Current practices in solid biomass terminals in the Netherlands

(1)

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

(2)

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

(3)

E( 2 2( (

( 6 +7 %

2 2 ! ( A ( ! 2

( ! 2 M N M N

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

(4)

2( !! ( 2 B 2 2 ( ( 2( !! =M ( N ! ! > ! ( E(

@ % 115& <1/% %5 & %G 51 &/

! 1 2 ! ! ! !! / ! ( ! ( ! ! E( E( ! ( 2 ! @ 5( ! 0( =50 > 0 L 5( ! 0( =50 > 0 L ( !( ! 2( ! ( 1 ! ! N ( ! ( 2( ! ( ( ( 2 ! ( ( =F ( > ( ! 5( ! ( ( ! ( ! "4 + 50 !! 3 ,4 444 + ! ",? 2 ! & ( =50 0 L > @ 8 ! ( + $, (! < 3 B ! ( 2 2( 2( E( = 44 444 + _! _> ! ( 2 !! ! ! ! ! + ( ! ( 2( ! 44? ( 2 2 ! 2 ( ( ! 2 ! 2( ! !! 2( ! 2( B 2 / ! 2 2 ( ( 2 ! 2 E( !! B ! ( 2 ! ( ! B =F ( "> / ( ! ! ( 22 ! (!! 2 2 ! ( < 2 =50 0 L > E( 2( ( ! =F ( > $4 444 + ₂ _! 2 ( ! ! ( ! ( ( ( F 2 ( 9 9 E( & ! ! ( ! 2 B ( ! ( @ " 8 ! E( 2( ! ( ( ( 3 ! ( 2 2( ! ( 2 2 !

(5)

3! ( ! ( ( ! 2 50 E( ! ! ( ( ( 2 ! 2 ( ! ( ! 2 ! ( 9 / ! ( 2 ,49,,S% ( / ( 50 ( ! 2 B ( ( ( 2( ! ( 2( ! ( M N ! ( ( ! ! ( ! ( ! / ! ! ( ! 2 ! E( ! ! ! ! ! ! 2 ( +4 444 + ₂₍ ₊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

(6)

! 3 ! 2 3 ! ( ( ! ( M N ( ! ! ( ( ! ! ! 2 ( =( ( N > / ! E( !! ;" ( E( !! %;" 2 E( ! ( / 5Q9! A ! ( ! ! ( ! ( N 2 F ( E( !! 2 ! ( ! 2 ( ! 3! E( @ " + ; ( / @ + ! ( ! ! 2 ! 2 F ( (! 49 ,? 3 ! ( E( ! 2 3! 3 2 ( / TG ! F ( , TG ! @ + 1 0( =10 > 0 L 1 0( =10 > 0 L ( !( ! 2( ! ! 1 F ( ... ! ! ( ( ( 2 (! G B < 9 =#44 K +_> _! ₍ : & 5 5( ! % ! 3 ( ! ",4 ! #449-44 ! ! = 9 9 > =F ( #> 10 ! / . #444 K ! ! M ( N ! ! 2 ! ! ! ! 10 N =10 0 L > @ + 8 ! 8 ! ( 2 ! ! ( 2 ! G 2 ! 2 ! ! ! ( ! =2( 44? > ,44 2 3 ( ! $44 +_K 8 ! ! 2 ! 2( ( ! ! ( 10 ! ! ( 3 ! ! @? ! ( ! 2 2 ! ! ( , ( ( !! "K+ 2 ! ( = > K+ ( 44? ( ( 2 ( 9 E( ( ! ! ( ! 2 ( 2 ( / 10 N 3! ( 3! ! / 5Q E( ! ( ! ( ! / 5Q ( 2 ! ( ( 3! ( 2 ( ! ! @ + " 8 ! 10 ." 444 + ₂ ! A # " 444 + "4 444 +_{=F (} _->

(7)

" 1 0( =10 0 L > ! 9 2 ! ( ! 2 ",9+4S% ! ( ! ( M N ! ! ( < 2 3 10 ! 8 ! ( #4S% ! ( ( ! 2 ( ( ( 2 2 ( & ! 2 2 ( / 10 N 3! ! ( 2 ! 2 ( ( ( ! < ! ! %;" ! ! 2 2( !! E( 2 E( ! / 10 ! F ( $ # 10 !

, %;&% ;& /& % ;&

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

(8)

6#7 0 F !

0 (3 / F / ( (

/ & 1 ! &( 2 & +44 "4 +

6-7 & 1 2 A ! ( ! 3! ..49 "4 + 1 !)KK 2 K 8 2K!(2 KU V 5&W</V-4-$.5& / 4+9 "9"4 @ 6$7 ( 0 F ( =&; > 5 2 1 !)KK K K"4"@@,$9 9 9 92 / +94+9"4 , 6.7 / 5 =L > 5 ( 9 ( G B! 2 L 2 ( 9 / ( ( ! L ( +@#@ "4 " 6 47 < ( = 5<L> 5 ! ( B( ( G B! "4 6 7 & (

2 ( & 5&L 1 4 4 & % & "44$ 6 "7 ;2 2 A ! 2 D ! ( ( B 2 ! : "4 4 6 +7 : 0 ! ( 2 ( 92 3 G/</ 2( $=@>)"9 $ "4 6 @7 1 F 0 < 5 ". ="44#> ! 9 " 6 ,7 8 0 ) ( ( / /05 / ( / "44$ 6 #7 1 8( < ! ! 2 0 0 +, ="4 > ! "4.+9"4 , 6 -7 1 8( / 2 2( < "4 + 6 $7 8 ( ) ! ( "4 " 6 .7 1 C 0 / ( 2 8 % 0( G : 6"47 ( 2 < ) 2 2( 1 0 . ="44@> ! # 1 !)KK K2 K2 .4@ ! 6" 7 0 G 53 ( 8 ! 2 9 ( 1 !)KK ( K ! K(! K 9! 9 ( - /%:&;8 5 5 5& /( ( ! ! ! ( ! (! !