512 JOURNAL OF JURISTIC PAPYROLOGY
F o r t h e papyrologists is Chapter V I I : Slavery in Hellenistic E g y p t P· 45—57 the most interesting. See the discussion on expo-sed i n f a n t s , on self-transfer a n d t r a n s f e r of one's children into slavery p . 30; on legislation concerning slavery 38—9; p r o p e r t y — ownership b y slaves 122; on a d m i n i s t r a t i v e safe-conduct ( p i s t i s ) 51—52; laws and and regulations in Alexandria 30,51,53; t r e a t -m e n t of slaves in Alexandria 102; andrapodon (designation of sla-ves) 5; right of asylum 51; sale of children in E g y p t 52, 135; Clau-dius' l e t t e r t o t h e city of Alexandria 103; enslavement for debts in E g y p t 50—51, 135; hieroduli (consecrated slaves) 31; imperial slaves 109—117; intermarriages b e t w e e n slave a n d free 142, 147, 148; legislation concerning slavery in E g y p t 20, 38—9, 52—4: on N a u c r a t i s 4, 47, 54; on hierodulism 31n, 42n, 46n, 49; on para-mone in E g y p t 135; on Jewish slaves in Alexandria 28; war capti-ves as slacapti-ves in E g y p t 135 etc.
I n t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n the a u t h o r points out t h a t , , t h r o u g h a num-ber of years of daily contact in t h e P a p y r u s R o o m in the Columbia U n i v e r s i t y " I gave h i m „ t h e b e n e f i t of m y knowledge of the legal as well as t h e social problems of slavery in Hellenistic E g y p t a n d during t h e R o m a n E m p i r e " . I m u s t however confess t h a t m y con-t r i b u con-t i o n w a s in con-this respeccon-t v e r y modescon-t.
E . V o l t e r r a , Manomissioni di schiavi compiute da peregrini (estr. di Studi in on. di P. de Francisci I V , 75 ff.).
P p . 99 f f . of this dissertation dedicated t o Plinii, Epist. 5 — 7 are also v e r y interesting for a papyrologist. T i n y show t h a t t h e g r a n t i n g of t h e R o m a n citizenship t o an E g y p t i a n b y the empe-ror has t h e legal consequence only on condition t h a t lie acquired f i r s t t h e A l e x a n d r i a n citizenship. T h e emperor could also grant t o an E g y p t i a n A l e x a n d r i a n citizenship. T h e impossibility of obtaining t h e R o m a n citizenship directly refers only t o t h e Αιγύπτιοι, all other peregrines m a y acquire it w i t h o u t t h e i n t e r m e d i a r y step of A l e x a n d r i a n citizenship.
F. S o k o ł o w s k i , The Real Meaning of Sacral Manumission (Harv. Theol. Rev. X L V I I (3) [ J u l y 1954] 174—181).
T h e essential element in t h e sacral manumission is the dedica-tion of t h e slave b y himself or b y his m a s t e r in c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h
SURVEY OF LITERATURE 1953—1955 513
the will of t h e l a t t e r , forced or n o t , to liberate a slave. I t was ori-ginally a real dedication to t h e divinity t h r o u g h which the libera-ted slave became in f a c t a slave in t h e t e m p l e : This ownership s u b s e q u e n t l y b e c a m e f i d u c i a r y . The dedication did not imply a physical a t t a c h m e n t t o t h e god, b u t r a t h e r a moral one. The a u t h o r defends his thesis on t h e basis of Greek inscriptions. P a -pyrological m a t e r i a l is n o t used.
T H E LAW GOVERNING DOMESTIC RELATIONS
M. I. F i n l e y , Marriage, Sale and Gift in the Homeric World (Se-minar: Annual Extraordinary Number of the „Jurist", X I I [1954] 7—33).
Although this article deals w i t h the ancient Greek law it will be also of interest for papyrologists, cf. t h e a u t h o r ' s r e m a r k s on εδνα p . 16 f f . ; on t h e verbal exchange of sollemnities — έγγυώ-έγγυώμα;. p. 27; on marriage b y purchase and t h e later έγγύησις p. 33.
J . Č e r n ý , Consanguineous Marriages in Pharaonic Egypt (JEA 40 [1954] 23—29).
Outside t h e royal families, we k n o w of t h e certain occurence of consanguineons marriage in t h e T w e n t y — second D y n a s t y and two practically certain cases in the Middle K i n g d o m . I n all cases the best we can prove is t h a t the m a r r i e d couple were half-brot-her a n d half-sister, t h a i is children cithalf-brot-her of t h e same f a t h e r or of t h e same m o t h e r . We h a v e no certain instance of a marriage betwen full b r o t h e r and sister.
E . G e r n e r , Beiträge zum Recht der Parapherna (Münch. Beitr z. Pap. 38 [1954]).
Besides t h e φερνή (or προίξ), t h a t is besides goods belonging to t h e s. c. dowry existed in Greek and Greco-Egyptian law a special mass of goods called παράφερνα. T h e y used t o be established b y t h e wife a n d in case of her minority by her έπίτροπος, b y her relati-ves (ascendents) or other relatirelati-ves. T h e παράφερνα consist (cf. m y Law2 126) mostly of ιμάτια, jewelry, articles of dress, household
f u r n i t u r e . T h e y are t h e p r o p e r t y of the wife and m u s t be r e t u r n e d
