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AYE ST A READER
FIRST SERIES
E A S I E R T E X T S , N O T E S , A N D V O C A B U L A R Y
B Y
A. V. W ILLIA M S JACKSON
OF COLUMBIA COLLEGE, NEW YO R K CITY
STUTTGART
\V. K O H L H A M M E R*893
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This little book is inscribed in remembrance
o f the late
Kommerzienrat W. Kohlhammer
as a token o f regard.
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\\ 4 S r
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P
r e f a c e
.
This little book lays no claim to any special merit
beyond furnishing in convenient form some material for
those beginning to study the Avesta.
A s it is intended
merely for an introduction, and being designed as the
first of a series o f reading books, the number o f pages
o f texts has been limited.
The selections here given are
such as may easily be mastered by a class in one college
term; the beginner, moreover, always finds a certain de
gree of pleasure and satisfaction in a book that can be
read through in a com paratively short time, and he feels
he is making a certain amount of progress when another
book has to be taken up.
W ith that in view, a second
volume is being prepared; this will contain longer texts
and will be so arranged as to imply a step in advance.
The present s e l e c t i o n s in prose and verse, are fairly
representative, as far as excerpts can be, of Yasna, Vis-
parad, Yasht, and Vendidad. T he chapters Y s. 26 and 57
are given complete.
The passage from V d. 19 has the
advantage of presenting a specimen o f texts in which
grammatical decay is to be observed.
T he n o t e s in general have been made brief and con
cise, but it is hoped that beside being explanatory they
will also prove useful in giving the student an occasional
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vi
P refac e.hint regarding books of reference, and will thus interest
him in the literature of the subject. A brief list o f useful
books has already been given in
Avesta Gram mar
Part i,
p. xl-xlii. Attention is now also called to the new A vesta
translation b y Darmesteter,
Le Zend-A vesta
(3 volumes,
Paris 1892-3), the last two volumes of which reached me
after the greater part o f the present book was already in
press; I was pleased, however, to note several co-incidences
in interpretation o f certain Yasht and Vendidad passages.
The v o c a b u l a r y has been made a little more full
perhaps than is necessary; but this was done from a de
sire to give the beginner a fair start.
It seemed advis
able, for example, to add frequent grammatical references,
and to designate the verb forms in full.
A slightly dif
ferent plan will be-followed in the Second Series.
W ith regard to the e t y m o l o g i e s in the vocabulary,
comparison has been confined to Sanskrit, Old Persian,
Pahlavi, and New Persian.
It is presupposed, o f course,
that the student has made some progress in Sanskrit. The
comparisons with Old Persian, Pahlavi and New Persian
are added, not at all with the idea that they will be
mastered by a beginner, but in order to show the pupil
the importance o f the Iranian as well as the Sanskrit
side o f interpretation, and to familiarize him with the
studies next akin to his subject.
Old Persian is easily
mastered after Avestan, and the earnest student will soon
discover that the well-equipped scholar can not of course
long dispense with Pahlavi and New Persian. The ‘ tradi
tion al’ and ‘ com parative’ method must go hand in hand.
In preparing the book I have had before me W. G eiger’s
Iiandbuch der Azvestasprache,
the manual with which I
first began my A vesta studies.
O f course C. de Harlez’
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Preface.
vii
M anuel de VAvesta,
and Bartholomae’s
A ltiranische Dia-
lekte
have been often consulted.
Justi’s
Handbuch der
Zendsprache
was necessarily used at every s te p ; and
Lanman’s admirable
S anskrit Reader
furnished many a
hint or apt English rendering for kindred Avesta-Sanskrit
words.
The material for comparison with Old Persian
was drawn from Spiegel’s
Altpersische K eilinsch riften;
and that for comparison with Pahlavi words, mainly
from W est’s
Glossary and In d ex o f A rda V ira f.
In
the case o f New Persian, reference was made to V ullers’
Lexicon Persico-Latinum
and to Palmer’s
Pers ia n
-
E n g l is It
Dictionary.
Paul Horn’s new
Grundriss der Neupersischen
Etymologie
(Strassburg 1893) came late but happily as I
was reading the final revision o f the proof-sheets of the
vocabulary; from this source, therefore, a number ot good
additions were made.
T o each of the above authors I
desire to made cordial acknowledgment.
T o my friend
Professor Karl F. Geldner my sincerest thanks as always
are due.
W ith this word, and with the hope that scholars will
give their helpful criticism, corrections and suggestions,
which I shall gladly and personally acknowledge, this little
A vesta Reader is started on its course.
A. V. Williams Jackson
S ep tem b er 1893. C o lu m b ia C o lle g e Ne w Y o r k Ci t y.
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C
o n t e n t s
.
Page P R E F A C E ... V — VII T E X T S ... I — 33 T R A N S C R IP T IO N O F A V E S T A N A L P H A B E T ... 34 A B B R E V I A T I O N S ... 36 N O T E S O N T H E T E X T S ... 3 7 — 4 8 V O C A B U L A R Y ... 4 9 — 1 1 2S
e l e c t i o n
o f
T
e x t s
.
Y a s n a (1) Y s. i x . 1-8. (2) Y s. 2 6 .1 - 1 1 . ( 3) Y s . 5 7 -2- 3 4 - V is p a r a d (4) V sp . 1 5 .1-3 . Y a s h t s ( 5) Y t. 5 .1 -9 , 132 (6) Y t. 1 4 1 1 7 -V e n d id a d (7) V d . 3-23-29. (8) V d . 6 .4 4 -5 1. (9) V d . 19 .5 -10 .•VWAAA/W-D u ty tow ards the cow , the horse, and
H a o m a ... 3 — 5 S acrifice and praise to the F ravash is . . 5 — 8 Praise o f the A n g e l S r a o s h a ... 8 — 17
E xho rtatio n to righteousness and w orship 18
Praise o f the G od d ess o f W aters
. , . .
19—23
Six in carnation s o f the G enius o f V icto ry 2 3 — 27T h e blessin gs o f a g r i c u l t u r e ... 2 8 — 30 O rigin o f the T o w e rs o f S i l e n c e ... 3° — 3 1 T h e tem ptation o f Z o r o a s t e r ... 3 2— 33
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T E X T S .
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Y A S N A.
i.
Y a s n a n .
Ih e cow, horse, Haoma, if misused, utter imprecations.
The homage due to Haoma.
1
2
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II.
Y a s n a 26.
Sacrifice and Praise to the Fravashis.
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III.
Y a sn a 57.
Srosh Yasht.
Praise o f the Angel Sraosha.
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Yasna 57.
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14
Yasna 57.
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Yasna 57.
1
7
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VI S P A R AD.
IV.
V isp a ra d 15 (§§ 1—3).
E x h o rta tio n to R ighteousness and W orship.
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YASHTS.
v.
Y a s h t 5 (§§
1 - 9 ; 1 32) .
Ardul Sur Yasht.
Praise o f A rdvi Sura Anahita, the Celestial Stream
and Goddess of Waters.
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V I.
Y a s h t 14 (§§ 1 — 17).
B ah ram Yasht,
Six of the Incarnations o f Verethraghna,
Genius o f Victory.
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V E N D ID AD.
VII.
V en d id ad 3 (§§
2 3 — 29).
T h e Blessings o f A griculture.
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VIII.
V en d id a d 6 (§§
4 4 — 5 1 ) .
Disposal o f the dead bodies.— Origin of the 'Powers
o f Silence.
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IX.
V en d id a d 19
(§§ 5 — 10 ).
T h e T em p tatio n o f Z oroaster b y the E vil Spirit.
32
Vendidad 19.
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TRANSCRIPTION OF AVESTAN ALPHABET.
(C o m p ared w ith Justi, H andbuch der Zendsprache.)*
A. V o w els.
S h o r t ...~ a
>
i)
u
?
d n) e ^ o
a i u (e) (?) oL o n g ...■*“
&V Z
Uj
0(t)
€""t3
0 cm w Cfc d I ii (?) ? o (do) (a)B. C o n so n a n ts.
G u t t u r a l ...
k ly
1
)
C*
g
\
J
k (kh ) g (gh)P a l a t a l ...
Y C—
^ J — ? jD e n t a l ... f° t
h ]> _J d ( &
I° /
t (th ) d (d h) ( ( )L a b i a l ...
OJ pA
/ . J b m W p f b wN a s a l ...
i 10
ASV
I «
g-U
4 M
(n ) ( n ) n (n ) rnS e m iv o w e l an d
L i q u i d ... TO (JJ)
) ' (jO“
^
^ I )(»)
V C y O“
y r vS i b i l a n t ...u
STO
Ijy / * to
/
%ao
Z(s)
(s)
(sh)
(sk)
s
(zh)
A s p ira tio n . . . .
of h h A (q)L i g a t u r e ...
I
**
h r(<])
______________
1 Form s in parentheses () show w here Justi has been deviated from.
2 T h e signs i, u n eed only b e em p loyed for pu rely scientific p u r p o ses; the l e t t e r s y, v f o r b o t h initial and in tern al to ())), a n s w e r f u l l y for p ractica l purposes.
3 T h e d ifferentiation s, $, / need on ly be m ade in scientific articles. T h e sin gle s i g n s is o rd in arily q u i t e s u f f i c i e n t for the three to, IJt), TO.
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N O T E S
ON THETEX T.
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A B B R E V I A T I O N S .
adj. = a d jective advl. = adverb ial cl. == class cpd. = com pound dcln. = d eclension esp. = esp ecially et al. = et alia exp l. = exam p le fr. = from
in d ecl. = in d eclin ab le infin. = infinitive
nom. propr. = noinen p rop riu m num. = num eral
orig. = origin al, orig in ally opp ., opp. to = o p p osed to par. — p aragrap h
p ret. = preterite p tcp l. = p articip le sb., subst. = substantive scdry. = secon d ary str. = strong
v b ., v b l. = v erb , v erb a l w . = w ith
w k. = w eak
A fr. = A frin gan
A .O .S . = A m erican O rien tal S o c ie ty B .B . = B e zze n b e rg e r’ s B eitrage G A v .1 = G a tlia A v e sta G r .2 = G ram m ar
IF . = Ind o germ an isch e F o rsch u n g en Ind.Iran. = Ind o-Iran ian
K .Z . = K u h n ’s Z eitsch rift M S. = M anuscript M SS. = M anuscripts N ar. = N aryo san gh N y . = N yaish P. = P ersian
P h i.V ers. = P a h lav i V ersio n S .B .E . = S acred B o o k s o f E ast Sir. = Sirozah S k t. = Sanskrit V d . = V en d id ad Vsp. = V isp a rad Y A v . 1 = Y o u n g e r A v e sta Y s. = Y as n a Y t. = Y a s h t Z .A . = Z e n d -A v e sta Z P h l. G l. = Z an d -P ah lavi G lo ssary
1 F o r exp lan ation o f G A v ., Y A v . see G r. p. xlvii.
2 A ll referen ces to Gr. § § ( ) are to Jackson , Avesta G ram m ar (Stuttgart 1 892).
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G e n e r a l R e m a r k s . O n the b o o k o f the Y as n a and its divisions, see G r. Introd. p. x vii § 13. d h e present selectio n from it is one o f three chapters, Y s . 9, 10, 1 1 , w h ich w ere sp e cia lly recited in prep aring the H ao m a as part o f the sacrifice. T h e verses o f this short chapter, m in g led w ith the prose lines o f the litu rgy, form ed the co n clu sio n o f the H ao m a ritual. T h e sacred wine w as then drunk b y the priest, and the p erfo r m ance o f the Y as n a sacrifice continued.
T h e introductory verses here given narrate h ow three g o o d creatures, i f m isused, w ill utter im p recatio ns; the clo sin g stanzas are in praise o f H aom a. th e M e t r e m ay be com pared w ith the San skrit gloka but is som etim es d e f e c t iv e ; o ccasio n ally it rem inds one o f the K a lw a la verse o f L o n g fe llo w ’ s H iaw atha. S ee Gr. P art II, chap. on M etre.
Y s . 1 1 .1.
g a u s a s p a s c a h a o m a s c a : the in feren ce is plau sib le that the three
creatures are resp ectiv ely typ ical o f the three classes, peasant, w ar rior, priest.
h a s t ar n b a ll's a h e: the l ’hl. V ers, renders ‘w ho dost not g iv e me as a
precious th ing (to w orth y p e o p le )’.— S ee V o cab u la ry . Y s . 11.2.
a s p o b a $ a r d m : apparently the second, or w a r r i o r class is here allu ded
to — see abo ve.
m q m z d v a r3: on the construction, cf. Gr. § 930.
p o u r u m a l t i . . . . k a r j s a y a i : either in the race or in battle.
Y s . 11.3.
h a z a r d in: p resum ab ly an allusion to the p r i e s t w ho d oes not fulfil
his duty.
a l w i s l i u t d m d a r a y e h i : the I’hi. V ers, renders ‘w ho w itho ldest me f r o m b e in g p rep ared ’ .
Y s . 11.4.
p i t a : A h u ra M azda is o f course to b e understood (see next paragraph).
Y s . 11.6 .
v a r $ n a : ‘ serp ents, sn akes’ , as show n b y the fragm ent given b y G eld n er,
in K .Z . xxvii. p. 588.
Y asna n N otes.
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38
N o tes to Y a s n a 11 a n d 26. Y s . 11.7.f r a v r a s y a n3 in . . . p a I r i s k a fyt3 m : a cco rd in g to the le g e n d , the m ur
d erer F ranrasyan (i. e. later A frasyab ), to o k refu ge in an underground p a lac e or iron c h am b er; in spite o f w h ich, h o w ever, H orn captured him . S ee D arm esteter, E tu d es Iraniennes, vol. ii. pp. 2 2 5 -2 2 9 ; S .B .E ., v o l. xxiii. pp. 64 note, 14 4 ; L e Zend-Avesta, vo l. i. p. 1 1 1 note.
Y a s n a 26 N o t e s .
G e n e r a l R e m a r k . In the p erform an ce o f the Y a s n a sacrifice this short ch ap ter is recited b y the priest (Z o t) and his assistant ( R a sp i) as part o f the in vo catio n o f the F ravash is.
Y s . 2 6.1.
s t a o m i z b a y e m i u f y e m i : com pare the fo rm u la ic yasndica vahm aica etc.
Y s . 5 7 .6 et al.
Y s . 26.4.
a h u m . . . f r a v a $ t m : the usual five-fo ld classification o f the spiritual
facu lties o f man. T h e sam e d ivision is fou n d also in la ter Parsism — (1) ahu (Phi. atni) ‘spirit, b reath o f lif e ’; (2) daena (Phi. din ) ‘relig ion ,
co n scie n ce ’ ; (3) baodah (Phi. bod) ‘ con sciousn ess, p e rce p tio n ’ ; (4) u rvan (Phi. ruban) ‘so u l’ ; (5) f r a v a il (P h i. fr o k a r ) ‘F ravash i, guardian a n g e l’ .
g $ u is h u d c a v h o : an allusion to the Prim eval B u ll slain b y A h rim an , but
from w hich a ll anim als are sprung. Sim ilarly, m ankind are d escen d ed from h is coun terpart Gayo-maretan, the prim itive m an, a sort o f Ira nian A d am , w h o w as also slain b y A h rim an . S ee Y s. 26.5 b elo w .
Y s . 26.9.
u z d a h y u n q m c a : Zoroastrianism d istin ctly re co g n ize d the righteous in
o th er lan ds besid es Iran, cf. Y t. 1 3 .1 4 3 ,1 4 4 — a glim p se o f the id ea o f the u n iversal b roth erho od o f m ankind.
Y s . 2 6 .10 .
h a c a . . . a s a o s y a q t a f . an allu sion to the com in g o f the S aviou r (Sao-
shyant). T h e phrase haca — d etc. is here ab o u t e q u iv a len t to ‘ from the b eg in n in g o f the w o rld to the resu rrection ’ , cf. i C o rin thian s xv.4 5 .
Y s . 2 6 .1 1 .
u r v q n d . . . yen f r a v a g a y d : here the souls o f the d ea d are F ravash is,
cf. Y t. 1 3 .1 7 . T h e relative y & (f.) is attracted to frava$ayo.
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N o te s to Y a sn a 57.
39
Y a s n a 57 N o t e s .
G e n e r a l R e m a r k . T w o Y a s h ts (Y s. 57, Y t. n ) are d ed ica ted to Sraosha the d ivin ity ot R e lig io u s O b ed ie n ce and D evo tio n . T h e latter Y a s h t (Y t. 1 1 ) is com m on ly term ed Srosk Yasht Hadhdkht and is rather the m ore liturgical o f the two. T h e form er, our present selectio n (Y s. 57), is the Srosh Yasht si s/iaba or ‘Srosh Y a s h t o f the T h re e N ig h ts’ , since it is used at funeral cerem o nies during the three nights after the d ecease, as w ell as b e in g in com m on use at the sacrifice. S ee D arrnesteter, L e Zend-
Avesta, vol. i. p. 358. T h e M SS. g e n e ra lly d ivid e this Y a s n a into thirteen A a rd e s ‘sectio n s’ , each o f w h ich closes w ith the rep etition o f a form ula.
Y s . 5 7-1
-a $3m v o h u : the op en in g verse b eg in n in g w ith these w ords, consists
m erely o f form ulas; it is th erefo re here om itted. Y s . 57.2.
f r a s 19 r 3 t a / p ad t i b a r3 s m a n : on the construction, cf. Gr. § 966 N. 1. p a y u p w d r 3 s t d r a: a D v a n d v a com pound (G r. § 879 exp l.), and it re
fers apparently to M ithra and R ashnu, the k eep er and the ju d g e at the C invat B rid g e after death. It seem s at least reason ab le to regard M ithra (cf. Y t. 10) as the w atchful guardian (p ay u ); it is fair to p re sume that R ashnu the Just (cf. Y t. 12), the divin ity w h o w eigh s in the b alan ce the d eed s o f men, m ay be the pw dr3sta r w h o has the decision. T h e P h i. V ers., m oreover, supports the v iew as it actu ally glosses the phrase as panak b arin kar M itro ‘ the k eep er and form er M ithra’ ; it fails to reco gn ize the dual o f the D v an d va , treats the w ords as sin gular, and h en ce m akes no m ention o f R ashnu.
Y s . 5 7-3
-r a y a . . . y a s n a : on the const-ruction, cf. G-r. § 941 expl.
Y s . 57.6.
p r y a J i $ t i s e tc .: nouns in exp lan atory ap p osition to bar3sma.
Y s. 57-8.
g a p m f r a s r a v a y a / a f s m a n i v q n : ‘w ho chan ted the G athas, the m e
trical se le ctio n s’ , etc.
Y s . 5 7-1 0.
y a p a wjd> n ti* d y a t v h a m : a rem iniscence o f the G athas (Y s. 34.8 b),
h en ce na*d0 (d ) rather than nd!d° (d). Y s . 5 7-1 1
-b a r3 z a l d i m : the Phi. Vers, has buland ‘ta ll’ w h ich w o u ld rather favo r the
M SS. rea d in g bar3zattim , this w ou ld im ply a stem bar3za*tya-.
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4 0
N o te s to Y a sn a 57.Y s . 5 7-1 4
-d u r -d f . . . v o i j n c Q y e * i t t i : com pare the w or-ds o f the P salm ist (Ps. xci. 10)
‘there sh all no e v i l b e fa ll thee, n either shall any p l a g u e c o m e n i g h th y d w e l l i n g ’ .
Y s .
57-15-v t s p a y o ) f r a 57-15-v o i s g a e p a y d): i . e . ‘the prosp erity o f a ll m an kin d ’. T h e P h i. V ers, has fa r u liu th ‘prosperity, com fort, g ro w th ’.
Y s . 5 7 .1 8 .
f r d n d m d11e p w a e ^ a ^ : on the syntax, see Gr. § 962 expl.
Y s . 57.20.
p d p o . v a c c B p a i r i . g a . v a c c o : the Phi. V ers, glosses ‘he speakes p r o te c
tion ’ etc. . . . a e j zak p a na kih yem a lelu n ed . . . T o r the form pa'l ri.gd>a , (G e ld n er ’s text) instead o f °gd° (as here), see G r. § § 354, 193 N. 2.
Y s .
57-24-d a e n o . 57-24-d i s o 57-24-d a e n a y 57-24-d i : for the ap p arent re 57-24-d u n 57-24-d an cy com pare the phrase,
A v . viso vispahini Y t. 10 .18 , etc., Skt. vispatim visam R .V . 3 .1 3 .5 . On daenayai see G r. § 9^ 7.
f r a o r 3r i t a . . f r a . . f r a : for the repetition o f f r a , cf. Gr. § 752
N . 2 expl.
YS. 5 7-2 5
a h e c a a v h d u s : on the syntax, cf. Gr. § 9 7 7
-d r v a f - b y o h a e n S b y -d : on the co llo catio n (m. n . — f.) see G r. § 906.
Y s . 5 7-2 7
-a s -a y -a: the Phi. V ers, h-as s-ay-ako — P. s-ay-ah, -as D r. E . W . W e st k in d ly
w rote m e (D ec. 5 1888); h en ce the suggestion ‘n ot ca stin g a sh ad o w ’ , w ith w h ich G e ld n e r com pares the S k t. ep ith et chayadvitiya ‘ a cco m p an ied b y a sh ad o w ’ , the ch aracteristic m ark d istin gu ish in g m an from the divin ities M Bh. 3 .5 7 .2 5 .
Y s . 57-28.
a s y a w h a a s p a e * b y a : on the dual num ber here, cf. Gr. § 908 N . 2 exp l.
Y s . 57-29.
a v e v y e* tf,ti . . . a v e d f d r i t e : i. e. ‘ th ey pursue and o v ertak e others, but
th ey th em selves never can be o v erta k e n ’ ; ave refers b o th tim es to the horses o f Sraosha.
Y s . 5 7-3
°-u $a s t a1 r e h i n d v o : the river o f the Orient is the Indus, as the Phi.
V e r s , has it; the river in the west is pe rha ps the Tigris.
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N o te s to Y a sn a 57, V isp a ra d 15 a n d Y ash t 5.
Y s . 5 7-3
1-k a r $v a r3 h a n i r a p d m : the m idd le one o f the seven K a rsh va rs and
the one on w h ich w e live. T h e nam es o f the seven are g iven at V d . 19.3 9 .
Y s . 5 7-3 3
-v i s p i S : on th e form cf. Gr. § § 232, 906.
V i s p a r a d 15 (1-3) N o te s .
G e n e r a l R e m a r k . On the V isp a rad and its character, com pare G r. Introd. p. x viii § 14. T h e Ivarde here g iven serves as an in trod u ction to the Y as n a H ap tan h aiti (cf. par. 2), in con n ection w ith w h ich it w as re cited at the ritual; h ence the sign ifican ce o f the allusions frava ka eca etc.
Y s p .
15-1-v d r3z y a t q m : so read in g w ith MS. authority. T h e verb here is passive (cf. Gr. § 485 exp l.), the su bject is vohu vastrya.
u y a m n a a n n y a m n a i s : ‘ in order to p ay o ff the deficits (i. e. in the
L ife B o o k ) w ith a surplus’ . S ee Gr. Intfdd. p. x xv iii § 44. On j f d a - ‘g iv e ’ = ‘ p a y ’ , see Skt. P W b . rnain da-, dandam da-, cf. L a t. poenas
dare. H ere anuyam nais is a regu lar instrum ental o f m eans, price. Y s p . X5-2.
i d a a s tit. . . . y S 11m i s t o : the G A v . en din gs g iv e an arch aic tone. O n
n & istu, cf. G r. § 10 10 N ote.
f r a v a k a e c a . . . a n a p y U f y t e : on the lo c a tiv e s see Gr. § 992.
Y a s h t 5 (1-9; 132) N o t e s .
G e n e r a l R e m a r k s . T h e A b a n Y a s h t ‘Y a s h t o f W aters’ from w h ich the selection is taken , is one o f the lo n g est o f the Y ash ts, cf. Gr. Introd. p. xviii § 15. It celeb rates the praises o f A rd v i Sura A n ahita, the C elestial Stream and G o d d ess o f W aters, describes h er d escen t from the h eaven s, and her w orship, and closes w ith a descrip tion o f her appearance.
T h e w orsh ip o f A rd v i Sura A n a h ita w as w id ely spread in the E ast. She appears as A n a h a ta in the cuneiform inscription o f the Persian k in g A rta xerxes (4th century B .C .); her nam e (A v a tu g ) is found in Strabo, P lutarch, etc., and she becam e fam iliar in G reece as V enus A n a h ita (’ Acppo- StTYjg, A vatxig).
O n ly the o p en in g sections and clo sin g verse o f the Y a s h t are h ere given.
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N o te s to Y a sh t 5.Y t . 5.4.
y e y h e : for the m asc. (instead o f fem.) form , see Gr. § 903 N. 1, and
cf. ahe Y t. 5.9 b elow .
Y t. 5.5.
v l . j a s a l t i : the su bjun ctive m ode here, as also at Y s. 5 7 .3 1 avazaitc,
Y s. 5 7.2 5 gir*ionqn, seem s to d en ote the repetition or continuity o f the a c t; the id ea seem s to be d e v e lo p e d from the future force o f the subjun ctive.
v i s p a i s a o i k a r § v q n : cf. Gr. § § 228, 402.
Y t. 5.6.
h i z v a r3 n a : the readin g o f this w ord, as w e ll as its m eaning, is not clear,
b y som e, huzvar3na has b een read and exp lain ed as ‘with m ighty p o w er’. Perh aps the w ord is to b e co n n ected w ith h izu - ‘ to n g u e’ (q. v.) and j f a r - ‘m o ve ’ , and to b e referred to O rm azd ’s a ct o f c re a t ing by a m ere w ord , a m ovem en t o f the ton gu e.
Y t . 5-7.
a s p d . s t a o y e h . l l f : b etter here to om it the punctuation (v ) and insert it
after bazu.staoyehi; a ll that in tervenes is p aren thetic.
s r i r a . . . a * r v a U i : these tw o epithets, like the p articip le m ainim na,
refer to A rd v i Sura the su b ject o f sispata.
Yt.
5
.
9
.
a h e r a y a : see note on par. 4 yeqhe.
h a 0 m a y o : thus g o o d M S. au th o rity; the form is perhaps to be exp lained
as borrow ed from such a p assage as Y t. 14.5 (see b elow ), N y. 4.9 etc. In Y t. 14.5 , N y. 4.9, haomayo is p ro p erly nom. p lu r .; it agrees w ith the subject o f yazam alde and alludes to the w orshippers or officiatin g priests. F rom such form u laic p assages w ith yazam alde (pi.), the form
haomayo (pi.) seem s to have b een transferred to those like N y. 1 .1 6 y a za i (sg.) and the presen t Y t. 5.9, w here the plural form haomayo is
not approp riate. If, h ow ever, haom a yd gava be read w ith certain M SS ., it p r o b a b ly m ust be exp lain ed as haoma yd (a s ti) gava, w h ich is open to o b jectio n .
y e y h e h a t q m : this form ula is com m on ly fou n d at the end o f the Y a s n a
chapters, cf. Y s. 4.26, Y s. 5.6. It is a la ter im itation o f G A v . Y s. 5 1.22 . S ee Gr. Introd. p. xviii § 13 end.
Y t . 5-132.
a u r v a q t a z a z v c & v h a ; a co n clu d in g prayer that the w arriors m ay com e
back as successful as did those o f K in g V ish tasp a.
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N o te s to Y a sh t 14.
43
Y a s h t 14 (1-17) N o t e s .
G e n e r a l R e m a rk . V ereth ragh n a, or B ahrain, the G enius o f V icto ry, to w h om this Y a s h t is d ed ica ted , corresponds in certain resp ects to Indra V rtrah an o f the H in du m yth o lo g y. H e m ay in fa c t b e regard ed as the Iranian reflex o f the latter.
T h e Y ash t, o f w h ich o n ly the o p en in g is here given , contains som e 64 p aragraphs. T h e ten incarnations in w h ich V ere th ra g h n a a p p eared b e fo re Z o ro aster are d es crib e d ; the pow ers w h ich the d ivin ity b estow s upon h is w orshippers are enum erated; h is glorification is enjoined.
Y t . 1 4 1 .
a h u r a . . . a $ a u m : the re g u la r form u laic m anner o f ad d ressin g O rrnazd;
fo r a b riefer form o f the sam e see V d . 3.23 b elo w . Y t . 14.2.
p a o i r y d a j a s a j . : on the a d jective here cf. Gr. § 997. T h e successive ap p earan ces o f V ere th ra g h n a are p ro b a b ly to be understood as seen b y Z oroaster in a vision. S im ilar visions elsew h ere m ay b e cited.
Y t. 14.3.
d af. a h m a i : in construction sc. mraof.. O b serve th at ahm ai is Zoroaster, and am avastnno V ereth ra g h n a.
v s r 3p r a v d r * p r a v a s t d m o : on the instrum ental, see Gr. § 941 end.
Y t . 14.5.
a h e r a y a . . . y a s n a : cf. Gr. § 941 expl.
y d i s d a t a i s : ‘a cco rd in g to (w hat are) the first la w s’ . h a 0 m a y 6: see Y t. 5.9 note.
Yt.
14
-
7
-y i m u p a * r i s r u -y e : for the tw o a ccu satives, see Gr. § 930 N. 2.
Y t . 1 4 .1 1 .
u s t r a h e : the w h ole pictu re o f the cam el (parr. 1 1 - 13) is g ra p h ica lly and
a ccu rate ly drawn.
m a § y d . v a n h a h e : the use o f ca m e l’s hair for raim ent has b een fam iliar
in all tim es; w e n eed o n ly re ca ll St. M att, iii.4 ; h en ce the ap p rop riate ness o f the p r e c e d in g gaepdus ‘s h a g g y ’ .
Y t . 14 .12 .
y d l / $ a p r i $ v a : here yd — yaj. ho ‘ w hen h e ’ .
Yt.
14
.
13
-y q m h e d u r a e s u k i m : ‘ w h ich ( i.e . li$aprini) his fa r-g la n ce d escries w a-y
ahead o f h im ’ . T h e m etre o f the lin e is d e f e c t iv e ; but there is no n eed o f su p p lyin g daem a.
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N otes to Y ash t 14 a n d V e n d id a d 3.Yt.
14
.
15
.
h i i : this w ord is m etrically d issy lla b ic and stands as a gen. sg. form.
W ith the com bination hu varazahe lit. ‘sw in e -b o a r’ (cf. E n g . stud horse) com pare par. 11 ustrahe vadaryaos. In each case the first term
(hii, u stra ) is g e n e ric ; the secon d ( varaza, vadaryu) is specific.
Y t . 14.17.
l i a r s p a rye a. d a s a v h o : this d en otes the id eal a g e in the A v e s ta , the
bloom o f youth, a sort o f Iranian ‘sw eet-six teen ’ , cf. Y s. 9 .5; V d. 1 4 .1 5 .
V e n d i d a d 3 (23-29) N o t e s .
G e n e r a l R e m a r k s . T h e 3rd F a r g a rd o f the V en d id a d com prises 42 sectio n s; it d escrib es various p laces and persons that d elig h t or g riev e the earth (co n ce ive d o f as a d ivin ity ); it p ictu res the b lessin gs o f a g ri culture and o f grain -raisin g ; and closes w ith various p rescription s relatin g to the H o ly L a w and its ob servan ce. T h e presen t selectio n is in praise o f agriculture.
Vd. 3.23.
d a t a r3 g a e p a n q m . . a g d u m : see note on Y t. 14 .1 . t u l r i m : for the accu sative see Gr. § 934.
v a ( b a p a * t i : these w ords are to be construed to g eth er, cf. V d . 3.2. a n d p s m . . . k s r3 n a o1 t i : the ch an g in g o f d esert lan d into cu ltivated
tracts b y irrigation, or co n versely ren derin g it arab le b y draining, p layed an im portant role am o n g the a n cien t Iranians. T h e frequent allusions to the irrigatio n canals both o f A sia M inor and o f the sur rou n d ing coun try in X e n o p h o n ’s A n abasis, are not w ithout interest in this con n ection.
V d . 3-24.
d a r 3j a . . s a e t a : see Gr. § 997 exp l.
k a r g i v a t a : this w ord is e x t r a m e t r u m , and ap p arently is an e xp la
n ato ry gloss.
a l b i s t a g : ‘d esirin g this (tag) from a g o o d la b o rin g m an ’.— tag d ep ends
upon aibis (cf. G r. § 9 3 1) and refers to the idea im plied in kargya.
v a v h S u s a l w i. g o i p n e : com pare the fo llo w in g vawhSus arganb ; the earth
d esires a husbandm an, the m aid desires a husband. O n the co llo ca tion gen. dat. ( = abl.) cf. G r. § § 9 57 , 958, 963, 980.
V d . 3.25.
h a v O y a b d z v u d a g i n a c a : ‘w ith the le ft arm and the rig h t’ . O n the use o f bdzvo as instr. (cf. Jirvt.drvo Y s . 10.8), see G r. § § 265, 983 N ., 992 N.
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N o te s to V e n d id a d 3 a n d 6.
45
g a o n s m b a r a * t i . . p u p r d m a v a . b a r a f i : the su b ject in the one
case is the husbandm an, in the other case the husband — he gives h er (he) a g o o d color, or b lo o m in g appearance.
Y d . 3-27.
a e n i b d r3p e : ‘I sh all g o la d e n ’ = ‘b eco m e p reg n an t’ , opp. to apupra aeUi in par. 24 abo ve.
v i s pea h a r 3 q t i s . . . y a v a h e : o b serve the distinction b etw een bar»ttli
and yava i. e. ‘all sorts o f fruits shall th ey reap, b esid e the harvest o f grain ’ .
V d . 3-29.
h i s t a k e : the pres, h ere, lik e bairyehite b elo w , is used w ith a future sign i
fication. T h e line m etrically la ck s a syllab le.
p d r3s m a n a c $ u c a: o b serve ca.
b d d a p w q m : the form amhdno is gen. abl. and upon it yaesqm in d irectly
dep ends.
[ t e d b y a ba* r y e1 q t e]: this seem s to be an in terp olation from Y s. 3 2 .15 toi dbya. balrycaqte ‘ they sh all be carried b y th ese tw o ’.
d i m : see Gr. § 1023 N.
V e n d i d a d 6 (44-51) N o te s .
G e n e r a l R e m a r k s . In the d evelop m en t o f the Z oroastrian religion th e w orship o f the elem ents p la yed an im portant part. T h e purity o f the earth, fire, and w ater, m ust n o t be defiled, esp ecia lly not b y contact w ith a corpse. H en ce arose that p ecu lia r m ode o f disp osing o f the dead, w h ich has eve r b een a ch aracteristic m ark o f the F arsi religion.
T h e b o d y (ta n u ), a cco rd in g to the presen t prescription, is to be carried to som e h igh p la c e , fastened ( n id a r3zaydn), and le ft to the dogs
and birds to devou r. T h e b o n e s ( azdbis) w ere afterw ards taken to a vau lt or re c e iv er (u zd an a ) and p reserved in som e sort o f a re cep ta cle that reca lls the antiquarian rem ains o f the astddan or ‘b o n e -re ce p ta cle s’ that h ave b een found in Persia.
T h e presen t selection does not d irectly m ention the D a k h m a (dafyma), but the w ord appears elsew h ere in the V en d id ad . T h e tw o -fo ld treatm ent o f the b o d y (ta n u ) and the b o n es (azdbis) m ay p r a c tic a lly b e p aralleled in the m odern D akhm as, or T o w e rs o f S ilen ce.
F o r d escrip tion s o f the T o w e rs o f S ile n ce in B om bay, see D o sab h ai F ram ji K a ra k a ’s H istory o f the P a rsis, vol. i. p. 199 s e q .; R a g o zin ’s M edia, p. 1 2 5 ; P esh otan and G e ig e r ’s E a stern Iranians, vo l. i. p. 90 seq.
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N o te s to V e n d id a d 6.Y d . 6.44.
t a n t i m : i . e . the entire b o d y b efo re den u d ed o f flesh, in contrast w ith
the sk eleto n (azdbis par. 49).
V d . 6.45.
b a r 3 z i s t a e g v a c a p a l t i g d t u j r v a [ c a ] : ‘even upon the h igh est p la c e s ’
i. e. ‘ upon the m ountains’ , as the P h i. V ers, its e lf explains. T h e first
-ca stands at th e op en in g o f the sen ten ce (cf. V sp . 15.2 yasnaheca),
as som etim es also in S k t.; the best M SS. om it the seco n d -ca and rea d sim ply gtitupva.
d i m : here refers to tantim , cf. G r. § 1023 a.
a v a z a n q n s ii.n o : on the form stind, see G r. § 936 expl.
V d . 6.46.
a y a v h a e n d m e tc .: th ese a ccu satives, lik e som e others, are com m on ly
exp lained as ‘accu satives o f m aterial’ ; th ey u ltim ately fa ll under Gr. § § 9 3 3, 9 3 8.
b a r a t i t ant f r a j a s q n : ‘th ey w ill g o b e a rin g ’ = ‘w ill go and carry’ . O n
th e construction see G r. § 938.
V d . 6.47.
f r a j a s t i /.• on the ch an ge to sin gu lar from plural, see G r. § 9 1 5 (4) expl. k d h e a s t i c i p a : com pare G r. § 1020 N., expl.
V d . 6.48.
a e t a h e p a i t i : ‘on this a cco u n t’ , i . e . the person has i p s o f a c t o b e
com e psjfdtanu.
d n y e s a A t e u p d z a n q m : the subject o f uptizoi^ is e vid en tly ‘s e l f ’. T h e
use o f self-ca stig a tio n to d rive out the dem on that has tem po rarily taken possession o f the b o d y is fam iliar in relig io u s austerities. T h e
updzana, h o w ever, h av e been in terpreted as referrin g to the k illin g
o f so and so m any noxious anim als (cf. H d t. 1.14 0 , V d. 1 6 .12 ). T h e term la ter cam e to h ave a m onetary sen se; sins could be com pensated for b y a p aym en t o f m oney to the priests.
a z d b i i ! : the sk eleto n , o p p osed to tantim (cf. par. 44), see G en eral R e
m arks a b o ve.
i t z d t i n 3 m : ap p aren tly a structure, vau lt or edifice o f som e sort in w h ich
the bon es w ere p la c e d and p reserved in re ce p ta cle s (cf. asdnaepva, etc.). T h e Phi. Vers, rig h tly reco gn izes this by its allusion to the astbddn ‘b o n e -re c e p ta c le s’. S ee C asartelli, A stodans an d A t . F u n e r a l Rites,
B . and 0 . R ecord 1890 p. 7.
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N o te s to V e n d id a d 6 a n d 19.
47
V d . 6.50.
k,3r3n a o f . : on the im p erative fo rce o f the ‘in ju n ctiv e ’ , cf. G r. § 445 N. 2. u p a i r i s p a n d m : it is here to be o b served th at the b o n es ( azdbit!) are
ca refu lly p la c e d ‘ out o f reach o f ’ the vo racio u s anim als. O b serve the contrast w ith k3r3fH.hiard (par. 46) in the case o f tanu.
a n a i
w
i . v a r 3 r i t im:
to b e construed w ith uzdanom.a p o y a { : v a i r y a y <3: com pare G r. § 980 expl.
u p a 3 r i . n a em a / : the b etter rea d in g is upara.naemaf,, see now G e ld n e r’s
edition.
V d . 6 .5 1.
y e z i t a v q n m a z d a y a s n a : as an ap od osis to the con d ition su p p ly n i- daipyqn from nidaipita b elo w . T h e id ea is th at ‘a c c o rd in g to cir cum stan ces’ (yezi tavqn . . y ezi n o ifj the bon es m ay be p la c e d either
(yezi) in a stone re ce p ta cle , or (yezi) in m ortar, or m ay b e sim ply
la id upon the d ea d m an ’s m at (hra.stairiS) upon the ground under the b e atin g sun.
a s a n a e $ v a : the P h i.V e rs , h as sagind ‘m ade o f sto n e’ i . e . in stone urns,
cf. C a sa rte lli lo c. cit.
h a. s t a i r i s : on the acc. o f g o a l a fter nidaipita, see G r. § 987. r a o c c a .a i w i . v a r 3 n a : this loose com pound ad jectiv e refers to he ( — azdbis)
as a gen eral neut. p i. case.
n i d a i p t t a : on the singular, cf. G r. § 9 15 (4) expl.
V e n d i d a d 19 (5-10) N o te s .
G e n e r a l R e m a r k . T h e present little e xtract from the 19th V en d id ad presents so m eth in g o f a p a ra lle l to the stru ggle o f B u dd h a w ith M ara, or to the tem ptation o f our S aviou r b y Satan.
A n g ra M ainyu th ro u gh the a g e n c y o f one o f his fiends h ad tried to slay Z oroaster, b u t the la tter com bats him. W hereu p o n the Spiritual E nem y h im se lf tem pts the m aster to renounce th e g o o d relig ion and fo llo w him ; h e is repulsed, h o w ever, b y Zoroaster.
T h e m a t e r i a l o f the w h o le ch ap ter is dou btless o ld , but signs o f g ram m atical d ec a y are so evid en t that its c o m p o s i t i o n at least must b e later. S ee G r. § 903.
V d . I
9
-S-n a s u s d a c v d . d a t o m : o-S-n the case a-S-nd o-S-n the a d jective agreem e-S-nt, see Gr. § § 92b, 903 N . 2, 9 12.
j a n u n i p a i r i k q m . . I^nqp a i t e : the passage is not c le a r; but the sense
o f the Phi. V ers. ‘I d estroy the lo v e o f sorceresses [the w orship o f id o ls]’
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N o te s to V e n d id a d 19.m ay perhaps b est be fo llo w ed . T h e dat. yahm ai is p ro b a b ly used in a final sense w ith the subjunctive, th o ug h in V d . 1 .1 8 var3m m y im
capru.gaopsm yahm ai zayata praetaono it is apparently lo ca l.
V d . 19.6.
p o w r u p a s p a h e p u p r u : Pourushaspa, the father o f Z oroaster, is often
m en tion ed in the A v e sta. T h e nam e o f Z o ro aster’s m other, acco rd in g to the tradition (Bund. 32.10 , et ah), w as D u g h ed a, th oug h it h ap p ens n ot to occur in the extan t texts o f the A v e sta itse lf; but it is found in an A v . fragm ent from the IJadhokht N ash, see W e st in S .B .E . vol. xxxvii. p. 483.
v a i t a j a n d : see note b y W e st, P h i. Texts Translated, S .B .E . vols. xviii.
p. 2 1 7 ; xxiv. p. 10 3; xxxvii. p. 2 12 N . 5. V d . 19.7 .
h e . . v a m u h im d a e n q m : here he (dat. gen. sg. = acc. sg.) anticip ates daenqm , cf. Gr. § 10 19 N.
n o i l . . . v l : u r v t s y a I : ‘n ot t h o u g h e tc .’ T h e subjunctive v i.1lrvisydt h ere d en otes concession. O n the sin gu lar num ber o f the verb, cf.
G r. § 9 15 (4); and fo r ustdm m (acc. nom .), cf. G r. § 9 3
7-V d . 19.8.
k a n a z a y a h u k d r 3 1 caw h 5 : the gram m ar here, as in par. 9, is corrup t;
it is not w orth w h ile to try to d efen d it b y any fo rced exp lan ation . T h e ep ith et hukdr3td>nho (pi.), and p ro b a b ly also asti vahistdm (par. 9), m ay w e ll b e regard ed as gloss.
m a n a d q m a a n r o : the acc. dqma d ep ends upon van a i. F o r the c o l lo ca tio n man a . . anro see p rece d in g n ote, and cf. G r. § § 9 1 1 , 903.
V d . 19.9.
m a n a z a y a a s t i v a h i s t d m : see n ote on par. 8 above.
d a p a l . . f r a d a p d n : i. e. O rm azd m a d e the w e a p o n s ; his m inisters,
the A m sh asp an d s, d e l i v e r e d them to Z oroaster.
z r u n e a k a r a n e : on the agreem en t see Gr. § 992 N . 2.
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V O C A B U L A R Y .
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O R D E R OF L E T T E R S
FORV O C A B U L A R Y .
I a i 11 d e o 2 a i i t 5 e 0 CD Q 3 k k S J V V 4 c i 5 t P d d I 71 n 6 P f b W 171 7 y r V 8 s s i §Z
% 9 h h kIn the a lp h ab etic arrangem en t no distin ction is m ade b etw een s, /, nor b etw een hv, k .
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V O C A B U L A R Y .
(F o r E xp lanation s and A b b reviatio n s see p. 36.)
A v . •" a.
a-, a n - (before v o w e ls): n eg. prefix ‘ u n - ’ . — Cf. a fra za iq ti-, andpa-.
[Skt. a-, a n -; O ld P. a -; Phi. a-, an-\
a (vbl. prefix and postp os.), see under a. h i m a n a - , see under j/" 2 a/;-.
l q h e , a l vhc& etc., see under aem, G r. § 422.
i p y e j a h - (from x a -\-ipyejah-): adj. ‘ i n c o r r u p t i b l e ’ .— aipyejawho nom .
pi. m. Y s. 26.3 (epithet o f A m e sh a Spentas).
[Phi.V ers, has asej-hom and; N ar. has am rtyum ant-]
i n i k a - : sb. m. ‘ f a c e ’ .— Y t. 1 4 .9 .— C f. also parpvanika-.
[Skt. a n ik a -; Phi. enik (Horn)]
i n i t i a l (from I a + id a f): adv. ‘ e l s e w h e r e ’ .— Y s. 5 7 .3 3 ‘ b o th here and
elsew h ere ’ .
l p i : (1) adv. ‘ a ls o , t o o ’ ; (2) vbl. prefix; (3) prep. w. acc. ‘ u n to , u p o n ’. —
Y s. 5 7 .3 3 ; Y t. 1 4 .1 3 .— See also under spa-.— [Skt. dpi ; O ld P. apiy\ i h i , see under alw i {G r. § 83, 4).
i h i s (? perhaps from aibi -\-~\fis-, cf. Skt. ga v -is, pa su-is): v b l. adj. ‘ d e
s i r i n g ’ .— V d . 3.24, see note ad lo c . O therw ise aibis m ust here be tak en p rep osition ally, i. e. aibis tag . . . aibis ta£ ‘ in t h i s case . . . in t h a t c a s e ’. U ncertain.
* w i , a i b i : (1) adv. and vbl. prefix ‘ to u n to , o v e r ’ ; (2) prep. same.
[Skt. abhi; O ld P. abiy; Phi. a f - ; N e w P. a f-, aw-\
l w i . t a c i n a - (from aiw i -f- ]/" tac- ) : adj. ‘ r u n n in g u p o n , a t t a c k i n g ’. —
Y t. 1 4 .1 1 .
i w i d a n a - (from aiw i -f- da- ) : sb. 111. ‘ b r id le , h a l t e r ’ .— Cf. zaranyd.- ahaiddna-. — [Cf. S k t. abhidham - ‘ h a lte r ’]
1 w i . v a r 3 n a - (from alw i -j- v °): sb. n. ‘ c o v e r i n g ’.— V d . 6 .5 1 , in the lo o se
com poun d raoccd.aiwi.var3na acc. ph n. (he — azdbii!) ‘ cloth ed on ly w ith the sun light ’ (lit. 1 h av in g lig h t as co verin g ’)*
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5 2 alivigaslar
aoj-a i w i g aoj-a s t aoj-a r - (from aoj-aiw i + ~\fhaoj-ad-, cf. G r. § 7 5 4 ,1 ) : sb. m. ‘ aoj-a rid er,
o n e w h o b e s t r i d e s ’ . — ahvisasta nom. sg. Y s . n . 2.
a i w i. go i t a n - (from aiw i + goitan- from ~\f gi~): sb. m. ‘ p e a s a n t , d w e l l e r ’ .
— aiwi.goipne dat. sg. V d . 3.24.
a i w i s h u t a - (from aiw i -j- huta- from ]f h u - , cf. G r. § 7 5 2 ,2 ) : pass, p tcp l.
as adj. ‘ e x t r a c t e d , p r e p a r e d ’. — Y s . 1 1 . 3 note.
a i w y afyX t a r - (from aiw i al/slar-, G r. § 52 c, from \ f aps- q .v .) : sb. m.
‘ o v e r s e e r , g u a r d i a n ’ . — Y s. 5 7 .1 5 .
a i w y <1 li s t r a - (from ahvi + a^Htra-, G r. § 52 c, from [/" ajpp- q .v .) : sb. n.
‘ o v e r s e e i n g , g u a r d i a n s h i p ’ . — Y t . 5.6.
a i
wy
a m a - (from a i w i a m a - , Gr. § 52 c): adj. ‘ e x c e e d i n g s t r o n g ’ .—Y s . 26.3.
a u r u g a - : adj. ‘ w h i t e ’ . — Y s . 5 7 .2 7 ; Y t . 5 .7 ; Y t. 14.9 .
[Cf. Skt. arusd- ‘ reddish ’ ; P h i. arus\
a u r v a p a - (from 1 a + urvapa-): sb. m. ‘ e n e m y ’.-— Y s. 57.26.
a a r v a 111 - (from ar-): adj. ‘ s w i f t , v a l i a n t , g a l l a n t ’.— sb. m. ‘ g a l l a n t
w a r r i o r s , g a l l a n t c h a r g e r s ’ (steeds). — Y s. n . 2; Y s . 5 7 .2 7 ; Y t. 5 .1 3 2 ; Y t. 5.7. — [Skt. d rvan t-; P h i. arva n d; N ew P . a rv a n d ]
a e t a - : dem onstr. pron. [G r. § 4 1 7 dcln.) ‘ t h i s ’. — Y t . 5 .1 3 2 ; Y t. 1 4 .1 3 ;
V d . 6.46 seq. — [Skt. eta -; O ld P. a ita - ; P h i. e, Star]
a e t a d a (from aetaf. + postp os. «): adv. ‘ th en , t h e r e u p o n ’ .— V d . 6.46 ,47. a e p r a - : sb. n. p erh aps ‘ f i r e - w o o d ’ {~\fid- = Skt. ~\[idh- ‘ b u r n ’ , cf. A v .
aesma-. I f so, com pare w ith A v . aeprapaiti, ham idpaki- Y t. 1 3 .10 5 ,
S k t. sam it-pani- ‘ pu p il w ith fire-w ood in his h a n d ’. O therw ise, p o ssib ly ‘ in stru ctio n ’ (?) « + 1/7 -, cf. S k t. t i p a i - .
a e p r a p a i t i - (from aepra- -f- p a iti-)\ sb. n. ‘ t e a c h e r ’ . — Y s . 26.7,8.
[Phi. aerpat; N e w P. herbad\
a s p r y a - (from aepra-)-. sb. m. ‘ d i s c i p l e ’ . — Y s. 26.7,8.
[P h l.V . has h a v ist; N ar. sisya-)
a e n i , see under j/ 7 -.
a e m (stems a-, i-, im a-, ana-)-, dem onstr. pron. ‘ t h i s ’, G r. § 422 d c ln .—
Y s . n . 5 etc. — [Skt. ayam\
a S v a - : num. adj. (G r . § 369) ‘ o n e ’ .— Y t. 5.5. — [O ld P. aiva -; P h i. ev, evak\ a e p m a - (from jA 2 is -) : sb. m. ‘ w r a t h , F u r y ’ (person ified).— A esh m a D a eva ,
the D em o n o f W rath , opp onen t o f S ra o s h a ; the A sm o d eu s o f the A p o c ry p h a (T o b it iii.8 ,17 ). — Y s. 5 7 .10 ,2 5 ,3 2 .
[Phi. fyeSm, aesm ; N e w P . Jpasm)
a o i , sec under avi. a 0 lit a , see under ~\f aoj-.
\ h a o j - : vb . cl. 2 ‘ s p e a k , s a y ’ . — aolita pret. indie, m id. 3 sg. (G r. § 90)
^ Y s. 1 1 .8 ; V d . 3.26,28 (gnom ic).
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aojawhvarit- — anapa-
53
a o j a v h v a i i t - (from aojali-): adj. ‘ s t r o n g ’.— Y s . 5 7 .1 1 . — [Skt. ojasvant-\ a o j a h - : s b .n . ‘ s t r e n g t h ’.— a d j .‘ s t r o n g ’ .— aojo acc. sg. n. (subst.) Y t. 1 4 .1 2 ;aoj<% nom. sg. m. (adj. G r. § 3 4 1) Y s . 5 7 - i° .
[Skt. ojas-; P lil. dj]
a o j i s t a - (superl. to aojah-, or u jra -, G r. § 3 6 5 ): adj. ‘ s t r o n g e s t ’.
[Skt. o jisfha-]
a k a r a n a - (from 1 a-\-k°): adj. ‘ b o u n d l e s s ’.— V d . 19.9 (see under zrvan-). a k a r s t a - (from \ a -\ -k a r s ta - q. v .): adj. ‘ u n p l o w e d ’ .— V d . 3.24.
1[ a l l s - : vb. ‘ s e e ’. {-ahvi ‘ o v e r s e e , r e g a r d ’ (form causal.).— Cf. aHvyd-tystar- . — [Cf. Skt. Iks-; aksi- ‘ e y e ’]
a j a - : adj. ‘ e v il, h a r m f u l’.— s b .n . ‘ e v il, c a l a m i t y ’ . — Y s . 5 7 .1 4 (n o m .p l.
subst.). — [Skt. agha-; cf. N e w P. ak\
~ \ [a v h -, see under ]/r2 ah-.
a w h u - , a h u - (from ~\f 1 ah-): sb. m. (x) ‘ b e i n g , life, s p i r i t ’ ; (2) ‘ w o r l d ’
(i. e. all that is). — ahum acc. sg. ‘ s p ir it’ Y s . 26.4 (see n ote);
vispom ahum ‘ all l i f e ’ i. e. the w orld Y s . 5 7 .1 6 ; am ihe dat. sg.
Y t. 5 .1 ; avhous gen. sg. {G r. § 981) Y s. 5 7 .2 5 ; ahubya dat. du. Y s . 5 7 .2 5 .— Cf. also ahum .m sr3iic - .— -[Skt. a s u -; P h i. ahu] a v r a - (prob. from 2 ah-): adj. ‘ e v i l , b a d ’.— E sp. aura m ainyu ‘ t h e
E v i l S p i r i t , A l i r i m a n ’ . — Y s. 5 7 . 1 7i3 2 ; Vd- 19-5)6,8,9.
a d a (from a, G r. § 43 6 ); adv. ‘ th en , s o ’. — Y s. 5 7 .2 5,2 6 .
[Skt. adha; O ld P. add]
a d a U y a - (from 1 a + daUya-): adj. ‘ u n l a w f u l ’ .— V sp . 1 5 .1 . a d d p (from ada-\-ap): adv. ‘ t h e r e u p o n , a f t e r w a r d s ’.— V d . 6.50. a p (from a, G r. § 4 3 1 ); adv. ‘ th en , b ut, a n d ’.— ape a Y s. 5 7 .1 0 .— C f. also a dap. a n - , see under 1 a.
1 a n a , see under aem, G r. § 422.
2 a n a : (1) prep. w. acc. ‘ a l o n g , u p o n ’ ; (2) vbl. prefix, G r. § 73 3 , 5 - — Cf. ana.m ana-.
a n a i w i . v a r3f i t i - (from 1 a + alw i + vdr3/>iti- q .v .) : adj. ‘ o u t o f t h e r a i n ’
(lit. ‘ n ot h av in g r a in ’). — V d . 6.50.
a n a p i p u t a - (from 1 a-\-apijuta-): adj. ‘ w i t h o u t i n t e r r u p t i o n ’.— V sp . 15.2
(the P h l.V . at Y s. ig .5 exp lains as not interrupted b y fa llin g asleep).
a n a p y H i l d a - (from 1 a + apyufyda-): adj. ‘ w i t h o u t a d d i t i o n ’.— V sp. 15.2
(the P h l.V . at Y s. 19.5 exp lains the add ition to be the insertion o f som e o th er A v . text in the m idst o f the recital).
a n a . m a n a - (from 2 a n a ~ \ f m an-): adj. ‘ d e v o t e d ’ .— Y t. 5.8.
a n a v a v h a b dd m n a - (from 1 a + ]/" h/abda- q. v .) : ptcpl. adj. ‘ n e v e r s l e e p
i n g ’ . — Y s. 5 7 .1 6 (bis).
a n a p a - (from i a + i a p - ) : adj. ‘ w i t h o u t w a t e r ’ .— sb. m. ‘ a d e s e r t ’ .—
V d. 3.23. — [Phi. an a p ; N ew P. nab ‘ pure, u n m ix e d ’ (H orn)]
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54
anahita amavatil-a n avatil-a h i t avatil-a - (from I avatil-a + avatil-ahitavatil-a- q. v .): avatil-adj. ‘ u n d e f il e d ’.— E sp. nom en propr. f. A r d v i S u rd A nahita (‘ the h igh , pow erful, u n defiled g o d d e s s ’),
’A v a t u g .— Y t. 5.1 seq., see note. — [O ld P. anakata-]
a n u : (1) adv., vbl. prefix {G r. § 73 3 ).— (2) prep. w. acc. ‘ a lo n g , a f t e r ’ , Gr. § 735. — [Skt. a n u ; O ld P. anuv]
a n u . p d i p w a - (from anu- - f ~\fpi- fi- v .): adj. ‘ p u r s u i n g ’. — Y t. 1 4 .15 . a n u y a m n a - (from 1 a uyam na- q. v .): p tcp l. adj. ‘ n o t w a n t i n g ’.— sb. n.
‘ a s u r p l u s ’ .— V sp. 15 .1 note.
a n u s a h - (from 1 a -f- usah-) : adj. ‘ u n w i l l i n g ’ . — antis 0 acc. sg. n. advl. {G r. § 934) Y s. 5 7 .18 .
a n y a - : pron. adj. {Gr. § 443) ‘ a n o th e r, e l s e ’ .— V d . 3.29.
[Skt. an y a-; O ld P. aniya-; P h i. (h)an\
a r i t a r 3: ad v., prep, ‘ w ith in , b e t w e e n ’.
[Skt. an tdr; O ld P . a (n )ta r ; Ph i. andarg; N ew P. andar]
a f i t a r » . n a e m a - (from a° -j- n ° ) : sb. n. ‘ th e in s id e ’.— ay-tar3 .naemaf. {G r.
§ 7 3 1 , 4) Y s. 5 7 .2 1 .
a p - , a p - : sb. f. (dcln. G r. § 286) ‘ w a t e r ’ .— Y t. 5.3 e tc.; V d. 3 .2 3 ; V d . 6.46
se q .; V d . 1 9 .5 .— -[S k t. ap-; O ld P. ap -; Phi. a p ; N e w P. ab\
V a p - , d p - : vb . cl. 1, 8, 10 ‘ r e a c h , o v e r t a k e ’ . — apayeGiti pres, indie, act.
Y s. 5 7 .2 9 ; afdrite pass. {G r. § 578 ) Y s. 57.2 9. — [Skt. ap-\
a p a : adv., vbl. p r e fix ‘ a w a y , f o r t h ’, Gr. § § 733, 735. — [Skt. dpa; O ld P. apa°] a p a j s a r a - (from a p a j x a r - ) \ sb. m. ‘ o u t l e t ’ . — Y t. 5.4,5.
a p a n o t a m a - : superl. adj. ‘ h ig h e s t, s u p r e m e ’ .— Y s. 2 6.2 ; Y s. 5 7.4. A p
p aren tly apanotama- is form ed from apana- pf. ptcpl. m id. ~\[ap-,
dp- — Skt. ap dnd-; hence, ‘ h a v in g rea ch ed the most, h igh est,
s u p re m e ’ ; construed also w ith abl. Y s . 5 7.4. So G eldner.
a p i p u t a - (from aipi + ] / rj'«-); p tcp l. adj. ‘ in t e r r u p t e d ’ . — C f. anapiputa-.
a p u p r a - (from 1 a + p ° ) : adj. ‘ c h i l d l e s s ’ .— V d . 3.24. — [Skt. apzitra-] a p a r3 n a y i l k a - (from 1 a-\-par3n a a y u - ) : sb. m. ‘ y o u t h ’.— Y s . 26.9.
[Phi. a p u r n a ik ; N ew P. burna\
a p y u l i d a - (from aipi + uJida - q .v .) : adj. ‘ in t e r c a l a t e d ’.— C f. anapyuJida-. a f r a z a l r i t i - (from 1 a -\ -fr °)\ adj. ‘ w ith o u t o f f s p r i n g ’.— Y s. 1 1 .1 ,3 . a f s m a n - : sb. n. ‘ m e a s u re , m e t r e ’ .— Cf. asm anivatit-.
[Phi.Vers, has patrnan ‘ m e a su re ’ ; N ar. has pramdzja-]
a f s m a n i v a n t - (from afsm an-): adj. ‘ m e t r i c a l’ .— afsm an ivqn ‘ the m e
trical p a r ts ’ acc. pi. n. {G r. § 292) Y s . 57.8 note.
a m a - : sb. m. ‘ s t r e n g t h ’.— Y s. 5 7 .3 ,2 3 ; Y t. 1 4 .2 ,3 ; Y t. 14 .7 ,9 (‘ S tre n g th ’ ,
personified). — [Skt. ama-]
a m a v a n t - (from ama-, G r. § 292 b. d cln .); adj. ‘ s t r o n g ’ . — Y s. 5 7 .1 0 ;
V sp . 1 5 .3 ; Y t. 1 4 .1 2 .— F e m . am avaiti nom. sg. Y t. 5 .3 .— S u p e r b
amavastdmo Y t. 14.3, — [Skt. am avant-; Phi. am avand]
