BRITISH CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS
B .- A P P L I E D C H E M I S T R Y JULY 3 and 10, 1931.*
I.— GENERAL; PLA N T; MACHINERY.
Cheaper power for the chem ical industry. W. S.
J o h n s t o n (Ind. Eng. Chem., 1931, 23, 474—478),—The reorganisation of the power plant of a fertiliser works is described. I t included increase of boiler pressure, the use of bleeder turbines for current generation, and of exhaust steam for heating services. The design of a modern steam boiler for solid fuel with mechanical stoker and preheated air under forced draught is described. This is also used in connexion with a back
pressure turbo-generator. In both plants zeolite- softened water, de-aerated by preheating, is used.
C. Ir w in. Evaporation of w ater by hot, d r y a ir . R. H.
N e w t o n and T. C. L l o y d (Ind. Eng. Chem., 1931, 23, 530—532).—Air, preheated electrically, was passed up a tower in countercurrent to a water spray, the water collecting at the base being circulated by a pump. The influence of the rates of air flow and of water circulation, of the form of water spray, and of the temp, of the hot air on the humidity of the air leaving the top of the tower was studied. The rate of water flow was found to be of greater importance than were the other vari
ables. Curves are given. H. I n g l e s o n . Continuous control of the sa lt content of boiler feed-water b y visual conductivity m easurem ent.
K. S c h i e r j o t t . Also E. R o t h e r and G. J a n d e r (Z.
angew. Chem.,. 1931, 44, 312—314).—S c h i e r j o t t main
tains th a t Rother and Jander’s apparatus (A., 1930, 1548) is unsuited for the measurement of the low salt contents required for modern very high boiler pressures, th a t the necessity for accurate temp, control is a great difficulty, and th a t the use of a Wheatstone bridge makes results dependent on a uniform e.m.f. Further, th at other and better instruments for the purpose have been available for years. R o t h e r and J a n d e r reply th at their intention was to produce a lower-priced instrument than those a t present obtainable; they contradict Schierjott’s criticisms generally and point out that automatic e.m.f. control is provided. C. I r w i n .
M etallic ions as catalysts for rem oval of sulphur dioxide from boiler-furnace ga ses. H. F. J o h n s t o n e (Ind. Eng. Chem., 1931, 23, 559—561).—Owing to the low concentration of S 02 and S03 in the flue gases even from the burning of a coal rich in S, the washing of the gases requires very large amounts of H20 . Experiments were made with a suspension of CaC03 as well as with solutions containing F e " ‘ and Mn".
The catalytic effect of F e"' in promoting the oxidation of S 0 2'to H2S04 by dissolved 0 is somewhat less than th a t of Mn", but the capacity of the solution for dis
solving S 02 is greatly increased by circulating it over scrap Fe. The activity of Mn" is completely inhibited by the presence of a trace of Cu. H . In g l e s o n.
Effect of boiler scale on heat transm ission and utilisation. A. P o l l i t t (J. Inst. Fuel, 1931, 4, 285—
286).—The coefi. of heat conductivity of boiler scale is 1>3—2-0 B.Th.U./sq. ft./hr./ft./°F . Scale in. thick reduces boiler efficiency by approx. 2%, or even less if the scale is dense, but the decreased heat conductivity may cause the temp, of the boiler metal to rise so high th a t it creeps and failure may ensue. D. K. M o o re .
Control of m oisture content of air and wood in fresh-air cham bers. I. H a t f i e l d (J. Agric. Res., 1931, 42, 301—305).—An apparatus is described in which the relative humidity (R .H .) is maintained a t the required percentage by means of various salts in contact with their saturated solutions. Salts capable of giving a range of R .H . between 2 and 98% are described.
E. Ho l m e s. M ethyl alcohol antifreeze and m ethyl alcohol poisoning. W. P. Y a n t , H. H. S c h r e n k , and R. R.
S a y e r s (Ind. Eng. Chem., 1931, 23, 551—555).—An interim report of an investigation by the U .S . Bureau of Mines into the possible dangers to the public employ
ing MeOH as an antifreeze in motor-car radiators and to the workers engaged in its manufacture. I t is esti
mated th a t 4 x 106 gals, were: used during the past winter for this purpose in the U.S.A. Experiments conducted on animals seem to show th a t there is no hazard to health attending reasonable use of MeOH for an antifreeze either by absorption through the skin or by inhalation of the yapour ; 1—2 ,oz. of MeOH taken into the stomach may cause blindness an d death.
H. In g l e s o n. Causticisation and filtration. Na3P 0 4. Solid C 0 2.—See VII. Acid-proof tanks and tow ers.—
See IX. Cracking of boiler plate. Corrosion prob
lem s.—See X. H eating elem ents.—See X I. M alt- extract evaporators.—See X V III. U tilisation of refuse.—See X X III.
Pa t e n t s.
Rotary-hearth furnace. A. D . D a u c h , Assr. to G. J. H a g a n Co. (U.S.P. 1,782,956, 25.11.30. Appl., 20.3.26).—A rotary, annular-hearth furnace has the operative surface of the hearth composed of a number of tilting trays. Means are provided for tilting the trays in succession when they are opposite the discharge opening, such means being independent of the rotation of the hearth and, in fact, preferably operated when the hearth is momentarily stopped. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
* The remainder of this set of A bstracts w ill appear in next week’s ¡Bsue.
613 a
B r itis h C h e m ic a l A b s t r a c t s — B .
G14 C l. I . — Ge n e e a l ; Pl a n t ; Ma c h i n e r y.
Furnaces fired w ith pulverised fuel. I n t e r n a l . C o m b u s tio n Eng. C o rp ., Assees. of M. F r i s c h and E.
L u n d g r e n (B.P. 345,962 and Addn. B.P. 346,809, [a ] 29.11.29, [b] 19.12.29. U.S., [a] 3.1.29, [b] 5.2.29).—
In (a) the bottom of the combustion chamber is formed of steam-evaporating tubes which are sufficiently close together to retain a bed of slag the upper part of which remains molten, owing to the impingement of flames downwardly directed during primary combustion. An overflow for molten slag is provided. The upper part of the combustion zone is defined by converging tubes spaced sufficiently far apart for the entry of fuel and air, a limited amount of air being admitted with the fuel to maintain the slag in a reducing atmosphere ; the secondary air is admitted higher up, preferably above the restriction formed by the converging tubes.
In (b) a method of preventing the overflowing slag from freezing in the spout is described. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
T ube-still furnace. H . T h o m a s, Assr. to S u n O i l Co. (TJ.S.P. 1,782,885, 25.11.30. Appl., 6.7.27).—In a still comprising a number of long tubes heated by com
bustion gases, the combustion is effected in a Dutch oven not immediately beneath the tubes, and the latter are supported a t intermediate points of their length by a system of posts, main girders, and smaller beams, being slung by links from the girders and from each other.
B. M. Ve n a b l e s. R oasting apparatus. R. H. T a l b u t t and F. A.
A l l n e r (U.S.P. 1,782,946, 25.11.30. Appl., 18.4.29).—
The material is placed in a rotating drum provided with inclined stirring blades and is heated by radiation from electrical resistors within the drum ; the latter are protected by a sloping roof which affords additional heating surface for material th at is lifted and slides down
it. B. M. V e n a b l e s .
D rying of m inerals and other substances [e.j*., coal]. C. ' M. S m ith (B.P. 346,783, 17.1.30).—The material is dried while being lifted in an elevator having swinging buckets. Arrangements are made to tip the contents of a bucket into the next below at a number of desired points, and to permit this only every other bucket is charged at the bottom. The return run of the elevator is in the same casing and subjected to the same current of hot gases, so th a t the buckets are pre
heated. B. M. V e n a b le s .
Combined pneum atic drying and subsequent pneum atic heating of m aterials. P. R o s in (B.P.
346,541, 7.3.30. Ger., 9.3.29).—Divided material is introduced into a later portion of a conduit conveying a stream of hot gases, and the mixture passes through a preliminary separator, whence coarse material drops out into a disintegrator. The gas and finer material continue to a cyclone separator whence the gas is discharged in a cool saturated condition, whilst the finer material from the cyclone is passed to the earliest part of the hot gas conduit and, after passing through a zig-zag or other device giving sufficient time to effect the heating of the mixture, is separated in a second cyclone, the gas passing on to the point where the material is fed.
B. M. Ve n a b l e s. Combined spray dryer and burner. I . H e c h e n - b l e i k n e r , Assr. to C hem . C o n s t r u c t i o n C o rp . (U.S.P.
1,782,822, 25.11.30. Appl., 18.5.27).—The hot gases for a spray dryer are produced in a combustion chamber formed in a false roof of the spray chamber, the spraying apparatus being situated in an axial passage through the roof, which also permits cold air to enter.
B. M. Ve n a b l e s. T reatm ent of grainy m aterial. [Drying of cereal grains in silos.] H. E d h o lm (B.P. 346,386, 31.12.29. Swed., 2.1.29).—Grain or other material in a silo or other container through which it moves more or less slowly is dried by air forced into it underneath A-shaped cross-girders which are arranged in a number of tiers so th a t the intermediate inoperative zones are several times longer than the zones subjected to the drying. Either cool or hot air may be used according to its humidity, or preferably automatic hygrométrie control may be provided to start the drying when the weather is dry enough for unheated air to be effective.
B. M. Ve n a b l e s. Catalytic apparatus. I . H e c h e n b l e i k n e r , Assr. to C hem . C o n s t r u c t i o n C o rp . (U.S.P. 1,782,824, 25.11.30.
Appl., 18.5.28).—A catalyser for exothermic reactions is provided with a main catalyst mass, which is autom ati
cally cooled by the entering gases, and with one or more auxiliary masses. The temp, of the gas while passing from one catalyst to another is regulated by external heating or cooling means which ate controlled by thermostats buried in the respective preceding catalyst
mass. B. M. V e n a b l e s .
Manufacture of heat-insulating m aterial [e.g.,
“ 85% m a g n e s ia ” ]. H. W. G r e i d e r , Assr. to P h i l i p C a r e y M a n u f g . Co. (U.S.P. 1,782,383, 18.11.30.
Appl., 19.2.26).—A semi-fluid aq. paste containing MgO (alone or together with kieselguhr, CaC03, asbestos, etc.) and a “ film-forming and stabilising agent ” (e.g., sulphonation products, alkali soaps, etc. of saturated or unsaturated fatty acids above C15, or saponin, alkali resinates, etc.), is blown with air and moulded a t 25—50 lb.¡in.2 to expel most1 of the H 20 ; after removal from the moulds the articles are dried. L. A. C o le s .
H am m er m ill. C. A. J a m is o n , Assr. to P e n n s y l v a n i a C r u s h e r Co. (U.S.P. 1,781,904, 18.11.30. Appl., 20.6.28).—A mill is described In which preliminary crushing is effected by the projection of hammers through grid bars which form the bottom of the feed
hopper. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
H am m er crusher. G. W. B o r t o n , Assr. to P e n n s y l v a n i a C r u s h e r Co. (U.S.P. 1,781,891, 18.11.30.
Appl., 6.7.28).—The impact grid of a disintegrator is wound up into its operative position by means of a chain and hand-worked windlass, and is held by a pawl which has a frangible safety pin. B . M. V e n a b le s .
Pulverising m ills. I n t e r n a t . C o m b u s tio n E n g . C o rp ., Assees. of C. E . N e e d h a m (B.P. 346,428, 6.1.30.
U.S., 5.1.29).—A form of bearing for and method of lubrication of the rollers of a mill of the Raymond type is described. B. M. V e n a b le s .
Roller pulveriser. R. E. D u n h a m , Assr. to D u n h a m Co. (U.S.P. 1,782,201, 18.11.30. Appl., 23.2.28).—
Rollers suitable for agricultural and other purposes are assembled from a number of spoked discs of which the edges are V- or cusp-shaped and are wavy when viewed
B r itis h C h e m ic a l A b s t r a c t a— B .
C l. I . — Ge n e r a l ; Pl a n t ; Ma c h i n e r y. 615
ed g ew ay s, b u t n o t w h e n v ie w e d fro m a n a x ia l d ire c tio n . E a c h ro lle r h a s tw o s e ts o f sp o k e s s ta g g e re d in re la tio n to e a c h o th e r , a n d th e ro lle rs a re fre e ly m o u n te d on
th e ir ax les. B . M . Ve n a b l e s.
Grinding or crushing m ills. F. E. Mak cy (B.P.
346,665, 7.1.30).—A mill of the ball, pebble, or rod type is provided with a manhole in the circumference of the shell for emptying purposes ; the manhole is not provided with a small section of lining attached to it, but is covered by a section of the main lining. Access to the interior of the mill is obtained through another manhole in one of the end walls. The discharge grating is supplied with additional water by means of a pipe through the outlet trunnion, and the supply is kept as local as possible to avoid diluting the main bulk of pulp.
B . M . Ve n a b l e s. M achines, such as ball m ills, for the reduction of m aterials. J. E. K e n n e d y (B.P. 346,375, 3.10.29).
—A ball mill is rendered silent by supporting an inner shell from an outer shell by means of more than one layer of porous or cellular, sound-insulating, and, if desired, heat-insulating, material, each layer having different porosity, the outer layer being preferably less porous than the inner. B. M. V e n a b l e s .
Grinder for pigm ents etc. E. d e R o z i e r e s (U .S .P . 1,781,808, 18.11.30. Appl., 23.5.28).—The rotor of a centrifugal grinder is surrounded by grinding rollers and guides to deflect the material into the nips between the rollers and co-acting grinding blocks.
B . M. Ve n a b l e s. Grading and separation of granular m aterials.
J. L o r d (B.P. 346,481, 22.1.30).—Grain or granular material preliminary to grading by a pneumatic process is passed between fixed and rotating abrasive and/or brushing surfaces; preferably a rotating brush runs against, first, a concave block of emery or similar material and, second, a concave brush.
B . M. Ve n a b l e s. Separation of d ry m aterials. C. W. H. H o lm e s , and B i r t l e y I r o n Co., L t d . (B .P . 346,266, 7.11.29).—
A pneumatic shaking table has a surface free from riffles, one straight edge (unless the table is double), substan
tially parallel to the motion, over which all the products are delivered, and one (or two) inclined banking bars.
B . M . Ve n a b l e s. R otary separating or screening apparatus.
N. H. R. G r i f f i n (B.P. 346,330,8.10.29).—The apparatus comprises a cage of annular bars which are alternately fixed by longitudinal bolts and loosely mounted on rollers thereon. B. M. V e n a b le s .
Preparing w et [damp] m ixtu res. J. C. M a c - I l d o w i e , Assr. to A s b e s t o s W o o d & S h i n g l e Co.
(U.S.P. 1,781,728,18.11.30. Appl., 29.10.27).—Material which is neither wet nor dry, e.g., asbestos-cement paste, is thoroughly mixed and disintegrated by sub
jecting it to the shearing action of perforated plates reciprocating in opposite directions and spaced somewhat apart from each other. The material is preferably fed by gravity and its general flow is perpendicular to the plates. The divided particles are in convenient form for transfer by conveyors and for tamping in moulds.
B . M. V e n a b l e s .
Apparatus for preparing viscous m ixtu res.
W. L. S m ith , Assr. to V is c o s e Co. (U.S.P. 1,782,370, 18.11.30. Appl., 17.8.29).—At least two mixing tanks having jackets for temp, control, a pump, and a grinding mill are connected by conduits and multi-way cocks so th a t the material may be passed in various circuits.
B . M. Ve n a b l e s. Filter apparatus. R . S. B u t l e r , Assr. to S o u t h w e s t e r n E n g . C o rp . (U.S.P. 1,780,905, 11.11.30.
Appl., 12.12.28).—A number of filter leaves are attached to a chain conveyor and surrounded by frame-like supports which are joined together by bellows-like flexible members so th at when the filters are on the straight upper run of the conveyor the frames and bellows form tanks for prefilt or wash liquid. The filter leaves are connected by nipples to a flexible belt which runs over a fixed flexible member, forming seals on the principle of a vacuum cup between one or more vacuum chambers and the belt. The motion of the apparatus is preferably interm ittent, but filtration is continuous.
B. M. Ve n a b l e s. Filter presses for treatm ent of potters ’ clay etc.
E . W. Ma l k in, G. E . Le e s e, and Man or En g. Co., Lt d. (B.P. 346,964, 27.3.30).—A method of closing a press by means of a worm and screw is described.
B. M. Ve n a b l e s. F ilter device. A. S c h re m p p (U.S.P. 1,783,143, 25.11.30. Appl., 4.1.27. Ger., 9.1.26).—The filter medium is composed of superposed sheets punched into holes similar to a nutmeg grater, the jagged teeth acting both as filters and as spacers for the sheets. The holes are evenly distributed over the sheets and are staggered in adjacent sheets. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Filter. G. F. T h o m a s and 0. J. H e r b , Assrs. to A l e m i t e C o rp . (U.S.P. 1,781,964, 18.11.30. Appl., 30.11.25).—An easily dismembered strainer suitable- for insertion in a petrol pipe is described.
B. M. Ve n a b l e s. Centrifugal extractor. H . K r a n t z (U.S.P. 1,781,984, 18.11.30. Appl., 18.8.28. Ger., 24.2.28).—A timing device with interlocks for the power, brake, and cover is described. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
[Laboratory] centrifugal extractor. F. R o d l e r (U.S.P. 1,782,179, 18.11.30. Appl., 2.11.27).—Appara
tus suitable for extracting road materials etc. is described.
The sample and a solvent are placed in the bowl and the solution is centrifugally filtered through paper on the underside of a flat cover.' B. M. V e n a b l e s .
D istilling apparatus. W. S. E l l i o t t (U.S.P.
1,782,959, 25.11.30. Appl., 27.3.23).—The apparatus comprises a water heater and one or several evaporating chambers through w hich the water passes in series at progressively decreasing temp., separate condensers being provided for the vapours so th a t the first stage may be used mainly for de-aeration. Unevaporated water is returned to the heater. B. M. V e n a b le s .
D istillation of liquids. J. D e l a t t r e - S e g u y , A ssr.
to U n i v e r s a l O i l P r o d u c t s Co. (U .S .P . 1,782,810, 25.11.30. Appl., 28.6.26).—The liquid is allowed to flow in a thin layer down a trough and is heated from above by radiation only, from a conduit containing a
B r itis h C h e m ic a l A b s t r a c t * —B .
GIG Cl. ü . — Fü e l; Ga s ; Ta r; Mi n e r a l Oi l s.
stream of molten m e ta l; the latter effects further heating of the vapours evolved by direct contact.
B . M . Ve n a b l e s. Evaporator. H. W. How, Assr. to B u f f a l o F o u n d r y
& M a c h in e Co. (U.S.P. 1,782,143, 18.11.30. Appl., 12.1.27).—A method of forced circulation by an internal rotor is described. B . M. Ve n a b l e s.
Production of foam by m echanical m eans.
J. C. H a n s e n - E l l e h a m m e r (B.P. 347,048, 12.6.30.
Denm., 2.11.29).—A foam-producing material, H20, and air are admitted together to a rotary pump, whence they are expelled through several layers of wire gauze or similar material tangentially into a cylindrical vessel in which the whirling action causes the finer foam to work
to the axis, at which point the outlet is situated.
B . M. Ve n a b l e s. Nebulising of liquids. W. E. S h o r e (B.P. 346,747, 3.1.30).—A mixture of a gas and liquid, e.g., air and petroleum fuel for an internal-combustion engine, obtained by known spraying means is subjected to a reduction of pressure followed by sudden restoration of normal pressure in a machine resembling a rotary compressor. [Stat. ref.] B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Fluid-treating apparatus. J . A. M a c K e n z ie (U.S.P, 1,782,735, 25.11.30. Appl., 21.3.27).—A form of tray for a bubbling tower is described. A pair of parallel upstanding baffles are provided, extending the full length of chords, and the downflow is effected in the outer zones from either side alternately, the central zone being given up to bubbling; there are no caps, but the perforations for gas flow have upturned tongues.
B . M. Ve n a b l e s. Liquid of low f.p. for cooling [of autom obile radiators] and for sealing vessels [gasom eters]
and the like. 0. J o r d a n , Assr. to L G. F a r b e n i n d . A.-G. (U.S.P. 1,780,927, 11.11.30. Appl., 9.3.27. Ger., 5.3.26).—The use is claimed of a mixture of H 20 , a glycol monoalkyl ether, and, if desired, a glycol.
L. A. Co l e s. De-aeration of boiler feed-water. W. F. C a r e y , G. H. C. C o r n e r , and I m p e r i a l C hem . I n d u s t r i e s , L t d . (B.P. 346,523, 22.2.30).—The water is allowed to trickle down a tower (with filling) while subjected to a vacuum which is produced by a steam ejector drawing from the to p of the tower. B. M. V e n a b le s .
Liquid and gas contact apparatus. F . H . W a g n e r , Assr. to B a r t l e t t H a y w a r d Co. (U.S.P.
1,782,862, 25.11.30. Appl., 14.3.28).—In a tower pro
viding countercurrent flow of liquid and gas and divided into stages, the flow of gas a t each stage is upwards through a large central aperture in an imperforate plate, and downwards under a hood to below a perforated plate through which it passes to the next stage. An additional diaphragm of wire mesh or the like may be placed above the perforated plate. Scrapers operated by a vertical shaft are provided to keep the perforated plates free from solid matter. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Filtering and dust-collecting apparatus. I.
H e c h e n b l e i k n e r , Assr. to C hem . C o n s t r u c t i o n C o rp . (U.S.P. 1,78.2,82$ 25.11.30. Appl., 17.4.28).—The apertures at the ends of a vertical casing are used only ior charging and discharging a granular filter medium
which is gradually and continuously renewed. The gases to be filtered are admitted and exhausted by means of hollow grid-like members a t points inter
mediate the length of the casing. B. M. Ve n a b l e s. W ashing apparatus for effecting dust rem oval from ga ses. G. H. C. C o r n e r , and I m p e r i a l Chem . I n d u s t r i e s , L t d . (B.P. 346,750, 9.1.30).—In an appar
atus as described in B.P. 321,268 (B., 1930, 41) the irrigated surfaces are coated with vitreous enamel.
B. M. Ve n a b l e s. Apparatus for gas an alysis. H. H. Dow, Assr. to Dow C hem . Co. (U.S.P. 1,782,032, 18.11.30. Appl., 28.7.26).—A difference in sp. gr. between two gases is measured by their inertia. The sample and standard are brought to the same temp, and delivered in alternate equal puffs by the opposite sides of the piston of a pump. They impinge from opposite directions on to a vaned wheel which operates a pointer through gearing;
to prevent the pointer winding continuously in one direction, a cam is attached which deflects the jet of one gas from or towards the tangent to the impact wheel. Backlash is left in the gearing to prevent continual small oscillations of the pointer.
B. M. Ve n a b l e s. A gitation and aeration of liquids. W . N . J o n e s (B.P. 346,815,13.1.30).—See U.S.P. 1,765,338 ; B., 1931, 140.
Oil-fired heating apparatus for use with m elting pans and the like. A. J. T i g h t and F. H. E b n e r (B.P. 347,859, 14.4.30).
Non-corrosive alcoholic solution.—See III. Filter paper and fabrics.—See V. Silica com pounds etc.—
See VII. Lumber kiln.—See IX. H eating furnace.
R oller-m ill guide.—See X. Precipitating particles from gases.—See X I. P igm en ts for painting etc.—
See X III. Rubber goods etc.—See XIV. Treatm ent of m assecuites. Sugar dryer.—See XVII.
; II.— F U E L ;; G A S ; T A R ;; MINERAL OILS.
Experim ental determ ination of bound oxygen in organic com pounds [e.g., coal]. M. D o l c h and H. W i l l (Brennstoff-Chem., 1931, 12, 141—146, 166—169).—Values of the 0 content of organic com
pounds determined by Ter Meulen’s method were low, due principally to the incomplete hydrogenation of the CO formed. A method of determining the 0 content of coal or coke, based on the determination of the total vol. and C02 content of the combustion gases when a known wt. of the substance is burned completely in air or 0 , failed because the unavoidable error in the C02 determination led to considerably larger errors in the calc. 0 content. Much better results were obtained by burning the substance completely in a known vol.
of 0 and determining the amount of 0 used up and the amounts of C02 and H 20 formed. The apparatus, which formed a closed circuit, comprised a S i02 com
bustion tube, which could be heated electrically, absorption vessels for C02 and H20, storage and measuring vessels for the 0, two manometers, and a gas-circulating pump. The substance, contained in a P t boat, was introduced into one end of the combustion tube, the remainder of which was packed with broken
B r itis h C h e m ic a l A b s t r a c t s —B .
Cl. I I . — Fu e l; Ga s; Ta b; Mi n e r a l Oi l s. 617
S i02. After complete combustion of the sample, the apparatus was cooled to the original temp, and the vol. of residual 0 was measured. Determinations were made also of the I I20 content of the substance, prefer
ably by the “ cryohydrate ” method (B., 1931, 97), and, where necessary, of the combustible S. A number of analyses of coals, cokes, and tars, and the 0 distribu
tion in the carbonisation products of a coal and a lignite, are tabulated. A. B. Ma n n in g.
Preparation of coal-dust sections and their analysis by m eans of the projected m icro-im age.
E. S t a c h (Brennstoff-Chem., 1931, 12, 147—150; cf.
Stach and Kiihlwcin, B., 1929, 382).—Further experi
mental details are given of the author’s methods of embedding and relief-polishing samples of fine coal.
The specimens are examined preferably by projecting a magnified image of the section on to a white screen.
A. B. Ma n n in g. Determ ination of the caking properties of coal in conjunction w ith the determ ination of volatile m atter. D. J. W . K r e u l e n (Client. Weekblad, 1931, 28, 318—319).—The method described in “ Brandstof- chemie,” 1929, is criticised : the use of a Ni crucible is not advisable, the quantity of sand employed causes excessive retardation of cooling, and the sand is too coarse to permit the formation of a homogeneous mix
ture. A modification of the method, giving satisfactory results for caking ratios up to 10, is described; a P t crucible is employed and the procedure closely resembles that used for the determination of volatile constituents.
H. F . Gil l b e. Gasification of bitum inous coal in the w ater-gas producer. I. J. G w o sd z (BrennstofE-Chem., 1931, 12, 150—153, 169—171).—Some recent developments in the design of plant for the complete gasification of bituminous coal are briefly described. A. B. M a n n in g .
Form ation of high- and low-tem perature cokes.
J. R o b e r t s (J. Inst. Fuel, 1931, 4, 255—269).—When coal is carbonised in beehive ovens coking proceeds downwards. After the maximum expansion, in which a 24-in. charge increases to 32 in. in height, shrinkage occurs, particularly in a lateral direction, causing the formation of pillars. These show four structures:
stalactitic, stalagmitic, hair-carbon, and fish-roe. The C deposited on the coke by the cracking of the hydro
carbons makes the coke robust and less liable to attack by C02. In the production of by-product coke the charge is heated from the sides, the gases pass outwards and become partly decomposed, and the deposited C gives the coke a graphitic lustre. Cauliflower, columnar, onion-like, and honeycomb structures may be seen. The quality of the coke is influenced by the type and size of coal, temp, of treatment, and width of oven. Gasworks’ coke made under static conditions is denser than th a t made by continuous processes.
High-temp. free-burning coke can be made by blending coking and non-coking coal, or, when the latter is not available, part of the former can be rendered non-coking by oxidising at 100—350°. Several examples of low- ternp. cokes are described. D. K. M o o re .
Gas-producing steel-w ork s’ practice. W . R . R o s s i n g t o n (J. Inst. Fuel, 1931, 4, 289—291).—Fine
coal should be avoided, but it is economical to use good quality fuel. The blast should be worked with a saturation temp, of 54—60°, or, with a badly clinkering coal, of 60—64°. The use of a regulator is indicated.
D . K . Mo o r e.
“ G ly c e r in ” gas-drying process. A. F. II.
K n o w l e s (Gas J., 1931, 194, 347—349).—Results obtained with a four-bay washer-scrubber, using glycerin as the drying medium and operating a t the gasholder outlet, are described. I t was found possible to work down to 75% of glycerin at the inlet and 55%
a t the outlet before concentration of the liquid was necessary. Further particulars are given for a second plant of the same type. R. II. G r i f f i t h .
Organic basis for gas purification. R. R.
B o tt o m s (Ind. Eng. Chem., 1931, 23, 501—504).—
Di- and tri-ethanolamines absorb C 02 and PI2S from gas a t room temp., yielding unstable compounds which deconrpose at above 50°. A 50% aq. solution of the mixed bases is suitable, and the vol. to be circulated is much less th an if Na2C03 solution be used. A bubble tower is recommended for absorption, provided the gas pressure allows of its use and the absorbent is stripped with steam in a second similar tower with reflux con
denser. The reagent forms stable salts with the stronger acids and with S 0 2, for the removal of which it is unsuitable. I t is intended particularly for the purifica
tion of natural gas for the production of He.
C. Irw in. Detection of very sm all traces of acetylene. E.
Pie t s c h and A. Ko t o w sk i(Z. angew. Chem., 1931, 44, 309—312).—As little as 3-7 X IQ- ' 1 vol.-% of C2JI2
can be detected by precipitation as Cu acetylide if the test is carried out in the following manner 1 g. of cryst. CuS04 is dissolved in a little H20, 4 c.c. of 20%
NH3 solution are added, and then 3 g. of NH2OH,HC'l are slowly added with shaking and the mixture is diluted to 50 c.c. The reagent will keep for 3 days. The authors’ trials were made with C2H2 mixed with II or C02. The reaction is, of course, inhibited by atm. O, or by I I2S: The characteristic cherry-red coloration of Cu acetylide requires for its good development the relative proportions of NII3 and N II2OH salt indicated above. In great dilution it is best seen by absorption from the reagent on a filter paper. I t was found th at if small traces of C2H2 were allowed to remain in the evacuated apparatus without diluent gas the apparent concentration was gradually reduced by adsorption on
the glass. C. Ir w in.
Solubility of asphalt bitum en and asphaltenes in certain m ixtu res. F. J. N e l l e n s t e y x (Chem.
Weekblad, 1931, 28, 313—314).—The author's surface tension theory (cf. B ., 1927, 132, 739) of the preparation of a solvent for asphaltenes by mixing two liquids in both of which the asphaltene is insoluble is applied to the preparation of such solvents by mixing E t20 and N H2Ph, and CH2Ph • OAc and CSH6. II. F. G i l l b e .
Shales. B. H o lm b e r g , S. K a l l e n b e r g , and S. P y k (Ingen. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 1930, No. 101, 5—78:
Chem. Zentr., 1931, i, 1206).-—Analyses of Swedish shales are recorded. In those affording a t least 4% of oil, 27% of the C and 28% of the H are found in the oil,
B r itis h C h e m ic a l A b s t r a c t s — B .
618 Ct.. II.— Fu e l; Ga s; Ta r; Mi n e r a l Oi l s.
and 10% and 25—30%, respectively, in the gases;
5—10% of the H forms water. Of the S, 20—30% is found in the gas and 1—2% in the oil. For the crude oil 1 1 :0 = 1-26—1 -18; S 2, 0 1—4, PhOH 0-1—
1-9%. A. A. Eldridge.
Vapour-phase treatm ent of cracked gasolines in the Vickers cracking unit. B. P. F r a d k i n and D. A . S tr o m (Neft. Oho?:., 1930, 18, 445—448).—The gasoline vapour is passed through fuller’s earth filters at 230—235°. The yield of final gasoline was 91-1 % ; it had d 0-737, gum 0-3% , and gave satisfactory corrosion and doctor tests. C h e m ic a l A b s t r a c t s .
G ases from crude oil cracked in the vapour phase. M. B. M a r k o v ic h and V. V. P i g u l e v s k i (Neft.
Choz., 1930, 18, 425— 441).—The permanent gas, “ blau gas,” and light gasoline contained, respectively, H 2 -4 , 0 - 2 , 0 ; saturated hydrocarbons 4 9 -0 , 2 9 -6 , 3 - 0 ; C2H 4 2 5 - 2 , 1 7 - 1 , 0 ; C3H 6 12, 2 4 -3 , 4 - 0 ; butylene 2 -9 , 9 -0 , 3 5 - 0 ; divinyl 2 -0 , 6 -6 , 1 8 - 0 ; higher unsaturated hydrocarbons 0, 2 -5 , 0 ; N, C 0 2, O, etc. 3 -0 , 0 - 4 , 0 wt.-%. C h e m ic a l A b s t r a c t s .
Gasoline dopes. H. C. D ic k in s o n (Ind. Eng. Chem., 1931, 23, 517—519).—The addition of dopes cannot appreciably affect the volatility a t low temp, or the distillation curve of the mixture. Claims for easier starting or improved total volatility cannot therefore be substantiated. Routine tests of the Bureau of Standards on about 150 dopes submitted have shown the latter to be valueless in improving engine performance. Claims for improved power development, apart from suppressing detonation, have no scientific basis. The value of dopes in preventing C deposits is difficult to prove, as C formation is dependent on such factors as carburettor setting and lubrication. T. A. S m ith .
Photographic flam e studies in the gasoline engine. L. W i t h r o w and T. A. B o y d (Ind. Eng. Chem., 1931, 23, 539—547).—A special head, fitted with a quartz glass window and carrying a camera, was fitted to the cylinder of an engine. Flame and pressure records were obtained for knocking and non-knocking fuels. Knocking is shown to be due to a manifold increase in the rate of inflammation within the latter portion of the charge. The results are similar to those obtained by Wheeler and co-workers in experiments with bombs. The conditions in the cylinder as deduced from the pressure curves are in agreement with the photographic evidence. The knock is apparently due to auto-ignition of the residual mixture and may result from the high temp, of th a t portion of the charge, owing to adiabatic compression. The violence of the knock is determined by the amount of unburnt mixture when these conditions occur. The effect of P bE t4 is to prevent the extremely rapid inflammation of the latter portion of the charge ; it has no effect on the velocity or character of the flame prior to the time a t which knock would occur in its absence. T. A. S m ith .
D ielectric constants of petroleum and its pro
ducts. V. Z iiu z e (Azerbaid. Neft.. Choz., 1930, No. 12, 88—98).—The dielectric const, of petroleum and paralfins increase with increase in d, b.p., and mol. wt., and are approx. equal to n£. For petroleum the temp.
coeff. is negative. The dielectric const, of naphthenic acids increase with increase in d, b.p., surface tension,
«d, and mol. wt. Ch e m ic a l Ab s t r a c t s. [Electrical] conductivity of petroleum em ulsions.
J. W o w k (Przemyśl Chem., 1931, 15, 172—180).—A
Borysław emulsion contained 51% II.,0 (dispersed), 10-7166% Cl, 5-944% Na, 0-7645% 0 a | 0-0661% Mg, 0-0194% K, 0-7445% (A1203 + Fe20 3), 0-3811% S i02, 0-0159% S04, and 0-0130% C 02. The viscosity of emulsions is increased by homogenisation. Conduc
tivity in both neutral and homogenised emulsions is a function of the p.d., the tension of the current passing being approx. proportional to the number of watts.
Certain observed deviations from Ohm’s law confirm the view th a t conductivity varies in the vicinity of the electrodes. Conductivity increases with temp, as a result of diminished viscosity. R . Tr u s z k o w s k i.
A linem ent chart for estim ating v iscosity -grav ity constant of petroleum lubricating oils. W. F.
H o u g h t o n and J. A. R o b b (Ind. Eng. Chem. [Anal.], 1931, 3, 144— 145).—The viscosity-gravity const, as determined by Hill and Coats (cf. B., 1928, 592) has been found useful not only for defining and classifying oils, but also for following refining processes. A chart has been devised so th a t the const, may be read directly when the sp. gr. and viscosity have been
determined. T. M c L a c h l a n .
A nalysis of petroleum and its d istillates for reducible substances and adsorbable m atter. B.
Gosman and J. H eyrovsky (Trans. Amer. Electrochem.
Soc., 1931, 59, 41—63).—Waves on polarographically recorded current-voltage curves, obtained by electrolysis with a dropping mercury cathode, of N II4C1 solutions which have been shaken with a petroleum fraction and freed from dissolved 0 by means of Na2S03, serve for the detection and approx. determination of reducible substances. Anomalous results with certain American oils, especially when extracted with NaOH solutions, are attributed to substances (probably naphthenic acids) which are adsorbed on the cathode and inhibit the reaction between 0 and sulphite. The presence and acidic character of these substances was also shown by their capacity for suppressing peaks on the current- voltage curves. Determination of the quantity of an oil required to halve the height of the peak due to Cu deposition from a dil. CuS04- H2S 04 solution in MeOH affords a measure of the adsorbable substances in the oil. Comparative data for various fractions of oils from different sources are quoted. H. J. T. E llingham .
A cetic acid.—See II. “ P h en o la tes.” —See III.
G ypsum .—See VII. Fuel control in steel industry.
—See X. Oxidation of oils.—See X II. Refuse fu els.—See X X III.
Pa t e n t s.
Coking of hydrocarbon m aterial, liquid or liquefiable by heat. B a r r e t t Co., Assees. of H. H.
B a i l e y (B .P . 347,030, 20.5.30. U.S., 22.5.29).—Tar or pitch is distilled in an externally heated retort until a semi-coke of volatile content 7—1 0% is produced.
The external heating is then discontinued and air intro
duced into the retort in such a manner as to subject the semi-coke to a type of “ beehive ” carbonisation,
B r itis h C h e m ic a l A b s t r a c t s — B .
Cl. I I . — Fu e l; Ga s; Ta b; Mi n e r a l Oi l s. 619
preferably for about 36 hr. A dense coke of low-S, ash, and volatile content is produced.
A. B. Ma n n in g. Manufacture of products from carbonaceous m aterials b y treatm ent w ith hydrogen or other reducing gases. H. D. E l k i n g t o n . From N.V. d e B a t a a f s c h e P e t r o l e u m M a a t s . (B.P. 346,689, 6.12.29, 14.12.29, and 30.1.30. Cf. B.P. 332,944 and 338,192 ; B., 1930, 1057 ; 1931, 286).-—Coals, tars, mineral oils, etc. are treated with reducing gases (H etc.) at raised temperatures and pressures in the presence of a catalyst prepared by absorbing a compound or compounds of Cr, W, U, M n, Co, Ni, or Fe [e.g., F e(0 II) 3 or Prussian blue], in colloidal condition, on activated C or finely- divided brown coal. A. B . Ma n n in g.
Production of carbon black. J . Y. J o h n s o n . From I. G. Fa r b e n in d. A.-G. (B.P. 346,680, 12.10.29).—
Gaseous or vaporous unsaturated hydrocarbons are passed over catalysts, e.g., metals, or oxides of metals, of the Fe group, at a temp, below th at at which complete decomposition of the hydrocarbon occurs, and prefer
ably such th a t 85—90% of the C therein is converted into C black. A. B. Ma n n in g.
Production of carbon and hydrogen chloride.
J. P. B a x t e r , and I m p e r i a l Chem. I n d u s t r i e s , L t d . (B.P. 346,858, 23.1.30).—Heavy hydrocarbons are cracked in the vapour phase in the presence of HC1, and the products are caused to react with Cl to form C black and further quantities of IICl, as described in B.P. 317,165 (B., 1929,803). A. B . Ma n n in g.
Removal of tar particles prior to recovery of clean oils from coal-distillation gases. B a r r e t t Co., Assees. of S. P. M i l l e r (B.P. 346,805, 18.12.29.
U.S., 18.12.28. Cf. B.P. 315,374 ; B., 1929, 970).—The gases collected from the ovens or retorts in the collector main are led while still hot to a de-tarring chamber wherein they are passed through fine sprays of tar or
pitch. A. B . M a n n i n g .
D istillation of tar. B a r r e t t Co., Assees. of S. P.
M i l l e r (B.P. 346,753, 10.1.30. U.S., 10.1.29).—Two separate supplies of tar are distilled simultaneously, the first by direct contact with a stream of highly heated gases, e.g., hot coke-oven gases, in a non-externally heated still, and the second by indirect contact -with the gases leaving the first still. The supplies of ta r and gases are so regulated th a t in the first distillation a pitch of high imp. (2 0 0° or above) is produced, and in the second a pitch of low m.p. and a light oil distillate are the products. A. B . Ma n n in g.
Aqueous em ulsions of tar. N. B e n d i x e n and J. G. Y. D. M o r g a n (B.P. 346,978, 3. and 24.4.30).—
Emulsions suitable for the surface-dressing of roads are prepared by using as emulsifier a saccharate formed from a mono- or di-saccharide, in particular Ca or K saccharate, in an amount not exceeding 1 0 wt.-% of the
tar. A. B . M a n n i n g .
Preparation of tarry and bitum inous solutions [for road-m aking]. R. A r n o t (B.P. 346,681, 15.10.
and 15.11.29).—To tar, bitumen, etc., which naturally may contain unsaturated compounds, a flux or diluent is added in the form of an oil, e.g., topped shale oil, also
containing unsaturated hydrocarbons, which will resinify, polymerise, or condense with the unsaturated compounds in the original material. Portland cement, CaO, or other basic material may be added to the mixture to accelerate drying. A. B. Ma n n in g.
Cracking of petroleum oil. R. T . P o l l o c k , Assr.
to U n i v e r s a l O i l P r o d u c t s Co. (U .S .P . 1,781,128, 11.11.30. Appl., 9.3.27).—Oil of high b.p. is subjected to a primary cracking treatment and the products are separated into at least three components, e.g., a gasoline and an intermediate oil fraction, and a residuum. The gasoline and residuum are removed from the cracking zone, and the cracking of the intermediate fraction is continued in successive stages, removing at each stage the gasoline fraction and residual products and treating in each succeeding stage only the intermediate fraction of the preceding stage. The cracking conditions at each stage are controlled so th a t a high yield of low- boiling distillate is obtained. H. S. Ga r u c k.
Refining of hydrocarbons [cracked gasoline].
E. C. I Ie r t h e l, Assr. to Sin c l a ir Re f in in g Co. (U.S.P.
1,781,388, l l . l i .30. Appl., 29.2.28).—Cracked gasoline, which -will give more than 3% of polymerides on treat
ment with, e.g., fuller’s earth, is passed downwards, in the vapour phase, through a bed of refining agent and then fractionated in a column. The high-boiling poly
merides are returned to the cracking plant, where they are used to scrub the cracked vapours and to remove
tar. T. A. Sm it h.
Dehydration of [hydrocarbon] oil. W . L . P a l m e r , Assr. to N a t . D e h y d r a t o r C o rp . (U.S.P. 1,781,076, 11.11.30. Appl., 4.4.27).—An emulsion is separated into its constituents by passing it over plates which are rapidly oscillated in a direction at right angles to the flow of the emulsion. Spaced plates are mounted on a horizontal axis and rapidly oscillated, the emulsion being distributed over the upper edges of the plates and flowing down between them. I t is unnecessary to heat the emulsion. T. A. Sm it h.
Manufacture of lubricants. F. S. D e n g l e r , Assr.
to T e x a s Co. (U.S.P. 1,781,444, 11.11.30. Appl., 15.10.26).—Paraffin or semi-paraffin base crude is dis
tilled until the residue has a flash point of 190—245°, and this residue is then oxidised by means of air at 205—270° until the product melts a t 95—150°.
T. A. Sm it h. Production of cliatterless [lubricating] oil. T. W.
Do e ll and E. N . Kl e m g a r d, Assr. to St a n d a rd Oil Co.
o f Ca l if o r n ia (U .S .P . 1,781,167, 11.11.30. Appl., 12.10.26).—About 3% of the complex Pb soap prepared by co-precipitation from a mixed solution of the alkali salts of unsaturated fatty acids (e.g., oleic, ricinoleic acids) and naphthenic acids (from petroleum oils) is added to a mineral lubricating oil.
E. Le w k o w it s c h. Fractionally extracting petroleum hydrocarbons with alcohol. T . A. W e r k e n t h i n , Assr. to S o l a r R e fin in g . Co. (U.S.P. 1,781,420—1,' 11.11.30. Appl., 30.12.27).—The oil is caused to spread in a thin film over travs or perforated plates and comes into contact with alcohol vapours from an extract alcohol still. The undissolved oil and dissolved oil extract pass to a
b2
B r itis h C h e m ic a l A b s t r a c t s — B .
0 2 0 Cl. i n . — Or g a n i c In t e r m e d i a t e s.
settling tank, where the bulk of the undissolved oil separates. Final separation is accomplished centrifug- ally. The extract is passed to a still, the alcohol is distilled off, and the extracted oil passed to storage.
The undissolved oil separated in the settling tank and centrifuge is returned for re-treatment. The entire process is operated under a pressure approx. 6 — 8 lb./in.2
above atm. II. S. Ga r l ic k.
Treatm ent of liquid partial-oxidation products [of oils]. J . H. J a m e s , Assr. to C. P. B y r n e s (U.S.P.
1,753,516—7, 8.4,30. Appl., [a ] 7.3.21, [b] 2.7.25).—
(a) Oxidised oil, e.g., oxidised mineral oil, is fractionally distilled, and higher fractions (above 2 0 0°) are sul- phonated, the sulphonic acids being extracted with brine and boiled with NaOH to give soaps, (b) The aldehydo- fatty acids present in oxidised oils are removed by con
version into soaps, e.g., by boiling with alkali, and the residual oil is further oxidised. C. Ho l l in s.
T ube-still furnace. Drying of coal. Filter.
Nebulising liquids.—See I. Coating com positions.
—See II. Conversion of acetylene. Rem oving acids from crude oils. Chlorinated hydrocarbons. D is
persing agents etc.—See III. W aterproofing of sheets.—See VI. Zeolites.—See VII. M astic as- phalte.—See IX. Carbon electrodes.—See XI. In secticide.—See XVI.
III.-0 R G A N IC INTERMEDIATES.
Opium alkaloids as reagents for formaldehyde.
C. C. Fu l to n (Ind. Eng. Chem. [Anal.], 1931, 3, 200—
201).—The opium tests for the detection of CII20 react best at an acid concentration of 75—85% and not, as usually stated, in conc. II2S04. The delicacy of the test is much enhanced by the addition of traces of F e2(S04 )3 or UNO., as an o x id an t; with such addition, apomorphine, codeine, pseudomorphine, and papa
verine give the best results, being sensitive to
2 — 1 p.p.m. in water. The test is not specific as it is given by other aldehydes, although a comparison of colours with several alkaloids makes identification fairly
certain. T. McLa c h la n.
[Salkovski’s] reaction for form aldehyde and its application to the investigation of foodstuffs. A.
v a n D r u t e n (Chem. Weekblad, 1931, 28 , 283—288).—
The conditions of Salkovski’s reaction, and the influence of the concentration of the peptone, FeCl3, and HC1 has been investigated. The following method of carrying out the test is recommended: 0-1 g. of W itte’s peptone is dissolved in 5 c.c. of the sample by shaking and heating just to the b .p .; 0-3 c.c, of 1% FeCl3 solution and 5 c.c. of 8Ar-HCl are added, and the solution is again heated just to the b.p. After 5 min. 10 c.c. of water are added and the colour is observed; a stable blue or violet colour indicates the presence of CH20, which, however, is not necessarily present in the original solution. Certain aromatic aldehydes gives a positive
reaction. IE F. G i l l b e .
Acetic acid and cellulose acetate in the United States. E. P . P a r t r i d g e (Ind. Eng. Chem., 1931, 23, 482—497).—A considerable amount of AcOII is still manufactured by fermentation of EtOH, but the maxi
mum concentration possible is 13—14%. The crude
product is distilled and used for the manufacture of AcOEt. Wood-distillation processes in which AcOII is produced directly from pyroligneous liquor include the Brewster process, which employs extraction with E t20,
ot more recently with isopropyl ether. The latter reagent yields practically anhyd. AcOH. The Suida process employs an extracting agent with b.p. above that of AcOH, e.g., wood oil. The most modern form of plant used in this process with increased rectification capacity gives 90—95% acid. The MeOH instead of being previously removed as in other extraction pro
cesses is carried through the columns as vapour and afterwards condensed. The Shawinigan process using CaC2 as starting material is described briefly. Little further development of either synthetic or wood AcOH manufacture is likely in America for some time owing to economic conditions, and both processes are threatened by newer synthetic processes working from EtOH.
The consumption of AcOH in various industries is surveyed in detail. The properties and uses of cellulose acetate are described. The Brewster process has been applied to the recovery of AcOH from its dil. solution in the end-liquor. The Ac20 required is also made from the end-liquors after concentration and conversion into AcONa, using S 02C12. In Germany a process is oper
ating in which glacial AcOH is vaporised and passed over N aP 03 as catalyst a t 400—800°. The interaction of AcCl and glacial AcOH may be economical in the near future. Liquid S 02 as a solvent in place of glacial AcOH has been recently applied commercially. C. Ir w in.
“ P h en olates.” K. L u t s (Tehnika Ajakiri, 1930, 9, 170—173; Chem. Zentr.,' 1931, i, 1 2 1 0—1 2 1 1).—A method for determining neutral oil in “ phenolates ” depends on extraction with xylene in presence of NaOH in a two-bulbed flask with a graduated neck. Material from shale oil has the formula C2111280 1.7 ; owing to hydrolysis it appears to continue to yield neutral oil to E t20 or CS2. Continued exposure to air affords a solid product. A. A. E l d r i d g e .
MeOH antifreeze.—See I. Acenaphthene for dyes.—See IV. U rsolic acid etc. [for lacquers].—
See X III. Lactic acid.—See X V III. E thylene oxide as fum igant. D etection etc. of butyric acid.—
See X IX . Trinitrotoluene. A m in es.—See X X II.
Pa t e n t s.
Conversion of acetylene into higher-boiling hydrocarbon products. N.V. d e B a t a a f s c h e P e t r o l e u m M a a t s . (B .P . 344,470, 28.10.29. Holl., 13.11.28).—In the condensation of C2H2 under pressure explosion is avoided by effecting reaction in presence of a liquid medium, e.g., decalin, paraffin oil, transformer oil, etc. The C2H2 may be generated from CaC2 and I I 20 in the autoclave, define gases may be added.
C. Ho l l in s. Production of ketones [from acetylene and alcohols, aldehydes, acids, etc.]. H o l z v e r k o h l - UNGS-lND. A.-G. (B .P . 344,449, 3.12.29. Ger., 25.1.29).
—The exothermic conversion of C2H2 into C0Me2 is combined with a non-exothermic ketonisation, e.g., of EtOH, AcOEt, MeCHO, or AcOH. The catalysts of B .P . 302,759 (B ., 1929, 163) are used. A mixture of
