Widok O gatunkowej różnorodności „Współczesnej idylli” Michaiła Sałtykowa- Szczedrina

Ɉ ɀȺɇɊɈȼɈɆ ɋȼɈȿɈȻɊȺɁɂɂ ɋɈȼɊȿɆȿɇɇɈɃ ɂȾɂɅɅɂɂ ɆɂɏȺɂɅȺ ɋȺɅɌɕɄɈȼȺ-ɓȿȾɊɂɇȺ

ON THE GENERIC PECULIARITY OF MIKHAIL SALTYKOV-SHCHEDRIN’S THE MODERN IDYLL

ɆȺɊɄ ɋɈɄɈɅȺɇɋɄɂɃ

ABSTRACT. The article focuses on the genre of Russian satirist Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin’s book The Modern Idyll. Special attention is paid to the traditions of a cervantesian type of novel in the book, the ironic code in the title and narration, real objects of bitter political satire, a great number of literary quotations, reminiscences and so on. On the whole the novel may be qualified as a novel-pamphlet.

Mark Sokolyansky, Lübeck – Niemcy.

Ɋɨɦɚɧ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ ɋɚɥɬɵɤɨɜɚ-ɓɟɞɪɢɧɚ ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɞɢɥɥɢɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɪɟɮɨɪɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ. ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɝɥɚɜɵ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ „Ɉɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɢɫɤɚɯ” ɜ 1877 ɝ., ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɨ ɜ 1878 ɝɨɞɭ, ɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɝɥɚɜɵ ɩɭɛ-ɥɢɤɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɟ ɜ 1882–1883 ɝɨɞɚɯ. Ʉɪɢɬɢɤɚ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɟɞɢɧɨɞɭɲ-ɧɚ ɜ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɬɢɪɢɤɚ, ɨɞɟɞɢɧɨɞɭɲ-ɧɚɤɨ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɨɦɚɧɭ ɞɚɥɢ ɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ-ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɉɚɜɟɥ Ⱥɧɧɟɧɤɨɜ ɢ ɂɜɚɧ Ɍɭɪɝɟɧɟɜ, ɂɜɚɧ Ƚɨɧɱɚɪɨɜ ɢ Ʌɟɜ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɣ. Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɢ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ, ɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɥɨ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. ɂɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɠɚɧɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ „ɢɞɢɥɥɢɹ” ɜ ɧɚɡɜɚ-ɧɢɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɦ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɤɪɭɝɚ ɹɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɚɥɚɧɬɚ ɓɟɞɪɢɧɚ. ɑɟɬɤɢɣ ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɭɠɟ ɜ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɷɩɢɝɪɚɮɟ ɤ ɪɨɦɚɧɭ: „ɋɩɢɬɟ! Ȼɨɝ ɧɟ ɫɩɢɬ ɡɚ ɜɚɫ!”. ɉɨɞ ɷɩɢɝɪɚɮɨɦ ɫɬɨɹɥɨ ɝɪɨɦɤɨɟ ɢ ɯɨ-ɪɨɲɨ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɨɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦɭ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɸ ɢɦɹ – ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ ɀɭɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ. ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥ ɪɨɦɚɧɢɫɬɭ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ (ɫ ɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɝɨ) ɪɟɮɪɟɧɚ ɢɡ ɛɚɥɥɚɞɵ ɂɨɝɚɧɧɚ ɉɟɬɟɪɚ Ƚɟɛɟɥɹ Ⱦɟɪɟɜɟɧɫɤɢɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɠ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɱɶ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧ-ɧɵɣ ɀɭɤɨɜɫɤɢɦ: ɉɨɥɧɨɱɶ ɛɢɥɨ: ɜ ɞɨɛɪɵɣ ɱɚɫ! ɋɩɢɬɟ, ɛɨɝ ɧɟ ɫɩɢɬ ɡɚ ɧɚɫ!1 ________________ 1_{Ɂɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɚɹ ɩɨɷɡɢɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚɯ ȼ.Ⱥ. ɀɭɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɜ 2-ɯ ɬɨɦɚɯ, ɬ. 2, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1985,} ɫ. 247–253.

Ɉɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɡɧɚɬɨɤɚ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɀɭɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ-ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ-ɱɢɤɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɭɤɪɵɬɶɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɨɜɨ „ɧɚɫ” ɨɬɧɸɞɶ ɧɟ ɩɨ ɨɲɢɛɤɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɦɟɧɟɧɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ ɧɚ „ɜɚɫ”, ɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ „ɫɩɢɬɟ” ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɵɣ ɜɨɫɤɥɢ-ɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɡɧɚɤ, ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɡɜɭɱɚɧɢɟ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɢɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ. ɇɟɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ ɬɭ ɠɟ ɫɬɪɨɤɭ ɞɨɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɩɨɜɬɨ-ɪɢɥ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ XIV. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɪɞɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚ-ɡɢɥɢ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ ɩɨɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɨɤ. ȼ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɨɧɢ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɚɬɢɪɵ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɧɟ ɫɤɥɨɧ-ɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɶɫɬɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɸ, ɚ ɧɚɰɟɥɢɜɲɟɝɨ ɸɜɟɧɚɥɨɜ ɛɢɱ ɧɚ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɢ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɸ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɩɪɢɜɵɱɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɝɨ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɫɩɹɱɤɟ. Ʉɚɤ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɱɟɧɨ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧ-ɫɤɢɦ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɤɨɦ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɍɷɣɧɨɦ Ȼɭɬɨɦ, ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ „ɢɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɬɚ-ɤɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ, ɡɚɧɹɬɵɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɜɨɡ-ɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ...”2 . ɀɚɧɪɨɜɵɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ ɢɞɢɥɥɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɬɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɥɢ ɋɚɥɬɵɤɨ-ɜɚ-ɓɟɞɪɢɧɚ, ɚ ɟɫɥɢ ɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɥ ɨɧ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɷɬɭ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢɸ, ɬɨ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɧɚɫɦɟɲɥɢɜɨɦ ɬɨɧɟ. Ʉ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟ-ɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ „Ɉɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɢɫɨɤ”, ɩɨɫɦɟɢɜɚɥɫɹ ɧɚɞ ɩɭɫɬɨ-ɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɨɜ: „...ɀɢɡɧɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɭɠɢɤɚ ɬɹɠɟɥɚ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ ɛɟɫɩɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɨɫɤɨɪɛɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɠɚɥɨɫɬɢ, ɧɢ ɬɟɦ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɢɞɢɥɥɢ-ɱɟɫɤɢɯ (ɜɵɞ. ɦɧɨɣ – Ɇ.ɋ.) ɩɪɢɫɟɞɚɧɢɣ...”3 . ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɪɨɦɚɧɭ – ɨɬ ɷɩɢɝɪɚɮɚ ɞɨ ɮɢɧɚɥɚ – ɫɚɬɢɪɢ-ɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ, ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟ ɪɟɲɚɟɬ, ɧɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɨ ɠɚɧɪɨɜɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. ɋɚɬɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɚɹ ɷɩɢɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɢ ɩɨɷɦɚ, ɢ ɨɱɟɪɤ, ɢ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡ, ɢ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɶ, ɢ ɩɶɟɫɚ... ɉɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɢ ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ – ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɫɸɠɟɬɚ4 – ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧ-ɧɚɹ ɢɞɢɥɥɢɹ, ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɸ ɪɨɦɚɧ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɤɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɧɨɫɹɬ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ – ɫɚɬɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɨɦɚɧ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɠɟ ɢ ɫɚɬɢɪɢ-ɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɨɦɚɧɵ ɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɬɪɢ ɫ ɥɢɲɧɢɦ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɢ ɫɬɟ-ɩɟɧɶɸ ɫɨɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ ɫ ɦɢɪɨɦ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɦ, ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ ɢ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ, ɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɩɨ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɤɟ. ȼ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ, ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟ-ɞɟɧɢɸ ɋɚɥɬɵɤɨɜɚ-ɓɟɞɪɢɧɚ, Ⱥɥɥɚ ɀɭɤ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɤɧɢɝɭ ɜɨ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-ɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɹɞ, ɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɟɟ ɠɚɧɪɨɜɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɟ. „...ɉɪɢ ɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ Ⱦɨɧ Ʉɢɯɨɬɚ, ɉɢɤɜɢɤɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɥɭɛɚ, Ɇɟɪɬ-________________ 2

W.C. B o o t h, A Rhetoric of Irony, Chicago–London 1974, c. 76.

3_{Ɇ.ȿ. ɋ ɚ ɥ ɬ ɵ ɤ ɨ ɜ - ɓ ɟ ɞ ɪ ɢ ɧ, Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1982, ɫ. 91.} 4_{ɉɨɧɹɬɢɹ „ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ” ɢ „ɨɛɴɟɦ ɫɸɠɟɬɚ” ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ Ƚ.ɇ. ɉɨɫɩɟɥɨɜɵɦ. ɋɦ.:} Ƚ.ɇ. ɉ ɨ ɫ ɩ ɟ ɥ ɨ ɜ ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1971.

ɜɵɯ ɞɭɲ, ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɞɢɥɥɢɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɟ ɛɪɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɝɥɚɡɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢɟ ɢɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ...”5 . Ɉɛɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜ ɫɯɨɞɧɨɦ „ɬɢɩɟ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɸɠɟɬɚ”6 . ɉɨ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɭ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɪɚɡɥɭɱɧɚɹ ɩɚɪɚ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ – Ɋɚɫ-ɫɤɚɡɱɢɤ ɢ Ƚɥɭɦɨɜ – ɧɚɩɨɞɨɛɢɟ Ⱦɨɧ Ʉɢɯɨɬɚ ɢ ɋɚɧɱɨ ɉɚɧɫɵ, ɮɢɥɞɢɧɝɨɜɫɤɢɯ Ⱦɠɨɡɟɮɚ ɗɧɞɪɸɫɚ ɢ ɩɚɫɬɨɪɚ Ⱥɞɚɦɫɚ ɢɥɢ Ɍɨɦɚ Ⱦɠɨɧɫɚ ɢ ɉɚɪɬɪɢɞɠɚ, ɞɚ ɟɳɟ ɪɹɞɚ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɨɦɚɧɨɜ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɬɢɩɚ. ɗɬɚ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨ-ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɢɞɢɥɥɢɸ ɫ ɪɨɦɚɧɚɦɢ ɫɟɪɜɚɧɬɟɫɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɢɦɟɧɭɟɦɵ-ɦɢ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ „ɪɨɦɚɧɚɢɦɟɧɭɟɦɵ-ɦɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɞɨɪɨɝɢ”7 . Ƚɨɜɨɪɹ ɨ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɋɚɥɬɵɤɨɜɚ-ɓɟɞɪɢɧɚ ɫ ɪɨɦɚɧɚɦɢ, ɜɟɞɭɳɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɫɟɪɜɚɧɬɟɫɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ Ⱦɨɧ Ʉɢɯɨɬɚ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɝɟɪɨɹ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ „ɪɵɰɚɪɸ ɩɟɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ”, ɜ ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɞɢɥɥɢɢ ɧɟɬ, ɞɚ ɢ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ. ɋɚɬɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɥ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɚɜɚɧɫɰɟɧɟ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɠɢɡ-ɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɞɟɢ, ɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɢ ɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɫɚɬɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɫɦɟɹɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɜ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɱɟɦ ɷɩɢɡɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ. ɇɟɬ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɚ ɜɧɭɬ-ɪɢ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɟɣɫɹ ɩɚɪɵ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɣ, ɤɚɤ ɭ ɋɟɪɜɚɧɬɟɫɚ ɢɥɢ Ɏɢɥɞɢɧɝɚ, ɧɟɬ ɢ ɩɨɥ-ɧɨɣ ɝɟɝɟɦɨɧɢɢ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɚɞ ɫɸɠɟɬɧɨ-ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣɧɵɦ ɪɹɞɨɦ. ɋɥɨɜɨɦ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɢ, ɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɟ ɱɬɨ ɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɢ ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɞɢɥɥɢɢ ɤ ɪɨɦɚɧɚɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɞɨɪɨɝɢ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɨɛɪɚɡ-ɰɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɪɨɦɚɧɵ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɝɨɝɨɥɟɜɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɷɦɚ. Ɍɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɜ ɳɟɞɪɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɢɞɢɥɥɢɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠ (Ȼɚɥɚɥɚɣɤɢɧ), ɜ ɷɬɢɤɟ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɟ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɬɚɤ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɨɬɵɫɤɚɬɶ ɤɨɟ-ɤɚɤɢɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɑɢɱɢɤɨɜɵɦ. ȼ ɪɭɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɜɫɬɚɜɧɵɟ ɢɧɨɠɚɧɪɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɵ. Ɍɚɤɨɜɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɤɚɡɤɢ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ, ɪɚɫɫɤɚ-ɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɨ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɥɢɰɚɦɢ ɜ ɞɟɪɟɜɧɟ ɉɪɨɩɥeɜɚɧ-ɧɨɣ (ɝɥɚɜɚ ɏɏ) – ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɩɥeɜɚɧɧɵɣ Ⱦɟɤɚɦɟɪɨɧ. ɗɬɨ ɢ ɋɤɚɡɤɚ ɨ ɪɟɬɢ-ɜɨɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤɟ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɭɫɟɪɞɢɟɦ ɜɵɫɲɟɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɨɝɨɪɱɢɥ8 , ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ-ɞɭɲɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡ Ɏɚɢɧɭɲɤɢ, ɢ ɧɨɜɟɥɥɚ ɨɛ Ⱥɧɧɟ ɂɜɚɧɨɜɧɟ (216–219), ɢ ɫɤɚɡɤɚ ɫ ɮɟɥɶɟɬɨɧɧɵɦ ɩɚɮɨɫɨɦ ɨ ɫɭɞɟ ɧɚɞ „ɩɢɫɤɚɪɟɦ” (226–234), ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɜɫɬɚɜɧɚɹ ɩɶɟɫɚ Ɂɥɨɩɨɥɭɱɧɵɣ ɩɢɫɤɚɪɶ, ɢɥɢ ɞɪɚɦɚ ɜ Ʉɚɲɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɫɭɞɟ ɜ XXIV ɝɥɚɜɟ (235– ________________ 5_{Ⱥ. ɀ ɭ ɤ, ɋɚɬɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɨɦɚɧ Ɇ.ȿ. ɋɚɥɬɵɤɨɜɚ-ɓɟɞɪɢɧɚ „ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɞɢɥɥɢɹ”,} ɋɚɪɚɬɨɜ 1958, ɫ. 67. 6_{ȼɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɇ.ə. Ȼɟɪɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ. ɋɦ.: ɇ.ə. Ȼ ɟ ɪ ɤ ɨ ɜ ɫ ɤ ɢ ɣ, Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɦ ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɧɨɝɨ} ɨɛ-ɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, [ɜ:] Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɵɣ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ, ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ. ȼ.Ɇ. ɀɢɪɦɭɧ-ɫɤɨɝɨ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ–Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ 1937, ɫ. 55. 7_{Ɉɛ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ ɫɦ. ɜ ɨɱɟɪɤɟ „Ɇɟɪɬɜɵɟ ɞɭɲɢ” ɤɚɤ ɪɨɦɚɧ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ} ɞɨɪɨɝɢ. 8_{Ɇ.ȿ. ɋ ɚ ɥ ɬ ɵ ɤ ɨ ɜ - ɓ ɟ ɞ ɪ ɢ ɧ, ɋɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ 20-ɬɢ ɬɨɦɚɯ, ɬ. 15, ɤɧ. 1,} Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1973, ɫ. 192–195. Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ ɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɟ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɸ; ɜ ɫɤɨɛɤɚɯ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ.

244)9. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɜɫɬɚɜɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɟɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɭɛɥɢɰɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢ-ɦɟɪ, ɩɭɬɟɜɨɣ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ XVI ɢɥɢ ɮɟɥɶɟɬɨɧ ȼɥɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶ ɞɭɦ, ɪɚɫ-ɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɣ „ɤɨɪɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬɨɦ”, ɢ ɀɢɡɧɟɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ 1-ɣ ɝɢɥɶɞɢɢ ɤɭɩɰɚ Ɉɧɭɮɪɢɹ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢɱɚ ɉɚɪɚɦɨɧɨɜɚ (ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɤɪɚɬɤɚɹ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɫɬɢ) ɜ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɩɪɨɩɥɟɜɚɧɧɨɦ Ⱦɟɤɚɦɟɪɨɧɟ. ȼ ɜɨɫɶɦɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɫɟɜɞɨ-ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɫɬɚɜɤɚ – ɫɨɱɢɧeɧɧɵɣ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɣ ɍɫɬɚɜ ɨ ɛɥɚɝɨ-ɩɪɢɫɬɨɣɧɨɦ ɨɛɵɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ (ɤɨɫɧɨɹɡɵɱɧɨɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɠɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɤɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ). Ɉɛɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɬɹɝɨɬɟɧɢɟ ɪɨɦɚɧɢɫɬɚ ɤ ɜɫɬɚɜɧɵɦ ɫɤɚɡɤɚɦ. ɗɬɨɬ ɠɚɧɪ, ɤɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɡɚɧɹɥ ɜ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ. ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɟɝɨ ɫɚɬɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɤɚɡɤɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɟɳɟ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ 1860-ɯ ɝɝ. ɢ ɩɨ-ɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ Ɉɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɢɫɤɚɯ ɜ 1869 ɝ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɚɬɢɪɢɱɟ-ɫɤɢɯ ɫɤɚɡɨɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɓɟɞɪɢɧɵɦ ɜ 1883–1886 ɝɝ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟ-ɦɭɞɪɵɣ ɩɢɫɤɚɪɶ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ „ɜɵɧɵɪɧɭɥ” ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɞɢɥɥɢɢ, ɚ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ 1883 ɝ. ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɥ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠ ɨɞɧɨɢɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɤɚɡɤɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɟɟ ɜ „Ɉɛɳɟɦ ɞɟɥɟ”. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɫɬɚɜ-ɧɚɹ ɫɰɟɧɤɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɥɢɲɶ ɞɪɚɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɫɸɠɟɬɚ ɡɚɞɭɦɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɡɚɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɤɚɡ-ɤɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɫɤɚɡɤɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɫɚɬɢɪɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɢɫɤɚɪɶ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɩɭɫɬɨ-ɰɜɟɬɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɟɣ, ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɟɣ ɜɵɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɛɨɝɢɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɷɩɢɬɟɬ „ɩɪɟɦɭɞɪɵɣ” ɧɨɫɢɬ ɹɜɧɨ ɫɚɪɤɚ-ɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ)10 , ɬɨ ɜ ɞɪɚɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɫɬɚɜɧɨɣ ɫɰɟɧɤɟ ɫɭɪɨɜɨɦɭ ɨɫɦɟɹ-ɧɢɸ ɢ ɨɫɭɠɞɟɨɫɦɟɹ-ɧɢɸ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɭɝɭɛɨ ɫɚɬɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɨɫ-ɫɢɣɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɭɞɢɟ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɟ. ȼɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɨɦɚɧ ɥɚɤɨɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɠɚɧɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɜɨɣ-ɫɬɜɚ, ɯɨɬɶ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɟɣ, ɧɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɡɵ ɩɨɪɟɮɨɪɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɟɥɨ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɫɚɦɨɛɵɬɧɨ ɢ ɡɚ-ɦɟɬɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɥɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɓɟɞɪɢɧɚ ɞɚɠɟ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɫɚɬɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɧɢɝ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ȼɫɬɚɜɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɢɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɠɚɧɪɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ – ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɭɠɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɠɚɧɪɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɯɚɪɚɤ-ɬɟɪɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɓɟɞɪɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɟɝɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ. Ʉ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɧɨɜɟɥɥɢɫɬɢ-ɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɧɟ ɭɤɪɵɥɚɫɶ ɨɬ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɚ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ. Ʉ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵ ɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɟ Ƚɥɭ-ɩɨɜɟ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɝɪɚɞɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤɚɯ ɜɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ Ɉɬ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ „Ʉ ɱɢɬɚ-ɬɟɥɸ” ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɭɛɥɢɰɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɚɦɭɮɥɹɠ. Ɂɚɦɟɬɧɚ ɬɹɝɚ ɤ ɫɢɧ-ɬɟɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜ ɫɤɚɡɤɚɯ; ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɵ ɩɨɞɡɚɝɨɥɨɜɤɚɦɢ, ________________ 9_{ɓɟɞɪɢɧ ɜɫɸɞɭ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɚ „ɩɢɫɤɚɪɶ” ɫ ɝɥɚɫɧɨɣ „ɢ” ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɫɥɨɝɟ.} ȼ Ɍɨɥɤɨɜɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟ ȼ.ɂ. Ⱦɚɥɹ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɨ ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɵɦ. 10 _{ɇɚɞɭɦɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ Ⱥ.ɋ. Ȼɭɲɦɢɧɚ, ɩɨɥɚɝɚɜɲɟɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ} ɬɪɚɝɢɡɦɚ, ɜɨɩɥɨɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɫɤɚɡɤɟ ɉɪɟɦɭɞɪɵɣ ɩɢɫɤɚɪɶ, – ɷɬɨ „ɬɪɚɝɟɞɢɹ ɬɳɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɞɟɣɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɚɧɢɣ”. (Ⱥ.ɋ. Ȼ ɭ ɲ ɦ ɢ ɧ, „ɋɤɚɡɤɢ” Ɇ.ȿ. ɋɚɥɬɵɤɨɜɚ-ɓɟɞɪɢɧɚ [ɜ:] Ɇ.ȿ. ɋ ɚ ɥ ɬ ɵ ɤ ɨ ɜ - - ɓ ɟ ɞ ɪ ɢ ɧ, ɋɤɚɡɤɢ, Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ 1988, ɫ. 208).

ɩɪɢɜɧɨɫɹɳɢɦɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɠɚɧɪɨɜɵɣ ɚɤɰɟɧɬ. Ɍɚɤ, ɫɤɚɡɤɚ Ⱦɟɪɟɜɟɧɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɠɚɪ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɨɞɡɚɝɨɥɨɜɨɤ ɇɢ ɬɨ ɫɤɚɡɤɚ, ɧɢ ɬɨ ɛɵɥɶ, ɫɤɚɡɤɚ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɜɚ ɧɨɜɶ – „ɉɪɟɞɚɧɢɟ”, ɫɤɚɡɤɚ ɉɭɬɟɦ-ɞɨɪɨɝɨɸ – „Ɋɚɡɝɨɜɨɪ”. Ⱥ ɭ ɫɤɚɡɤɢ ɉɪɢɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɫ Ʉɪɚɦɨɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɵɦ11_{ɢɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɡɚɝɨɥɨɜɨɤ ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɬɨ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ} ɡɚɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɚɧɪɚ – „ɫɤɚɡɤɚ-ɷɥɟɝɢɹ”. ɀɚɧɪɨɜɚɹ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢɹ „ɷɥɟ-ɝɢɹ” ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɞɡɚɝɨɥɨɜɤɟ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɬɭ ɠɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɫɥɨɜɨ „ɢɞɢɥɥɢɹ” ɜ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ. ɋɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɢɥɢɟ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨ-ɠɚɧɪɨɜɵɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧ-ɧɨɣ ɢɞɢɥɥɢɢ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ – ɪɟɦɢɧɢɫɰɟɧɰɢɣ, ɰɢɬɚɬ, ɢɦɟɧ. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɩɢɝɪɚɮɚ ɢɡ „ɩɨɞɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ-ɧɨɝɨ” ɀɭɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ, ɜ ɤɧɢɝɟ ɰɢɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ (ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ, ɚ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚ-ɠɚɦɢ) „ɞɭɯɨɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɵɟ” ɫɬɢɯɢ ɢɡ ɨɞɵ Ⱦɟɪɠɚɜɢɧɚ ɇɚ ɜɡɹɬɢɟ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɵ, ɢɡ ɟɝɨ ɠɟ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɣ Ɏɟɥɢɰɚ, ȼɟɥɶɦɨɠɚ ɢ Ɉɫɟɧɶ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɫɚɞɵ Ɉɱɚɤɨɜɚ, ɛɚɫɧɢ ɂɜɚɧɚ Ʉɪɵɥɨɜɚ, Ʉɭɞɪɢ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɚ Ȼɟɧɟɞɢɤɬɨɜɚ, ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɢɡ ɩɭɲɤɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɑɟɪ-ɧɨɣ ɲɚɥɢ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɠɟ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨ-ɩɚɬɪɢɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ, ɚɞɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ „Ʉɥɟɜɟɬ-ɧɢɤɚɦ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ”, Ɇɚɪɫɟɥɶɟɡɚ ɜ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɟ, ɦɚɥɨɜɵɫɨɤɨɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ12 ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɢɡ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɷɬɚ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɹ Ⱥɥɮɟɪɶɟɜɚ ɇɚ ɧɵɧɟɲɧɸɸ ɜɨɣɧɭ, ɩɨɥɶ-ɡɨɜɚɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɭ ɠɟɥɬɨɣ ɩɪɟɫɫɵ ɢ ɨɛɵɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɝɨɞɵ Ʉɪɵɦɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ: ȼɨɬ ɜ ɜɨɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɚɡɚɪɬɟ ȼɨɟɜɨɞɚ ɉɚɥɶɦɟɪɫɬɨɧ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬ Ɋɭɫɶ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɟ ɍɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɫɬɨɦ. ȼɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɵɯ, ɪɚɜɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɦɚɥɨɢɡ-ɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ. ɉɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɦɟɧɚ Ƚɪɢɛɨɟɞɨɜɚ, ɉɭɲ-ɤɢɧɚ, Ʉɪɵɥɨɜɚ, Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ ɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ; ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ Ⱦɦɢɬɪɢɣ Ⱥɜɟɪɤɢɟɜ, Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ Ⱦɚɧɢɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ, Ⱥɩɨɥɥɨɧ Ɇɚɣɤɨɜ, ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ ɇɟɦɢɪɨɜɢɱ, „Ɏɚɞɞɟɣ ȼɟɧɟɞɢɤɬɨɜɢɱ” (Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧ – Ɇ.ɋ.), Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɣ ɋɭɜɨɪɢɧ, ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɛɭɥɶ-ɜɚɪɧɵɯ ɪɨɦɚɧɨɜ Ȼɟɥɥɨ ɢ ɉɨɥɶ-ɞɟ-Ʉɨɤ13_{ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɨɩɟɪɚ ȼɟɪɞɢ (ɧɚ ɫɸɠɟɬ ɞɪɚɦɵ} ȼɢɤɬɨɪɚ Ƚɸɝɨ) ɗɪɧɚɧɢ, ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɨɪ Ɉɮɮɟɧɛɚɯ, ɰɟɧɡɨɪ Ʉɪɚɫɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɶ Ɏɟɞɨɪ Ȼɚɣɦɚɤɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ. Ɂɚ ɧɚɫɦɟɲɤɨɣ ɧɚɞ „ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɵɦ ɝ. Ɂɟɬɨɦ” ɥɟɝɤɨ ɭɝɚɞɵ-ɜɚɥɫɹ ɮɟɥɶɟɬɨɧɢɫɬ „ɇɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ” ȼɢɤɬɨɪ Ȼɭɪɟɧɢɧ, ɚ ɜ „ɦɚɫɬɢɬɨɦ ɦɨɫɤɨɜ-ɫɤɨɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɟ” ɧɟɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɭɡɧɚɬɶ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ ɉɨɝɨɞɢɧɚ. ȼɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɨɜ, ɮɢɝɭɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɉɭɛɥɢɱɧɚɹ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ, Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɬɟɚɬɪ, ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɹ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɮɢɥɨɜ ɢ ɩɪ. ________________ 11_{ɉɭɛɥɢɰɢɫɬ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɚɳɟɣ ɮɚɦɢɥɢɟɣ „Ʉɪɚɦɨɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ” ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɫɹ ɜ} ɉɨɲɟɯɨɧ-ɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚɯ Ɇ.ȿ. ɋɚɥɬɵɤɨɜɚ-ɓɟɞɪɢɧɚ. 12_{Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɨɤɫɸɦɨɪɨɧɧɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɨɛɢɯɨɞ} Ɇ.Ɇ. Ɂɨɳɟɧɤɨ. 13_{ɋ ɟɝɨ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠ ɮɚɦɢɥɶɹɪɧɢɱɚɟɬ, ɩɢɲɚ ɜ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɚɞɟɠɟ –} „ɉɨɥɶ-ɞɟ--Ʉɨɤɰɚ”.

ȼ ɫɚɪɤɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɤɥɸɱɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ Ƚɥɭɦɨɜɚ ɨ „ɫɸɠɟɬɟ” ɢ ɡɚ-ɜɹɡɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ „ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɨɪ”. ɂɡɞɟɜɤɨɣ ɧɚɞ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɭɱɟɧɨ-ɫɬɶɸ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɢ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɨ „ɤɚɮɟɞɪɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɢɬɢɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɢ”14 . ɇɟ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɹɬ ɩɪɢɬɹɡɚɧɢɹ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ ɧɚ ɡɚɧɹ-ɬɢɹ ɮɨɥɶɤɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ. ȼ ɨɧɨɦɚɫɬɢɤɨɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɧɚ, ɭɠɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɥɸɛɢɬɟɥɹɦ ɪɨɫ-ɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɟɧ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶ-ɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɣ – Ƚɥɭɦɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɮɚɦɢɥɢɹ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɱɭɬɶ ɥɢ ɧɟ ɧɚɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɥɚ-ɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɩɶɟɫɟ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ Ɉɫɬɪɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɇɚ ɜɫɹɤɨɝɨ ɦɭɞɪɟɰɚ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɵ (1868); ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɨɧɚ ɢ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɋɚɥɬɵɤɨɜɚ-ɓɟɞɪɢɧɚ, ɤɚɤ ɉɨɦɩɚɞɭɪɵ ɢ ɩɨɦɩɚɞɭɪɲɢ, ȼ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɚɤɤɭɪɚɬɧɨɫɬɢ15 , Ⱦɜɨ-ɪɹɧɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɥɨɞɢɢ, Ⱦɟɬɢ Ɇɨɫɤɜɵ, ɇɟɨɤɨɧɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɟɫɟɞɵ. ɉɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɦ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ ɜ ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɞɢɥɥɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɞɟɩɬ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɞɨɛɪɨɞɟɬɟɥɟɣ („ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɚɤɤɭɪɚɬɧɨɫɬɶ”) Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɣ ɋɬɟɩɚɧɵɱ Ɇɨɥɱɚɥɢɧ; ɯɪɟɫɬɨɦɚɬɢɣ-ɧɨɟ ɢɦɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɝɪɢɛɨɟɞɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɚ ɮɢɝɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɭɠɟ ɜ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɢ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɳɟɞɪɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɱɟɪɤɨɜ Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɚ Ɇɨɥɱɚɥɢɧɵ, ɚ ɦɨɥɱɚɥɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɞɨɛɪɨɞɟɬɟɥɢ ɭɦɟ-ɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɚɤɤɭɪɚɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɚɯ ɞɜɭɯ „ɛɨɛɵɥɨɤ” ɜ ɫɤɚɡɤɟ ɓɟɞɪɢɧɚ Ⱦɨɛɪɨɞɟɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɤɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɢɡ ɝɪɢɛɨɟɞɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚ-ɛɨɪɚ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɨɦɚɧɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɑɚɰɤɨɝɨ ɢ Ɋɟɩɟɬɢɥɨɜɚ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɥɢɬɟ-ɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢɦɟɧ – Ɍɪɹɩɢɱɤɢɧ (ɩɪɢɹɬɟɥɶ ɢ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬ ɏɥɟɫɬɚɤɨɜɚ – ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠ ɡɚ ɫɰɟɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɝɨɝɨɥɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ Ɋɟɜɢɡɨɪɚ), Ɋɚɫɩɥɸɟɜ (ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɶɟɫ ɢɡ ɞɪɚɦɚ-ɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɢɥɨɝɢɢ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ ɋɭɯɨɜɨ-Ʉɨɛɵɥɢɧɚ) ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ. Ɉɫɨɛɨɝɨ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɨ ɧɟɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɟ ɢɦɹ, ɩɪɢɫɜɨ-ɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɧɚɫɟɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɢɪ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ. ɗɬɨ „ɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɥɤɨɜɨɞɟɰ ɉɨɥɤɚɧ ɋɚɦɫɨɧɵɱ Ɋɟɞɟɞɹ”, ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜɨɡɝɥɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɚɪɦɢɢ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɥɟɦɟɧ, ɚ „ɜ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɟ ɨɬ ɦɟɠɞɭɭɫɨɛɢɣ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɥɭɠɢɜɲɢɣ ɩɨ ɧɚɣɦɭ ɦɟɬɪɞɨɬɟɥɟɦ”. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɓɟɞɪɢɧ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥ ɢɫɬɨ-ɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɦɹ ɤɧɹɡɹ ɤɚɫɨɝɨɜ (ɚɞɵɝɨɜ) Ɋɟɞɟɞɢ, ɠɢɜɲɟɝɨ ɜ ɏI ɜɟɤɟ ɢ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɨ-ɝɨ ɜ ɉɨɜɟɫɬɢ ȼɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ Ʌɟɬ ɢ ɋɥɨɜɟ ɨ ɩɨɥɤɭ ɂɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɨ-ɝɨɪɟɜɟ. ɂɦɹ Ɋɟɞɟɞɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨ-ɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɓɟɞɪɢɧɵɦ ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɚɯ; ɬɚɤ, ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɧɨ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɩɢɫɶɦɟ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɭ ɉɵɩɢɧɭ ɨɬ 1 ɧɨɹɛɪɹ 1883 ɝ.: „...ȼɫɩɨɦɧɢɬɟ, ɱɬɨ Ɋɟɞɟɞɹ ɋɟɪɛɢɸ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɬɶ ɯɨɞɢɥ, ɜɫɸ Ɋɨɫɫɢɸ ɜɡɛɚɥɚɦɭɬɢɥ...”16 . Ɍɭɬ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ ɢɦɟɥ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɭɸ ɮɢɝɭɪɭ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɚ – ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɚ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ ɑɟɪɧɹɟɜɚ, ɛɟɫɫɥɚɜɧɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɢɜɲɟɝɨ ɫɟɛɹ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɨ-ɬɭɪɟɰɤɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɟ. Ɉɛɢɥɢɟ ɰɢɬɚɬ, ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɪɟɦɢɧɢɫɰɟɧɰɢɣ ɢ ɢɦɟɧ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɫɨ-ɧɚɠɟɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɳɟɞɪɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɟ ɢ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨ-ɝɢɢ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɟɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ „ɫɥɨɜɟɱɤɢ” ɢ ɫɥɨɜɨɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɨɬ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɳɟɞɪɢɧɫɤɢɦɢ. ________________ 14 Ɇɢɬɢɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɹ– ɫɤɜɟɪɧɨɫɥɨɜɢɟ. 15_{ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɰɢɤɥɟ ɨɱɟɪɤɨɜ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɫɹ Ȼɚɥɚɥɚɣɤɢɧ – ɧɟɦɚɥɨɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠ} ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɞɢɥɥɢɢ. 16_{Ɇ.ȿ. ɋ ɚ ɥ ɬ ɵ ɤ ɨ ɜ - ɓ ɟ ɞ ɪ ɢ ɧ, Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɚ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 313.}

Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɭɫɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ: „ɜ ɫɚɦɭɸ ɝɭɳɭ ɛɥɚɝɨ-ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ”, „ɜɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɫɬɨɣɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɯ ɢ ɬɟɥɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɨɛɵɜɚɬɟɥɹ”, „ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥ ɫɨɛɟɫɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɝɪɚ-ɮɢɧɨɦ”, „ɛɟɡɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɫɩɢɜɨɱɧɨ ɢ ɧɚɜɵ-ɧɨɫ”, „ɤɨɞɟɤɫ ɭɝɨɥɨɜɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ”, „ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɧɟ ɪɟɤɢ ɡɚɛɜɟɧɢɹ”, „ɫɨɦ-ɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɧɟɨɩɪɹɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ”, „ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɢ ɤɪɚɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɚɦɧɟɣ” ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ-ɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, ɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɢɳɭ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟ-ɧɢɣ ɤɚɤ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɜɟɞɚɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɚɦ. ɇɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬ ɩɨ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬ ɜ ɳɟɞ-ɪɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɪɨɦɚɧɟ ɰɟɥɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɡɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɨɤɫɸɦɨɪɨɧɨɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: „ɛɥɚ-ɝɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ɫɤɜɟɪɧɨɫɥɨɜɢɬɶ”, „ɩɥɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɟɫɬɟɫɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ”, „ɚɥɥɟɝɨɪɢ-ɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɥɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ”, „Ⱦɨɛɪɨɦɵɫɥ Ƚɚɞɸɤ”. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɨɤɫɸɦɨɪɨɧ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɡ-ɜɟɪɧɭɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɟ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɟɭɞɨɛɨɜɚɪɢɦɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ; ɬɚɤ, ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɜ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɟ ɩɨɬɨɦɤɚ Ƚɚɞɸɤɚ ɂɜɚɧɚ ɂɜɚɧɵɱɚ Ɉɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ (ɝɥɚɜɚ ɩɹɬɚɹ) ɝɨɜɨ-ɪɢɬɫɹ ɨ ɧɟɤɢɯ ɝɭɛɟɪɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ, „ɤɚɤɨ ɬɚɤɨɜɵɦ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɡɚ-ɤɨɧ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɧɢɹɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɜ ɡɚɡɚ-ɤɨɧɚɯ ɠɟ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶ”. ȼ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɜɵɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢɦɟɧ ɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɣ, ɜɵɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɧɚ ɨɛɨɡɪɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɫɦɟɹ-ɧɢɟ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɓɟɞɪɢɧɭ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɫ ɡɚɛɚɜɧɵɦ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ „Ʉɪɚɫɚ Ⱦɟɦɢɞɪɨ-ɧɚ” ɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ: „ɝɚɡɟɬɚ ɚɫɫɟɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɥɸɛɨɫɬɪɚɫɬɧɚɹ, ɜɵɯɨ-ɞɹɳɚɹ ɜ ɞɧɢ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɞɪɚɤ” (78). Ʌɸɛɨɩɵɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɜɪɟ-ɦɟɧɟɦ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɡ ɫɚɪɤɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɭɬɪɚɬɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɡɥɨɛɨ-ɞɧɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɡɚ ɫɬɨ ɫ ɥɢɲɧɢɦ ɥɟɬ. Ʉ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, „ɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɥɤɨɜɨɞɟɰ” ɉɨɥɤɚɧ Ɋɟɞɟɞɹ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɭ ɡɭɥɭɫɨɜ, ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ, ɭɫɬɪɨɟɧɨ „ɦɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɤɭɤɭɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮ”, ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨ, ɛɵɬɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ, ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɭ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɸ ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ: „ɦɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɵɦ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɦ”. Ɉɛɢɥɢɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɦɵɯ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢɦɟɧ, ɰɢɬɚɰɢɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬ-ɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ, ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɪɟɦɢɧɢɫɰɟɧɰɢɣ, ɷɩɢɝɪɚɮ, ɬɹ-ɝɨɬɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦ, ɤɚɤ ɝɪɨɬɟɫɤ, ɩɚɪɨɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɢɪɨ-ɧɢɹ, – ɜɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɥɨ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɪɨɦɚɧ ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɞɢɥɥɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɜɨ-ɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɡɜɟɫɬɧɢɤɚ ɫɬɚɜɲɟɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɢ ɬ.ɧ. „ɮɢ-ɥɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɡɵ”17 . Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ, ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɧɟ ɫɤɚ-ɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɠɚɧɪɨɜɨɦ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɪɨɦɚɧɭ ɩɪɢɞɚɜɚɥɚ ɢ ɬɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɟ ɭɤɪɵɥɚɫɶ ɭɠɟ ɨɬ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɚ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɜɲɢɯ ɤ ɤɭɥɶ-ɬɭɪɧɨ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɲɤɨɥɟ. Ɍɚɤ, ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ Ʉɪɚɧɢɯɮɟɥɶɞ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɨ ɋɚɥɬɵɤɨ-ɜɟ-ɓɟɞɪɢɧɟ, ɜɨɲɟɞɲɟɣ ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɬɨɦɧɭɸ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɩɢɫɚɥ: ________________ 17_{Ɉ ɮɢɥɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɡɟ ɫɦ. ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɜ ɨɱɟɪɤɟ ɉɨɜɟɫɬɶ Ȼ.Ɇ. ɗɣɯɟɧɛɚɭɦɚ} „Ɇɚɪ-ɲɪɭɬ ɜ ɛɟɫɫɦɟɪɬɢɟ” ɤɚɤ ɨɩɵɬ ɮɢɥɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɡɵ.

„...ȼ ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɞɢɥɥɢɢ ɱɚɳɟ ɢ ɹɪɱɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɚɬɢɪɚɯ, ɜɫɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɥɸɛɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɟɦ ɓɟɞɪɢɧɚ – ɩɪɢɱɭɞɥɢɜɵɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɮɚɧɬɚɫɬɢɤɢ ɫ ɪɟɚɥɢɡ-ɦɨɦ...”18 . Ɉ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɝɪɨɬɟɫɤɧɨɦ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɩɢɲɭɬ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɢ ɧɨɜɟɣɲɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨ-ɜɚɬɟɥɢ. Ɍɚɤ, Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ Ⱥɭɷɪ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɮɢɧɚɥ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ ɤɚɤ „ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ-ɮɚɧɬɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ”19 . ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɮɚɧɬɚɫɬɢɱɟ-ɫɤɨɝɨ ɫ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɫɚɬɢɪɵ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɷɩɨɯ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɚɬɢɪɚ ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɭɡɧɚɜɚɟɦɵɟ, ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɨɤɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɢɯ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɞɢɥɥɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡ ɤ ɬɚɤɨɦɭ ɪɹɞɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟ-ɞɟɧɢɣ. ɋɚɬɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ (ɥɢɛɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɯ) ɪɨɦɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɧɞɟɧ-ɰɢɣ, ɚ ɢɯ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɨɦɚɧ-ɩɚɦ-ɮɥɟɬ, ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɰɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹɦ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɫɚɬɢɪɵ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɢɟɦ, ɩɪɨɹɜɢɜɲɢɦɫɹ ɧɟ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɸɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɜ ɠɚɧɪɨɜɨɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɟ.. ________________ 18_{ȼ. Ʉ ɪ ɚ ɧ ɢ ɯ ɮ ɟ ɥ ɶ ɞ, Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ȿɜɝɪɚɮɨɜɢɱ ɋɚɥɬɵɤɨɜ-ɓɟɞɪɢɧ, [ɜ:] ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ} ɪɭɫ-ɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ XIX ɜ., (ɬ. IV), ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ⱦ.ɇ. Ɉɜɫɹɧɢɤɨ-Ʉɭɥɢɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1911, ɫ. 275. 19_{Ⱥ.ɉ. Ⱥ ɭ ɷ ɪ, ɋɚɥɬɵɤɨɜ-ɓɟɞɪɢɧ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɢɤɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ} XIX ɜɟɤɚ, Ʉɨɥɨɦɧɚ 1993, ɫ. 91. ɋɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ: ȿ.ɘ. ɋ ɚ ɞ ɨ ɜ ɫ ɤ ɚ ɹ, Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɷɬɢɤɢ ɪɨ-ɦɚɧɚ Ɇ.ȿ. ɋɚɥɬɵɤɨɜɚ-ɓɟɞɪɢɧɚ „ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɞɢɥɥɢɹ”. Ⱦɢɫɫ. ....ɤɚɧɞ. ɮɢɥɨɥ. ɧɚɭɤ, ȼɨɪɨ-ɧɟɠ 2003.