MOTIVATION MECHANISMS OF YOUTH BEHAVIOR ON UKRAINIAN LABOUR MARKET

Ternopil institute of social and informative technologies, Ukraine vdovtsova@yahoo.com

MOTIVATION MECHANISMS OF YOUTH BEHAVIOR ON UKRAINIAN LABOUR MARKET

Abstract

In the article it has been analyzed the main motivation mechanisms of youth behavior on today labour market (on the Ukraine statistics committee information and questionnaire research results of youth intensive intentions in relation to employment conducted in countries of Central and Easten Europe).

Key words: motivation mechanisms, labour market, level of young people economic activity, social and professional orientations, economic activity.

Raising of problems.

Youth segment of labour market has a great role in country development. One of so- cial orientation indexes of market economy is successful output of youth on labour market, which depends on personal characteristics, values and youth motivation and from the possibilities of state to provide work place for futute specialists.

Market economy transformation and forming of high-quality new busy status in Ukraine comes, from one side, to enhancement young people in the choice of spheres and types of activity, territorial and professional mobility, changed its requirements to the workplace, from other side, – the unscreenedness of young people rose at the of labour market, substantially complicated it social integration, the problems of youth unemployment were sharpened. In this connection the problem of motivation mechanisms of young people behavior at the labour market became very important and actual.

Exposition of basic material.

Generally known, that the basic constituents of successful output of young people to the labour market are: from the one side, its labour activity motivation, from the other side – state possibility to provide the proper level of future specialists preparation and employment.

On January 1, 2001 in Ukraine there were 10 million persons in the age of 15-29 years, that means that there is one fifth part of all Ukrainian population on them.

The demographic structure of labour-market in Ukraine is made by such groups of un- employed young people: graduating students of general schools, професійно-технічних і higher educational establishments; fired because of changes in production organization; ser- vicemen, fired from urgent service in Military powers; women, who were in children care vocation, or were house-keepers; other categories (exempt because of staff fluidity, pupils of 9-10 forms, young people, unoccupied more than year and others like that).

Today at the labour youth market we can observe such tendencies: a workplaces shortage on national and regional labour-markets, predominance of youth labour force suggestion above demand, considerable distribution of external labour migrationin in the

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youth environment, disparity of young specialists abilities and skills to the employers requirements. However, there is a tendency to the increasing of young people economic activity level (table 1).

Table 1 The level of young people economic activity level according to age groups, % to the total population the proper age group

Age groups Year

15-24 years old 25-29 years old 30-34 years old

2003 37,9 83,0 85,6

2004 40,2 82,4 85,1

2005 40,2 81,4 84,2

2006 40,8 81,4 85,1

2007 41,8 82,2 85,8

Sourse: given by the Ukrainian Statutory broker

The basic motivation factor in strategy choosing, employment tactic and actions effi- ciency at the labour market for young people is their relation to market transformations in society, in particular willingness to operate in accordance with requirements of market envi- ronment.

As a result of sociological research, conducted by the State institute of family and young people problems in February-March in 2004, we can point out such basic factors which influence on the youth contingent of society during going into the labour market:

1. Social and professional orientations of young people are socially professional status, proper level of education, sphere of activity (mental or physical work) and economy branch, concrete profession, the form of organization or enterprise ownership.

2. Reasons of profession choosing are self-realization and capabilities display, financial material well-being; prestige and career; intercourse (work in a collective, customer relations); labour contents (professional interest, creative character, labour result, independence of decisions, skills improvement); labour conditions, public benefit.

3. Economic orientations are socio-economic processes estimation in society and family financial status, attitude toward riches, unemployment; imagination about existing in society methods of rich achievement.

4. Imagination about vital success and methods of its achievement – vitally meaningful aims and basic methods of their achievement, place of financial sufficiency in a structure vitally meaningful aims.

5. Economic activity – real and проективна (experience of independent earnings, regularity of economic activity; attitude toward carrying on business and desire to make it, orientation on own business, possible actions in case of unimployment.

All of them determine the model of behavior and employment peculiarities of different groups of young people. In fact exactly in the age 15-28 it is becoming the growing of personality, in which a determining role belongs to participating in labour activity.

In 2006 Ternopil center of sociological researches, within the project framework сalling the

„LAMA” 6, done by Scope program together with Schecinsk University (Poland) and partners from the countries of Central East Europe conducted the sociological research to level the students en- terprise skills, within the limits of which there were polled 600 persons in higher educational

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establishments in Ukraine. As a result of this research it is possible to do certain conclusions in relation to young people motivation while their working on the labour market of Ukraine.

For today under the influence of western culture it very popular for youths to get maximum material welfares. Concordantly research information, 85,1% persons would like to put beginning for their own business, and 14,9% – renounce such prospect. However, only 51,6% polled plan to open an own firm, while 48,4% – no. Thus we found out the young peo- ple opinion in relation to basic obstacles for establishment of own business: high taxes – 24,1%, high labour costs – 5,2%, inflexible labour legislation – 7,1%, bureaucratic regulations related to conducting business activities – 12,0%, lack of consistency in law-making, chang- ing laws and regulations – 8,6%, low prestige of entrepreneur’s profession – 4,7%, difficulties in raising capital – 7,8%, high competitiveness – 18,9%, processes in globalization of econ- omy – 3,2%, problem of finding the right market niche – 6,2%, you are alone – 2,2%.

So, one of the main reason for establishment of own business is the possibility of good money, satisfaction of financial necessities (pic.1).

Pic 1. Distributing of answers on question «Whether do you agree that having an own firm you must have the best possibilities to earn more» (%)

no 20,6%

yes 79,4%

Source: own working on the basis of the questionnaire questioning, which was conducted by the Ternopil center of sociological researches and Schecinskiy University (within the frame- work of project of „LAMA” 6 the Scope program ES), 2006

For today employment motivation of graduating students of higher educational establishments is an important problem. According to the research information, conducted by the Ternopil center of sociological researches, students after finishing higher educational establishments plan:

• to open my own company (employer) – 40,4%;

• to get a job in the private company (employee) – 37,7%;

• to get a job in the state institution/company (civil servant) – 22%.

As a research result such following factors influence on the work search after graduating from higher educational establishments: higher earnings – 15,0%, self-realization and satisfaction from work – 12,6%, possibility of improving one's qualifications – 12,2%, fast-track possibilities – 12,0%, higher prestige – 8,6%, good atmosphere on-the-job – 7,5%, no additional action is needed – 5,5%, wider duties and responsibilities – 4,7%, risk of capital loss – 3,7%, narrower duties and responsibilities – 3,5%, not-standardized working hours – 2,9% (рiс. 2).

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Рiс 2. Youth employment motivation

higher prestige 8,6%

fast-track po ssibilities

12,0%

no (additio nal) actio n is needed

5,5%

higher earnings 15,0%

po ssibility o f impro ving o ne's

qualificatio ns 12,2%

no t-standardized wo rking ho urs

2,9%

self -realizat ion and satisf action f rom work

12,6%

risk o f capital lo ss 3,7%

wider duties and respo nsibilities

4,7%

go o d atmo sphere o n-the-jo b

7,5%

narro wer duties and respo nsibilities

3,5%

Source: own working on the basis of the questionnaire questioning, which was conducted by the Ternopil center of sociological researches and Schecinskiy University (within the frame- work of project of „LAMA” 6 the Scope program ES), 2006

Young people, unlike other age-dependent groups of population, in the search of prof- itable work, are more mobile in a territorial and professional relation. It costs to mark on that not casting aside aspiring to productive employment and self-affirmation, in the conditions of the narrowed demand and on a background the wide spectrum of economic interests it consid- erably higher puts interests of the rapid enriching, than other age-old categories of population, easier ignores here national state interests in the plan of its human capital maintenance.

The forced unemployment forms in youths motivation of labour migration with a purpose:

• aspiration to improve financial position or promote the social status;

• to get possibility of professional growth.

As a research result on the question «Are you likely to look for a job abroad? » 71%

respondents answered «yes», and 29% – «no». And on the question «What stops you from doing it? » 33,6% answered that family bonds, 25,1% – attachment to the homeland, 18,6%

– fear for change and 22,7% – insufficient knowledge of foreign languages.

Consequently, we can select such groups of motivational constituents of young people behavior at the labour market in Ukraine:

1. Actually economic reasons (size of earnings and stability), that means satisfaction of financial necessities.

2. Reasons of self-realization through labour, self-perfection, profession prestige, pos- sibility of quarry growth.

3. Reasons of labour terms convenience, its comfort, transport availability.

Conclusions and prospects of further researches.

In Ukraine one of state youth policy directions is labour development and social activ- ity of young people, their legal defense with consideration of economic interests, professional and social possibilities of society. Adaptation of young people to the new conditions and la- bour requirements promotes their labour mobility, helps their professional and vital becom- ing, promotes general labour productivity and so on.

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Today there are two different processes at the labour market, which affects market state of affairs: the integration of young people in labour-market helps to rise the level of their enlisting in the sphere of labour activity, professionalism growing; the complication of job placement results in worsening position of young people at the labour market.

For the more effective problem decision of young people job placement it is needed to enter the system of economic stimulation of enterprises and organizations with the help of encouragement of those employers who give work for graduating students of educational es- tablishments.

One of perspective ways of adjusting an employment policy is assistance to develop- ment of entrepreneurial activity. Young people are more active and apt at the enterprise.

That’s why it is good to assist to youth enterprise development, to the improvement of educa- tional and social psychological support of young businessmen, to give the benefits and credits to them.

In the field of professional young people preparation it is important to balance youth demand on the educational services with necessities in the specialists of different specialities at the labour market. Especially, it costs to explore possibilities of regional labour-markets, create there job positions and conduct the proper educational qualifying preparation of young people. This will assist to the rise the level of job placement of higher educational establish- ments for graduating students of the definite speciality, and it will help to decline the unem- ployment rate.

Job placement for graduating students of educational establishments is a social prob- lem. Today there are a lot of thoughts dealing with responsibility of educational establishment for the graduating students’ job placement. Some specialists consider that basic task of educa- tional establishment is to provide educational services, but not subsequent job placement. In our opinion, exactly after the employed students quantity there is to be formed rating educa- tional establishment.

With the purpose of bringing young people to the labour activity it would be good to use various types of temporal works due to the active suggestion of new specialities, which are in demand at employers (courier, promoter, publicity agent).

Literature:

1. Соціальні проблеми працевлаштування молоді / О.М.Балакірєва, В.В.Онікієнко, О.В.Валькована – К.: Державний інститут проблем сім’ї та молоді, 2004.

– 144 с.

2. Покрищук В., Горошко Л. Мотиваційна поведінка безробітної молоді в Украї- ні // Україна: аспекти праці. – 2005. – №8 – С. 3-6.

3. Basic statistical indicators for labour statistics (2000-2007) // www.ukrstat.gov.ua 4. International Centre for Policy Studies: web: www.icps.kiev.ua/publications/

5. www.lama.edu.pl 6. www.csr.co.ua

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