BRITISH CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS
Foreword.
T he “ A ” section of th e a b stra c ts, dealing w ith p u re chem istry, will bo issued to Fellow s of the C hem ical Society a n d o th e r subscribers a t th e end of each m o n th , w hilst th e “ B ” section, covering ap p lied chem istry, w ill a p p e a r each week, and will be circu lated along w ith th e Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry to m em bers of t h a t Society a n d to special subscribers.
The price of th e “ A ” an d th e “ B ” sections is £3 13s. 6d. each p er annum , p o st free (including jo in t Index), b u t Fellow s of th e Chemical Society m ay o b ta in th e “ B ” a b stra c ts for £1 10s. 0d., w hilst M embers of th e Society of Chem ical In d u s try m ay o b ta in th e “ A ” a b stra c ts for £2 Os. Od. [The y early m em bership subscriptions are £3 Os. Od. in th e case of th e Chemical Society an d £2 10s. Od. in th e case of th e Society of Chemical In d u s try .] Copies of “ A ” or “ B ” a b stra c ts p rin te d on one side of th e p ap er, an d suitable for filing purposes, m a y be o b tain ed a t reasonable charges.
T he g en eral basis of classification a d o p te d in th e tw o sections is p rin te d below. F o r th e guidance of readers of “ A ” a b s tra c ts , i t should be p o in te d o u t t h a t a b s tra c ts of a n a ly tic a l p ap ers m a y he found n o t only a t th e end of each section as ta b u la te d below , b u t som etim es also, w hen th e a n a ly tic a l m eth o d described has a very specialised o b ject, in th e bo d y of th e section, according to th e m a te ria l w ith w hich th e a n a ly tic a l m eth o d deals.
A.—PURE CHEMISTRY.
General, Physical, and Inorganic Chemistry.
Sub-atomics.
(а) A to m ic s p e c tra . In fra -re d , visib le, u ltra -v io le t, X - r a y em issio n a n d a b s o rp tio n s p e c tra , Z eem an a n d S ta r k effects, C o m p to n effect.
(б) E le c tric a l p ro p e rtie s : Io n is a tio n p o te n tia ls of a to m s, p h o to -e le c tric a n d th erm io n ic effects.
(c) P ro p e rtie s of e le ctro n s a n d gaseo u s ions. M ag n etic p ro p e rtie s .
(d) Iso to p e s— a to m ic w eights.
(e) R a d io a c tiv e processes.
( /) O th e r su b -a to m ic processes.
(<?) T heo ries of a to m ic s tr u c tu r e a n d su b -a to m ic m ec h an ism . (A) A tom ic d im en sio n s (e x ce p t in solid s ta te ).
Molecular Structure.
(a) M olecular s p e c tra : E m issio n a n d a b s o rp tio n s p e c tra of o rg an ic a n d in o rg an ic su b s ta n c es . F lu o rescen ce, lum in escen ce, a n d p h o sp h o resc en ce . R a m a n effect.
(b) Io n is a tio n p o te n tia ls . P h o to -e le c tric effect w ith c o m p o u n d s.
(c) C o n d u c tiv ity . D ielectric c o n s ta n ts . D ipole m o m e n t.
(d ) M o lecu lar vo lu m es.
(e) O p tica l p ro p e rtie s : M olecular re fra c tio n , d isp ersio n , r o ta to r y d isp ersio n , o p tic a l a c tiv ity , m ag n e tic r o ta tio n .
( /) T h eo ries of m o le c u la r s tru c tu re . V a len c y , se c o n d a ry v a le n c y , in c lu d in g co -o rd in a tio n , e lectro n ic a n d m a g n e tic th eo ries , c o n s titu tio n a l form ula) of in o rg an ic s u b s ta n c e s .
(g) M o lecu lar sizes a n d forces. S u rfa ce te n s io n . Crystal Structure.
(а) X - R a y e x a m in a tio n . (б) C ry s ta l m o d els.
(c) M ag n etic a n d e le ctrica l p ro p e rtie s of c ry s ta ls : P ie zo e le c tric ity ; m a g n e to stric tio n .
(d) O p tica l p ro p e rtie s . R o ta to r y d isp ersio n . (e) C o m p ressib ility . T en sile s tr e n g th . ( / ) M esom orphic s ta te .
Physical Properties o f Pure Substances (not included above), (a) M olecular w eig h ts.
(bj E le c tric a l c o n s t a n t s : C o n d u ctan ce, th e rm o e le c tric pow er, lig h t-s e n s itiv ity , e tc . M ag n etic s u s c e p tib ility . (c) O p tica l c o n s ta n ts .
(d) T h e rm a l c o n s ta n ts : Specific h e a ts , h e a t of c h an g e of s ta te , bo ilin g p o in ts , freezin g p o in ts , tr a n s itio n p o in ts . (e) C hem ical c o n sta n ts.
( /) P re ss u re s a n d v o lu m e s : D e n sity , v a p o u r p re ssu re, coefficient of e x p an sio n , e q u a tio n s of s ta te , th e o ry of c o rre sp o n d in g s ta te s .
(g) C o m p ressib ility .
(A) V isc o sity ; flu id ity ; p la s tic ity . (i) D iffusion.
Solutions and M ixtures.
(а) G aseous m ix tu re s , liq u id m ix tu re s (ex clu d in g d ilu te so lu tio n s), solid so lu tio n s (in clu d in g allo y s), p r o p e r ty - c o m p o sitio n cu rv es.
(б) M iscibility of liq u id s a n d of solids. S o lu b ility of gases a n d so lid s in liq u id s.
(c) D is trib u tio n p h e n o m e n a : P a r titio n , a b so rp tio n , a d s o r p tio n , su rfa ce film s, su rfa ce e n erg y , m e m b ra n e effects.
(d ) D ilu te s o lu tio n s : (i) N o n -e lec tro ly tic s o lu tio n s ; (ii) S o lu tio n s of e le c tro ly te s. C olU gative p ro p e rtie s ; n o n -co llig ativ e p ro p e rtie s .
(e) D isp erse sy s te m s. P r e p a ra tio n a n d p ro p e rtie s of s u s
p en sio n s, em u lsio n s, sm o k es, fo a m s, sols, gels, jellies.
C o ag u latio n , p e p tis a tio n , ag ein g , c a ta p h o re a is , im b ib i
tio n , e tc .
Cl a s s i f i c a t i o n a n d Ar r a n g e m e n t o f Ab s t r a c t s.
K in etic Theory. Therm odynamics.
(а) E q u ilib riu m in h o m o g en eo u s s y s te m s ; e q u ilib riu m , d isso c iatio n , io n is a tio n c o n s ta n ts , a c tiv ity coefficients, e tc .
(б) E q u ilib riu m in h e te ro g en e o u s s y s te m s ; u n i- a n d m u lti- c o m p o n e n t sy s te m s , p h a s e ru le.
(c) T h e rm o c h e m is try .
Electrochemistry.
(a) E le c tric a l c o n d u c ta n c e . (b) T r a n s p o r t p h e n o m e n a .
(c) E le c tro d e a n d d iffu sio n p o te n tia ls ; e .m .f., co n ce n tr a tio n cells, e tc .
(d) P o la ris a tio n , o v e rv o lta g e , p a s s iv ity , e tc . (e) A p p lic a tio n o f e le c tro c h e m ic a l m e th o d s . Reactions.
(a) V e lo c ity s tu d ie s in (i) H o m o g e n eo u s s y s te m s ; (ii) H e te ro g e n e o u s sy s te m s.
(b) C a ta ly se d re a c tio n s : (i) a n d (ii) a s a b o v e.
(c) E le c tro d e re a c tio n s.
\d) P h o to c h e m ic a l re a c tio n s.
(e) I r r a d ia te d re a c tio n s.
N ew Methods o f Preparing Substances a r ra n g e d a c c o rd in g to p e rio d ic ta b le ), e tc .
Improved Methods o f Preparing Substances, etc.
A nalysis.
A pparatus.
Lecture Experim ents.
H istorical. _______________________
G eochem istry.
Organic Chemistry.
A liphatic.
H y d ro c a rb o n s .
H a lo g e n , n itro -, a n d n itro s o -d e riv a tiv e s . A lcohols.
E th e r s . A lk y l s a lts .
S u lp h u r c o m p o u n d s , in c lu d in g su lp h o n ic a cid s.
A cids.
T h io - a n d su lp h o -a c id s.
A ld e h y d es.
A ld o x im es.
K e to n e s a n d d ik e to n e s.
K e to x im e s .
S u g a rs, g lu co sid es, a n d c a rb o h y d ra te s . A m in es.
A m in o -alco h o ls.
A m in o -ac id s.
C y an o -acid 3 , tlilo o y an o -a cid s.
A m in o -a ld e h y d c s a n d -k e to n e s.
A m id es (in clu d in g c y a n ic , c y a n u ric , a n d th io e y a n ic a cid s), N itrile s , c a rb y la m in e s , m e ta llic c y an id es.
A m id o x im e s, im in o -e th e rs.
D ia zo -c o m p o u n d s . P h o s p h o ru s co m p o u n d s.
A rsen ic, a n tim o n y , b o ro n , silico n , e tc . c o m p o u n d s . A lip a tliic o rg a n o -m e ta llic c o m p o u n d s.
B.—APPLIED I . G e n e ra l; P l a n t ; M a c h in e ry .
I I . F u e l ; G a s ; T a,r; M in e ral Oils.
I I I . O rg an ic In te r m e d ia te s . I V . D y e stu ffs.
V . F ib r e s ; T e x tile s ; C ellu lo se ; P a p e r . V I . B le a c h in g ; D y e in g ; P r i n t in g ; F in ish in g . V I I . A c id s ; A lk a lis ; S a l t s ; N o n -M eta llic E le m e n ts . V I I I . G la ss; C eram ics.
I X . B u ild in g M a te ria ls.
X . M e ta ls ; M e ta llu rg y , in c lu d in g E le c tro m e ta llu rg y . X I . E le c tro te c h n ic s .
X I I . F a t s ; O ils; W ax e s.
HomocycLic.
H y d ro c a rb o n s CnH 2n to C J i . j . , .
H a lo g en , n itro s o -, a n d n itro -d e riv a tiv e s . S u lp h o n ic aeid s.
H y d ro c a rb o n s CnH 2n_ B to C n H jn .j. D e riv a tiv e s u n d e r e ach .
A m in es. I n c lu d e s a n ilid es , c a rb a m id e s, th io c a rb a m id e s , a n d su lp h o n ic acid s.
A zo x y -co m p o u n d s.
A zo- „
H y d ra z o - „
D iazo - „
D ia zo a m in o - „
P h e n o ls . A m in o p h en o ls, th io p lie n o ls, su lp liid e s, sulp lio n io a cid s.
A lcohols.
P h e n o l-alco h o ls .
A cid s. S u lp h o n ic a cid s a n d h y d ra z id e s u n d e r e a c h m e m b e r.
A ld e h y d e s . D e riv a tiv e s u n d e r eac h .
K e to n e s . ,, „ „
D ik e to n e s a n d o x y k e to n e s.
Q u in o n es.
C a m p h o r g ro u p . T erp e n cs . E th e r e a l oils.
B e s in s a n d b a ls am s.
B i tt e r p rin c ip le s a n d in d iffe re n t s u b s ta n c e s .
C o lo u rin g m a tte r s (u n classified n a tu r a l a n d artificial).
T a n n in s . Heterocyclic, etc.
F u r a n g ro u p . T h io p h e n g ro u p (Se).
B a se s : N 2, N 2, X 3, e tc . A lk a lo id s.
P h o s p h o ru s co m p o u n d s.
A s, S b, B i, B , Si c o m p o u n d s . O rg a n o -m e tallic c o m p o u n d s . P ro te in s .
A n a lysis.
Biochem istry.
Respiration.
Blood : G a s e s ; c o n s t it u e n ts ; re a c tio n s (luem olysis, a n ti-b o d y f o rm a tio n , e tc .).
Organs aiul their Proxim ate Constituents : A n a ly tic a l d a ta of c o n s titu e n ts of o rg a n s : p u r e s u b s ta n c e s iso la te d fro m o rg a n s.
Secretions : M ilk ; ly m p h , e tc .
E xcretions: U r in e ; faeces; o th e r e x cre tio n s .
Diseases : N a tu r a l a n d e x p e rim e n ta l (in a lp h a b e tic a l o rd e r).
M etabolism : G e n e r a l; s p e c ia l; in te r m e d ia r y ; f a te of s u b s ta n c e s in th e a n im a l b o d y .
Physiological A c tio n : V a ria tio n of p h y sio lo g ical c o n d itio n s ; a c tio n of d r u g s ; to x ic o lo g y .
E nzym es : G e n e r a l; specific.
M icro-organism s: Y e a s ts , m o u ld s , p ro to z o a , b a c te r ia . Hormones.
V itam ins.
Vegetable Physiology: G e n e ra l; re p ro d u c tio n a n d fe rtilis a ti o n ; re s p ir a tio n ; g r o w th ; p r o x im a te p r in c ip le s ; d ise a s e s ; p o iso n s.
A nalysis.
CHEMISTRY.
X I I I . P a i n ts ; P ig m e n ts ; V a rn is h e s ; B e s in s . X I V . I n d ia r u b b e r .
X V . L e a th e r a n d G lue.
X V I . A g ric u ltu re .
X V I I . S u g a rs ; S ta r c h e s ; G u m s.
X V I I I . F e r m e n ta tio n I n d u s tr ie s . X I X . F o o d s.
X X . M ed icin al S u b s ta n c e s ; E s s e n tia l Oils.
X X I . P h o to g ra p h ic M a te ria ls a n d P ro c e sse s.
X X I I . E x p lo s iv e s.
X X I I I . S a n i ta t io n ; W a te r P u rific a tio n .
BRITISH CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS
A .-P U R E CHEMISTRY
JANUARY, 1932.
G en eral, P h y sic a l, and In o r g a n ic C h em istry.
Influence of pressure and foreign gases on the diminution of intensity of B alm er lines by weak m agnetic fields.
H . S t a h l (Z. P h y sik , 1931, 72, 478—487).— T he influence of pressure, an d of N 2, 0 2, and H e, o n th e parallel com ponents of H^, H y, an d Hs from can al ray s suggests t h a t dim in u tio n in in te n sity caused b y w eak m agnetic fields is p a rtly due to L arm or precession an d p a rtly to e x te rn a l d isturb an ce. À. B. D. C a s s ie .
H
d i s c h a r g e t u b e . E . L a u a n d E. R e i c h e n h b i m (Z. P h y sik , 1931, 7 3 , 31— 32).— T he co n stru ctio n of a discharge tu b e in w hich high concns. of H atom s m ay be o b tain ed is described. T h e b e st resu lts were o b tain ed in th e presence of a ra re gas, p a rtic u la rly A.A. J . Me e.
Relation between the continuous and m any- lined hydrogen spectra. IV.
Y. H u k u m o t o (Sci.R ep. T ôhoku, 1931, 2 0 , 599—607).— The continuous sp ectru m of th e u n d er-w ater sp ark resem bles th e continuous sp ectru m of H 2, a n d is accom panied b y th e F u lch e r b a n d s; th e in te n sity m ax im a occur in alm ost th e sam e region of th e u ltra -v io let. The un der-w ater sp ectru m is therefore a ttrib u te d to dissociation of H 2. H . F . G i l l b e .
Gas discharge wave-length list in extrem e ultra-violet.
J . M . M a c T x n e s an d J . C. B o y c e (Physical R ev ., 1930, [ii], 3 6 , 368).—P u blished lines in th e region 2500— 100A.
arising from discharges in H 2, H e, C, N 2, 0 2, N e, N a, Si, A, and H g have been tab u la te d . " L. S. T h e o b a l d .Average life of the ionised helium atom .
L. R.M a x w e l l (Physical R ev., 1931, [ii], 3 8 , 1664—1686).
—The th eoretical average life vais, of energy levels of ionised H e are 1/16 th o se of H , in agreem ent w ith experim ent, a n d increase for higher q u a n tu m states.
R espective vais, for th e line 2733
A.
6— >-3 are l T ± 0 - 2 x 10-8 a n d 1-17 x 10“8 sec. for th e six th q u a n tu m sta te ; average life becam e g re ater w ith increased voltage of th e electron beam . In te rp re ta tio n of re su lts is uninfluenced b y electron spin.N . M . Bl i o h.
Anom alous dispersion of excited gases. VII.
Anom alous dispersion in electrically excited helium .
S . L e v y (Z. P hysik, 1931, 7 2 , 578— 586;of. A., 1930, 1487).— A s tu d y of th e dependence on pressure a n d c u rre n t of th e relativ e tra n sitio n p ro b abilities betw een different H e levels, a n d of th e influence of p ressu re on th e ex citatio n of singlet an d trip le t levels in H e a n d N e. A. B. D. C a s s ie .
Colour of light from high-frequency discharges in helium .
J . S. To w n s e n d an d S. P. McCa l l d m(Phil. M ag., 1931, [vii], 1 2 , 1168— 1175).
M agnetic rotation spectrum and heat of dis
sociation of the lithium m olecule.
F . W . L o o m is a n d R . E . N u s b a u m (Physical R ev ., 1931, [ii], 3 8 , 1447— 1457).— T he m agnetic ro ta tio n spectrum of th e green b a n d system of L i2 w as m easured, an d in ten sities, q u a n tu m nos., a n d calc, a n d observed frequencies are ta b u la te d . T he h e a t of dissociation of th e norm al L i2 m ol. is 1-14¿0-03 volts.N . M. Bl i g h.
Valency forces in lithium and beryllium .
J . H . B a r t l e t t , ju n ., a n d W . H . F u b r y (Physical R ev., 1931, [ii], 3 8 , 1615— 1622).— F o r th e L i2 m ol. in th e ground s ta te th e calc, equilibrium d istance of 2 norm al ato m s is 2-4 A ., a n d th e h e a t of dissociation 1-09 volts. Tw o n o rm al Be atom s repel each o ther.N . M . Bl ig h.
Isotope effect in the band spectrum of lithium hydride.
G. N a k a m u r a (Proc. Im p . A cad. Tokyo, 1931, 7 , 303— 306).— A d etailed acco u n t of w ork alread y n o ted (A., 1931, 1348).Angular m om entum of the Li7 nucleus.
L. P . Gr a k a t h (P hysical R ev., 1930, [ii], 36, 1018);—A dditional observations of hyperfine s tru c tu re su p p o rt th e val. .3/2 for th e an g u lar m om entum of L i (cf. A.,
1930, 649). L . S. Th e o b a l d.
Second spark spectrum of carbon, G III.
B.E d l é n (Z. P h y sik , 1931, 7 2 , 559— 568).—-52 singlet an d 46 trip le t lines were m easured betw een 200 an d 6500
A.
; th e ionisation p o te n tia l of th e 2pS level is 47-652 volts, a n d th e 2SP level is 6-465.volts above th eground level. A. B. D. C a s s ie .
Jum ping negative glow .
W . A. L e y s h o n (N ature, 1931, 1 2 8 , 7 9 5 -7 9 6 ).-—T he in tro d u c tio n of m in u te am o u n ts of hex an e a n d PhM e produces jum ps in N e tu b e s p reviously giving a ste a d y negative glow.T he ju m p in g glow is p ro b ab ly re la te d to th e w avering positive colum n obtain ed in discharge tu b e s con
tain in g hydrocarbons. L. S. T h e o b a l d .
Transition probabilities and quenching in the
3 Pstate of sodium .
N . E . B e r r y arid G. K . R o l l e f s o n (Physical R ev., 1931, [ii], 3 8 , 1599—1611).—A n in e rt gas h a d no appreciable effect on th e re la tiv e tra n sitio n probabilities in th e 32P s ta te . W ith th e a d d itio n of N 2 or H 2 th e D lig h t in te n sity v a ria tio n followed th a t of th e 3303 A. line ; H e p ro duced a m arked increase in in te n sity . N . M. Bl ig h.
2 B R IT IS H CH EM ICA L A BST R A C TS.— A.
Scattering of ligh t in sodium vapour.
S.A.
Ko r f f (P hysical R ev ., 1930, [ii], 3 5 , 435— 436).— B y using a n artificial chrom osphere th e N a D lines hav e been show n to a p p e a r in a b so rp tio n a t lower v.d.
th a n th o se for w hich th e y a p p e a r in em ission.
L. S. Th e o b a l d.
Relative intensities in hyperfine structure m ultiplets.
H . E . W h i t e (P hysical R ev., 1930, [ii],36,
1800). L. S. T h e o b a l d .W ave-lengths in the spectra of the vacuum iron arc.
K . B u r n s a n d F . M . W a l t e r s , ju n . (P ub. A llegheny O b s , P ittsb u rg h , 1931, 8, 39— 64).—A ccurate w ave-lengths for lines of F e i a n d F e II bet ween 3812 a n d 2157
A.
are recorded, a n d w av elengths are co m p u ted for m a n y lines.
Ch e m ic a l Ab s t r a c t s.
F irst spectrum of krypton.
W . F . M e g g e r s , T . L. d e B r u i n , a n d C. J . H u m p h r e y s (B ur. S ta n d . J . Res., 1931,7,
643— 645).— B y a n im p ro v ed m eth o d th e to ta l no. of lines recognised in th e sp ectru m of n e u tra l K r a to m s has been increased from 200 to 460.E . S. He d g e s.
A ston's dark space in krypton and xenon and its gradual form ation in helium .
A. G u n t h e r - S c h u l z e a n d F . K e l l e r (Z. P h y sik , 1931,72,
28—35)- A. B. D. C a s s ie .
Spark spectrum of ruthenium .
W . F . M e g g e r s a n d A . G. S i i e n s t o n e (P hysical R ev ., 19 3 0 , [ii], 3 5 , 868).— Low te rm s of R u n are ta b u la te d .L. S. Th e o b a l d.
Absorption of cadm ium resonance radiation
X
2288 A. and the life period of the Cd
2 1P 1level.
M. W . Z e m a n s k y (Z. P h y sik , 1931,
72,
587— 599).—V ariatio n of a b so rp tio n of resonance ra d ia tio n w ith gas pressure in d icates a life period of l - 9 9 x l 0 - 3 sec.
for th e 21P 1 level. A. B. D. C a s s i e .
Deviations from Lam bert’s cosine law for glow ing tungsten.
E . S p i l l e r (Z. P h y sik , 1931, 72, 2 1 5 -2 1 7 ). A . B. D. C a s s i e .Existence of a new term in Hg i.
E . D. McAl i st e r (Physical R ev ., 1930,
[ii], 35,
1585— 1586).—L. S. Th e o b a l d.
Hyperfine structure and nuclear m om ents of m ercury.
H . S c h u l e r a n d J . E . K e y s t o n (Z.P h y sik , 1931,
72,
423— 441).— H yperfine stru c tu re was ex am in ed in th e 2537A.
line, a n d in th e region 7000— 4000 A. The isotopes 198, 200, 202, a n d 204 h av e zero n u clear spin, 199 h as 1/2, a n d 201h as 3/2. A . B. D . C a s s i e .
Hyperfine structure and absorption of the 2537 m ercury line.
W . Z e h d e n a n d M. W . Z e m a n s k y (Z. P h y sik , 1931,72,
442— 446).—The re la tiv e in te n sities of hyperfine lines in th e 2537A.
line
(cf.
preceding a b s tra c t) are in a g reem en t w ith ab so rp tio n m e asu rem en ts (cf. K o p ferm an n a n d T ietze, A ., 1929, 1119). A. B. D. C a s s i e .Significance of m ercury bands. H.
K u h n(Z
P h y sik , 1931, 72, 462— 471).—The energy of d issociation of H g2 is ap p ro x . 1 kg.-cal.
A. B. D. Ca s s i e. H y p e r f in e s t r u c t u r e of m e r c u r y .
II.
K . M u r a - k a w a (Sci. P a p e rs I n s t. P h y s. Chem. R es. T okyo, 1931, 1 7 , 1— 5 ;cf.
A., 1931, 1345).—T h e hyperfines tru c tu re of th e lines X 4078, 4358, 5461, 2753, 2894, 3341, an d 4916 is in te rp re te d , a n d in ten sities and sep a ra tio n s are given. N. M. Bl i g h.
Band spectrum
o fm ercury hydride.
R R y d -b e r g (Z. P h y sik , 1931,
73,
74— 86).—R e su lts of a new s tu d y of th e a c tiv a te d s ta te of H g h y d rid e aregiven. A. J . Me e.
Polarisation of m ercury lines in stepwise radiation.^
A. C. G . Mi t c h e l l (P hysical R ev., 1930, [ii],36,
1589— 1590).—T he p o larisatio n of several H g lines ap p earin g in fluorescence w hen a m ixture of N 2 a n d H g v a p o u r is su b jected to a q u a rtz -H g arc is described a n d th e significance discussed.L. S. Th e o b a l d.
Appearances of the forbidden lines and the intensity m odifications of the spectra of m ercury, cadm ium , and zinc under high-frequency excit
ation.
J . Ok u b o an d E . Ma t u y a m a (P hysical R ev.1931, [ii],
38,
1651— 1655).— E x p erim en tal.N. M. Bl i g h.
Influence of collisions on the form ation of the Fraunhofer lines.
A. Pa n n e ic o e k (Proc. K . A kad.W etensch. A m sterd am , 1931,
34,
755— 763).W . R . An g u s.
Chem ical valency and properties of the spec
tral term s.
A. T. Wi l l ia m s (P hysikal. Z., 1931,32,
870 875).—T heoretical. T here is a connexion betw een th e num erical differences of sp ectral term s a n d change of valen cy in c e rta in groups of elem ents w hich have analogous electronic configurations : C, N , 0 , halogen, a n d Cu sub-groups. A. J . Me e.
Spectra of tw o-electron sy stem s.
M. H . Jo h ns o n, ju n . (Physical R ev., 1931, [ii],
38,
1628— 1641).—M athem atical. R . M. Bl i g h.
Zeeman effect in interm ediate coupling. D.
R . In g l is a n d M. H . Jo h n s o n, ju n . (P hysical R ev., 1931, [ii],38,
1642—
16 4 7;
cf. preceding a b s tra c t).—
M athem atical. E n e rg y level re su lts for general tw o-electron configurations are applied to p-val.calculations in in te rm e d ia te coupling.
N . M. Bl i g h.
Hyperfine structure.
S. Go u d s m i t (Physical R ev ., 1930, [ii],35,
436—
437).—
A tte n tio n is directed to a n erro r w hich occurs in th e a p p lic a tio n of th e th e o ry of hyperfine s tru c tu re . L. S. Th e o b a l d.D istribution of chem ical and therm al effects in a spark gap.
H . Ta k6 (Sci. P ap ers In s t. P hys.Chem. R es. T okyo, 1931,
17,
57— 67).— M easurem e n ts of tem p , a n d of th e a m o u n t of I lib e ra te d from K I b y p ro d u c ts form ed a t different positions along a sp a rk g ap in d icate a parallelism betw een chem ical a n d th e rm a l effects. F . L. Us h e r.
Band intensities.
J . Ka p l a n (P hysical R ev., 1930, [ii],36,
778).—A tte n tio n is d irected to exam ples of b a n d sp ec tru m ex c ita tio n w hich show m arked d ev iatio n s from th e F ra n c k principle.L, S. Th e o b a l d.
Form ation of helium m olecular ion.
E . Ma j o-r a n a (N uovo Cim., 1931, 8 , 22— 2 8 ; Chem. Z entr., 1931, i, 3210).—T h e reactio n H e + H e + = H e , + is ex am in ed from th e energ y p o in t of view.
A. A. El d r i d g e.
G E N E R A L , PH Y S IC A L , AN D IN O RG A N IC C H E M ISTR Y . 3
Theory of the double-crystal spectrom eter.
M. v o n Latje (Z. P h ysik, 1931,
72,
472—477).A. B . D . Ca s s i e.
P rism spectrograph of large focal length. R.
Ma n n k o p f f (Z. P hysik, 1931,
72,
569— 577).—A sp ectro g rap h b u ilt on one arm is described, several prism s refracting or reflecting th e lig h t th ro u g h 180°, a n d so elim inating th e ra d ia tio n reflected from lens surfaces back to th e p h o to g ra p h p la te , as in th e L ittro w ty p e. A. B . D . Ca s s i e.Total reflexion of X-rays.
H . Ki e s s i g (Ann.P h y sik , 1931, [v],
11,
645—648).—Polem ical ag ain st E dw ards (A., 1931, 541), whose re su lts do n o t agree w ith those of th e a u th o r. A. J . Me e.X-Ray em ission independent of tem porary excitation.
W . Ba n d (P hysical R ev ., 1930, [ii],35,
1129). L. S. Th e o b a l d.
L i m i t e d r e s o l v i n g p o w e r o f a c r y s t a l g r a t i n g . B . Da v is (Physical R ev., 1930, [ii],
35,
209— 210).L. S. Th e o b a l d.
Multiple structure in the
KX -ray absorption spectra of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, N i, and Cu.
M.S a w a d a (Mem. Coll. Sci. K y o to , 1931, A ,
14,
2 2 9—- 2 5 0 ).—P h otom icrographs a n d d a ta for wide energy ranges are considered in relatio n to tw o hypotheses of the origin of ex ten d ed m u ltip le stru c tu re .N . M. Bl ig h.
X-Ray diagram lines strongly absorbed in the absorption spectra.
S. Ka w a t a (Mem. Coll. Sci.K yoto, 1931,
A, 14,
227—228; cf. A., 1931, 993).—The relativ e position of th e em ission line an d cor
responding ab so rp tio n lim it was d eterm ined from in ten sity d im in u tio n produced b y an absorbing screen of th e sam e elem ent for L lines of W , P t, Au,
and Cu. N. M. Bl i g h.
Resolution of the
K^,1and Jfp2 lines of the heavy m etals.
H . Se e m a n n (Z. Physik,1931, 73,
87—106).
—-A sim ple m eth o d fo r th e resolution of th e above d o u b lets fo r th e elem ents from T a to Uis described. A. J . M ee.
Precision m easurem ents in the
K -and L-series of Cu, Sn, and Er to Re. I.
We n n e r l o f (Ark.M at. A stron. F y sik , 1930,
A., 22,
No. 8, 20 p p . ; Chem.Z entr., 1931,
i,
3651).— L-Series of Re, T a, L u, “ A d ,”E r, and Sn a n d if-series of Cu were m easured.
A. A. El d r i d g e.
Ionisation potential of carbon. J. J.
Ho p f i e l d(Physical R ev., 1931, [ii], 3 5 , 1586— 1587).—U sing CO in H e th e sp ectru m of C l has been extended in th e vac. region an d new features have been observed.
T he new u ltra -v io le t spectrum contains 3 series of m u ltip le ts w hich converge to th e sam e three-fold lim it, 3Po,i,2, of th e atom . These give an ionisation p o ten tial of 11-217 v o lts for th e C atom from th e 3P 0 low est norm al s ta te . L. S. Th e o b a l d.
Residual ionisation in nitrogen at high pres
sures.
J . W . Br o x o n (Physical R ev., 1931, [ii],38,
1704— 1708; cf. A., 1931, 890).— R esidual ionisation w as g re a te r a t all pressures in nitrogen th a n in air. R esu lts a t high pressures are in te rp rete d , a n d discussed in rela tio n to earlier investigations in air, 0 2, N 2, a n d CO„. N. M. Bl i g h.Interpretation of the selective photo-electric effect from tw o-com ponent cathodes.
A. R . Ol p i n (Physical R ev., 1931, [ii],38,
1745— 1757).—E vidence indicates t h a t photo-electrically selective tw o-com ponent cathodic surfaces are cry st. in n atu re.
C om puted vals. of th e w ave-lengths of lig h t to which such a surface should resp o n d are in good agreem ent for alkali hydride, oxide, an d sulphide crystals.
T he hydrides ex h ib it 1 m ax., a n d th e oxides 2 or 3 m axim a in accordance w ith th e ir cry st. types.
N. M. Bl i g h.
M ass spectrograph analyses, and critical potentials for the production of ions by electron im pact, in nitrogen and carbon m onoxide.
A. L.Va u g h a n (Physical R ev., 1931, [ii],
38,
1687— 1695;cf. B leakney, A., 1931, 10).—N 2+ a n d N + ions ap p ear a t 15-8+0-1 a n d 24-5+0-1 volts, respectively, w ith increases of efficiency of p roduction of th e la tte r a t 4 0-0+ 1-0 a n d 4 7-0+ 1-0 volts. Efficiency curves of to ta l ionisation a n d of N 2 show m ax. a t 100-0+5-0 a n d 60-0+ 5-0 v o lts, respectively. CO+, C+, and CO+++ ions ap p ear a t 13-9+0-2, 22-5+0-2, an d 43-0+ 1-0 volts, respectively. 0 “ ions are form ed betw een 9 -5+ 1-0 and 16-5+1-0 a n d a t 22-54; 1-0 to a m ax. a t 33 volts. R esu lts are in te rp reted as N 2 — > N + + N + e ; C O — 4 C + + 0 + e ; CO"— * C + O - ; CO — >• C + + 0 - . N. M. Bl i g h.
Precise experim ental determ ination of energy of excitation by electron im pact in helium .
J . E.Ro b e r t s a n d R . Wh i d d i n g t o n (Phil. Mag., 1931, [vii],
12,
962— 980).—U sing a m odification of th e m agnetic sp ectru m a p p a ra tu s, ex citatio n po ten tials in H e were observed a t 2 1 -2 4 + 0 03, 23-19+0-04, and 23-84+0-10 volts. H . J . Em e i+u s.Diffraction of electrons by single crystals.
J . J . Tr il l a t an d T. v o n Hi r s c h (Compt. rend., 1931,
193,
649—651).—A fine pencil of m onokinetic electrons of 50 kv. im pinging perpendicularly in vac. on Au leaf 0-1 ¡r th ic k consisting of a single crystal gives a diffraction diagram , due to reflexion from planes passing th rough, or slig h tly inclined to, th e [100] axis. W hen th e pencil passes th ro u g h a p o rtio n consisting of several cry stals th e o rd in ary D eb y e- Scherrer rings are produced, as is th e case w ithX -rays. C. A. Si l b e r r a d.
Certain effects accompanying electron diffrac
tion.
H . E . Fa r n s w o r t h (Physical R ev., 1930, [ii],35,
1131— 1133).— I n a re p e titio n of previous w ork (A., 1929, 1212) w ith a second Cu cry stal, all of th e expected diffraction beam s in th e tw o principal azim uths an d in th e region below 325 volts hav e beenobserved. L. S. Th e o b a l d.
Nuclear electrons.
L. Pa g ean d W . W . Wa t s o n(Physical R ev., 1930, [ii],
35,
1584— 1585).—T he hypothesis th a t nuclear electrons hav e no sp in isdiscussed. L. S. Th e o b a l d.
Electronic interference in the crystal lattice.
F . Ki r c h n e r (Ann. P h y sik , 1931, [v], 11, 741— 761).
— The technique of electronic interference is im proved an d simplified. T he m ethod used was v ery accu rate, an d th e w ave-lengths d eterm ined in te stin g th e de Broglie wave-m echanics rela tio n ~K—h{mv do n o t agree w ith those calc. B y sp ectral resolution of th e
4 B R IT IS H CH EM ICA L A BST R A C TS.— A .
ra d ia tio n a fte r passing th ro u g h a th in A1 foil i t is show n t h a t th e v elo city loss in su c h a la y er is n o t hom ogeneous. T h e sam e is fo u n d fo r ra d ia tio n reflected fro m A u leaf. A. J . Me e.
M an y-electron w a v e fu n ction s. J. H. Ba r t
l e t t, ju n . (P hysical R ev ., 1931, [ii],
38,
1623— 1627;cf. A ., 1930, 390).—M a th em atical. N. M. Bl i g h. R ad iation fr o m probe su rfaces b om b ard ed by electro n s. F . L . M o h l e r a n d C. B o e c k n e r (B ur.
S ta n d . J . R es., 1931, 7, 751— 764). E . S. H e d g e s . P h o to electro n s and n eg ative io n s. J . L . H am -
s h e r e (N atu re, 1931,
128,
871).— W ellish’s re su lts (A., 1931,1347) a re discussed. L. S. Th e o b a l d.P a ssa g e of H -can al ra y s th rou gh h eliu m . R .
D 6pel
(P hysikal.Z.,
1931,32,
858— 860).— T he differences b etw een electrons, p ro to n s, a n d n e u tra l H a to m s (neutrons) w ith reg ard to th e ex c ita tio n of H e a re in v e stig a te d . I n th e first place th e no. of p ro to n s in th e to ta l e x c ita tio n of H e b y p ro to n s is determ in ed . I f a p ro to n of 20— 30 kv. excites H e th is e x c ita tio n is n o t m ore t h a n 0-1 of t h a t b y a n e u tro n . T h e e x c ita tio n b y n eu tro n s depends m ain ly on velo city a n d
n o t on energy.
A. J. Mee.
M otion of p o sitiv e io n s th ro u g h g a s e s . R . B.
K e n n a r d (P hysical R ev ., 1930, [ii], 3 5 , 1129— 1131).
— P revious' re su lts (A., 1928, 45 3 ; 1930, 269) for th e s c a tte rin g of alk ali ions passing th ro u g h gases are
discussed. L. S. T h e o b a ld .
Ion isa tio n of in ert g a s e s b y slo w alk a li io n s.
II. K rypton and xen on . O. B e e c k an d J . C.
M o u zo n (Ann. P h y sik , 1931, [v], 11, 737— 740; cf.
A., 1930, 1494).— X e is b e s t ionised b y Cs+. I n g eneral, a ra re gas a to m is m o st easily ionised b y th e ion of th e alk ali m e t a l n e x t to i t in th e periodic tab le.
A n ex cep tio n is K r, w h ich is b e tte r ionised b y Iv +
th a n b y R b +. A. J . M e e.
D eterm in a tio n of m o b ility of rare g a s io n s by th e a id of n egative la y ers. M. J . Dr u y v e s t e y n
(Z. P h y sik , 1931,
73,
33— 44).—T h e n eg ativ e layers in N e, H e, a n d A are described. I n N e th e p. d.b etw een th e layers w as 19 v o lts. T he m o b ility of th e p o sitiv e ions w as calc, fro m th e concn. of th e la y e r before th e cath o d e fo r a sm all c u rren t. F o r a field of 1 v o lt p e r cm . a n d a tm . pressu re, th e m o b ility of N e ions w as 9-8 cm. a n d of H e ions 19 cm. p e r sec.
A. J . Me e. E m iss io n of n egative io n s u n d er th e b om b a rd m e n t of p o sitiv e io n s. K . S. W o o d c o c k (P hysical R ev ., 1931, [ii], 3 8 , 1696— 1703; cf. Saw yer, A., 1930, 835).— L i ions reflected from a m e ta l surface gave a b u n d le a t th e sp ecu lar angle, b u t n o t a t th e n o rm a l to th e . surface. A re ta rd in g field gave evidence of n eg ativ e em ission fro m th e ta rg e t, a n d th is em ission w as an alysed m ag n etically . N egative F , Cl, O, a n d S ions w ere o b ta in e d b y bo m b ard in g N aF , C aF 2, N aCl, CaO, P b S , a n d oxide-coated vac.- tu b e filam ents. C lean P t , A u, Al, T a , N i, a n d W ta rg e ts e m itte d electrons, a n d th e ions H " , H ,- , O H - , a n d Cl- w ith trace s of p ro b a b ly N - a n d L iO H “ .
N . M. Bl i g h. D op p ler effect in th e can al ra y s in n eon . W.
Ro m ig (P h y sical R ev ., 1931, [ii], 3 8 , 1709— 1715).—
T he N e sp e c tru m in th e u ltra -v io le t betw een 2500 a n d
4000
A.
fro m a c a n al-ray tu b e show ed D o p p ler effects in th e 1st a n d 2nd sp a rk lines, b u t, w ith tw o exceptions, n o t in th e arc lines. S pectro g ram s a n d com plete d a ta are given. N , M. Bl i g h.V elocity sp ectru m of n o rm a l g a se o u s io n s in a ir an d th e p rob lem of io n ic str u ctu re. L. B.
Lo e b a n d N . E . Br a d b u r y (P hysical R ev., 1931, [ii], 3 8 , 1716— 1729 ; cf. A ., 1931, 1107).— T heoretical.
N . M. Bl i g h. M a ss of p o sitiv e io n s in a g lo w d isch a rg e.
O. Lu h r (P hysical R ev ., 1931, [ii], 3 8 ,1730—1738; cf.
A ., 1930, 1225).— R e la tiv e ly large q u a n titie s of th e ions N +, N 3- 2+, 0 +, N 2+, 0 2+, 0 3+, S 0 2+, a n d H 2S 0 3+
w ere form ed in a glow discharge in air, N 2, 0 2, a n d S 0 2.
A m ass sp e c tru m analysis show ed p eak s corresponding w ith m ol. w t. of 56— 64, 76, 80, 9 6 ,1 0 8 ,1 3 8 , 140,168, a n d 200, in d ica tin g th e presence of th e ions 2N 2+, N 20 2+, 202+, N 20 3+, a n d h eav ier com binations. T he n a tu re of aged air-ions is discussed.
N . M. Bl i g h. D eb y e-S ch errer r in g s w ith m a teria l r a y s. M.
v o n Latje (N aturw iss., 1931, 1 9 , 951).— P relim in ary exp erim en ts on th e diffraction of ra y s of p ro to n s from cry sta ls in d ic a te t h a t th e ra y s p e n e tra te th e cry stal so deeply as to n ecessitate th e su p p o sitio n of space la ttic e interference to acco u n t fo r th e diffraction p a tte rn s (cf. S ugiura, A., 1931, 1107).
W . R . An g u s. S y s te m a tic s and sta tistic s of n u clei. Iv . Mu r a-
k a w a (Sci,. P a p e rs In s t. P h y s. Chem . R es. T okyo, 1931, 1 7 , 6— 9).— Any: nucleus w ith a n even or odd no. of p ro to n s satisfies th e Bose a n d F e rm i sta tistic s, re s p e c tiv e ^ ,: th e p ro to n in th e nucleus satisfy in g th e F erm i, a n d th e e lectro n in th e nucleus satisfy in g th e Bose s ta tis tic s . N . M. Bl i g h.
C lassification of th e e lem en ts. III. G. Od d o
(G azzetta, 1931, 6 1 , 694— 698).— A m odification of th e a u th o r ’s classification (A., 1925, ii, 623) a n d a
discussion. H . F . Gi l l b e.
A t. w ts . of h ydrogen and h eliu m . R. T . B ir g e (P hysical R ev ., 1930, [ii], 3 5 , 1015).—A discussion.
L. S. Th e o b a l d. P rob ab le d etection of an even -n u m b ered is o top e of m ercu ry, H g 198. H . So h u l b r (N aturw iss., 1931, 1 9 , 950— 951).— F ro m a n ex a m in a tio n of th e h yperfine s tru c tu re of th e H g green line (5461
A.)
th e existence of th e H g 193 isotope is claim ed. The evidence for th is arises fro m th e s p littin g u p of the 63jP2 te rm , since th e 73S , te rm show s no sp littin g .W . R . An g u s.:
[A ttem pted] d eco m p ositio n of th e lea d atom . IV. A. Sm it s a n d (Fr l.) J . M. A. Kr u g e r (Proc.
K . A kad. W etensch. A m sterd am , 1931, 3 4 , 866—
874).— D iscrepancies betw een th e a u th o rs ’ previous re su lts (cf. A ., 1931, 16) a n d th o se of Pokrow ski (A., 1930, 1086) w ere p resu m ed to arise from im p u rities in th e P b . X -R a y irra d ia tio n of P o k ro w sk i’s P b gives co n co rd an t resu lts. AI p la te s are n o t influenced by
irra d ia tio n . W . R . An g u s.
P rob ab le n u m b er of iso to p es of eig h t m etals a s d eterm in ed b y a n ew m eth od . F. Al l i s o n and E . J . Mu r p h y (P hysical R ev ., 1930, [ii], 3 6 , 1097—
1098).-—T he m agneto-optic m e th o d of analysis (A.,
G E N E R A L , P H Y S IC A L , A N D IN O R G A N IC C H E M ISTR Y . 5
1930,1541) in d icates isotopes fo r Au (2), P d (3), P t (2), R k (1), R u (2), T a (3), T1 (2), a n d TH (3).
L. S. Th e o b a l d.
Sim ple isotopic constitution of cæsium .
K . T.Ba i n b r i d g e (Physical R ev., 1930, [ii],
36,
1668).—M easurem ents w ith a D em p ster m ass spectrograph show t h a t Cs has only one isotope. T his indicates a packing fractio n of —14-3 or a n erro r of 0-077% in th e accep ted val., 132-81,of th e a t. w t. O ther possibilities
are
discussed. L. S. Th e o b a l d.Observed periodicity in the packing fraction.
H.
Ol s o n (Physical R ev ., 1930, [ii],35,
213—214).—A single oscillatory curve c a n be fitte d to packing fra c tio n d a ta . M ax. occur a t m ass no. 6, 10, 13, 17, 21, 25, . . . an d m in. are fo u n d fo r elem ents th e m ass no. of w hich is a n in teg ra l m u ltip le of 4.
P eriodicity in th e h e av iest elem ents is less certain .
In
atom s of m ass no. 4w-|-1 (n is a n integer) th e one p ro to n is loosely connected to th e core of th e nucleus ; in th e 4 « + 2 ty p e th e 2 p ro to n s are m ore firm ly bound, a n d w ith th e 4 ? i+ 4 ty p e m ax . p acking occurs, th e 4 p ro to n s p ro b a b ly form ing a n a-particle w hich goes into th e centre of th e nucleus. L. S. Th e o b a l d.Relation between uranium and radium. DC.
Period of ionium .
F . So d d y (Phil. Mag., 1931, [vii],12,
939— 945).— F ro m th e g ro w th of R a in U preps, purified in 1905— 1909 th e period of average life of lo was red eterm in ed as 1-06 x 105 years, ta k in g th a t of R a = 2 3 0 0 y ears. H . J . Em e l é u s.Sim ple apparatus for purifying radon.
G.H.
He n d e r s o n (Canad. J . R es., 1931, 5, 466— 469).
R . S. Ca h n.
Significance of the Compton effect in absolute y-ray absorption m easurem ents. L. H.
Cl a r k(Phil. Mag., 1931, [vii], 12, 913— 938).—The factors determ ining th e am o u n t of sc a tte re d ra d ia tio n affecting electroscopic ab so rp tio n m easurem ents were investigated experim entally.
H.
J . Em e l é u s.Phosphorescent zinc sulphide screens and radioactivity under extrem ely high pressure.
T. C. Po u l t e r a n d H . McCo m b (Proc. Io w a A cad.
Sci., 1930, 3 7 , 311— 312).—T he in te n sity of ph o s
phorescence of ZnS falls considerably u n d e r v e ry high pressures. R a d io a c tiv ity is Scarcely affected b y pressures u p to 20,000 a tm .
Ch e m ic a l Ab s t r a c t s. R e g u la r itie s i n r a d io a c tiv e n u c le i. H . C. Ur e y
a n d H . Jo h n s t o n (Physical R ev., 1930, [ii],
35,
869—870).—R ad io activ e nuclei form a 4 th clu ster to be added to B a rto n ’s 3 non-radioactive clusters (A., 1930, 518). L. S . Th e o b a l d.Capture of electrons by a-particles.
W . Ba n d(Physical R ev., 1930, [ii], 35, 1128— 1129).—T h eo ret
ical. L. S. Th e o b a l d.
a-Rays of long range from thorium -
C -\-C ,and som e determ inations of velocities of a-rays.
S. Ro s e n b l u m (Compt. rend., 1931,
193,
848—850).-—On in v estig atin g b y th e m agnetic m eth o d (cf. A., 1930, 837) th e velocities of th e 11-5-cm.
group of a-rays of T h -O-j-C' a new ra y of velocity 1-098 tim es t h a t of th e a-ray of T k-O ' has been observed, a n d p ro b ab ly an o th e r of relativ e velocity 1-037 belonging to th e 9-7-cm. group. T he velocities
of th e a-rays of Ac a n d A c- C sim ilarly determ ined b y com parison w ith th o se of Ra-C" are respectively 1-782 a n d 1-893X 109 cm . p e r sec.
C. A. SlLBERRA D .
Transition probabilities for excited nuclei
. M.De l b r u c k a n d G. Ga m o w (Z. P hysik, 1931, 72, 492— 499).— Q uantum m echanics gives a n u p p er or a lower lim it to th e pro b ab ilities of em ission of a long-range a-particle, a secondary p-ray, or y-radi- atio n , a n d these lim its agree w ith experim ental
results. A. B . D . Ca s s i e.
Specific ionisation of high-frequency radiation.
W . Ko l h o r s t e r a n d L. Tu w im (N aturw iss., 1931, 1 9 , 917).—T he energy of individual a- a n d ¡3-particles can be calc, from a n eq u atio n which is deduced for th e sp. io nisation of high-frequency rad iatio n .
W . R . An g u s.
Calorimetry of absorption of y-rays of radium.
D . K . Yo v a n o v it c h an d P. Sa v it c h (Compt. rend., 1931,
193,
1006— 1008).—B y th o m ethod previously described (cf. A., 1926, 772; 1929, 116) th e am ounts of th e h e a t evolved b y 20-43 m g. of R a which are absorbed b y vary in g thicknesses of P b , Ag, an d Cu a re determ ined, w ith resu lts for P b in agreem ent w ith th e a u th o r’s form ula, b u t for Ag an d Cu indicating p robable non-absorption b y these lig h ter elem ents of all th e electrons produced. Of th e 155-38 g.-cal.m easured w ith th e m ax. thickness of P b, 129 are d ue to a-, 13-4 to ¡3-, an d 12-98 to y -ra d ia tio n ; th e la s t is, however, only p a r tly absorbed.
C. A. SlLBERRA D .
Cosmic-ray phenomena.
L . M. Mo t t-Sm it h an d G. L. Lo c h e r (Physical R ev., 1931, [ii],38,
1399—1408).— A W ilson cloud expansion a p p a ra tu s com bined w ith G eiger-M iiller electron-counters showed t h a t th e discharge of a co u n ter d ue to cosmic ra d ia tio n w as accom panied b y ion-tracks, in d icatin g t h a t th e sim ultaneous discharge of tw o counters is due to ionising p articles (high-energy electrons) a n d n o t
to photons. N . M. Bl i g h.
P ossib ility of proof of electron spin by experi
m ents on sharing of inelastic electron collisions.
0 . Kl e m p e r e r (Physikal. Z., 1931,
32,
864—866).—A p p aratu s fo r determ ining th e energy d istrib u tio n of singly-scattered electrons is described. T he results can be used to show th e existence of electron spin.
A. J . Me e.
Spin of the photon.
M. N . Sa n a a n d Y. Bh a r-g a v a (N ature, 1931,
128,
870).—A discussion of resu lts of previous inv estig ato rs. P olarisation of lig h t should n o t be explained b y assum ing a spin of th e p hoton. L. S. Th e o b a l d.Constitution of the white dwarf stars.
S.Su z u k i (N ature, 1931,
128,
838).—I t is concluded t h a t th e h eav y radio-elem ents are a b u n d a n t in th e w hite dw arfs. L. S. Th e o b a l d.Transition effects in cosm ic rays. H.
Sc h i n dl e r (Z. P h y sik , 1931,
72,
625—657).— Cosmic rays, a fte r tra v e rsin g a n absorbing lay er, m a y hav e th e ir ionising pow er increased on trav ersin g a lay er of a n o th e r substance. A. B. D. Ca s s i e.Atom ic stability as related to nuclear spin.
W . D . Ha r k i n s (Physical R ev., 1930, [ii], 35,
6 B R IT IS H CH EM ICA L A B ST R A C TS.— A .
434-—435).—A ll know n d a ta in d icate th a t, in general, high nuclear sta b ility is associated w ith zero nuclear an g u lar m om entum (zero spin). L. S. Th e o b a l d.
Quartz quarter-wave plate for the ultra-violet.
Double refraction of am orphous silica and quartz caused by com pression, and its dispersion. G.
B r u h a t a n d J . T h o u v e n i n (Com pt. re n d ., 1931,
193,
727—-729, 843— 845).— A n a rra n g e m en t consisting of superposed p la te s of left- a n d rig h t-h an d e d q u a rtz of equal th ick n ess (107 it) c u t p erp en d icu lar to th e axis, w hich can be ren d ered q u arter-w av e for light of a n y w ave-length b y su itab le in clin atio n to th e in cid en t ray , h as been used to d eterm in e for lig h t of X 2700— 5780 th e double re fra c tio n produced in p la te s of fused S i0 2 a n d of q u a rtz by pressures of 30— 200 kg. p e r sq. cm. T ypical values of (n 0— n e) X 1013 for a pressure of 1 kg. p e r sq, cm. on a p la te 1 cm . th ic k of fused S i0 2 are 3-79 for X 5780 an d 4-81 for X 2400; th o se for q u a rtz are s u b sta n tia lly sm aller. F o r a given w ave-length th e double re fractio n is p ro p o rtio n al to th e pressure. H av elo ck ’s form ula (cf. A., 1929, 742) gives on ly a first a p p ro x im
atio n . C. A. SlLBERRA D .
U ltra-violet absorption spectrum of ozone
. I t.Ru y s s e n (N atuurw etensch. T ijds., 1931,
13,
273—278).— 0 3 a t low concns. (0-38%) e x h ib its continuous ab so rp tio n a t w ave-lengths below 2950 A . ; a t higher concns. (4% ) 10 b an d s ap p e a r a t w ave-lengths betw een 3152 a n d 3303 A. H . F . Gi l l b e.
Absorption spectra of salts in liquid am m onia.
R . W . W o o d (Physical R ev ., 19 3 1 , [ii],
38,
1 6 4 8 — 1 6 5 0 ).— P re lim in ary resu lts for N d N H 4 n itra te an d K M n 0 4 a re rep o rted . N. M. Bl i g h.Com parison of the reflexion spectra of Sm C l6,6H20 at room tem perature and at that of liquid air w ith its absorption spectra at low tem peratures.
S . F r e e d a n d F . H . S p e d d i n g (P h y s ic a l R e v ., 1930, [ii], 3 5 , 2 1 2 — 21 3 ).L. S. Th e o b a l d.
Spectroscopical study of a bilirubin derivative w ith red fluorescence.
C. DjHr e (Ar. I n t. P h ar- m acodyn. T h er., 1930,38,
134— 139; Chem. Z en tr., 1931, i, 3572).— C om pounds p re p a re d b y th e actio n of (a) Zn(OAc)2 a n d I in K I on b iliru b in in E tO H in presence of N H 3 (Auchd, 1908), (6) Zn(OAc)2 a n d I in K I on biliru b in in pyridine, give in E tO H green solutions w ith a red fluorescence ex cited b y u ltr a v iolet ra d ia tio n (p artic u larly 3650 A.). T he fluorescence sp ectru m w as exam ined.
A. A. El d r i d g e.
Absorption of ultra-violet light by lacquer film s.
W . P . Da v e y an d D. C. Du n c a n (P hysical R ev., 1930, [ii], 35, 1423).—N itro c o tto n films, film solutions, a n d th e ir ind iv id u al ingredients hav e been in v estig ated . N o film show ed selective ab so rp tio n a n d all were opaque to w ave-lengths < 3300 A.L. S. Th e o b a l d.
N ear infra-red absorption spectra of liquids determ ined by a photo-resistance cell.
R . Fr e y- m a n n (Com pt. re n d ., 1931,193,
656— 659).— U sing a R ow land g ra tin g , a thalofide cell (cf. A., 1929, 145), a n d a valve am plifier th e in fra-red ab so rp tio n sp ectra of 12 p rim a ry alip h atic a n d several aro m atic alcohols,6 aldehydes, a n d 7 alk y l halides h av e been determ ined betw een 0-85 a n d 1-15 ¡x w ith a n accuracy of + 3 A.
T he b an d s a t 0-9 a n d 1 |x (cf. A., 1929, 736) are a t least double, p ro b a b ly trip le , w ith m ax im a m oving tow ards g re a te r w ave-lengths as th e series is ascended. New bands a t 0-9631 ¡x in a lip h a tic a n d 0-978 ¡x in arom atic alcohols show no such v a ria tio n a n d a re probably th e th ird harm onic of th e 3 ¡x O H band.
C. A. SlLBERRA D .
Infra-red bands of slightly asym m etric m ole
cules.
H . H . N i e l s e n (P h y s ic a l R ev ., 19 3 1 , [ii],38,
1 4 3 2 — 1 4 4 1 ).— T h e g e n e r a l c h a r a c te r is tic s o f th e 3 t y p e s o f b a n d s a re c a lc . N . M . B l i g h .Absorption band in ethylene gas in the near infra-red.
R . M. Ba d g e ra n d J . L. Bi n d e r (P hysical R ev ., 1931, [ii],
38,
1442—
1446).—
In v estig atio n s w ere m ade in th e region XX 6500— 9500 fo r C2H , and 0 2H 6 ; th e la tte r show ed no absorption. C2H 4 showed a stro n g b a n d a t X 8720 of s tru c tu re resem bling th e predictions of N ielsen (cf. preceding a b s tr a c t) ; p ro visional m om ents of in e rtia X 1040 a r e : A x, „, . 31, 27, a n d 3-8. N. M. Bl i g h.Infra-red absorption spectra of hydrogen carb
onates and m ercaptans.
P . N . Go s h an d B. D.Ch a t t e r j e e (Z. P h y sik , 1931,
72,
542—552).— A bsorption sp e c tra due to N a 2C 0 3, K 2C 0 3, N a H C 0 3, K H C 0 3, a n d N aO H w ere d eterm in ed betw een 5 an d 12 (x w ith a p rism spectrom eter, a n d due to N a H C 0 3, N aO H , a n d E tS H betw een 1 a n d 5 ¡x, w ith a g ratin g sp e c tro m e te r : b an d s n e a r 2-94 [x are ascribed to O-H linkings, n e a r 11-8 (x to N a -0 linkings, a n d n ear 2-27 a n d 3-92 ¡x to th e S*H linkings.A. B. D . Ca s s i e.
Infra-red absorption spectra of m ixed organic liquids
:electrolytic dissociation therein.
R . Fr e y m a n n (Com pt. ren d ., 1931,193,
928— 930).—D e te rm in a tio n of th e in fra-red ab so rp tio n sp e c tra of m ix tu res of E tO H or B u O H w ith CC14 enables a b o u t 1 % of ad d ed alcohol to be d e te c te d by th e in te n sity of th e C -H b an d s (0-9 a n d 1 ¡x). 0-1% is d e tectab le by th a t of th e O H b a n d (0-9631 ¡x), th is show ing a m ax.
for 10— 20% a n d d isappearing w hen th e re is less th a n 0-1% . T h is b a n d behaves sim ilarly w hen CC14 is replaced b y B u B r, CHC13, C2C14, C2HC13, C H 2;CH-CH2Br, or C6H B. T h is behaviour is a t t r i b u te d to electrolytic dissociation of th e alcohol, as in th e case of H N 0 3 (cf. A., 1930, 840). T he displace
m e n t of th is b and, e.g., to 0-9778 in C H 2P h -0 H , is associated w ith th e presence of a n ethylenic linking, g rad u ally disappearing on d ilu tio n w ith , e.g., CC14, w h ilst sim ilar displacem ents are in som e cases caused on add in g a n eth y len ic com pound to a s a tu ra te d alip h a tic alcohol. C. A. Si l b e r r a d.
Difference in the absorption spectrum of benzene in the liquid and vapour state.
E . D.McAl i s t e r a n d H . J . Un g e r (P hysical R ev., 1930, [ii],
36,
1799).— S hifts to w ard s higher frequencies are recorded for th e ab so rp tio n sp ectru m of th e vapour in th e 1-1 a n d 1-6 [x regions. L. S . Th e o b a l d.M easurem ents on sodium and potassium chloride in the spectral region containing their norm al vibrations.
R , B . Ba r n e s an d M . Cz e r n y(Z. P h y sik , 1931,
