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Praca oryginalna Original paper
Great potential in prevention of the diarrhea syndrome of piglets and subsequent improvement in animal growth and feed conversion has been attributed to organic acids, probiotics or/and prebiotics. Fructooligosaccharides (FOS), galactooligosaccharides (GAL) and mannanoligosacchari-des (MOS) have been the most widely studied oligosac-charides as the alternatives to antimicrobials in swine diets (4). There are relatively few reports dealing the influence of FOS on pig performance and gastrointestinal health, and most are reported in preliminary form (3, 7, 9). Mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) have been shown in a number of livestock species to provide benefits similar to antibiotic growth promoters (3, 12). In pigs, MOS supplementation has resulted in better gains, feed conversion, enhanced lym-phocyte transformation and immunoglobulin concentrations than in unsupplemented animals (10, 16). The most com-mon commercial source of MOS are the yeasts, because MOS comprise approximately 45% of the cell wall of S. ce-revisiae (17). There are, however many inconsistencies in studies where effects of MOS additive were investigated.
The effects of MOS utilization in pig diets are not uni-vocal. Dvorak and Jacques (3) reported that weanling pigs fed MOS had admittedly higher feed intakes than did pigs fed FOS; however, pigs fed diets containing antibiotics had greater daily body weight gains and feed intakes than pigs fed FOS or MOS. Pettigrew (14) reviewed 17 studies in which weanling pigs were fed MOS and reported that 14 of the studies showed numerical, although small, advantages in growth, feed intake, and feed efficiency. However, the overall response of improved growth rate was 4.4%, which is smaller than the 16% average increase in growth when antibiotics were fed. Miguel et al. (10) and Pettigrew (14) concluded that there was not enough evidence to suggest a beneficial effect on growth performance of finishing pigs fed MOS. The influence of dietary MOS and FOS on digesta composition, especially organic acids content in it and gut immune function and on the constituents of blood (e.g. lipid profile) in swine is not precisely defined.
The aim of study was to investigate the effect of diffe-rent dietary carbohydrate sources (couch grass FOS or yeast cell walls MOS) on performance of piglets from birth to 84 days of life, diarrhea incidences and on some blood parameters.
Efficacy of fructooligosaccharides and
mannanoligosaccharides in piglet diets*
)
EUGENIUSZ R. GRELA, VIOLETA SEMENIUK, ANNA CZECH**
Institute of Animal Nutrition, **Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Husbandry, Agricultural University, Akademicka 13, 20-934 Lublin, Poland
Grela E. R., Semeniuk V., Czech A.
Efficacy of fructooligosaccharides and mannanoligosaccharides in piglet diets
SummaryThe aim of study was to investigate the effect of different dietary carbohydrate sources (couch grass, FOS or yeast cell walls, MOS) on the performance of piglets from birth to 84-days-of-life, diarrhea incidences, as well as on some blood parameters.
A total of 286 piglets (Polish Landrace x Pietrain) of both sexes, from twenty seven litters, were used. Piglets were weaned at 28-days-of-age. From the second-week-of-age until the 14th day after weaning, the piglets were
fed a commercial Prestarter mixture ad libitum, and from 42th to 84th-day-of-age they were fed a Starter diet.
The mixtures did not contain antibiotics. The piglets of group I (control) received basal diets, group II (MOS) the same diets, supplemented with a yeast cell wall preparation (Bio-Mos) and group III (FOS) with couch grass. The level of MOS supplementation (3 g/kg diet) and couch grass (FOS) in meal form was added at the level of a 5 g/kg diet. Body weight was measured at birth, at the weaning period and at the end of the trial (84th-day-of-life). Feed intake was recorded weekly. The health status of the piglets and their diarrhea
incidences were recorded daily. The mortality of piglets from birth till weaning and up until 12-weeks-of-life were recorded as well. The piglets diarrhea incidences (number of piglets and periods of duration) were also noted. Blood for analytical tests was taken at weaning (28th day) and on day 56 and 84 after birth from 24 piglets (4 gilts
and 4 barrows from each group). The number of red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin, hematocrit, number of white bloodcells (WBC), neutrophiles, eosinophiles, basophiles, lymphocytes andmonocytes in whole blood and total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides in blood plasma were determined.
The MOS or FOS supplement may be beneficial in piglet rearing as it reduces the piglet losses in the whole rearing period (from birth to 84 days) from 12.24% in the control group (without AGP) to 6.32% in the group fed the mixture supplemented with MOS and to 8.25% with FOS. These additives induced advantageous performance traits and lowered the level of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol.
Keywords: piglets, oligosaccharides
*) Supported by the State Committee for Scientific Research, Grant No 2PO6Z
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Material and methods
A total of 286 piglets (Polish Landrace × Pietrain) both sexes, from twenty seven litters were used. The piglets were obtained from a production herd. The experiment was carried out in three blocks of 9 sows each. Piglets were weaned at 28 days of age. The postweaning animals of particular groups were moved to five pens (160 × 55 cm), 18-20 heads each. Tempera-ture of the nursery was maintained at 25°C during the first week, and it was gradually decreased to 22°C during the last week of the experiment.
The humidity ranged between 60 and 70%. Each pen was equipped with an infrared heating lamp and a low pressure drin-king nipple, which allowed the animals free access to water. From the second week of age until 14th day after weaning, the piglets were fed ad libitum a commercial Prestarter mixture and from 42 to 84 day of age they were fed Starter diet. The mixtu-res did not contain antibiotics. The piglets of group I (control)
received the basal diets, group II (MOS) the same diets, sup-plemented with yeast cell walls preparation (Bio-Mos, Alltech, Inc.) and group III (FOS) with couch grass. Bio-Mos is a pro-duct designed to influence microbial ecology. It is derived from yeast cell walls, and consists primarily of the phosphorylated glucomannans. The level of MOS supplementation (3 g/kg diet) was based on the recommendations by the manufacturer (Alltech, USA). Couch grass (FOS) in meal form was added at the level of 5 g/kg diet. The basal diet in Prestarter period con-tained wheat, maize, soybean meal, soybean oil and mineral--vitamins premix. They contained also the additives of sucrose and skim milk powder as feed intake stimulators. The basal Starter diet contained wheat, maize, soybean meal, soybean oil and mineral-vitamins premix (tab. 1).
Body weight was measured at birth, at weaning period and at the end of the trial (84th day of life). Feed intake was recorded weekly. Health status of piglets and diarrhea incidences were recorded daily. Mortality of piglets from birth till weaning and until 12 weeks of life were recorded as well. Piglets diarrhea incidences (number of piglets and periods of lasting) were also noted.
Blood for analytical tests was taken from the cervical jugular vein from 24 piglets (4 gilts and 4 barrows from each group). At weaning (28th day) and on day 56 and 84 after birth, blood samples (10 mL) were collected in tubes containing heparin. Number of red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin, hema-tocrit, number of white bloodcells (WBC), neutrophiles, eosinophiles, basophiles, lymphocytes andmonocytes in whole blood and total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides in blood plasma were determined.
In the samples of feed mixtures and also in the investigated preparations (MOS and FOS) the dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE) and crude fiber (CF) contents were determined as outlined by AOAC (1). Fractions of detergent fiber: ADF, ADL and NDF were deter-mined according to Goering and van Soest (6).
g k / g ,t n e i d e r g n I Prestatrer Statrer y e lr a B 220 t a e h W 509 410 e zi a M 200 200 r e d w o p k li m m i k S 80 l a e m h s i F 50 30 d e t c a rt x e ,l a e m n a e b y o S 40 100 li o n a e b y o S 30.0 10.0 e s o r c u S 50.0 e n o t s e m i L 5.5 6.0 e t a h p s o h p m u i c l a c i D 4.0 4.0 )l C a N ( tl a S 2.8 3.0 * x i m e r p s n i m a ti v -l a r e n i M 20.01 12.51 l C H -e n i s y L 8.0 4.3 e n i n o i h t e M -L , D 0.7 0.2 :t e i d l a s a b e h t f o s t n e ir t u n d e z y l a n A g k / g ,r e tt a m y r D 921.5 897.8 N ( n i e t o r p e d u r C ×6.25,)g/kgDM 228.3 185.8 g , e r b if e d u r C 124.3 131.5 g , F D N 118.3 176.4 g , F D A 42.5 44.7 g , L D A 15.8 16.3 M D g k / g ,t c a rt x e r e h t E 62.5 35.3 * * g k / J M , y g r e n e e l b a zi l o b a t e M 13.12 12.51
Tab. 1. Ingredients and chemical composition of piglet basal diets
Explanations: *The mineral and vitamin premix provided the fol-lowing per kilogram of diet: 5 g of Ca (CaCO3)/(Ca(H2PO4)/(CaI2); 1.3 g of P (Ca(H2PO4); 100 mg of Fe (Fe(SO4) × 7 H2O); 100 mg of Zn (ZnO); 23 mg of Cu (CuSO4 × 5 H2O); 1.2 mg of I (CaI2); 0.3 mg of Se (Na2SeO3); 8,000 IU of vitamin A; 1,000 IU of vitamin D3; 60 IU of vitamin E; 0.60 mg of vitamin K; 4 mg of riboflavin; 22 mg of niacin; 15 mg of panthotenic acid; 0.02 mg of vitamin B12; 750 mg of choline; **calculations based on chemically analyzed values, using Kirchgessner and Roth (8) equation m e tI Conrtol MOS FOS h tr i b t A 98 95 97 e g a f o s y a d 7 95 94 95 e g a f o s y a d 4 1 94 92 95 e g a f o s y a d 1 2 93 92 93 ) g n i n a e w ( e g a f o s y a d 8 2 91 91 92 : g n i n a e w o t h tr i b m o rf s e s s o L ) % ( a e o h rr a i d /l a t o t 7.14/5.10 4.21/3.16 5.15/4.12 e g a f o s y a d 5 3 88 89 90 e g a f o s y a d 2 4 87 89 89 e g a f o s y a d 9 4 87 89 89 e g a f o s y a d 6 5 86 89 89 e g a f o s y a d 3 6 86 89 89 e g a f o s y a d 0 7 86 89 89 e g a f o s y a d 7 7 86 89 89 e g a f o s y a d 4 8 86 89 89 : s k e e w 2 1 li t n u g n i n a e w m o rf s e s s o L ) % ( a e o h rr a i d /l a t o t 5.49/4.39 2.19/1.10 3.26/1.09 ) % ( a e o h rr a i d /l a t o t : s e s s o l l a t o T 12.24/8.18 6.32/4.21 8.25/5.15
Tab. 2. Number and percentage of losses of piglets fed diet supplemented with MOS or FOS in the particular weeks of rearing
Medycyna Wet. 2006, 62 (7) 764
Following indices were determined in full blood: hemo-globin content (Hb), red blood cells number (RBC) and white blood cells number (WBC) by means of chamber method as well as percentage of white cells (leucogram), using Abbacus junior measuring apparatus. In blood plasma, there was de-termined the content of triglycerides, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol using colorimetric technique (Cormey kit).
Statistical analyses were used, according to ANOVA proce-dure of Statistica software, using Duncan test.
Results and discussion
A content of the essential nutrients in Prestarter and Starter mixtures for piglets (tab. 1) met the requirements given by the NRC (13). A content of crude fiber (24.3 and 31.5 g/kg DM, respectively) and detergent fiber: neutral NDF (118.3 and 176.4 g/kg DM, respectively), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) proved substantially higher in Starter mixture compared to Prestar-ter. Couch-grass rhizomes (FOS) con-tained 81.7 g of crude protein, while yeast cell walls (MOS) 282.8 g/kg DM. These additives had also mar-kedly different crude fiber contents (244.5 g vs. 45.9 g/kg DM) as well as NDF (518.2 vs. 122.1 g/kg DM), ADF (291.5 vs. 121.8 g/kg DM) and ADL (54.8 vs. 12.4 g/kg DM). The values obtained from couch grass are similar to those reported by Seoane et al. (15).The piglet losses in the control group over the weaning reached 7.14%, whereas throughout the
whole rearing period (from birth to 84 day) 12.24% (tab. 2). The los-ses were mainly evoked by diarrhoea (67-71%) and crushes by sows. The lowest losses were recor-ded in a group of piglets fed a mixture supplemen-ted with MOS (6.32%) and FOS (8.25%). Analy-zing a piglet number af-fected by diarrhoea and its duration in each week from birth up to 84 day of life, it was found that ad-dition of FOS and MOS in particular, tended to limit this ailment at piglet rearing (tab. 3). The ob-servations concerning MOS were confirmed by the other authors (2, 3, 10, 16). Lower diarrhoea pre-valence over the piglet rearing had beneficial impact on the performance parameters (tab. 4). The group supplied with dietary MOS, as against the control, exhibi-ted higher body weight of piglets on 84th day (P £ 0.05)
and a tendency of better feedstuff utilization on 29-84 days. Alike, other authors (11, 14, 16) also reported high perfor-mance at piglet rearing with MOS addition to the diet.
The analyzed haematologic indices of blood (tab. 5) sam-pled from piglets on 28th, 56th and 84th day of their age did
not show any serious changes in haemoglobin content, Ht values, WBC or leucogram induced by MOS or FOS
dieta-s y a D l o rt n o C MOS FOS s e c n e d i c n i a e o h rr a i D -a e o h rr a i D s y a d s e c n e d i c n i a e o h rr a i D -a e o h rr a i D s y a d s e c n e d i c n i a e o h rr a i D -a e o h rr a i D s y a d r e b m u N s t e l g i p f o % oNfupmigbleetrs % oNfupmigbleerts % 7 -0 8 8.16 2.6 9 9.47 2.5 101 10.311 2.5 4 1 -8 101 10.521 2.5 101 10.641 2.4 9 9.47 2.5 1 2 -5 1 111 11.701 1.9 6 6.52 1.7 7 7.37 1.8 8 2 -2 2 5 5.49 2.0 4 4.35 1.1 5 5.38 1.4 5 3 -9 2 141 15.911 2.7 7 7.69 1.5 8 8.70 1.6 2 4 -6 3 7 8.05 2.5 5 5.62 1.2 7 7.78 1.3 9 4 -3 4 5 5.75 1.8 3 3.37 1.4 6 6.74 1.4 6 5 -0 5 5 5.81 1.5 3 3.37 1.2 7 7.87 1.3 3 6 -7 5 4 4.65 1.9 4 4.49 1.8 5 5.62 1.4 0 7 -4 6 5 5.81 2.1 3 3.37 1.2 3 3.37 1.3 7 7 -1 7 7 8.14 1.7 3 3.37 1.1 4 4.49 1.2 4 8 -8 7 6 6.98 2.5 3 3.37 1.4 5 5.62 1.3 e g a r e v A 7.25 8.43 12.14 5.0 5.62 11.53 6.33 7.11 11.58
Tab. 3. Incidences of diarrhoea (%) and diarrhoea-days per group in particular weeks of life of piglets fed diet supplemented with MOS or FOS
m e tI Treatments SEM P-value l o rt n o C MOS FOS r e tt il r e p s t e l g i p n r o b e v il f o r e b m u N 10.89 10.56 10.78 0.11 0.64 8 2 ( g n i n a e w t a s t e l g i p r e tt il f o r e b m u N thday) 10.11 10,11 10.22 0.09 0.73 % , s y a d 8 2 -1 d o ir e p e h t n i s e s s o l s t e l g i P 7.14a 4.21b 5.14b 1.21 0.04 g k , h tr i b t a : s t e l g i p f o t h g i e w y d o B 1.44 1.43 1.45 0.01 0.59 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x atweaning,kg 6.97 7.35 7.29 0.18 0.07 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x on84thdayoflfie,kg 28.04a 29.45b 28.91ab 0.71 0.04 g , s y a d 8 2 -1 : s n i a g t h g i e w y li a D 198 211 209 12.4 0.11 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 29-84days,g 376 395 386 21.3 0.06 : n o it p m u s n o c d e e f l a t o T x x x x x x per1 iltterduirng28days,kg 52.24 51.95 52.78 1.52 0.24 x x x x x x per1pigletduirng28days,kg 5.17 5.14 5.16 0.09 0.53 x x x x x x per1piglet rfomweaning(29 days) x x x x x x untli84daysoflfie,kg 45.83 45.36 45.91 0.36 0.62 g ,) s y a d 4 8 -9 2 ( e k a t n i d e e f y li a D 818 810 820 12.42 0.26 ) s y a d 4 8 -8 2 ( o it a r n o i s r e v n o c d e e F 2.18 2.05 2.12 0.07 0.06
Tab. 4. Performance of piglets fed diet supplemented with MOS or FOS
Explanation: a, b values in the same rows with different letters differ significantly at p £ 0.05
Medycyna Wet. 2006, 62 (7) 765
ry supplementation. Only RBC count on 84 day of life were significantly higher in piglets given dietary MOS compa-red to the control. The obtained values are contained within the reference standards (5). The interesting results were obtained analyzing some of the blood serum lipid indices (tab. 6), i.e. a level of total cholesterol and chole-sterol of LDL fraction in blood serum was lowered in the piglets supplied with the FOS additive. The differences between this group and the control on 84 day appeared to be significant. However, the HDL-cholesterol fraction in blood serum of the piglets administered FOS and MOS was higher and that action of these prebiotics can be important in man nutrition.
Conclusions
The MOS or FOS supplement may be beneficial in piglet rearing as it reduces diarrhea, induces advantageous performance traits and lowers the level of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol.
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Authors address: prof. dr. Eugeniusz R. Grela, Jab³oniowa 5, 20-862 Lublin; e-mail: ergrela@interia.pl
Explanation: as in tab. 4.
Tab. 6. Some lipid parameters in blood plasma of piglets fed diet supplemented with MOS or FOS
Tab. 5. Hematological parameters of piglets fed diet supple-mented with MOS or FOS
Explanation: as in tab. 4. m e tI Day Treatment SEM P-value l o rt n o C MOS FOS % ,t H 8 2 34.6 35.8 35.3 0.82 0.43 6 5 33.9 34.3 35.1 0.93 0.48 4 8 32.6 33.3 34.2 0.78 0.44 l G , b H 1 8 2 197.2 196.9 197.3 0.77 0.38 6 5 108.1 111.4 110.8 1.41 0.31 4 8 115.5 119.5 116.2 2.44 0.44 0 1 , C B R 12l1 8 2 6.32 6.36 9.37 0.35 0.62 6 5 6.67 6.91 6.75 0.32 0.24 4 8 a7.11a b7.36b ab7.25ab 0.16 0.04 0 1 , C B W 9l1 8 2 8.54 8.62 8.63 0.28 0.42 6 5 12.8 12.3 12.6 1.02 0.36 4 8 23.9 24.8 25.1 0.75 0.09 % , s e t y c o rt u e N 8 2 40.4 39.8 40.3 1.72 0.51 6 5 39.5 38.4 39.2 1.54 0.58 4 8 37.8 37.2 38.4 1.29 0.39 % , s e t y c o h p m y L 8 2 53.5 53.6 53.1 1.52 0.76 6 5 55.7 56.5 55.2 2.04 0.53 4 8 56.7 57.3 56.4 1.56 0.56 % , s e t y c o n o M 8 2 2.7 3.2 2.8 0.29 0.09 6 5 2.1 2.4 2.3 0.42 0.32 4 8 2.8 2.9 2.8 0.24 0.38 % , s e t y c o n y z o E 8 2 2.4 2.6 2.7 0.11 0.28 6 5 2.1 2.0 2.4 0.14 0.37 4 8 1.8 1.9 1.6 0.18 0.14 % , s e t y c o z a B 8 2 1.0 0.8 1.1 0.09 0.35 6 5 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.08 0.45 4 8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.06 0.67 m e tI Day Treatment SEM P-value l o rt n o C MOS FOS , s e d ir e c il g ir T l/ l o m m 8 2 0.78 0.76 0.75 0.08 0.31 6 5 0.80 0.76 0.74 0.10 0.06 4 8 0.83 0.74 0.75 0.11 0.06 l a t o T ,l o r e t s e l o h c l/ l o m m 8 2 2.31 2.28 2.19 0.18 0.14 6 5 2.40 2.30 2.21 0.22 0.09 4 8 a2.67a aa2.51ab a2.29b 0.19 0.04 L D H ,l o r e t s e l o h c l/ l o m m 8 2 0.96 0.95 0.91 0.12 0.26 6 5 1.02 1.03 1.09 0.13 0.24 4 8 a1.10a a1.26b aa1.20ab 0.16 0.04 L D L ,l o r e t s e l o h c l/ l o m m 8 2 1.19a 1.18ab 1.13b 0.08 0.13 6 5 1.22a 1.12ab 1.03b 0.14 0.04 4 8 1.39a 1.13ba 1.04b 0.16 0.03 l a t o t f o % , L D H l o r e t s e l o h c 8 2 41.6a 41.7ab 41.6a 0.04 0.83 6 5 42.5a 44.8ab 48.0b 2.87 0.02 4 8 41.6a 49.0ba 48.9b 3.16 0.01
