ISSN 1509-1619
ɇɚɬɚɥɢɹ Ⱦɟɦɶɹɧɟɧɤɨ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɮɢɥɨɥɨɝɢɢ
Ʉɢɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ ɢɦɟɧɢ Ɍɚɪɚɫɚ ɒɟɜɱɟɧɤɨ
ȽɅȺȽɈɅɖɇɕȿ ɂ ɇɈɆɂɇȺɌɂȼɇɕȿ ɋɊȺȼɇȿɇɂə ȼ ɉɈɅɖɋɄɈɃ ɂ ɍɄɊȺɂɇɋɄɈɃ ɎɊȺɁȿɈɅɈȽɂɂ
Key words: phraseological unit, comparative phraseological units, verbal comparisons, nominal comparisons
Ɏɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɬɨɬ ɩɥɚɫɬ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɢ, ɲɢɪɟ – ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɹɪɤɨ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɢ, ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ ɧɚɪɨɞ- ɧɨɝɨ ɛɵɬɚ ɢ ɜɫɟ, ɱɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɚɦɨɛɵɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ. Ɏɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɫɥɨɜɨ, ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ.
ɇɨ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɧɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɞɟɧɨɬɚɬɨɜ, ɚ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɨɛ ɭɠɟ ɫɭɳɟɫ- ɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚɯ ɢ ɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ. Ʉɨɦɩɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ – ɨɛɲɢɪ- ɧɵɣ ɩɥɚɫɬ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɢ ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɰɢɢ, ɢɛɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɢɡɞɚɜɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɢɝɚɥ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɣ ɦɢɪ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɫɟɛɹ. ɋɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ «ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɥɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɵɦ – ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚ- ɧɢɹ» [Ɇɨɤɢɟɧɤɨ 1993, 174].
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɧɟ ɜ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɧɢ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ ɤɚɤ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɟ ɤɥɢɲɟ. ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɩɨ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɢɦ ɭɞɟɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨ- ɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɹɡɵɤɚ.
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɯ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫ- ɤɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɚ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɚɬɪɨɧɭɬɚ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ȼ.ȼ. ȼɢɧɨɝ- ɪɚɞɨɜ, Ⱥ.ȼ. Ʉɭɧɢɧ, Ⱥ.Ƚ. ɇɚɡɚɪɹɧ, ɂ.ɂ. ɑɟɪɧɵɲɨɜɚ ɢ ɞɪ., ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹɯ ɨɬɜɨɞɹɬ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ.
ȼ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɭɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɵ ɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ [ɇɟɜɟɞɨɦɫɤɚɹ 1973], ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɝɨ [Ɉɝɨɥɶɰɟɜ 1972], ɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ [Ɇɭɧɢɰɚ 1975], ɛɨɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ, ɫɟɪɛɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ
J ĉZYKOZNAWSTWO I GLOTTODYDAKTYKA
[Ʉɚɛɚɧɨɜɚ 1986], ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɱɟɲɫɤɨɝɨ [Ɇɨɤɢɟɧɤɨ 1982], ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ, ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɟɪɛɨɯɨɪɜɚɬɫɤɨɝɨ [Ʉɭɡɧɟɰɨɜɚ 1995] ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ.
ɋɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɹɫɧɵɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɦɚɥɨ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢ- ɡɟ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. ɋɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɫ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚ- ɧɢɹ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ. ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɨɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɦɟɪɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ. ȼɚɠɧɨɟ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ ɤɨɦɩɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɨɜ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ Ⱥ.Ɏ. Ⱥɪɬɟɦɨɜɚ: «ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɟɞɢɧɢ- ɰɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɬɚɤ ɢɦɩɥɢɰɢɬɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɜɵ- ɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ. ɂɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɭɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɚɞ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɨɣ» [Ⱥɪɬɟɦɨɜɚ 1991, 79]. ɉɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɚ ɋ. ɋɤɨɪɭɩɤɢ, ɤɨɦɩɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɮɪɚɡɟɨ- ɥɨɝɢɡɦɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɣ.
ɋɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɨɦ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɦɵ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɦ ɤɚɤɭɸ ɛɵ ɬɨ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɟɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɟɦɚɧ- ɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ.
Ʉɨɦɩɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɵ – ɷɬɨ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɬɪɨ- ɹɬɫɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ: «ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ + ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɨɸɡ + ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ» [ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ 2004, 196]. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɵ ɩɨɩɵɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɩɨɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɵ ɧɚ 1) ɧɨɦɢɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ – ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ 2) ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɟ – ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ. ɇɨ, ɡɚɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɬ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɫɪɚɜ- ɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɧɚ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ, ɷɬɨɬ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɟɧ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ «ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɢɥɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɢɥɢ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ» [Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ]. Ʉɨɦɩɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɨɛɵɣ ɬɢɩ Ɏȿ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɛɨɝɚɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɨɦɩɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɚɦ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ, ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ, ɨɛɪɚɡɧɚɹ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧ- ɧɨɫɬɶ, ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ.
ɐɟɥɶɸ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɶ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɭ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚ- ɥɢɡɚ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫ- ɤɢɯ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ. Ɏɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɛɵɥ ɫɨɛɪɚɧ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɣ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɢ ɢɡ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ (Sáownik frazeologiczny jĊzyka polskiego pod red.
S. Skorupki; Maáy sáownik frazeologiczny jĊzyka polskiego pod red. S. Bąby, J. Liberka;
Wielki sáownik frazeologiczny polsko-rosyjski a rosyjsko-polski pod red. J. Luksina;
Ɏɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɣ ɫɥɨɜɧɢɤ ɭɤɪɚʀɧɫɶɤɨʀ ɦɨɜɢ ɜ 2-ɯ ɬɬ. ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ʌ.ɋ. ɉɚɥɚɦɚɪɱɭɤɚ, ȼ.Ɇ. Ȼɢɥɨɧɨɠɟɧɤɨ, ȼ.Ɉ. ȼɢɧɧɢɤɚ; ɍɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɨ-ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨ-ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɮɪɚɡɟ- ɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ. ɂ.ɋ. Ɉɥɟɣɧɢɤɚ, Ɇ.Ɇ. ɋɢɞɨɪɱɟɧɤɨ).
ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨ- ɳɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ: ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ + ɫɨɸɡ jak + ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ: dziewczyna jak z bajki, cháop jak tur, ɨpáywaü we wszystko jak pączek w maĞle. ȼ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɨɠɟ ɩɨɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɚ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɹɤ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɨɸɡɵ: ɦɨɜ, ɦɨɜɛɢ, ɧɟɦɨɜ, ɧɟɦɨɜɛɢ, ɦɨɜɛɢɬɨ, ɧɟɦɨɜɛɢɬɨ, ɧɚɱɟ, ɧɚɱɟɛɬɨ, ɧɟɧɚɱɟ, ɧɟɧɚɱɟ ɛ, ɧɿɛɢ, ɧɿɠ, ɝɟɣ, ɛɭɰɿɦ, ɛɭɰɿɦɬɨ, ɳɨ:
ɠɢɜɟ, ɧɚɱɟ ɜɚɪɟɧɢɤ ɭ ɦɚɫɥɿ ɩɥɚɜɚɽ, ɹɤ (ɦɨɜ) ɡ ɯɪɟɫɬɚ ɡɧɹɬɢɣ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɤɨɦɩɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɨɜ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɩɵ- ɬɚɟɦɫɹ ɨɬɵɫɤɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɵ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɜ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɫɯɨɞɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ. Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɨɬ ɤɨɧɧɨɬɚɬɢɜ- ɧɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ – ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ. Ƚɥɚɝɨɥ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɟɬ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɭɸ ɤɨɧɧɨɬɚɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ. Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɧɢɯ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ:
1. Ɏɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ: ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨ- ɝɢɡɦɵ biü (spraü, zlaü) kogoĞ tak, Īe go (rodzona) matka nie pozna – ɭɤɪ. ɩɨɬɨɜɤɬɢ (ɩɨɦɨɬɥɨɲɢɬɢ, ɩɨɤɨɥɨɲɦɚɬɢɬɢ) ɤɨɝɨ; ɞɚɬɢ ɛɨɛɭ (ɤɥɚɞɭ) ɤɨɦɭ; ɩɨɥɚɬɚɬɢ ɛɨɤɢ ɤɨɦɭ. ɍɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ. ɋoĞ ustaje (urywa siĊ, koĔczy siĊ) jak noĪem uciąá – ɭɤɪ. ɹɤ ɧɨɠɟɦ (ɪɿɡɰɟɦ) ɜɿɞɪɿɡɚɜ (ɜɿɞɬɹɜ). Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɪɚɡɟɨ- ɥɨɝɢɡɦɚ.
2. Ɏɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɵ, ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɢ ɞɟɟɩɪɢ- ɱɚɫɬɢɟ: upaĞü (wyciągnąü siĊ) jak dáugi – ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ: ɪɨɡɩɥɚɫɬɚɜɫɹ (ɩɪɨɫɬɹɝɫɹ) ɧɚ ɜɟɫɶ (ɧɚ ɰɿɥɢɣ) ɡɪɿɫɬ; ɜɢɬɹɝɫɹ ɧɚ (ɭ) ɜɫɸ ɞɨɜɠɢɧɭ. ȼ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚɯ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɥɚ- ɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ: usiąĞü (staü, upaĞü, zwaliü siĊ) jak martwy – ɫɿɫɬɢ (ɫɬɨɹɬɢ, ɜɩɚɫɬɢ) ɹɤ ɦɟɪɬɜɢɣ. Wyszedá (wróciá, poszedá) jak niepyszny – ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɵ:
ɩɿɲɨɜ, ɩɿɣɦɚɜɲɢ ɨɛɥɢɡɧɹ (ɲɢɥɨɦ ɩɚɬɨɤɢ, ɜɯɨɩɢɜɲɢ; ɩɿɲɨɜ, ɨɛɥɢɡɚɜɲɢ ɦɚɤɨɝɨɧɚ.
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚɯ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɩɨɥɶ- ɫɤɨɦ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɟ. ɋhodziü jak báĊdny, chodziü jak struty – ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧ- ɬɵ: ɹɤ ɭ ɜɨɞɭ ɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɣ, ɬɹɠɤɨ ɡɚɫɦɭɱɟɧɢɣ (ɡɚɠɭɪɟɧɢɣ); ɝɟɬɶ ɡɧɟɨɯɨɱɟɧɢɣ (ɞɨ ɜɫɶɨɝɨ), ɹɤ ɤɭɪɱɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɜɩɭɫɬɢɜ. Ɇɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɷɤ- ɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɢɟ (ɨɩɭɳɟ- ɧɢɣ). KtoĞ poszedá jak zmyty, ktoĞ wyszedá zawstydzony, upokorzony – ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ: ɩɿɲɨɜ, ɩɿɣɦɚɜɲɢ ɨɛɥɢɡɧɹ (ɲɢɥɨɦ ɩɚɬɨɤɢ, ɜɯɨɩɢɜɲɢ); ɩɿɲɨɜ, ɨɛɥɢɡɚɜɲɢ ɦɚɤɨɝɨɧɚ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚɯ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɞɟɟɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɢɟ + ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ. Káamaü jak najĊty (káamaü z zapaáem, bez wa- hania) – ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɵ: ɭ ɠɢɜɿ ɨɱɿ ɛɪɟɯɚɬɢ, ɛɪɟɯɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɫɿ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɤɢ;
ɛɪɟɯɚɬɢ, ɚɠ ɤɭɪɢɬɶɫɹ (ɚɠ ɤɭɪɹɜɚ ɜɫɬɚɽ, ɚɠ ɣɨɦɭ ɡ-ɩɿɞ ɧɨɫɚ ɤɭɪɢɬɶɫɹ).
ȼ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚɯ ɞɟɟɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɧɟɬ. KtoĞ wygląda jak z krzyĪa zdjĊty (ktoĞ jest mizerny, wychudzony) – ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɵ: ɹɤ (ɦɨɜ) ɡ ɯɪɟɫɬɚ ɡɧɹɬɢɣ;
ɹɤ ɡ ɬɨɝɨ ɫɜɿɬɭ ɜɫɬɚɜ; ɫɚɦɚ ɬɿɧɶ (ɫɧɚɫɬɶ).
3. Ɏɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜ ɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɚɞɟɠɟ: znaü coĞ jak wáasną (swoją) kieszeĔ – ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɵ: ɡɧɚɬɢ ɹɤ ɫɬɚɪɿ ɫɜɨʀ ɱɨɛɨɬɢ (ɹɤ ɱɨɛɨɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɨʀɯ ɧɨɝɚɯ), ɡɧɚɬɢ ɹɤ ɫɜɨʀ (ɫɜɨʀɯ) ɩ’ɹɬɶ ɩɚɥɶɰɿɜ (ɩɭɱɨɤ); ɡɧɚɬɢ ɹɤ ɨɛɥɭɩɥɟɧɨɝɨ (ɹɤ ɨɛɥɭɩɥɟɧɭ ɨɜɟɱɤɭ).
ȼɫɟ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɵ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢ- ɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ: ɹɤ ɨɛɥɭɩɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ – ɞɟɟɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɢɟ.
4. Ɏɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ, ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɩɨɞ- ɥɟɠɚɳɟɟ ɜ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɞɟɠɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɨɜɨɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɨɦ: czuü siĊ jak (u siebie) w domu – ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ: ɩɨɱɭɜɚɬɢ ɫɟɛɟ ɹɤ ɞɨɦɚ (ɭɞɨɦɚ). Ɇɨ- ɠɟɦ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫ- ɤɢɦ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɦ. Wierzyü w coĞ jak w ewangeliĊ – ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ: ɜɿɪɢɬɢ ɭɫɿɦ (ɳɢɪɢɦ) ɫɟɪɰɟɦ. KtoĞ na to jak na lato – ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ: ɜɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɦɢɫɥɢ- ɜɟɰɶ ɧɚ ɳɨɫɶ. Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɢɦ, ɜ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ.
5. Ɏɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɵ, ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɚɞɟɠɚɯ: pakowaü (wkáadaü) jak áopatą do gáowy – ɭɤ- ɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɵ: ɜɛɢɜɚɬɢ (ɜɤɢɧɭɬɢ) ɤɨɦɭ ɜ ɝɨɥɨɜɭ ɳɨ; ɭɬɨɜɤɦɚɱɭɜɚɬɢ, ɜɬɨɜɤɦɚɱɢɬɢ (ɡɚɞɨɜɛɭɜɚɬɢ, ɡɚɞɨɜɛɚɬɢ, ɬɨɜɤɬɢ) ɤɨɦɭ ɜ ɝɨɥɨɜɭ. Bawiü siĊ (graü) z kim jak kot z myszką – ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ: ɝɪɚɽɬɶɫɹ, ɹɤ ɤɿɬ ɡ ɦɢɲɟɸ. Nosiü siĊ jak kura z jajem – ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ: ɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ, ɹɤ ɤɭɪɤɚ ɡ ɹɣɰɟɦ – ɬɚɤɨɟ ɠɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɚɞɟɠɚɯ.
6. Ɏɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ, ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɢɧɮɢ- ɧɢɬɢɜ: jak okiem siĊgnąü. ȼ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɟ ɬɨɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɢɧɮɢɧɢɬɢɜ: ɨɤɨɦ ɧɟ ɡɦɢɝɧɭɬɢ (ɧɟ ɦɨɪɝɧɭɬɢ).
ɋɪɟɞɢ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɤɚ- ɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ:
1. ɉɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ: ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɵ taki jak go matka urodziáa (zrodziáa) – ɭɤɪ.: ɭ ɱɨɦɭ (ɹɤ) ɦɚɬɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɢɥɚ (ɫɩɨɪɨɞɢɥɚ).
2. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜ ɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɚɞɟɠɟ: Brzydki jak grzech Ğmiertelny (jak siedem grzechów (gáównych) – ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ: ɫɬɪɚɲɧɢɣ ɹɤ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɢɣ ɝɪɿɯ.
3. ɑɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ: prawda (rzecz oczywista, pewne) jak dwa a dwa cztery, jak dwa razy dwa (cztery) – ɹɫɧɨ ɹɤ ɞɜɿɱɿ (ɹɤ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɢ) ɩɨ ɞɜɚ; ɹɤ ɫɜɿɬ ɫɜɿɧɭɜ ɤɨɦɭ. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɭɤ- ɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ ɬɨɠɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɨɠɟɦ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɵ ɫɚɦɚɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ. ɂ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ, ɢ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɵ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜ ɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɚɞɟɠɟ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɪɚ- ɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɢ ɞɟɟɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɢɟ, ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɟ ɜ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɞɟɠɚɯ, ɫɥɨɜɨɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɨɦ, ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɚɞɟɠɚɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɧɮɢɧɢɬɢɜ. ɇɨɦɢɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɪɚ- ɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ.
Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɜ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɵ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶ- ɧɨɝɨ + ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɨɸɡ jak (ɜ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɦɨɜ, ɦɨɜɛɢ, ɧɟɦɨɜ, ɧɟɦɨɜɛɢ, ɦɨɜɛɢɬɨ, ɧɟɦɨɜɛɢɬɨ, ɧɚɱɟ, ɧɚɱɟɛɬɨ, ɧɟɧɚɱɟ, ɧɟɧɚɱɟ ɛ, ɧɿɛɢ, ɧɿɠ, ɝɟɣ, ɛɭɰɿɦ, ɛɭɰɿɦɬɨ, ɳɨ) + ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ. Ɏɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɧɭɬɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɮɪɚ- ɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɫ ɮɚɤɬɨɦ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ) ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ɗɬɢ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɵ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɮɚɤɬ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ). ȼ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɨɸɡ. ɉɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɚ, ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɞɟɠɚ.
Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɷɬɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɬɶɫɹ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ: 1) ɩɭɬɟɦ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ: gáupi jak midasowe uszy, gáupi jak stoáowa noga, deli- katny jak francuski piesek; 2) ɩɭɬɟɦ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ-ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ: Īwawy jak wóá w páugu, gáupi jak cielĊ na niedzielĊ, nudny jak flaki z olejem, Ğmiaáy jak baba za páotem. Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɵ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɱɢɫɬɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɧɨɦ. Ɍɚɤ, ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɭ gáupi jak cielĊ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɛɨɪɨɬ gáupi jak cielĊ na niedzielĊ; ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɭ nudny jak flaki – nudny jak flaki z olejem. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɢ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨ- ɝɢɡɦɚ, ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ. Ɍɚɤ, ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦ Ğmiaáy jak baba za páotem ɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɞɨɛɚɜ- ɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ páot. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ ɢ ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɯ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶ- ɧɭɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɭ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɡ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ. ȼ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɵ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɮɪɚ- ɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɨɜ, ɜ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢ- ɩɨɜ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ. Ɏɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɨ ɬɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɦ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ, ɩɪɢɱɺɦ ɷɬɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ. ɗɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɥɭ- ɱɚɣɧɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɟɫɶ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɦɢɪ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɫɹ ɢɦ ɫɤɜɨɡɶ ɩɪɢɡɦɭ ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜɥɟɱɟɬ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɩɥɚɧɨɜɵɯ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ (znaü co jak wáasną (swoją) kieszeĔ – ɡɧɚɬɢ ɹɤ ɫɬɚɪɿ ɫɜɨʀ ɱɨɛɨɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɚ- ɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɜɧɢɦɢ ɢ ɬɟɫɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɹɦɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɦɢ, ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ
ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ, ɫɯɨɠɟɫɬɶɸ ɮɚɭɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɟɬ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ (chytry jak lis – ɯɢɬɪɢɣ ɹɤ ɥɢɫɢɰɹ, pracowity jak pszczoáa – ɩɪɚɰɶɨɜɢɬɢɣ ɹɤ ɛɞɠɨɥɚ, tĊpy jak pieĔ – ɞɭɪɧɢɣ ɹɤ ɩɟɧɶ). Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚ- ɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɨɜ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɦ, ɯɨɬɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɟɣ ɜ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚɯ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ.
Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ
Ⱥɪɬɟɦɨɜɚ Ⱥɧɧɚ. 1991. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɚɝɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ:
Ⱦɢɫ. ɞ-ɪɚ ɮɢɥɨɥ. ɧɚɭɤ: 10.02.04. ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ: ɊȽɉɍ ɢɦ. Ⱥ.ɂ.Ƚɟɪɰɟɧɚ.
Ʉɚɛɚɧɨɜɚ ɇɚɬɚɥɶɹ. 1986. Ʉɨɦɩɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɛɨɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ, ɫɟɪɛɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ: Ⱥɜɬɨɪɟɮ. ɞɢɫ. ɤɚɧɞ. ɮɢɥɨɥ. ɧɚɭɤ. Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ.
Ʉɭɡɧɟɰɨɜɚ ɂɪɢɧɚ. 1995. ɍɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ (ɜ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɫɟɪɛɨɯɨɪɜɚɬɫɤɢɦɢ): Ⱦɢɫ. ɤɚɧɞ. ɮɢɥɨɥ. ɧɚɭɤ. ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ.
Ɇɨɤɢɟɧɤɨ ȼɚɥɟɪɢɣ. 1982. Ɋɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɱɟɲɫɤɨɣ. ȼ: ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ.
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ: 233-239.
Ɇɨɤɢɟɧɤɨ ȼɚɥɟɪɢɣ. 1993. Ɉ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ. ȼ: ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɢɫɬɨ- ɪɢɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ. ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ: 174-179.
Ɇɭɧɢɰɚ ɋɟɪɝɟɣ. 1975. Ⱥɞɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɜ ɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɦ ɢ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ: Ⱥɜɬɨɪɟɮ. ɞɢɫ. ɤɚɧɞ. ɮɢɥɨɥ. ɧɚɭɤ. Ʉɢɟɜ.
ɇɟɜɟɞɨɦɫɤɚɹ Ɉɥɶɝɚ. 1973. Ʉɨɦɩɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɵ ɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɜ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɦɢ: Ⱦɢɫ. ɤɚɧɞ. ɮɢɥɨɥ. ɧɚɭɤ. Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ.
Ɉɝɨɥɶɰɟɜ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ. 1972. Ʉɨɦɩɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɵ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɜ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɢɦ. ȼ: ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɯ, ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɯ, ɪɨɦɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ. ɑ. II. ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞ: 112-123.
Ɍɭɪɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɂɝɨɪɶ. 1990. ɋɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ. Ɇɨɫ- ɤɜɚ: ȼɵɫɲɚɹ ɲɤɨɥɚ.
Summary
VERBAL AND NOMINAL COMPARISONS IN POLISH AND UKRAINIAN PHRASEOLOGY
Fixed comparisons are the source of idiomatic comparisons. Comparative phraseology demonstrates a wide range of culturally conditioned ideas of Poles and Ukrainians and the compositions of phraseological unit core components are embedded in culturally-rooted systems.
The aim of this study was to identify intelligence and analyze Polish phraseological units with the comparison component and find their equivalents in the Ukrainian language. Basic principles concerning the structuring of Polish comparative phrases are similar to those in Ukrainian, although there are examples where the grammatical form of a phraseological unit or its part does not match the grammatical equivalent category in the Ukrainian language.
Kontakt z Autorką:
demnata@bigmir.net
