Political Preferences
Preferencje polityczne6/2013
Redakcja naukowa:
Robert Alberski
Waldemar Wojtasik
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CONTENTS
Introduction ... 9 ,Q0HPRULDP5DGRVáDZ6RODU]SURIGUKDE$QGU]HM$QWRV]HZVNL ... 11 5DGRVáDZ6RODU]8QLYHUVLW\RI:URFODZ3RODQG
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Darren G. Lilleker, Nigel A. Jackson Political Campaigning,
Elections and the Internet. Comparing the US, UK, France and Germany
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PLHV]NDĔFyZ SURFHQWLORĞü 0LDVWRW\VLĊF\
PLHV]NDĔFyZ SURFHQWLORĞü 0LDVWRW\VLĊF\
PLHV]NDĔFyZ SURFHQWLORĞü 0LDVWRSRZ\ĪHMW\VLĊF\
PLHV]NDĔFyZ SURFHQWLORĞü :WDEHOLSRáąF]RQRRGVHWNLRGSRZLHG]LÄ]GHF\GRZDQLHWDN´LÄUDF]HMWDN´RUD]Ä]GHF\GRZD QLHQLH´LÄUDF]HMQLH´
3R]LRP ]DGRZROHQLD ] G]LDáDOQRĞFL ZyMWyZ EXUPLVWU]yZ OXE SUH]\ GHQWyZ PLDVW QLH ]DOHĪ\ DQL RG SR]LRPX Z\NV]WDáFHQLD DQL RG GHNODURZD QHJR SR]LRPX GRFKRGyZ QD F]áRQND URG]LQ\ 2GSRZLHG]L Ä]GHF\GRZDQLH WDN´OXEÄUDF]HMWDN´XG]LHOLáRUHVSRQGHQWyZSRVLDGDMąF\FKFRQDMZ\ĪHM Z\NV]WDáFHQLHJLPQD]MDOQHEDGDQ\FK]Z\NV]WDáFHQLHP]DZRGRZ\P ]Z\NV]WDáFHQLHPĞUHGQLPOXESROLFHDOQ\PL]Z\NV]WDáFHQLHP Z\ĪV]\P8PLDUNRZDQHOXEGXĪHQLH]DGRZROHQLHGHNODUXMąQDMF]ĊĞFLHMRVRE\ ]H ĞUHGQLP Z\NV]WDáFHQLHP QDMPQLHMV]\ SR]LRP QLH]DGRZROHQLD FHFKXMH RVRE\ ] Z\NV]WDáFHQLHP Z\ĪV]\P -HĞOL FKRG]L QDWRPLDVW R GHNODURZDQ\ SR]LRP GRFKRGyZ QD F]áRQND URG]LQ\ Z\UyĪQLD VLĊ MHG\QLH JUXSD UHVSRQGHQWyZ R QDMQLĪV]\FK GRFKRGDFK PLHVLĊF]Q\FK GR ]á
ĂĚŽǁŽůĞŶŝĞnjĚnjŝĂųĂůŶŽƑĐŝǁſũƚſǁ͕ďƵƌŵŝƐƚƌnjſǁŝƉƌĞnjLJĚĞŶƚſǁŵŝĂƐƚŽƌĂnjŽĐĞŶĂƉŽnjŝŽŵƵ͘͘͘ ZŽďĞƌƚůďĞƌƐŬŝ -HVWHP]DGRZRORQ\]G]LDáDOQRĞFLZyMWDEXUPLVWU]DSUH]\GHQWD PLDVWDZVZRMHMPLHMVFRZRĞFL±UR]NáDGLORĞFLRZ\LSURFHQWRZ\RGSRZLHG]L ]XZ]JOĊGQLHQLHPPLHMVFD]DPLHV]NDQLDZRMHZyG]WZR :RMHZyG]WZR 1LH 1LHPDP]GDQLD 5D]HP 'ROQRĞOąVNLH LORĞü SURFHQW .XMDZVNRSRPRUVNLH LORĞü SURFHQW /XEHOVNLH LORĞü SURFHQW /XEXVNLH LORĞü SURFHQW àyG]NLH LORĞü SURFHQW 0DáRSROVNLH LORĞü SURFHQW 0D]RZLHFNLH LORĞü SURFHQW 2SROVNLH LORĞü SURFHQW 3RGNDUSDFNLH LORĞü SURFHQW 3RGODVNLH LORĞü SURFHQW 3RPRUVNLH LORĞü SURFHQW ĝOąVNLH LORĞü SURFHQW ĝZLĊWRNU]\VNLH LORĞü SURFHQW :DUPLĔVNRPD]XUVNLH LORĞü SURFHQW :LHONRSROVNLH LORĞü SURFHQW =DFKRGQLRSRPRUVNLH LORĞü SURFHQW :WDEHOLSRáąF]RQRRGVHWNLRGSRZLHG]LÄ]GHF\GRZDQLHWDN´LÄUDF]HMWDN´RUD]Ä]GHF\GRZD QLHQLH´LÄUDF]HMQLH´ 1DV]HEDGDQLDQLHSRWZLHUG]Lá\RELHJRZ\FKRSLQLLMDNRE\VDPRU]ąGQRĞü ORNDOQDQDMOHSLHMUR]ZLMDVLĊQDZVLDFKLZPDá\FKPLHMVFRZRĞFLDFK-DNZ\QLND ]GDQ\FK]DZDUW\FKZ7DEHOL]GHF\GRZDQLHQDMOHSLHMRFHQLDMąVZRLFKSUH]\ GHQWyZ UHVSRQGHQFL Z PLDVWDFK OLF]ąF\FK RG GR W\V PLHV]NDĔFyZ RGSRZLHG]LÄ]GHF\GRZDQLHWDN´±ÄUDF]HMWDN´RUD]PLHV]ND MąF\ Z PLDVWDFK GR W\V PLHV]NDĔFyZ RGSRZLHG]L Ä]GHF\GRZDQLH WDN´ ± ÄUDF]HM WDN´ -HGQRF]HĞQLH MHGQDN WR ZáDĞQLH ZW\FK PLDVWDFK MHVWQDMZLĊFHMQLH]DGRZRORQ\FK]G]LDáDOQRĞFLEXUPLVWU]yZRGSRZLHG]L ÄUDF]HM QLH´ ± Ä]GHF\GRZDQLH QLH´ 1DMEDUG]LHM QLH]GHF\GRZDQL Vą EDGDQLPLHV]NDMąF\ZQDMZLĊNV]\FKPLDVWDFKSRZ\ĪHMW\VPLHV]NDĔFyZ JG]LHEOLVNRMHGQDF]ZDUWD]QLFKQLHPLDáD]GDQLDQDWHQWHPDW Tabela 3. -HVWHP]DGRZRORQ\]G]LDáDOQRĞFLZyMWDEXUPLVWU]DSUH]\GHQWD PLDVWDZVZRMHMPLHMVFRZRĞFL±UR]NáDGLORĞFLRZ\LSURFHQWRZ\RGSRZLHG]L ]XZ]JOĊGQLHQLHPVWUXNWXU\PLHMVFD]DPLHV]NDQLDZLHĞPLDVWR 0LHMVFH]DPLHV]NDQLD Tak 1LH 1LHPDP ]GDQLD 5D]HP :LHĞ LORĞü 193 167 SURFHQW 0LDVWRGRW\VLĊF\ PLHV]NDĔFyZ LORĞü 40 13 101 SURFHQW 0LDVWRW\VLĊF\ PLHV]NDĔFyZ LORĞü 52 52 30 134 SURFHQW 0LDVWRW\VLĊF\ PLHV]NDĔFyZ LORĞü 57 26 25 SURFHQW 0LDVWRSRZ\ĪHMW\VLĊF\ PLHV]NDĔFyZ LORĞü 130 101 76 307 SURFHQW :WDEHOLSRáąF]RQRRGVHWNLRGSRZLHG]LÄ]GHF\GRZDQLHWDN´LÄUDF]HMWDN´RUD]Ä]GHF\GRZD QLHQLH´LÄUDF]HMQLH´
3R]LRP ]DGRZROHQLD ] G]LDáDOQRĞFL ZyMWyZ EXUPLVWU]yZ OXE SUH]\ GHQWyZ PLDVW QLH ]DOHĪ\ DQL RG SR]LRPX Z\NV]WDáFHQLD DQL RG GHNODURZD QHJR SR]LRPX GRFKRGyZ QD F]áRQND URG]LQ\ 2GSRZLHG]L Ä]GHF\GRZDQLH WDN´OXEÄUDF]HMWDN´XG]LHOLáRUHVSRQGHQWyZSRVLDGDMąF\FKFRQDMZ\ĪHM Z\NV]WDáFHQLHJLPQD]MDOQHEDGDQ\FK]Z\NV]WDáFHQLHP]DZRGRZ\P ]Z\NV]WDáFHQLHPĞUHGQLPOXESROLFHDOQ\PL]Z\NV]WDáFHQLHP Z\ĪV]\P8PLDUNRZDQHOXEGXĪHQLH]DGRZROHQLHGHNODUXMąQDMF]ĊĞFLHMRVRE\ ]H ĞUHGQLP Z\NV]WDáFHQLHP QDMPQLHMV]\ SR]LRP QLH]DGRZROHQLD FHFKXMH RVRE\ ] Z\NV]WDáFHQLHP Z\ĪV]\P -HĞOL FKRG]L QDWRPLDVW R GHNODURZDQ\ SR]LRP GRFKRGyZ QD F]áRQND URG]LQ\ Z\UyĪQLD VLĊ MHG\QLH JUXSD UHVSRQGHQWyZ R QDMQLĪV]\FK GRFKRGDFK PLHVLĊF]Q\FK GR ]á
ĂĚŽǁŽůĞŶŝĞnjĚnjŝĂųĂůŶŽƑĐŝǁſũƚſǁ͕ďƵƌŵŝƐƚƌnjſǁŝƉƌĞnjLJĚĞŶƚſǁŵŝĂƐƚŽƌĂnjŽĐĞŶĂƉŽnjŝŽŵƵ͘͘͘ ZŽďĞƌƚůďĞƌƐŬŝ ZNWyUHMMHG\QLHGHNODUXMH]DGRZROHQLH]G]LDáDOQRĞFLRUJDQXZáDG]\ Z\NRQDZF]HMSRGF]DVJG\QLH]DGRZRORQ\FKMHVWDĪEDGDQ\FK-HVWWR RW\OH]UR]XPLDáHĪHZáDĞQLHOXG]LRQDMQLĪV]\FKGRFKRGDFKQDMEDUG]LHMGRW\ NDMąGHF\]MH¿QDQVRZHSRGHMPRZDQHSU]H]ZáDG]HVDPRU]ąGRZHGRW\F]ąFH QS NRPXQLNDFML PLHMVNLHM ]DRSDWU]HQLD Z ZRGĊ F]\ JRVSRGDURZDQLD RGSD GDPL : SR]RVWDá\FK JUXSDFK GRFKRGRZ\FK GHNODURZDQ\ SR]LRP ]DGRZR OHQLDMHVWQLHPDOLGHQW\F]Q\±RGZSU]HG]LDOHGRFKRGyZ]á GRZJUXSLHGHNODUXMąFHMGRFKyGZJUDQLFDFK]áQDRVREĊ ZURG]LQLHSRGF]DVJG\SR]LRPQLH]DGRZROHQLDRVLąJDZW\FKJUXSDFKRGSR ZLHGQLRL &]\QQLNLHP]GHF\GRZDQLHQDMEDUG]LHMUyĪQLFXMąF\PSRJOąG\UHVSRQ GHQWyZZRPDZLDQHMNZHVWLLVąLFKSUHIHUHQFMHSDUW\MQH Tabela 4. -HVWHP]DGRZRORQ\]G]LDáDOQRĞFLZyMWDEXUPLVWU]DSUH]\ GHQWDPLDVWDZVZRMHMPLHMVFRZRĞFL±UR]NáDGLORĞFLRZ\LSURFHQWRZ\ RGSRZLHG]LZGHNODUDFMDFKZRGQLHVLHQLXGRZ\ERUyZGR6HMPX JG\E\RGE\ZDá\VLĊZQDMEOLĪV]ąQLHG]LHOĊ 3RWHQFMDOQ\HOHNWRUDW Tak 1LH 1LHPDP ]GDQLD 5D]HP 3ROVNLH6WURQQLFWZR /XGRZH LORĞü 51 17 76 SURFHQW 3ODWIRUPD2E\ZDWHOVND SURFHQWLORĞü 137 65 45 247
6RMXV]/HZLF\
'HPRNUDW\F]QHM LORĞü
54 41 13
SURFHQW 5XFK3DOLNRWD SURFHQWLORĞü 24 24 16 64 3UDZRL6SUDZLHGOLZRĞü LORĞü 93 51 SURFHQW ,QQHSDUWLH LORĞü 39 50 21 110 SURFHQW 1LHJáRVRZDáE\P LORĞü 91 96 255 SURFHQW :WDEHOLSRáąF]RQRRGVHWNLRGSRZLHG]LÄ]GHF\GRZDQLHWDN´LÄUDF]HMWDN´RUD]Ä]GHF\GRZD QLHQLH´LÄUDF]HMQLH´
=ZROHQQLF\ WU]HFK SDUWLL 36/ 32 L 6/' GHNODUXMą SRQDGSU]HFLĊWQ\ SR]LRP ]DGRZROHQLD ] G]LDáDOQRĞFL ZyMWyZ EXUPLVWU]yZ L SUH]\GHQWyZ Z VZRMHM PLHMVFRZRĞFL : SU]\SDGNX SDUWLL WZRU]ąF\FK NRDOLFMĊ U]ąGRZą PDP\MHGQRF]HĞQLHGRF]\QLHQLD]UHODW\ZQLHQLHZLHONLPRGVHWNLHPQLH]DGR ZRORQ\FK%DUG]LHMÄVSRODU\]RZDQL´VąSRWHQFMDOQLZ\ERUF\6/'JG]LHXG]LDá
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