t which the air is admitted. After shutting the air intake, some steam may bo adm itted a t the same end of the chamber as the air. Uncon
sumed combustion air is thus expelled before the process is reversed. Steam may also be adm itted in small quan
tities interm ittently or continuously throughout the gasifying period. R . A. A. Taylor.
D ryin g of fuel gases. W . C. Holm es & Co., ,T.
Pa r k e r, and D . M. I Ienshaw (E .P . 268,429, 31.12.25).—
Fuel gases after a partial drying by hygroscopic liquids are further dried by passage over silica gel or over carbides, e.g., calcium or aluminium carbide. A. C. Monkhouse.
D etecting, indicating, and recording the presence of inflam m able vapours or g ases. H. T. Rin gro se (E.P. 267,990, 28.9.25 and 31.3.26).—The gas to be tested is aspirated or allowed to diffuse through a porous vessel containing a heated platinum wire, and the diminution in pressure due to the combustion of the gas is measured by a recorder. To correct for fluctuations of temperature, pressure, and hum idity a second porous vessel is attached to the other limb of the recorder; This latter vessel either is protected from exposure to the inflammable vapours or has the heating element enclosed, or the tem perature of the heating element is maintained below the ignition point of the vapours. A. C. Monkhouse.
Carbonisation of bitum inous coal in a rotary retort. Gew ebk sch a ft M. St in n e s, and A. We in d e l
(G.P. 437,813, 28.12.22).—The charging end of the retort is heated externally so th a t the temperature of the whole of the coal to be carbonised is raised a t once to the point a t which ta r formation begins. A. B. Ma n n in g.
Carbonisation of com bu stib les a t low te m peratures. C. Pamart (E.P. 268,613, 15.7.26).—The material to be carbonised is fed by a conveyor into a rotating inclined drum which is heated externally a t 500—600°. In the drum are a number of steel balls or discs to aid the transmission of heat and to prevent
caking. A number of holes a t the lower end of the drum act as a sieve, the balls and refuse are retained, and the pulverised semi-coke falls into an enclosed chamber from which it is withdrawn by a conveyor. The speed of rotation of the drum can be varied, and the gases produced from the carbonisation are withdrawn from the lower end of the drum. A. C. Monkhouse.
Continuous d istillation of tar and oil. E . Blum ner (G .P. 432,728, 6.5.25. Addn. to G .P . 340,991 ; B ., 1922, 407 a).—The mouth of the tube for feeding ta r or oil into a container of molten metal has a jet which distributes it as a fine spray uniformly over the whole section of molten metal. S. Pe x to n.
D istillation of carbonaceous su bstan ces. E. R.
Su t c l if f e (E.P. 268,080, 28.9.25 and 28.6.26).—The material to be carbonised is heated internally a t a maxi
mum temperature of 750° by preheated steam or steam and gas. In a particular example 100 lb. of steam are used per 100 lb. of coal, and the tem perature of the gases leaving the retort is 150—175°. The gases produced are sprayed with heated water or liquor in a scrubber and also in the gas main. Any ta r condensed is separated, and the hot liquor is re-circulated by a pump. A suitable high-pressure steam ejector is combined in the system for the removal of steam from the circulating liq u o r;
the steam then passes to the regenerator and on to the
retort. A. C. Monkhouse.
V ertical retort. J. Trautm ann(G.P. 430,365, 6.10.22).
—The heating walls are built up of hollow triangular- sectioned bricks superimposed a t slight intervals.
The inclined surfaces of the bricks form sliding surfaces for the charge, and the intervening spaces allow of the escape of the volatile products. S. Pe x t o n.
R etort settin g for the carbonisation of w ood . Soc. Anon, des Anc. Eta b l. Loye t Aube (G.P. 436,996, 19.11.24).—The retorts, which are of the horizontal, closed, and externally-heated type, are supported on rollers within the setting, from which they are removed for charging and discharging. They can be used also for quenching the charcoal. A. B. Ma n n in g.
Ovens for d istillin g coal. J. Da n iels(E.P. 245,764, 1.1.26. Conv., 8.1.25. Addn. to E.P. 239,884; B ., 1927, 133).—In a battery of ovens having vertical com
bustion flues, transverse flues are provided in the roof of the oven. The heating walls are divided into groups each with its own regenerator system, and these groups are connected in pairs by the transverse flues. 'Where each group has two regenerators each connected to a wall flue, the regenerators are used alternately either for preheating the air or one for heating the air and the other the diluent gas. Expansion joints are provided between the groups of heating walls.
A. C. Monkhouse. Refining low -tem perature benzines. Zec h e M.
St in n e s, Assee. of F. Mu l l e r and P. Hu tzen (G.P.
437,048, 18.10.23).—The crude product is washed with concentrated pure or denatured alcohol, separated, and, if necessary, distilled ; or water is added to the alcohol- benzine- mixture after washing, producing a smooth separation of the benzine and wash-alcohol. Washing losses are thereby reduced to a minimum.
A. B. Ma n n in g.
B r itis h C h e m ic a l A b s tr a c ts — B .
Cl. I I I . — Ta r a n d Ta r Pr o d u c t s. C l. I V . — Dy e s t u f f s a n d In t e r m e d i a t e s. 409
Production of activated carbonaceous substances.
E. R. Su t c l if f e (U.S.P. 1,629,237, 17.5.27. Appl., 17.1.20. Conv., 1.2.19).—See E .P. 166,202; B., 1921, 618 a.
Cracking or fixin g the illu m in ating constituents of coal g a s . Kohlenveeedlung G .m.b.H . (E.P. 246,490, 21.1.26. Conv., 23.1.25).—See E.P. 606,886 ; B., 1927, 210.
R em oval of sulphuretted hydrogen from gases.
W . Gluud, A ssr. to Ko p p e e s Co. (R e-issue 16,631, 7.3.27, of U.S.P. 1,597,964, 31.8.26).—See B., 1926, 908.
Apparatus for the determ ination of gases [carbon m on oxide]. S. H. Katz (E.P. 249,088, 15.2.26.
Conv., 12.3.25).—See U.S.P. 1,578,666 ; B., 1926, 430.
P rocess of cracking hydrocarbon o ils. W. F.
Fa r a g iiee a n d W. A. Gruse, Assrs. to Gu l f Re f in in g
Co. (U.S.P. 1,629,908, 24.5.27. Appl., 15.1.21).—See E.P. 174,085 ; B., 1923, 301 a.
A cetylene generator. A. Wagner(Swiss P. 116,964, 28.7.25).
C om p ressin g viscou s m a terials (F.P. 606,190).
-See I.
B itum inou s concrete (E.P. 269,975).—See IX.
M edicinal w aters [from coal] (E.P. 269,660).—See XX.
IU.— TAR AND TAR PRODUCTS.
N itrogen b alance-sheet in the distillation of tar.
H. t e r - Me u l e n (R ee.. trav. chim., 1927, 46, 284—
286).—When ta r is distilled, the nitrogen found in the volatile products and in the coke is less.than th a t iu the original tar ; the difference, which may be as great as 45%, has been generally attributed to the formation of free nitrogen. I t is, however, now shown th a t the Kjeldahl method of determining nitrogen, whilst fairly accurate for the tar, gives much too low a value for the coke. Analysis by catalytic hydrogenation (A., 1925, ii, 599) gave 1-37—1-39% for the nitrogen iu a sample of coke for which the Kjeldahl value was 1-03—1-04%.
The balance of nitrogen lost in the distillation of tar, determining nitrogen in tar, volatile products, and coke by the new method, is now found to vary from 1-2 to 8% ; slow distillation causes only a slight increase
in the loss. E . W. Wig n a ll.
Pa t e n t s.
R esolution of em u lsion s or su spension s contain
ing tar or o il. H. W. Robinson and D. W. Parkes
(ID.P. 268,547, 30.3.26).—Finely-divided mineral powder such as granite or slate dust, which is more easily wetted by water than by oil, is added to an emulsion containing 30—35% of water, and the mixture heated at about 100°.
The powder and water agglomerate, and the oil separates to the top. W ith emulsion containing more than 40%
of water, the emulsion is added to the powder in the cold, when a preliminary separation of water occurs.
If further emulsion be added and the mixture heated, a reversal of the phases takes place, and the oil separates out. The process is applicable to creosote and tar emulsions, and with a product mixed to contain 33% of water, 96% of oil was recovered using 0-7 lb. of powder
per gallon. Emulsions which are strongly alkaline are rendered slightly acid before treatment.
A. C. Monkhouse. D istillation plant [for coal tar]. J. N. Hazeldon (E.P. 264,591, 21.10.25).—A series of shallow trays containing a heating element is built in the upper part of the still. Tar etc. to be distilled is fed on to the trays, and flows in contact with the heating element into the bottom of the still. The ta r is thus dehydrated before it reaches the main body of the still, and priming is
avoided. S. Pex to n.
IV.—DYESTUFFS AND INTERMEDIATES.
Pa t e n t s.
Production of azo dyestuffs containing ch ro m iu m . H . Gu b l e e, H . Sta h el, and F . Straub, Assrs. to Soc.
Chem. In d. in Basle (U.S.P. 1,623,005, 29.3.27. Appl., 21.6.26. Conv., 3.7.25).—Unsulphonated azo dyes of the general formula R 'N : NR", where R ' is a benzene nucleus containing a t least one hydroxyl group ortho to the azo bridge, and R " is l-phenyl-5-pyrazolone with the azo group in position 4, and a t least one of R ' and R " contains a sulphonamido-group, are treated with tervalent chromium compounds to yield acid dyes, which give fast, level, orange shades on animal fibres.
E.g., o-amino-p-sulphonamidophenol is nitrated to 2^iitro-6-aminoA-sulpho7ianndophenol, m.p. 191°, which is diazotised and coupled with l-phenyl-3-methyl-5- pyrazolone to yield an acid dye, which gives on wool yellow-red shades, orange on after-chroming.
T. S. Wh e e l e r. M anufacture of azo dyestuffs derived from 2-naphthol-3-carboxylarylam ides. I. G. Fajrbenind. A.-G., Assees. of H. Wagner (U.S.P. 1,622,690, 29.3.27.
Appl., 17.3.22. Cf. E .P. 210,462; B ., 1924, 708).—
Diazotised mononuclear aromatic amines are coupled with 2-naphthol-3-carboxylo-o-toluidides to give fast dyes, especially if one, and preferably both, components contain halogen. E.g., material padded with 2-naphthol- 3-carboxylo-p-chloro-o-toluidide, and then treated with y-nitro-o-anisidine, is dyed fast, bright red shades.
T. S. Wh e e l e r. Production of azo d yes for dyeing cellulose esters, esp ecially cellu lose acetate. Ch em. Wo rk s, fo em eely Sandoz (Ch e m. Fa b e. vobm. Sandoz) (E.P. 245,758, 30.12.25. Conv., 6.1.25).—Azo dyes solubilised by the introduction of glycol or glycerol residues are used for dyeing cellulose acetate. Thus aminoaryl ethers of glycol or of glycerol may be diazotised and coupled with suitable azo components, carboxylic and sulphonic groups
being absent. C. Ho llin s.
M anufacture of sulphurised derivatives of phenols and naphthols, and their application as m ordants.
Fa b r. van Ch e m. Peod ucten, and E. Kraus (E.P.
269,970, 26.1.26).—The sodium salt of a phenol ornaph- thol is heated with sulphur in the presence of a non- aqueous medium, which is preferably a further (limited) quantity of the phenolic compound. The products may be treated with formaldehyde or acetaldehyae and a sulphite. The initial products are used as mordants for basic dyes on cotton and for reserving tex tiles;
the aldehyde-sulphite treatm ent yields tanning agents.
B r itis h C h em ica l A b s t r a c t s —B.
4 7 0 Cl. V . — Fi b r e s; Te x t i l e s; Ce l l u l o s e; Pa p e r.
Suitable proportions are 5 mols. of a pbenol, 1 mol. of alkali (aqueous alkali may be added to the phenol and water removed by evaporation), 5—10 atoms of sulphur, 2J— 5 mols. each of aldehyde and sulphite. The first reaction takes 6—24 hrs. a t 160—180°, or 50—60 hrs.
under reflux in solvent naphtha a t 150—160°. The product is a yellow resin, which is soluble in alkalis, and becomes acid-soluble by treatm ent with sodium sulphite and formaldehyde or acetaldehyde a t 70—90° for
| —2 hrs. In the examples phenol, commercial cresol, and ß-naphthol are used. C. Ho l l in s.
Manufacture of condensation products of the anthraquinone ser ie s. I. G. Fa r b e n in d. A.-G., Assces.
of Fa r b w. vorm. Me is t e r, Lu c iu s, & Br ü n in g (E.P.
245,165, 28.12.25. Conv., 27.12.24. Addn. to E.P.
205,502; B ., 1924, 627. Cf. also E.P. 222,125; B ., 1926, 148).—Dibenzanthrone or 4 : 4'-dibenzanthronyl is heated with an aliphatic or aromatic acid chloride in the presence of aluminium chloride and oxygen or a halogen. Dibenzanthronyl gives in this way with benzoyl chloride a pure blue v at d y e ; with oxalyl chloride a greyish-blue vat dye ; with carbonyl chloride a grey to black v a t dye. If halogen be used in place of oxygen, halogenated products are obtained, some of which v a t with difficulty. C. Ho l l in s.
Preparation of leuco-hydroxyanthraquinones.
I. G. Fa r b e n in d. A.-G., Assees. of K. We in a n d (G.P.
436,526, 4.7.25).—H ot alkaline reduction [e.g., with alkali and sodium hyposulphite) of hydroxylated anthraquinones containing a-amino-groups, or their ß-substituted derivatives, replaces the a-amino-groups lay hydroxyl and ß-substituents (sulphonic groups) by hydrogen, giving leuco-hydroxyanthraquinones,which may be salted out with sodium sulphite. Thus, 1-amino- 4-hydroxyanthraquinone, boiled for 1 hr. with sodium hydroxide and sodium hyposulphite, yields leuco-1 : 4- dihydroxyanthraquinone (leucoquinizarin). 4 : 8-Di- aminoanthrarufin, l-amino-4 : 5 : 8-trihydroxyanthra- quinone, and 4 : 8-diaminoanthrarufin-2 : 6-disulphonic acid similarly give leuco-1 : 4 : 5 : 8-tetrahydroxyanthra-
quinone. C. Ho llin s.
Preparation of dinaphthylene dioxide [and vat d yes therefrom ]. R. Th y l l and W. Schmid (Swiss P.
114,913, 30.4.25).—The dried copper compound of 2 : 2'-dihydroxy-l : l'-dinaphthyl (di-ß-naphthol), pre
pared by adding copper sulphate solution to a hot alkaline solution of the di- naphthol and making alkaline again with ammonia, is heated at 220—300° in a current of air or steam. Dinaphthylene dioxide, C20H10O2, m.p. 240°, identical with the product obtained by Bünzly and Decker (A., 1905, i, 884) sublimes, and a further quantity may be obtained from the residue by removal of the diuaphthol with alkali. The solution of dinaphthylene dioxide in concentrated sulphuric acid yields when poured into water a mixture of a sulphonic acid and a hydroxylated product. A sulphonic acid is obtained by the action of hot sulphuric acid, and nilro- and bromo- compounds are described. Oxidation of dinaphthylene dioxide in acid solution gives a qumone, which on bromin- / \ / \
/ \ O O
\ / \
A
ation yields a violet vat dye, and on nitration and reduc
tion brown to blue v at dyes according to the degree of nitration. The iV-alkyl and iV-aryl derivatives of these aminoquinones are also vat dyes, and the N-benzoyl derivative of the polyaminoquinone is a bordeaux-red v at dye, very fast to chlorine. All these v a t dyes show good light- and acid-fastness, and require only a weakly
alkaline vat. C. Ho l l in s.
Preparation of chlorinated perylenes and their derivatives. Com p. Na t. d e Ma t. Co l. et Ma n u f. de Pro d. Ciiim. d u Nord Re u n is (Et a b l. Ku iilm a n) (F.P. 611,017, 12.2.26).—F urther to E .P . 244,739 (B., 1926, 974), perylene derivatives are chlorinated smoothly in nitrobenzene solution with nascent chlorine.
¿soViolanthrone and 3 : 10-perylenequinone give dichloro-
derivatives. C. Ho l l in s.
Preparation of 1 : 3 : 5-triazine-2 :4 : 6-tricarb- o xy lic chloride [and vat dyes therefrom ], E. Ott
(Swiss P . 111,562, 20.9.24. Conv., 13.9.24).—Cyan- urictricarboxylic esters are heated with phosphorus pentachloride. Ethyl 1 : 3 : 5-triazine-2 : 4 : 6-tricarb- oxylate and phosphorus pentachloride, heated at 130—140° until no more gas is evolved and the mass remains completely liquid when cold, yield on fractional distillation 1 : 3 : 5-triazine-Z : 4 : 6-tricarboxyl chloride, b.p. 150—155°/1 mm. This reacts with amines in nitrobenzene solution to form amides, those from amino- anthraquinones being valuable v at dyes. C. Ho l l in s.
M anufacture of nuclear alkylated or cy cioa lk y l- ated arylsulphonic acid s. I. G. Fa r b e n in d. A.-G., Assees. of Fa r b w. vorm. Me is t e r, Lucius, & Br ü n in g (E.P. 250,241, 30.3.26. Conv., 1.4.25).—The method of E.P. 242,233 (B., 1927, 71) is improved by the use of chlorosulphonic acid in place of sulphuric acid, and is extended to other aromatic hydrocarbons besides naph
thalene and to other alcohols (e.g., butyl alcohol, cyclo- hexanol, commercial fusel oil, etc.). Condensation and sulphonation may be combined in a single operation.
The products are said to have enhanced wetting-out action probably as a result of the intensive sulphonation.
The condensation of naphthalene in presence of chloro
sulphonic acid with n-butyl alcohol a t 80—100°, and with eycZohexanol a t 70°, is described, simultaneous sul
phonation occurring in both cases. C. Ho l l in s. M anufacture of stable diazo com pounds. G. de Montmollin and G. Bonhöte, Assrs. to Soc. Ch em. In d. in Basle(U.S.P. 1,629,906,24.5.27. Appl., 29.8.24.
Conv., 21.9.23).—See E.P. 238,704; B ., 1925, 840.
Manufacture of 2 : 3-am inonaphthoic acid. R.
Tobler, Assr. to Soc. Ch em. Ind. in Basle (U.S.P.
1,629,894, 24.5.27. Appl., 26.3.26. Conv., 8.4.25).—
See E.P. 250,598 ; B., 1926, 736.
Sulphurised derivatives of naphthols (E.P.
269,971).—See XV.
Photographic d esen sitiser (G.P. 436,161).—See XXI.
V.—FIBRES; TEXTILES; CELLULOSE; PAPER.
M ildew in cotton good s. IV. A n tisep tics and the grow th of m ould fungi on sizin g and finishing m a teria ls. L. E. Mo r ris (J. Text. Inst., 1927, 18,
