Widok „Sprawy dni dawno minionych...” w kontekście „Ulicy generałów” Anatolia Gładilina

„ȾȿɅȺ ȾȺȼɇɈ ɍɒȿȾɒɂɏ ȾɇȿɃ…” ȼ ɄɈɇɌȿɄɋɌȿ ɍɅɂɐɕ ȽȿɇȿɊȺɅɈȼ ȺɇȺɌɈɅɂə ȽɅȺȾɂɅɂɇȺ

“MATTERS OF PAST DAYS…” IN THE CONTEXT OF THE STREET OF GENERALS BY ANATOLY GLADILIN

ɂɈȺɇɇȺ ɆəɇɈȼɋɄȺ

ABSTRACT. In the article the artistic work and silhouette of a forgotten Russian emigrant, Anatoly Gladilin, are both researched. He was a representative of the third wave of Russian emigration and the author of The Street of Generals. In the so-called Soviet text the atmosphere of the 1960s, in which Anatoly Gladilin appeared as a writer, was reconstructed. Reflecting the historical and factual image of the 1960s generation, Gladilin recalls many authors who, as well as he, were forced to leave their homeland and to eat the bitter bread of exile.

Joanna Mianowska, Uniwersytet im. Kazimierza Wielkiego, Bydgoszcz – Polska.

ɂɦɹ Ⱥɧɚɬɨɥɢɹ Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɢɦ, ɧɨ ɨɧɨ ɩɪɨɱ-ɧɨ ɜɨɲɥɨ ɜɨ ɜɫɟ ɷɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ1 . ɋɬɚɜ ɷɦɢ-ɝɪɚɧɬɨɦ ɜ ɚɩɪɟɥɟ 1976 ɝɨɞɚ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɨɛɨɡɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɩɚɪɢɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɚ-ɠɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɪɚɞɢɨ „ɋɜɨɛɨɞɚ” ɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɦ „ɇɟɦɟɰɤɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ”, Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧ ɞɨɥɝɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɛɵɥ ɜ ɡɚɛɵɬɶɢ. ȿɝɨ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɢɡɵɦɚɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɡɚɩɪɟɳɚɥɢɫɶ, ɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɨɤɬɹɛɪɟ 1991 ɝɨɞɚ ɨɧ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɭɜɢɞɟɥ Ɇɨɫɤɜɭ. ɋɬɨɥɢɰɚ ɜ ɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɭɞɢɜɢɥɚ ɟɝɨ „ɩɨɥɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɝɭɥɨɦ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ”, ɢɛɨ ɨɧ ɩɨɦɧɢɥ, ɤɚɤ ɜɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ, ɫɨɜɫɟɦ „ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ”. Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɧɚ „ɋɜɨɛɨɞɟ” ɢ ɜ „ɇɟɦɟɰɤɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɟ” ɧɟ ɩɨɦɟɲɚɥɚ ɜ ɩɢɫɚ-ɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɏɪɨɧɢɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ ȼɢɤɬɨɪɚ ɉɨɞɝɭɪɫɤɨɝɨ. ȼ ɷɦɢ-ɝɪɚɰɢɢ Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧɵɦ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ Ɋɟɩɟɬɢɰɢɹ ɜ ɩɹɬ-ɧɢɰɭ (1977), Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɛɨɟɜɨɣ ɞɟɧɶ (1983) ɢ ɡɚɬɟɦ Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɚɹ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɚɹ ɋɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ (1985), Ɇɟɧɹ ɭɛɢɥ ɫɤɨɬɢɧɚ ɉɟɥɥ (1989), Ɍɟɧɶ ɜɫɚɞɧɢɤɚ (2000) ɢ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɀɭɥɢɤɢ, ɞɨɛɪɨ ɩɨɠɚɥɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɉɚɪɢɠ (2007) ɢ ɍɥɢɰɚ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɨɜ. ɉɨɩɵɬɤɚ ɦɟɦɭɚɪɨɜ (2008). ȼ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɢɫɥɨɜɢɢ ɤ ɩɨ-ɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ, Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧ ɩɢɲɟɬ: […] ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɦɚɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨ […] ɜ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ, ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ, ɢ ɩɪɨɱɟɟ, ɢ ɩɪɨɱɟɟ. ɂ ɥɢɲɶ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɨ ɜɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɱɟɟ, ɧɟɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɦɭɡɵɤɚ. ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ, ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɍɥɢɰɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɨɜ ɹ ɧɚɲɟɥ ɦɨɸ ɦɟɥɨɞɢɸ2_. ________________ 1_{ɋɦ. Ɋɭɫɫɤɢɟ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɢ ɏɏ ɜɟɤɚ. Ȼɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ, ɝɥ. ɪɟɞ. ɢ ɫɨɫɬ. ɉ.} ɇɢɤɨɥɚ-ɟɜ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2000, ɫ. 187–188. 2_{Ⱥ. Ƚ ɥ ɚ ɞ ɢ ɥ ɢ ɧ, ɍɥɢɰɚ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɨɜ. ɉɨɩɵɬɤɚ ɦɟɦɭɚɪɨɜ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2008, ɫ. 8.}

ɋ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɬɶɫɹ, ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɤɧɢɝɟ ɍɥɢɰɚ ɝɟ-ɧɟɪɚɥɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɟɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɣ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɫ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɫɤɢɦ, ɢ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɬɟɦ ɫɚ-ɦɵɦ ɨɛɨɝɚɳɚɟɬ ɢ ɜɧɨɫɢɬ ɜ ɷɬɭ „ɩɨɩɵɬɤɭ ɦɟɦɭɚɪɨɜ” ɫɜɨɢ ɚɤɰɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɧɸɚɧɫɵ. ɋɬɨɢɬ ɨɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶɫɹ ɨ ɡɚɝɥɚɜɢɢ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɇɚɱɚɥɨ ɍɥɢɰɵ ɝɟɧɟ-ɪɚɥɨɜ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹɦɢ 12-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɱɢɤɚ, ɚ ɤɨɧɰɨɜɤɚ ɦɟɦɭɚ-ɪɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɜɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧ, […] ɫɬɨɢɬ ɩɨɞ ɚɤɫɟɧɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɫɚɝɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɦɧɟ ɩɪɢɲɥɨɫɶ ɩɟɪɟɩɢɫɚɬɶ, ɹ ɜɜɟɥ ɧɟɨɛɯɨ-ɞɢɦɵɟ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ⱥ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɜ ɤɧɢɝɟ – ɷɬɨ, ɛɭɞɟɦ ɬɚɤ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ – ɞɟɥɚ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɭɲɟɞɲɢɯ ɞɧɟɣ […]3 . ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɣ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɜ ɤɧɢɝɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ 60-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ, ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɭɸ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨ-ɝɨ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪ ɍɥɢɰɵ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɨɜ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡ ɠɢɡɧɢ „ɋɨɮɶɢ ȼɥɚɫɶɟɜɧɵ” (ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɚ ɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɚɹ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ), ɧɪɚɜɵ, ɢɞɟɢ ɢ ɫɬɢɥɶ ɷɩɨɯɢ. ɇɚɩɨɦɧɢɦ, ɱɬɨ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɗɩɲɬɟɣɧ ɩɵɬɚɥɫɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ 70–80-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ, ɪɚɫɤɨɥɞɨɜɵɜɚɹ ɫɨɜɟɬ-ɫɤɢɟ ɚɪɯɟɬɢɩɵ, ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ4 . Ɇɢɪ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨ-ɜɟɤɚ 60-ɯ ɩɵɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɪɚɫɲɢɮɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɵ ɉɟɬɪ ȼɚɣɥɶ ɢ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ Ƚɟɧɢɫ5 . Ɋɚɫɫɤɚɡɱɢɤ ɜ ɍɥɢɰɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɨɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɞɟɥɢɬ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɤɢ, ɧɚɡɵ-ɜɚɹ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɫɤɭɸ „ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɶɸ”6 . ȼ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧ ɧɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɵ-ɜɚɟɬ ɧɢ ɫɟɛɹ, ɧɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɦɭɱɟɧɢɤɨɜ. ɗɩɢɬɟɬ „ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɣ” ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ – „ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɪɨɞ”, „ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ”, „ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɣ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɠɢɡɧɢ”. ɋ ɧɢɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɫɨ-ɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ. Ƚɨɦɨ ɫɨɜɟɬɢɤɭɫ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣ-ɫɬɜɢɸ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ. ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɟ ɝɚɡɟɬɵ ɢ ɠɭɪɧɚ-ɥɵ, Ʌɢɬɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɢɦ. Ƚɨɪɶɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɵ, ɏɏ ɫɴɟɡɞ Ʉɉɋɋ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɨɬɬɟɩɟɥɶ, ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɚɹ ɷɥɢɬɚ (ȿɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɚ Ɏɭɪɰɟɜɚ, ɉɚɜɟɥ ɋɚɬɸɤɨɜ, Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɣ Ⱥɞɠɭɛɟɣ, ȼɚɥɟɧɬɢɧ Ʉɚɬɚɟɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ) – ɷɬɨ ɥɢɰɨ ɷɩɨɯɢ, ɢɫɤɚɠɚɸɳɟɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢ-ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɨ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɟɟ. ȿɜɝɟɧɢɣ ȿɜɬɭɲɟɧɤɨ, Ⱥɧɞɪɟɣ ȼɨɡɧɟɫɟɧ-ɫɤɢɣ, Ɋɨɛɟɪɬ Ɋɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧȼɨɡɧɟɫɟɧ-ɫɤɢɣ, Ȼɟɥɥɚ Ⱥɯɦɚɞɭɥɢɧɚ, ɘɧɧɚ Ɇɨɪɢɰ – ɢɯ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭɤɪɚɲɚɥɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɝɚɡɟɬ ɢ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɨɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ 1960-ɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ, ɧɨ ɭɠɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ, ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɹɪɤɢɟ – ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ ȼɨɣɧɨɜɢɱ, ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ Ⱥɤɫɟ-ɧɨɜ, Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɨɜ, Ȼɨɪɢɫ Ȼɚɥɬɟɪ, ȼɢɤɬɨɪ Ʉɨɧɟɰɤɢɣ, Ƚɥɟɛ ɋɟɦɟȺɤɫɟ-ɧɨɜ, ɂɥɶɹ Ʉɪɭɩɧɢɤ ɢ ɞɪ.7 _{ɗɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ „ɥɢɯɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ”, ɤɨɝɞɚ} „…ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɨɬɬɟɩɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɛɨɞ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɡɚɤɪɭɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɝɚɣɤɢ, ________________ 3 _{ɋɦ. ɂ. Ʉ ɨ ɪ ɧ ɟ ɟ ɜ ɚ, Ɏɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬ ɧɚ „ɍɥɢɰɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɨɜ”, ɧɚ ɫɚɣɬɟ: http://www.rg.ru} /printable/2008/03/05gladilin.html (10.11.2011). 4_{ɋɦ. Ɇ. ɗ ɩ ɲ ɬ ɟ ɣ ɧ, ȼɟɥɢɤɚɹ ɋɨɮɶ (ɫɟɪɢɹ Ɋɚɞɭɝɚ ɦɵɫɥɢ), ɋɚɦɚɪɚ 2006.} 5_{ɋɦ. ɉ. ȼ ɚ ɣ ɥ ɶ, Ⱥ. Ƚ ɟ ɧ ɢ ɫ, Ɋɨɞɧɚɹ ɪɟɱɶ. ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɟ ɛɚɪɨɤɤɨ. 60-ɟ. Mɢɪ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ} ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɋɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ 2-ɯ ɬɨɦɚɯ, ɬ. 1, ȿɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɛɭɪɝ 2003, ɫ. 509–948. 6 A. Ƚ ɥ ɚ ɞ ɢ ɥ ɢ ɧ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 25. 7_{Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 98.}

ɚ ɜ Ʌɢɬɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɟ ɩɨɲɥɚ «ɨɯɨɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɟɞɶɦ»”8 . ɇɚɱɢɧɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɱɢɤɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ: „ɇɢɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɪɟɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ-ɟɬ, ɷɬɨ ɠɟ ɛɪɟɞ ɫɨɛɚɱɢɣ!”9 . ȼ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɜɚ Ɋɨɛɟɪɬɚ Ɋɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɫɤɨ-ɝɨ, ɥɸɛɢɦɰɚ Ʌɢɬɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ, ɝɨɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɵɫɥɭɲɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ: „Ɍɵ ɱɬɨ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɞɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɨɩɟɪ?”10 . ȼɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɭ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɲɟɫɬɢɞɟɫɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ, Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧ ɜɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ Ɋɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɩɭɫɬɹ ɝɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɟ-ɡɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɨ ɩɨɷɬɟ ɍɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɫɩɨ-ɦɢɧɚɟɦɵɟ Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧɵɦ ɫɬɢɯɢ Ɋɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ ɟɳɟ ɜ 1952 ɝɨɞɭ ɨɛ „ɭɛɢɣɰɚɯ ɜ ɛɟɥɵɯ ɯɚɥɚɬɚɯ”, ɧɟ ɧɚɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɚ ɥɢɲɶ ɫɩɭɫɬɹ ɝɨɞɵ ɜɨɲɟɞɲɢɟ ɭɠɟ ɜ ɩɨɫɦɟɪɬɧɨ ɢɡɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɤɧɢɝɭ11 . Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬ ɡɚɩɢɫɧɵɟ ɤɧɢɠɤɢ Ɋɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɥɢɰɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɧɚɞɭɬɵɯ ɫɨ-ɜɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɤɨɜ, ɨɛɥɚɫɤɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɫɭɦɟɜɲɢɯ ɜɦɢɝ ɩɪɟɜɪɚ-ɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɞɢɫɫɢɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ „ɩɪɨɪɚɛɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ”. Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧ ɩɵɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɤɧɢɝɟ ɦɟɦɭɚɪɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɟɧɱɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɢɮ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɭ ɲɟɫɬɢɞɟɫɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɛɵɥɚ ɥɟɝɤɚɹ ɸɧɨɫɬɶ, ɞɟɧɶɝɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɱɚɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɲɟɫɬɢɞɟɫɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ, Ⱥɧɞɪɟɹ ȼɨɡɧɟɫɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɹ Ⱥɤɫɟɧɨɜɚ12 . Ʉɧɢɝɚ ȼɨɡɧɟ-ɫɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɨ ɧɟɦ ɫɚɦɨɦ, ɟɝɨ ɞɪɭɡɶɹɯ, ɩɨɟɡɞɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɭɬɟɲɟɫɬɜɢɹɯ, ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɫ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ ɷɩɨɯɢ. Ⱥɤɫɟɧɨɜ ɠɟ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɪɨɦɚɧɟ Ɍɚɢɧ-ɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɞɪɭɡɟɣ-ɤɭɦɢ-ɪɨɜ ɲɟɫɬɢɞɟɫɹɬɵɯ – Ɋɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ, ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɚ ȼɵɫɨɰɤɨɝɨ, ȼɨɡɧɟɫɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ, Ⱥɧɞɪɟɹ Ɍɚɪɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ, ȿɜɬɭɲɟɧɤɨ. Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ ɡɚɝɥɚɜɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɤɧɢɝɢ Ɍɚɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɫɬɶ, ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɟ ɤɚɤ ɠɚɠɞɚ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɧɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɭɛɢɬɶ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ ɬɨɬɚɥɢɬɚɪɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ. ȼ ɤɧɢɝɟ Ⱥɤɫɟɧɨɜɚ Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧ ɧɚɡɜɚɧ Ƚɥɚɞɢɨɥɭ-ɫɨɦ ɉɨɞɝɭɪɫɤɢɦ13 . Ɇɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɥɸɛɢɦɨɟ ɢɡɪɟɱɟɧɢɟ Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧɚ, „ɩɪɢɜɵɱɧɚɹ ɲɭɬɤɚ”, ɤɚɤ ɩɢɲɟɬ Ⱥɤɫɟɧɨɜ, „…ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢ ɩɨ ɛɚɛɚɦ”14. ɇɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɟ Ⱥɤɫɟɧɨɜɵɦ, ȼɨɡɧɟɫɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɢ Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧɵɦ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɨɞɧɚ-ɤɨ ɫɬɢɥɶ ɢ ɠɚɧɪ ɢɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɟɧ. Ʉɧɢɝɚ Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧɚ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɚɤɫɟɧɨɜɫɤɨɣ, ɬɨɠɟ ɦɟɦɭɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ, ɧɨ ɫ ɡɚɲɢɮɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɚɦɢ, ɷɬɨ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɯ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɟɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɧ ɛɵɥ, ɢ ɨ ɥɸɞɹɯ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɥɢɱɧɨ ɨɛɳɚɥɫɹ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɹ ɢɯ. Ɇɢɮ ɨ ɲɟɫɬɢɞɟɫɹɬɧɢɤɚɯ Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧ ɪɚɡɜɟɧɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ: ________________ 8_{Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 37.} 9_{Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ.} 10_{Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 38.} 11_{Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 46.} 12_{Ⱥ. ȼ ɨ ɡ ɧ ɟ ɫ ɟ ɧ ɫ ɤ ɢ ɣ, ɇɚ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɟɬɪɭ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1998; ȼ. Ⱥ ɤ ɫ ɟ ɧ ɨ ɜ,} Ɍɚɢɧ-ɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɫɬɶ, ɪɨɦɚɧ ɨ ɲɟɫɬɢɞɟɫɹɬɧɢɤɚɯ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2009. 13_{ɋɦ. ȼ. Ⱥ ɤ ɫ ɟ ɧ ɨ ɜ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 137 ɢ ɞɪ.} 14_{Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ.}

Ɂɚɜɢɫɬɶ – ɩɥɨɯɨɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ […] ɧɨ ɷɬɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɬɶ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɚ. ɇɚɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɫɤɥɸ-ɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɜɟɡɥɨ. Ɇɵ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɧɭɠɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɧɭɠɧɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ. Ⱦɚ ɧɚɲɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɸɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɱɚɫɬɥɢɜɨɣ. ɇɨ ɜɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɥɨɫɶ ɤɨɥɨɫɫɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɬɪɭɞɨɦ, ɦɚɫɫɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɨɜ […]. Ɇɵ ɧɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɚɥɢɫɶ, ɧɟ ɩɪɨɛɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ. Ʉɚɠɞɭɸ ɤɧɢɝɭ ɧɚɞɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɨɛɢɜɚɬɶ15_. ɏɪɨɧɢɤɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ ȼɢɤɬɨɪɚ ɉɨɞɝɭɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɞɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɨɛɢɜɚɬɶ, ɢɛɨ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɧɟ ɛɵ-ɥɨ ɪɟɱɢ ɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɨɣɤɚɯ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɡɦɚ, ɧɢ ɨ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɩɚɬɪɢɨɬɢɡɦɟ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɰɟɧɡɨɪɚɦ-ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɚɦ, ɤɚɤ ȼɚɥɟɧɬɢɧ Ʉɚɬɚɟɜ, ɤɧɢɝɚ Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢ-ɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢ-ɧɚɩɟɱɚɬɚȽɥɚɞɢɥɢ-ɧɚ ɜ ɩɪɟɫɬɢɠɧɨɣ ɬɨɝɞɚ „ɘɧɨɫɬɢ”, ɬɢɪɚɠ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɛɵɥ ɫɜɵɲɟ 100 ɬɵɫɹɱ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ, ɚ ɚɜɬɨɪɭ ɏɪɨɧɢɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ ȼɢɤɬɨɪɚ ɉɨɞɝɭɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫ-ɩɨɥɧɢɥɫɹ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɥɢɲɶ 21 ɝɨɞ16 . Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧ ɧɟ ɩɢɲɟɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɤɧɢɝɟ ɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɚɦɢɡɞɚɬɚ, ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɪɚɫ-ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɜɧɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɪɚɠɚ. ɇɚɩɨɦɧɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɚɦɢɡɞɚɬɚ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɜ ɤɧɢɝɟ ɘɪɢɹ Ⱦɪɭɠɧɢɤɨɜɚ Ⱥɧɝɟɥɵ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɱɢɤɟ ɢɝɥɵ17.Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧɭ ɩɨɜɟɡɥɨ ɫ ɏɪɨɧɢɤɨɣ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ Ȼɪɢɝɚɧɬɢɧɚ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɩɚɪɭɫɚ ɛɵɥɚ Ʉɚɬɚɟɜɵɦ ɨɬɛɪɨɲɟɧɚ, ɚ ɜ „ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟ” ɟɟ ɨɬɪɟɰɟɧɡɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɞɨɧɨɫɚ18 . ɋɬɨɢɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɱɟɦ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɥɢ ɜ ɪɭɤɢ ɰɟɧɡɨɪɨɜ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɥɢɫɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɢ. ɍ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɧ-ɡɨɪɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɩɢɫɤɢ ɡɚɩɪɟɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɦ ɢ ɫɮɟɪ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ. ȼ. ȼɨɣɧɨ-ɜɢɱ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ Ⱥɧɬɢɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɣ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɣ ɋɨɸɡ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɩɢɲɟɬ: ɍ ɰɟɧɡɨɪɨɜ Ƚɥɚɜɥɢɬɚ ɟɫɬɶ ɞɥɢɧɧɟɣɲɢɣ ɢ ɫ ɝɨɞɚɦɢ ɭɞɥɢɧɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɜɨɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ, ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ, ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɫɬɢɯɢɣɧɵɯ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ, ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮ ɢ ɧɟɫɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ, ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɟɞɲɢɯ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɋɋɋɊ […], ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɮɚɦɢɥɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɜɫɟ ɡɚɩɪɟɳɟɧɨ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ, ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɨ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ, ɩɨ ɨɫɨɛɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɟɧɢɸ ɩɚɪɬɢɣɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ19 . Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧ ɭɠɟ ɧɚ ɩɹɬɨɦ ɤɭɪɫɟ Ʌɢɬɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɜ ɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ „ɜɨɥɱɢɣ ɛɢɥɟɬ” – ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɹ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɚ ɤɨɦɫɨɦɨɥɚ. ȼ ɧɟɣ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ: „ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɚɤɬɢɜɟɧ, ɭɜɢɥɢɜɚɥ ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɥ ɧɚ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚɯ ɫɨɦɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɞɟɢ…”20 . Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ ɢ ɯɪɭɳɟɜɫɤɭɸ ɨɬɬɟɩɟɥɶ, ɯɨɬɹ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɫɶ „ɪɟɰɢɞɢɜɵ ɫɬɚɥɢ-ɧɢɡɦɚ”. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɨɧ ɪɟɱɶ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɹ ɐɄ ȼɅɄɋɆ, ɬɨɜɚɪɢ-ɳɚ ɋɟɦɢɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ, ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ Ȼɨɪɢɫɚ ɉɚɫɬɟɪɧɚɤɚ ɫɨ ɫɜɢɧɶɟɣ21 . ɋ ɝɨɫɬɟ-ɜɵɦ ɛɢɥɟɬɨɦ ɟɦɭ ɩɪɢɲɥɨɫɶ ɫɥɭɲɚɬɶ ɢ „ɥɢɰɟɡɪɟɬɶ ɜɨɠɞɟɣ”, ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɩɢɲɟɬ. ɋɬɨɢɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɫɤɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧɚ, ɢɛɨ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɟ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɫɬɢ. ȼ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ȼɨɥɶɮɝɚɧɝ Ʉɚɡɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ ________________ 15 A. Ƚ ɥ ɚ ɞ ɢ ɥ ɢ ɧ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 68. 16_{Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, c. 72.} 17_{ɘ. Ⱦ ɪ ɭ ɠ ɧ ɢ ɤ ɨ ɜ, Ⱥɧɝɟɥɵ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɱɢɤɟ ɢɝɥɵ, ɧɚ ɫɚɣɬɟ: www.druzhnikov.com} 18 A. Ƚ ɥ ɚ ɞ ɢ ɥ ɢ ɧ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 76. 19_{ȼ. ȼ ɨ ɣ ɧ ɨ ɜ ɢ ɱ, Ⱥɧɬɢɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɣ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɣ ɋɨɸɡ, ɧɚ ɫɚɣɬɟ: www.bookz.ru} 20_{ɐɢɬ. ɡɚ: A. Ƚ ɥ ɚ ɞ ɢ ɥ ɢ ɧ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 77.} 21_{Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 81.}

ɰɟɧɡɭɪɵ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɜɵɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɜ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚ-ɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɝɥɚɜ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɪɟɬɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ (ɜɟɞɶ ɞɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ 90-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɧɟ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨ-ɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ, ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚ Ƚɨɪɶɤɨɝɨ ɢ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɚ Ɇɚɹɤɨɜ-ɫɤɨɝɨ)22 . Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɹ ɫɜɨɸ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɡɚɜɨɬɞɟɥɚ „Ɇɨɫɤɨɜ-ɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɫɨɦɨɥɶɰɚ” ɜ 1958 ɝɨɞɭ, ɜɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɨ ɪɟɰɟɧɡɢɢ-ɞɨɧɨɫɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɸ ɤɧɢɝɭ Ȼɪɢɝɚɧɬɢɧɚ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɩɚɪɭɫɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɚɥɚɫɶ ɨɬɪɵɜɤɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɨ-ɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɝɚɡɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ23 . Ⱥ ɨ ɰɟɧɡɭɪɟ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧɚ Ⱦɵɦ ɜ ɝɥɚɡɚ ɫɤɚ-ɡɚɧɨ ɬɚɤ: Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɫɬɪɨɱɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɪɚɧɞɚɲɚɦɢ, ɱɚɫɬɨɤɨɥ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɤɨɜ. ɇɟ ɜɟɪɫɬɤɚ, ɚ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɚɹ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɯɭ-ɞɨɠɧɢɤɚ24 . ɇɨ ɞɚɠɟ Ʉɚɬɚɟɜ ɫ ɰɟɧɡɭɪɨɣ ɧɟ ɫɩɨɪɢɥ, ɚ ɫɧɹɜ ɢɡ ɜɟɪɫɬɤɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɮɪɚɡ, ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪ „ɘɧɨɫɬɢ” ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ Ⱦɵɦ ɜ ɝɥɚɡɚ ɜ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɧɨɦɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɰɟɧɡɭɪɚ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɬɢɥɚ. Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧɭ ɜɟɡɥɨ ɫ ɰɟɧɡɨɪɚɦɢ ɢ ɰɟɧɡɭɪɨɣ, ɢɛɨ, ɤɚɤ ɩɢɲɟɬ Ⱥɪɥɟɧ Ȼɥɸɦ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ „ɹɞɪɨ” ɰɟɧɡɭɪɵ ɜɵɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɥɨ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɢɦɹ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ ɢɡ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɢɯɨɞɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɜ 60-ɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɫ Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧɵɦ ɧɟ ɫɥɭɱɢɥɨɫɶ25 . ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɜ „Ɇɨɥɨɞɨɣ ɝɜɚɪɞɢɢ” ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɉɟɫɧɢ ɡɨɥɨɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɢɫɤɚ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɶ ɐɄ ɤɨɦɫɨɦɨɥɚ Ʌɟɜ Ʉɚɪɩɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɢ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɪɭɝɚɥ Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧɚ ɡɚ ɤɥɟɜɟɬɭ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ. ɉɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɩɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ, ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ȼ ɩɥɟɧɭ ɨɱɟɪɧɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ Ⱥɧɚɬɨɥɢɹ ȿɥɤɢɧɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧɚ ɭɩɪɟɤɚɥɢ ɜ ɢɫɤɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ26 . ɋ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɞɜɟɪɢ ɠɭɪɧɚ-ɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɛɵɥɢ „ɧɚɝɥɭɯɨ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵ”. Ɉ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɦ ɰɟɧɡɨɪɟ „ɇɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ” (ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɟ Ȼɨɪɢɫɟ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɨɜɢɱɟ Ɂɚɤɫɟ) ɢ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɡɨɥɸɰɢɢ: „Ɂɚɩɚɞ – ɡɚɩɚɞ, ɩɨɢɫɤɢ – ɩɨɢɫɤɢ, ɝɞɟ ɠɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ?” – ɜɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɶɸ ȼɟɱɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɢɪɨɜɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɵɥɚ „ɡɚɪɟɡɚɧɚ”27 . ɂɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɚ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ – ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ. Ɋɚɮɚɢɥ Ɉɜɫɟɩɹɧ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ-ɫɚɣɬɨɜ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɟɫɫɵ – ɩɚɪɬɢɣɧɵɣ ɞɢɤɬɚɬ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɤɚɤ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ28 . ɋɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɨ ɢ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ Ƚɟɧɧɚɞɢɹ ɀɢɪɤɨɜɚ ɨɛ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɰɟɧɡɭɪɵ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ29 . ________________ 22

W. K a s a c k, Leksykon literatury rosyjskiej XX wieku: od początku stulecia do roku 1996, przekł., oprac., bibliografia polska B. Kodzis, Wrocław 1996, c. 101.

23 A. Ƚ ɥ ɚ ɞ ɢ ɥ ɢ ɧ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 89. 24_{Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 95.} 25_{Ⱥ. Ȼ ɥ ɸ ɦ, Ɂɚ ɤɭɥɢɫɚɦɢ „Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɚɜɞɵ”. Ɍɚɣɧɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ} ɰɟɧɡɭ-ɪɵ 1917–1929, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 1994, c. 223–244. 26 A. Ƚ ɥ ɚ ɞ ɢ ɥ ɢ ɧ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 98. 27_{Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 100.} 28_{Ɋ. Ɉ ɜ ɫ ɟ ɩ ɹ ɧ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɨɜɟɣɲɟɣ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɧɚ ɫɚɣɬɟ:} www.gumer.info 29_{Ƚ. ɀ ɢ ɪ ɤ ɨ ɜ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɰɟɧɡɭɪɵ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ XIX–XX ɜɜ., Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2001.}

ɋɬɨɢɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ, ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɢɲɟɬ Ʉɨɪɧɟɣ ɑɭ-ɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ – ɞɟɜɨɱɤɚ Ƚɚɥɹ ɧɚɡɜɚɥɚ ɇɟɤɪɚɫɨɜɚ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɷɬɨɦ ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ, ɭɡɧɚɜ, ɱɬɨ ɨɲɢɛɥɚɫɶ, ɫɤɚɡɚɥɚ: „Ⱥ ɪɚɡɜɟ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɣ? Ɉɧ ɜɟɞɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ”30 . ɋɢɧɨ-ɧɢɦɵ „ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɣ” – „ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ”, ɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɞɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɦɢɪɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɦɢɪ, ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɣ – „ɩɥɨɯɨɣ”. ɉɨɫɥɟ „ɞɭɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɬɟ-ɩɟɥɢ” ɇɢɤɢɬɚ ɏɪɭɳɟɜ, ɨɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɹ „ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɩɚɪɬɢɣɧɨɫɬɢ” ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚ ɜɵ-ɫɬɚɜɤɟ ɜ Ɇɚɧɟɠɟ ɜ 1962 ɝɨɞɭ ɪɭɝɚɥ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ, ɚ ɡɚɥ, ɩɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɦ Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧɚ, ɫ „ɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɭɸ ɩɨɪɤɭ”31 . Ɉ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ „ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪ-ɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɥɨɱɚɯ” ɭ Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧɚ ɦɚɥɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ, „ɷɬɨ ɭɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɤɧɢ-ɝɢ”, ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɩɢɲɟɬ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨ Ɍɨɥɟ ȿɥɤɢɧɟ, ɫɨɱɢɧɹɜɲɟɦ ɩɚɤɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɪɟɰɟɧɡɢɢ, ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ: ȿɦɭ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɢ ɪɭɝɚɬɶ – ɨɧ ɪɭɝɚɥ. ȿɦɭ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɢ ɯɜɚɥɢɬɶ – ɯɜɚɥɢɥ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɫ ɭɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɟɦ […] ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɟɥɤɢɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɢɬɟ-ɪɚɬɭɪɟ32 . Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧɚ, ɤɚɤ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ, ɡɚɤɪɵɥɢ ɜ 1966 ɝɨɞɭ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɫɚɦ ɩɢɲɟɬ, ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ […] ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ ɚɧɬɢɫɨɜɟɬɱɢɧɵ, ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɪɨɳɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɦɨɟɣ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɫɬɶɸ, ɫ ɦɨɢɦ ɩɨɤɨɥɟ-ɧɢɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɨɜɡɪɨɫɥɟɥɨ ɢ ɸɧɨɲɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɨɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ, ɛɟɫɤɨɪɵɫɬɢɟ, ɭɫɬɭɩɢɥɢ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɪɢ-ɡɟɦɥɟɧɧɵɦ, ɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɨɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɭɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɹɦ33 . Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɚ ɫɴɟɡɞɟ ɤɨɦɫɨɦɨɥɚ ɤɧɢɝɚ Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɚ „ɩɪɨɢɫɤɨɦ ɚɦɟ-ɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɚɥɢɡɦɚ”34 . ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 70-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɜɵɲɥɢ ɞɜɟ ɤɧɢɝɢ Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧɚ – ȿɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɟ ɨɬ Ɋɨɛɟɫɩɶɟɪɚ ɢ ɋɧɵ ɒɥɢɫɫɟɥɶɛɭɪɝɫɤɨɣ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɜ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɶ-ɫɬɜɟ „Ⱦɟɬɫɤɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ” – ɩɪɢɤɥɸɱɟɧɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɶ ɋɟɤɪɟɬ ɀɟɧɢ ɋɢɞɨɪɨ-ɜɚ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ, ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɋɩɢɪɚɥɶ ɀɟɧɢ ɋɢɞɨɪɨɜɚ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɨ ɡɚɝɥɚɜɢɟ, ɢɛɨ „ɫɩɢɪɚɥɶ” ɩɨɱɟɦɭ-ɬɨ ɪɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɚɦ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɫ ɧɚɫɦɟɲ-ɤɨɣ ɧɚɞ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɡɦɨɦ, ɩɚɪɨɞɢɟɣ ɧɚɞ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɦ ɉɭɲɤɢɧɵɦ35 . ɍɛɢɪɚɥɢ ɜɫɟ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɩɨɪɨɱɢɬɶ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ. ɋɩɭɫɬɹ ɝɨɞɵ Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ Ɇɨɫɤɜɟ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɥ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ 70-ɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɟɝɨ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɢɡɵ-ɦɚɥɢɫɶ ɢɡ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤ ɢ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɚɥɢɫɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ „ɦɟɥɤɨɣ ɪɟɡɤɢ”. Ɂɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɯɨɬɟɥɚ ɫɩɪɹɬɚɬɶ ɤɧɢɝɭ ȿɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɟ ɨɬ Ɋɨɛɟɫɩɶɟɪɚ, ɛɵɥɚ ɭɜɨɥɟɧɚ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɞɢ-ɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɹɥɬɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ36 . ȼ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɶɸ Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧ ɫɤɚɡɚɥ: „ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɨɢɯ ɤɧɢɝ ɜ ɪɨɫɫɢɣ-ɫɤɢɯ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚɯ ɧɟɬ – ɨɧɢ ɜɫɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɡɴɹɬɵ ɢ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɵ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɜɲɢɫɶ ________________ 30_{Ʉ. ɑ ɭ ɤ ɨ ɜ ɫ ɤ ɢ ɣ, Ɉɬ ɞɜɭɯ ɞɨ ɩɹɬɢ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1955, c. 112.} 31 A. Ƚ ɥ ɚ ɞ ɢ ɥ ɢ ɧ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 104. 32_{ɐɢɬ. ɩɨ: ɘ. ɋ ɬ ɟ ɩ ɚ ɧ ɨ ɜ, Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ: ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2001,} c. 456. 33 _{A. Ƚ ɥ ɚ ɞ ɢ ɥ ɢ ɧ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 106.} 34_{Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ.} 35_{Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, c. 134–135.} 36_{ɂɧɬɟɪɜɶɸ ɫ Ⱥ. Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧɵɦ ɜɟɞɟɬ ȼɹɱɟɫɥɚɜ ɉɪɨɤɨɮɶɟɜ, ɧɚ ɫɚɣɬɟ: http://www.trud.ru/} iss-ue/article

ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɯɪɚɧɚɯ”37 . ȿɳɟ ɜ 1972 ɝɨɞɭ ɜ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ „ɉɨɫɟɜ” ɜɨ Ɏɪɚɧɤɮɭɪɬɟ-ɧɚ-Ɇɚɣɧɟ ɛɵɥ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧ ɝɥɚɞɢɥɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɪɨɦɚɧ ɉɪɨɝɧɨɡ ɧɚ ɡɚɜ-ɬɪɚ. ɇɚɩɨɦɧɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɮɟɜɪɚɥɟ 1966 ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɫɭɞɟɛɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɫɭɠ-ɞɟɧɵ ɘɥɢɣ Ⱦɚɧɢɷɥɶ ɢ Ⱥɛɪɚɦ Ɍɟɪɰ (ɋɢɧɹɜɫɤɢɣ) ɡɚ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɤɧɢɝ ɧɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɟ38 . Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɞ ɧɚɞ ɋɢɧɹɜɫɤɢɦ ɢ Ⱦɚɧɢɷɥɟɦ: […] ɢɦɟɥ […] ɧɟɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɋɨɮɶɢ ȼɥɚɫɶɟɜɧɵ ɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫ […] ɧɚɲɚ ɞɚɦɨɱɤɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɚ ɬɚɤɬɢɤɭ ɢ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚ ɭɝɪɨɡɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɭɥɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɲɬɪɚɮɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɩɨɤɚɹɧɧɵɟ ɩɢɫɶɦɚ ɜ ɝɚɡɟɬɵ. ɇɨ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɧɵɟ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥɢ ɧɚɝɥɟɬɶ, ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɵɯ ɜ ɋɋɋɊ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɟɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɥɢɫɶ, ɚ ɫɚɦɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɩɨɫɵɥɚɥɢ ɜ ɝɚɡɟɬɵ ɨɬɩɢɫɤɢ – ɞɟɫɤɚɬɶ, ɫɨɠɚɥɟɸ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɹ ɧɟɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɤɧɢɝɚ ɢɡɞɚɧɚ ɛɟɡ ɦɨɟɝɨ ɪɚɡ-ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ39 . Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧ, ɡɚɛɟɝɚɹ ɜɩɟɪɟɞ, ɫɤɚɠɟɬ: „Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɧɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɟ ɧɟɫɨɢɡɦɟɪɢɦɚ”. Ɍɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɨɧ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɢɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɤɧɢɝɭ ɜ ɋɋɋɊ, ɢɛɨ ɨɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɥɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɨɬɡɜɭɤ40 . Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧɭ ɜɟɡɥɨ ɧɚ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɩɪɚɜɞɚ ɨɧɢ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɩɢɲɟɬ, „ɤɨɪɟɠɢɥɢ ɤɧɢɝɢ”, ɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɛɪɚ. Ɍɚɤ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥɨɫɶ 20 ɥɟɬ, ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɭɠɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɯ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢ-ɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɣ. Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɢɯ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɥ ɐɄ Ʉɉɋɋ. Ɍɚɤ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɢɥɢɫɶ „ɞɟɥɚ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɭɲɟɞɲɢɯ ɞɧɟɣ” ɋɨɮɶɢ ȼɥɚɫɶɟɜɧɵ Ⱥ. Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧɚ. ɇɚɞɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ 50–60-ɯ ɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ 70-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ, ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɧɨ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɩɢɲɟɬ, „ɨ ɫɟɛɟ, ɥɸɛɢɦɨɦ”. Ɉ ɰɟɧɡɨɪɚɯ, ɤɷɝɷɛɷɲ-ɧɢɤɚɯ, ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɹɯ ɤɨɦɫɨɦɨɥɚ, ɩɚɪɬɢɣɧɨɣ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɟ ɋɨɮɶɢ ȼɥɚɫɶɟɜɧɵ, ɧɟɝɥɚɫɧɨɣ ɬɚɛɟɥɢ ɨ ɪɚɧɝɚɯ ɜ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɦɢɪɟ, ɨɧ ɩɢɲɟɬ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨ, ɧɨ ɛɟɡ ɨɫɨɛɨɣ ɡɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɚɤ ɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɶ, ɢɦɟɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɢɪɚɧɢɢ, ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɹ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɮɭɧɤ-ɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɰɟɧɡɭɪɵ ɜ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɇɨ Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɨɧ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɜ ɪɭɤɚɯ ɋɨɮɶɢ ȼɥɚɫɶɟɜɧɵ, ɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɥɹ, ɜ ɧɟɦ ɧɟɬ ɫɟɪɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɯɚ. Ɉɧ ɧɟ ɛɨɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɶɫɹ: ə ɛɵɥ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɦ ɲɟɫɬɢɞɟɫɹɬɧɢɤɨɦ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɢɫɤɪɟɧɧɟ ɜɟɪɢɥ ɜ ɫɜɟɬɥɨɟ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ. ȼ ɬɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɡɞɧɨ, ɩɨɩɨɪɬɢɜ ɧɚɦ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɫɬɚɪɵɟ ɩɟɪɞɭɧɵ ɢɫɱɟɡɧɭɬ, ɚ ɧɚɲɟ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢɞɹ ɤ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɜɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬ ɩɨ-ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ. ɋɥɨɜɨɦ, ɦɟɪɟɳɢɥɫɹ ɧɟɤɢɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɦ ɫ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɥɢɰɨɦ, ɯɨɬɹ ɞɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ ɧɢɤɬɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɞɨɞɭɦɚɥɫɹ41 . ________________ 37_{Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ.} 38_{ɋɦ. ɐɟɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɵ – ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɋɢɧɹɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ Ⱦɚɧɢɷɥɹ, ɫɨɫɬ. ȿ.} ȼɟɥɢɤɚɧɨ-ɜɚ, ɪɟɞ. Ʌ. ȿɪɟɦɢɧɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1989; A. W o Ĩ n i a k, Ułuda i cud. W Ğwiecie sztuki Andrieja Si-niawskiego – Abrama Terca, Lublin 2004.

39 _{A. Ƚ ɥ ɚ ɞ ɢ ɥ ɢ ɧ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 137.} 40_{Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 139.}

ɋɩɭɫɬɹ ɝɨɞɵ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɶɸ ɨɧ ɜ ɭɤɨɪ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɦɭ ɧɵɧɟɲɧɟɦɭ ɩɨ-ɤɨɥɟɧɢɸ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɞɪɭɡɟɣ-ɲɟɫɬɢɞɟɫɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɧɟ ɦɨ-ɠɟɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɢɬɶ – ɭɲɟɞɲɢɯ42 . Ʉɫɬɚɬɢ, Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɤɧɢɝɟ ɛɟ-ɪɟɬ ɩɨɞ ɡɚɳɢɬɭ – Ʉɚɬɚɟɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɧ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ „ɱɭɞɨɦ ɭɰɟɥɟɜɲɢɦ ɨɫɤɨɥɤɨɦ ɢɧɨɣ ɷɩɨɯɢ, ɫɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ”, ɂɥɶɸ ɗɪɟɧɛɭɪɝɚ – „ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜɵ-ɫɨɤɨɣ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ”, Ⱥɧɞɪɟɹ ɋɚɯɚɪɨɜɚ, „ɭɱɢɜɲɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɥɢɧɧɨɦɭ ɞɟ-ɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɦɭ”, Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ Ƚɚɥɢɱɚ „ɫ ɛɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɞɚɪɨɦ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝɨ ɚɪɬɢɫɬɚ, ɩɟɜɰɚ, ɩɨɷɬɚ”, ȼɢɤɬɨɪɚ ɇɟɤɪɚɫɨɜɚ, Ɇɫɬɢɫɥɚɜɚ Ɋɨɫɬɪɨɩɨɜɢɱɚ, Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɹ Ƚɨɪɢ-ɧɚ, Ƚɟɧɭ ɒɩɚɥɢɤɨɜɚ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɵɯ, ɢɦɟɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɹɬɶ ɞɨɥɝɨ. „Ⱦɟɥɚ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɭɲɟɞɲɢɯ ɞɧɟɣ…” ɜ ɤɧɢɝɟ Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧɚ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɹɪɤɨ, ɥɢɱɧɨ-ɫɬɧɨ, ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɫ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɫɟɣ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ 60-ɯ. ɇɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɰɟɥɢ ɫɨɰɪɟɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɋɨɮɶɢ ȼɥɚɫɶɟɜɧɵ (ɤɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɭɸ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧ) – ɷɬɨ ɧɟɱɬɨ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɟ, ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨɟ, ɞɨɥɠɧɨɟ, ɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɨɬɧɸɞɶ ɧɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɞɢɜɨɝɨ, ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ Ɍɟɪɰ-ɋɢɧɹɜɫɤɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɚ-ɥɢɡɦ (1956) ɢ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɚɹ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ (1988) ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɩɪɨɬɢ-ɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɰɪɟɚɥɢɡɦɚ, ɜɯɨɞɹ ɜ ɫɩɨɪ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɟɝɨ ɯɜɚɥɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɨɛɥɚɱɢ-ɬɟɥɹɦɢ. Ɉɧ ɩɪɢɲɟɥ ɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɰɪɟɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɜ ɨɬɯɨɞɟ ɨɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢ-ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɡɧɚɤɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɯɭɞɨɠɧɢɤ, ɜɵɢɝɪɵɜɚɹ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɩɭɫɬɨɬɟ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɣ ɛɟɫɫɦɵɫɥɢɰɟ43 . Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɗɩɲɬɟɣɧ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ „ɛɨɥɶɲɟɜɢɤɢ ɩɨɛɟɞɢɥɢ… ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɧɚɲɥɢ ɜɵɢɝɪɵɲɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɚɪɯɟɬɢɩɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ”: „ɫɨɜɟɬɵ”, „ɱɟɤɚ”, „ɛɨɥɶ-ɲɟɜɢɡɦ”44 . Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧ ɯɨɬɶ ɢ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɥɫɹ ɤ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦ ɢɧɮɨɪ-ɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɤɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɞɟɹɦ 60-ɯ (ɜɫɟ-ɬɚɤɢ ɫɬɚɥ ɞɢɫ-ɫɢɞɟɧɬɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɤɢɧɭɥ ɫɜɨɸ ɋɨɮɶɸ ȼɥɚɫɶɟɜɧɭ), ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɧ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɫɨɛɪɚɬɶɟɜ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɭ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɩɢɲɟɬ, […] ɝɥɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɞɭɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɢ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɫɤɭɩɢɥɢɫɶ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɯɨɪɨ-ɲɢɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: „ɫɬɚɪɢɱɨɤ, ɬɵ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɥ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡ”, „ɫɬɚɪɢɤ, ɬɜɨɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɫɬɢɯɢ ɝɟ-ɧɢɚɥɶɧɵ”. ɇɚɜɟɪɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɢɫɬɢɧɟ, ɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɨɫɶ ɢɫɤɪɟɧɧɟ. Ɇɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢ-ɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɝɨɪɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ45 . ɂ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɣ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɬɜɨɪɰɚ ɨɬ ɷɩɨɯɢ, ɲɟɫɬɢɞɟɫɹɬɧɢɤɢ, ɤɚɤ ɜɵɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɢɡ ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɣ Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧɚ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɣ ɫɬɢɥɶ ɢ ɫɭɦɟɥɢ ɩɨ--ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɩɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɶ ɞɭɯ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɟɥɚ ɭɲɟɞɲɢɯ ɞɧɟɣ. ɂ ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɡɴɹɬɵ ɢɡ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤ, ɢɦɟɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɵɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɵ ɢɡ ɢɫɬɨ-________________ 42_{ɂɧɬɟɪɜɶɸ ȼɹɱɟɫɥɚɜɚ ɉɪɨɤɨɮɶɟɜɚ, ɧɚ ɫɚɣɬɟ: http://www.trud.tu (05.12.2011).} 43_{Ⱥ. Ƚ ɟ ɪ ɰ, ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɦ?, „Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɪɟɧɢɟ” 1989,} ʋ 8, ɫ. 88–101. 44_{Ɇ. ɗ ɩ ɲ ɬ ɟ ɣ ɧ, Ɇɨɞɟɪɧ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2005, ɫ. 331.} 45 A. Ƚ ɥ ɚ ɞ ɢ ɥ ɢ ɧ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 175.

ɪɢɢ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɚ ɜ ɝɚɡɟɬɚɯ ɦɟɥɶɤɚɥɨ „ɤɥɟɜɟɬɧɢɤ”, „ɢɡɦɟɧɧɢɤ” ɢ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɚɞɟɠɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɤɧɢɝ ɧɚ ɪɨɞɢɧɭ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɲɟɫɬɢɞɟɫɹɬɧɢɤɚɦ ɨɬɤɪɵɥɨɫɶ ɹɪɤɨɟ ɢɡɨɳɪɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɟɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɟ-ɪɟɠɢɥɨ ɫɜɨɸ ɷɩɨɯɭ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ. ɇɟɞɚɪɨɦ ɉɟɬɪ ȼɚɣɥɶ ɢ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ Ƚɟɧɢɫ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨ ɦɢɪɟ ɫɨɜɟɬ-ɫɤɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɢɪɭɸɬ: […] „ɲɟɫɬɢɞɟɫɹɬɧɢɤɢ” ɧɟ ɨɤɚɥɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɚɤɚɥɢ, ɚ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɝɨɜɨɪɟ, ɜɨɫ-ɯɨɞɹɳɟɦ ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɤ ɏɟɦɢɧɝɭɷɸ, ɬɨ ɤ Ƚɥɚɞɢɥɢɧɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɜ ɥɢɬɟ-ɪɚɬɭɪɟ46 . ________________ 46_{ɋɦ. ɉ. ȼ ɚ ɣ ɥ ɶ, Ⱥ. Ƚ ɟ ɧ ɢ ɫ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 770.}