Eval u a tion of in trin sic vul ner a bil ity of an Up per Ju ras sic karst-fis sured aqui fer in the Jura Krakowska (south ern Po land)
to anthropogenic pol lu tion us ing the DRASTIC method
Jacek RÓ¯KOWSKI
Ró¿kowski J. (2007) — Eval u a tion of in trin sic vul ner a bil ity of an Up per Ju ras sic karst-fis sured aqui fer in the Jura Krakowska (south ern Po land) to anthropogenic pol lu tion us ing the DRASTIC method. Geol. Quart., 51 (1): 17–26. Warszawa.
This pa per dem on strates the eval u a tion of in trin sic vul ner a bil ity of karst-fis sured wa ters in an Up per Ju ras sic aqui fer by ap ply ing mod i - fied DRASTIC method. The area in ves ti gated is the Jura Krakowska (South Po land) — an area of up land merokarst (or rel ict karst), where the Up per Ju ras sic aqui fer is mainly un con fined. The method ap plied is a com bi na tion of a sim u la tion model of the ground wa ter aqui fer (fac tors: net re charge, hy drau lic con duc tiv ity, ground wa ter flow ve loc ity in the aqui fer) and a geo graph ical in for ma tion sys tem
— GIS model (depth of ground wa ter ta ble, li thol ogy of vadose zone, thick ness of Up per Ju ras sic aqui fer), and ad di tion ally a soil fac tor was taken into ac count. In the area of the Jura Krakowska, 5 classes of in trin sic vul ner a bil ity to pol lu tion were dis tin guished ac cord ing to the val ues of vul ner a bil ity fac tors. These classes range from ex tremely high to low vul ner a bil ity (IP 200–50). Based on the syn thetic map of vul ner a bil ity it emerges that high vul ner a bil ity in di ces cover 54% of the area stud ied while me dium and low vul ner a bil ity in di ces cover 46% of this area. The mod i fied DRASTIC method pre sented seems to be a use ful tool to eval u ate the in trin sic vul ner a bil ity of karst-fis sured aqui fers of “Torcal” type with a scat tered sys tem of re charge and dis charge, and a thick vadose zone of vari able per me abil - ity. This is con sis tent with the method de vel oped with Eu ro pean programme COST ACTION 620. All rat ing meth ods rec om mended for karst have lim i ta tions, there fore the method ap plied is con stantly up dated. Many of them are par tic u larly use ful for ar eas of bare karst, moun tain sys tems of “Aliou” type and in ar eas of com plete karst de vel op ment (holokarst).
Jacek Ró¿kowski, Fac ulty of Earth Sci ences, Silesian Uni ver sity, Bêdziñska 60, PL 41–200 Sosnowiec, Po land, e-mail:
jaroz@wnoz.us.edu.pl (Jan u ary 2, 2006; ac cepted: No vem ber 21, 2006).
Key words: Silesian-Cra cow Monocline, karst-fis sured wa ters, vul ner a bil ity to pol lu tion, DRASTIC.
INTRODUCTION
The Jura Krakowska is sit u ated in south ern Po land within the Silesian-Cra cow Monocline, which is a large re gional unit built of Me so zoic de pos its. Its south ern part, from the Krzeszowice Graben, lo cated along its south ern mar gin, be - longs to the Carpathian Foredeep (Figs. 1 and 2). It is un der - lain by Palaeozoic de pos its of var i ous age, which be long to Cal edo nian and Variscian struc tural stages (Bu³a, 2000; ¯aba, 1999). The Al pine struc tural stage is rep re sented by Tri as sic and Ju ras sic de pos its. In the east ern part, they are cov ered by Cre ta ceous de pos its (Bukowy, 1974; Fig. 1). Ce no zoic de - pos its are rep re sented mainly by Mio cene clays which oc cur in tec tonic grabens, and sandy-clayey de pos its of Pleis to cene and Ho lo cene age. They oc cur in the form of thick sheets lo - cated in river val leys, and patches lo cated in up land ar eas (Kaziuk and Lewandowski, 1980). The Jura Krakowska is a
typ i cal ex am ple of up land merokarst (or rel ict karst) and of vari able in ter nal struc ture. The Main Ground wa ter Res er voir Czêstochowa E-326 which oc curs in the Jura Krakowska is con nected with Up per Ju ras sic lime stones (Kleczkowski, 1990). This aqui fer is mainly un con fined and it shows tri ple po ros ity and vari able vul ner a bil ity to hu man im pact. In hy - dro dy namic terms, it con forms to an aqui fer of “Torcal” type, which shows the in flu ence of the “ca pac ity el e ment” of the mem ory (Mangin, 1975). Re gional in ves ti ga tions into the hy - drau lic struc ture of the Up per Ju ras sic lime stone mas sif have shown its quasi-ho mo ge ne ity on a re gional scale with sub - stan tial vari abil ity of hydrogeological prop er ties gov erned by fa cies de vel op ment. The karstic char ac ter en com passes a com plete pro file of these car bon ate rocks, as doc u mented by ob ser va tions of per me able karstic zones down to a depth of 200 m be low ground level (bore hole Trojanowice IG 1).
Ground wa ter re charge and drain age show a scat tered char ac - ter (Ró¿kowski, 2006). The hydrogeology of the area in ques -
tion has been in ves ti gated by many au thors, among them Tla³ka (1970), Ró¿kowski and Stachura (1971), Kleczkowski (1972), Dynowska (1983), Che³micki (2001), Ró¿kowski et al. (2001a, b, 2005), Zuber et al. (2004) and Ró¿kowski (2006). In the last few years hydrogeological in ves ti ga tions of the Up per Ju ras sic lime stones have been car ried out by Motyka et al. (1999, 2002), Ró¿kowski et al. (2005), Ró¿kowski (2005, 2006).
To pre serve nat u ral en vi ron ment and the ground wa ter re - sources, most of the area of Jura Krakowska is un der pro tec - tion. One of the use ful tools for ground wa ter pro tec tion is a vul ner a bil ity map of the Up per Ju ras sic karst-fis sure aqui fer, dis cussed in this pa per. Tak ing into con sid er ation the spe cific
char ac ter of this aqui fer for its ground wa ter vul ner a bil ity as - sess ment, a mod i fi ca tion of the stan dard DRASTIC method (Aller et al., 1987) has been ap plied.
METHODS OF EVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY TO POLLUTION
Eval u a tion of ground wa ter to pol lu tion gen er ated by hu man im pact (Warner, 1992) en tails de ter mi na tion of its in trin sic vul ner - a bil ity to pol lu tion (Vrba and Zaporozec, 1994). In trin sic vul ner a - bil ity is un der stood as a nat u ral prop erty of a wa ter-bear ing sys tem that de ter mines the risk of mi gra tion of pol lut ing sub stances from
Fig. 1. Lo ca tion and gen er al ized ge ol ogy of the study area (with out Qua ter nary de pos its; ac cord ing to Kaziuk, 1978)
the ground sur face to the ground wa ter aqui fer. In trin sic vul ner a - bil ity re sults from geo log i cal con di tions, land re lief and hydrogeological con di tions (con di tions of re charge and dis charge, prop er ties of lithologies in flu enc ing con fin ing char ac ter of ground wa ter and so on; Duijvenbooden and Waegeningh, 1987;
Krogulec, 2004; Vrba and Zaporozec, 1994).
Among the meth ods of eval u a tion of ground wa ter vul ner a - bil ity to pol lu tion, the fol low ing groups may be dis tin guished:
para met ric meth ods, meth ods based on the char ac ter is tics of the ground wa ter aqui fer, weight-rat ing meth ods, meth ods of math e mat i cal and hydrogeochemical mod el ling, field in di ca tor (marker) meth ods, hydrochemical meth ods, sta tis ti cal and geostatistical meth ods (Krogulec, 2004).
The weight-rat ing (pa ram e ters’ in dex ation) method con - sists of a choice of the group of pa ram e ters which show the larg est in flu ence on the haz ard of ground wa ter con tam i na tion.
Among weight-rat ing meth ods ap plied in the eval u a tion of vul - ner a bil ity of karst-fis sured ground wa ter aqui fers, the most use - ful in clude: DIVERSITY (Dis per sion Ve loc ity, Rated Sensitivity; Ray and O`Dell, 1993), EPIK (Epikarst, Pro tec tive cover, In fil tra tion con di tions, Karst net work de vel op ment;
Doerfliger et al., 1999), KARSTIC (Karst sink holes with sur - face re charge, Aqui fer me dium, Re charge rate, Soil me dium, To pog ra phy, Im pact of the un sat u rated zone, Con duc tiv ity — hy drau lic — of the aqui fer; Da vis et al., 2002), REKS (Rocks, Epikarst, Karstification, Soil cover; Malik and Svasta, 1999) and RISKE (the Rock char ac ter is tic, In fil tra tion, Soil, the Karst de vel op ment, Epikarst; Petelet-Giraud et al., 2000).
The DRASTIC (Depth to wa ter, Re charge, Aqui fer me dia, Soil, To pog ra phy, Im pact of vadose zone, Con duc tiv ity) method is rec om mended by the EPA and is ap plied in many coun tries in - clud ing Po land (Krogulec, 2002; ¯urek et al., 2002; Witkowski et al., 2003). The vul ner a bil ity eval u a tion takes into ac count the fol low ing cri te ria: depth to ground wa ter ta ble, net re charge, li - thol ogy of wa ter-bear ing ho ri zon, type of soil, to pog ra phy, in flu - ence of vadose zone, hy drau lic con duc tiv ity of aqui fer. Tak ing into ac count the role of each fac tor in the pro cess of mi gra tion of po ten tial pol lu tion, weightings rang ing from 1 to 5 were as - signed. Next, for each cri te rion, the classes of val ues for each fac tor were dis tin guished and a suit able rat ing ac cord ing to a gen eral scale from 1 (least vul ner a ble to pol lu tion) to 10 (most vul ner a ble to pol lu tion) was as signed to each class. The fi nal
Fig. 2. Geological cross-sec tion across the study area of the Jura Krakowska (ac cord ing to Lewandowski, 2004) See Fig ure 1 for a lo ca tion
eval u a tion of ground wa ter vul ner a bil ity to pol lu tion us ing the DRASTIC method is based on the vul ner a bil ity in dex IPZ, which is the sum of the mul ti plied weightings and fac tor rat ings, IPZ = S (weight x fac tor rates). The vul ner a bil ity in dex is a rel a - tive value and makes it pos si ble, within the area stud ied and as - sum ing cer tain in ter vals of the in dex val ues, to dis tin guish ar eas that are more or less vul ner a ble to pol lu tion. The DRASTIC method is suit able for re gional eval u a tions and re quires the use of gen er al ised data. The fi nal eval u a tion con sists of sum ming up rat ing points from in di vid ual maps that il lus trate vari a tion in the seven pa ram e ters ap plied in this method.
The pro posed “Eu ro pean ap proach” in the meth ods of prep a ra tion of vul ner a bil ity and haz ard maps aimed at pro tect - ing ground wa ter aqui fers in car bon ate strata, de vel oped by the work ing group of COST 620 (Zwahlen, 2003), con sid ers four fac tors: over ly ing lay ers (O), con cen tra tion of flow (O), pre cip - i ta tion re gime (P) and karst net work de vel op ment (K).
THE RESULTS OF VULNERABILITY EVALUATION USING THE MODIFIED DRASTIC METHOD I have ap plied the mod i fied DRASTIC method (Witkowski et al., 2003) adopt ing it to the spe cific hydrogeological en vi - ron ment of the karstified car bon ate Up per Ju ras sic mas sif (Ró¿kowski, 2005). This method uses a sim u la tion model of the wa ter-bear ing ho ri zon (ac cord ing to MODFLOW soft ware) and a geo graph ical in for ma tion sys tem, ad di tion ally tak ing into ac count a soil fac tor, and the spec i fic ity of karst-fis sured car - bon ate mas sif of Up per Ju ras sic age. The last one of the in di ces should be taken into ac count es pe cially for ar eas of car bon ate rock out crops or un der min i mally thick over bur den of Pleis to - cene and Ho lo cene de pos its. Such ar eas oc cupy about 50% of the to tal sur face in ves ti gated. The pro duc tion of the syn thetic vul ner a bil ity map was pos si ble due to de tailed rec og ni tion of land to pog ra phy, ge ol ogy and hydrogeological con di tions of the area stud ied.
The con struc tion of the fi nal vul ner a bil ity map was based on seven geo log i cal and hydrogeological fac tors that de ter mine the po ten tial con tam i na tion of the karst-fis sured aqui fer. Three fac tors: net re charge, hy drau lic con duc tiv ity in the Up per Ju - ras sic aqui fer and ground wa ter flow ve loc ity in the Up per Ju - ras sic aqui fer were ob tained from the cal i bra tion of the dig i tal model. The area of the model pro ject ing the Up per Ju ras sic aqui fer was 652 km2. A set of ba sic in for ma tion was as signed to blocks of di men sions 500 m ´ 500 m (Ró¿kowski et al., 2001a). Three fur ther fac tor maps — a map of ground wa ter ta - ble depth, a map of the li thol ogy of the vadose zone and a map of the Up per Ju ras sic aqui fer thick ness — were digit ised from the sheets of ras ter maps and trans formed into a grid model.
The meth od ol ogy of the prep a ra tion of fac tor soil map was de - rived from Witczak and ¯urek (1994) and ¯urek et al. (1999).
Each of the vul ner a bil ity fac tors was as signed a weight ing (from 1 to 5) show ing its rel a tive im por tance (Ta ble 1). For com par i son of the vul ner a bil ity of karst-fis sured aqui fers to pol lu tion within the area of the Silesia-Cra cow Monocline I have taken, af ter Witkowski et al. (2003), weight ing val ues of vul ner a bil ity in di ces ap plied by these au thors to the Tri as sic
aqui fer sit u ated in this area. For soil in dex, ad di tion ally taken be cause of the un cov ered char ac ter of the Up per Ju ras sic aqui - fer, the weight ing rec om mended by the DRASTIC method is 2.
The depth of the ground wa ter ta ble shows a re la tion ship with to pog ra phy and also with the oc cur rence of Neo gene de - pos its of con sid er able thick ness over ly ing clayey lithologies in tec tonic grabens (Fig. 2). In karst gorges cut into the pla teau, the depth of the ground wa ter ta ble changes from sev eral to 30 m. In the area of the pla teau and tec tonic horsts, the depth of the ground wa ter ta ble in creases to 30–70 m and in Krzeszowice Graben it reaches 90 m (Fig. 3A).
The lithological de scrip tion of the vadose zone was pre - pared based on the Geo log i cal Map of Po land 1 : 200 000 Cra - cow sheet (Kaziuk, 1978), Geo log i cal Maps of Po land 1 : 50 000 (Bukowy, 1963; P³onczyñski and £opusiñski, 1988;
Rutkowski, 1989; Kurek and Preidl, 1990) and geo log i cal pro - files of about 230 wells and in ves ti ga tion bore holes. Tak ing into ac count the pro tec tive role of the vadose zone with re spect to the phreatic zone, 6 lithological classes have been dis tin - guished. A con sid er able haz ard af fects the ar eas of car bon ate rock out crops. A mod er ate haz ard af fects the out crops of Cre ta - ceous marls and Qua ter nary loess and also deluvium de pos its that cover Mesosoic rocks. A mi nor haz ard is pres ent in the area of the Krzeszowice Graben, where thick clayey de pos its are pres ent in the over bur den (Fig. 3B).
The size of re charge of the Up per Ju ras sic aqui fer from the per co la tion in fil tra tion from a multi-an nual pe riod is in the range from 10 to 273 mm/year. High val ues (>150 mm/year) are lo cated in the area of pla teaux and tec tonic horsts. Low val - ues (<100 mm/year) are lo cated in the D³ubnia val ley and in the Krzeszowice Graben (Fig. 3C).
In the dis tri bu tion of hy drau lic con duc tiv ity, a spa tial dif - fer en ti a tion in the per me abil ity of the car bon ate mas sif and a tec tonic in flu ence within the rock me dium are shown. The low - est per me abil ity (0.01–1.0 m/day) is pres ent in the up land ar eas (Olkusz Pla teau and tec tonic horsts). The high est val ues (5–10 m/day) are pres ent in val ley ar eas (Fig. 3D).
The ground wa ter flow ve loc ity de ter mines the ve loc ity of mi gra tion of po ten tial pol lu tion in the aqui fer. The flow ve loc i - ties ob tained from mod el ling in ves ti ga tions are in the range
Fac tor Weight
(W) A Depth to the Up per Ju ras sic aqui fer 5
B Li thol ogy of vadose zone 5
C Net re charge from nu mer i cal mod el ling
[mm/year] 4
D Hy drau lic con duc tiv ity of the Ju ras sic aqui fer from nu mer i cal mod el ling
[m/day]
2
E Ground wa ter flow ve loc ity within the Ju ras sic aqui fer de rived by nu mer i cal mod el ling
[m/day] 3
F Thick ness of the Ju ras sic aqui fer [m] 1
G Type of soil cover 2
T a b l e 1 Cri te ria of rat ing eval u a tion of vul ner a bil ity and their weight ing used here to eval u ate the vul ner a bil ity of ground wa ter to pol lu tion
in the area of the Jura Krakowska
from 2.9 ´ 10–4 to 1.5 ´ 10–1 m/day (Fig. 3E). The vari a tion in ground wa ter flow ve loc ity dem on strates the het er o ge ne ity of the karst-fis sure mas sif. The larg est ve loc ity val ues were ob - served in the D³ubnia val ley, which has tec tonic foun da tions, and in the SW part of the area mod elled. The low est val ues oc - cur in the wa ter shed area and they are sim i lar to flow the ve loc i - ties of a pore-dom i nant sys tem (from sev eral tens of centi - metres to a dozen or so metres per year).
The ar eas of small thick ness of the sat u ra tion zone are more sub jected to pol lu tion than the ar eas where this zone is thick.
The thick ness of this zone in the Up per Ju ras sic aqui fer in - creases from 20–50 m in the west ern and south west ern part to more than 250 m in the north east ern part (Fig. 3F).
In the area stud ied, loess soils oc cur (brown soil). Only in the north west ern part do lo cally-de rived soils and loamy sand pre dom i nate. A typ i cal rendzina (lime stone soil) oc curs spo - rad i cally (Fig. 3G).
Ta ble 2 shows the ap plied in ter val di vi sion for in di vid ual fac tors (3–6) to gether with rat ings for in di vid ual in ter vals (from 1 — the low est vul ner a bil ity to 10 — the high est vul ner a bil ity).
As a re sult of com puter-based com bin ing of seven hydrogeological and geo log i cal fac tors maps, a syn thetic map of the vul ner a bil ity of the Up per Ju ras sic aqui fer to pol lu tion pen e tra tion from the ground sur face was ob tained. The val ues of vul ner a bil ity in dex for in di vid ual cal cu la tion blocks of the dig i tal model were ob tained as a sum of seven ra tios as signed to the size of rat ings and weighting from the in di vid ual fi nal indicatory maps which describe individual features.
The val ues of vul ner a bil ity in dex are in the range from 52 to 180 points on the vul ner a bil ity map of the Up per Ju ras sic aqui - fer. Ac cord ing to in ter na tional stan dards (Vrba and Zaporozec, 1994) five classes of ground wa ter vul ner a bil ity to pol lu tion have been dis tin guished, tak ing into ac count the spec i fic ity of karst. They in clude the fol low ing classes: ex tremely high, very high, high, me dium and low (Ta ble 3, Fig. 4).
The anal y sis of the syn thetic map shows that in the area of the Jura Krakowska where car bon ate rock out crops (and is pres ent be neath thin Qua ter nary on the pla teau) a high vul ner a - bil ity to pol lu tion pre dom i nates (54% of the area stud ied, in - clud ing ex tremely high — 11%, very high and high — 43%).
Me dium and low vul ner a bil ity is typ i cal of the area of the Krzeszowice Graben and also of wa ter shed ar eas in the D³ubnia drain age ba sin (46% of the area stud ied, in clud ing low
— 8%), which re sults from geo log i cal con di tions and re charge con di tions of the aqui fer (Figs. 3 and 4).
No. A. Depth to the aqui fer [m] Rat ing
(R) W ´ R
1 0–10 10 50
2 10–20 7 35
3 20–50 5 25
4 50–100 2 10
B. Li thol ogy Rat ing
(R) W ´ R
1 Lime stone — out crops [J3] 10 50
2 Sand and loam in river val leys/lime stone
[Q/J3] 8 40
3 Loess, diluvium or lo cal marls/lime stone
[Q/Cr3/J3] 6 30
4 Sand and loam in river
val leys/marls/lime stone [Q/Cr3/J3] 5 25 5 Loess/marls/lime stone [Q/Cr3/J3] 4 20 6 Sand, loess, clay/lime stone [Q/Tr/J3] 1 5
C. Net re charge [mm/year] Rat ing
(R) W ´ R
1 < 100 2 8
2 100–150 5 20
3 150–200 7 28
4 > 200 9 36
D. Hy drau lic con duc tiv ity [m/day] Rat ing
(R) W ´ R
1 < 0.4 2 4
2 0.4–0.8 4 8
3 0.8–1.0 5 10
4 1,0–5,0 6 12
5 5.0–10.0 7 14
E. Flow ve loc ity [m/day] Rat ing
(R) W ´ R
1 < 0.0001–0.001 1 3
2 0.001–0.01 2 6
3 0.01–0.05 3 9
4 0,05–0,10 4 12
5 0.10–0.15 6 18
F. Thick ness of the aqui fer [m] Rat ing
(R) W ´ R
1 0–50 8 8
2 50–100 5 5
3 100–150 4 4
4 150–200 3 3
5 200–250 2 2
6 250–300 1 1
G. Type of soil cover Rat ing
(R) W ´ R
1 Skel e tal soil 10 20
2 Ju ras sic rendzina 7 14
3 Loess and loess–like soils 4 8
Weights for par tic u lar fac tors A–G are given in Ta ble 1
T a b l e 2 The rat ings of in di vid ual cri te ria in the DRASTIC rat ing method
No. Classes of the rel a tive vul ner a bil ity In dex
1 Ex tremely high 170–200
2 Very high 140–169
3 High 110–139
4 Me dium 80–109
5 Low 50–79
T a b l e 3 Clas si fi ca tion of ground wa ter vul ner a bil ity to pol lu tion based
on the cri te ria of rat ing eval u a tion of vul ner a bil ity us ing the DRASTIC method
The re li abil ity of the fi nal vul ner a bil ity map us ing the DRASTIC method was ver i fied based on cur rent geo log i cal knowl edge, re sults of hydrogeological field and lab o ra tory in ves ti ga tions, and also the chem is try and qual ity of the ground wa ter.
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
The mod i fied DRASTIC method is a use ful tool to eval u ate the nat u ral vul ner a bil ity of karst-fis sured aqui fers with a scat - tered re charge and drain age sys tem, a well-de vel oped vadose zone of vari able per me abil ity, and with de layed re ac tion to re - charge (“Torcal” type). The aqui fer in ves ti gated on a re gional scale be haves in a man ner sim i lar to a porous me dium
(Ró¿kowski, 2006), to which the DRASTIC method is usu ally ap plied to eval u ate its vul ner a bil ity.
The method ap plied in this pa per be longs to the group of the meth ods which are be ing de vel oped at pres ent to mon i tor nat u - ral vul ner a bil ity to con tam i na tion of ground wa ter aqui fers in car bon ate rocks, and de vel oped with the framework of the Eu - ro pean programme COST ACTION 620 (Zwahlen, 2003).
This mod i fied DRASTIC method takes into ac count the thick ness and li thol ogy of the vadose zone (fac tor O, sim i larly to meth ods EPIK and PI), the size of ef fec tive per co la tion (com bi na tion of fac tors O and P), and also fac tor K, which de - scribes the aqui fer (per co la tion co ef fi cient, ve loc ity of hor i zon - tal flow, thick ness of sat u ra tion zone). It does not con sider point re charge of the aqui fer (fac tor C), which re duces the pro - tec tive func tion of the over bur den in the case of aqui fer re - charge di rectly by e.g. karst dolines or shafts. This was dis -
cussed by Witkowski et al. (1997), Da vis et al. (2002) and Gogu et al. (2003). It should be how ever un der lined that the pro cess of con cen trated re charge in the area of Jura Krakowska have been ob served only spo rad i cally and is poorly re corded.
The pre cip i ta tion re gime shows ev i dence of ex ter nal in flu - ences, and does not show any dif fer en ti a tions on scale of a catch ment ba sin or a re gion (ex cept as re gards ex treme pre cip i - ta tion, e.g. in July 1997), but it shows clear vari abil ity at the scale of a whole coun try or of a con ti nent.
The con di tions of scat tered re charge. My anal y sis of about 230 pro files of geo log i cal bore holes in the area of Jura Krakowska shows that among all the vul ner a bil ity cri te ria, the
thick ness of clays and marls in the vadose zone (reach ing 100 m in the tec tonic grabens) was the most im por tant (not soil cover and epikarst de vel op ment). My field in ves ti ga tions car ried in 15 quar ries in Jura Krakowska and lab o ra tory in - ves ti ga tions (Ró¿kowski et al., 2001b, 2005) in the area of bare and green karst re veal the change ability of hy drau lic struc ture of the vadose zone. The open po ros ity of the rock me dium of the Up per Ju ras sic lime stones changes from 0.6 to 27.8%. The fis sure sur face po ros ity (for geo met ri cal weighted open ing widths <10 mm) is in the range from 0.03 to 0.36%
(Ró¿kowski et al., 2005). The po ros ity of fis sures wid ened by karst pro cesses changes from 0.5 to 10% with low geo met ric mean of 2.2%. In the walls of the quar ries (to a depth of 30 m be low ground level) there is a lim ited oc cur rence of karstic
Fig. 3. Maps of cri te ria of rat ing eval u a tion of the Up per Ju ras sic aqui fer vul ner a bil ity for par tic u lar factors
For fur ther ex pla na tions see Ta ble 1
Fig. 4. Syn thetic map of vul ner a bil ity of the Up per Ju ras sic aqui fer us ing the DRASTIC method
dolines and de pres sions, and the av er age open ing of fis sures is only 0.1–5.0 mm with a depth de creas ing trend. In the lit er - a ture, there are de scrip tions of ponors, which oc cur spo rad i - cally and are lo cally called „³ykawce”.
The con di tions of scat tered drain age. Multispectral in - ves ti ga tions of the zone of spring drain age doc u mented the dom i na tion of scat tered drain age as so ci ated with lo cal cir cu la - tion, as was con firmed by mod el ling in ves ti ga tions of ground - wa ter re newal (Ró¿kowski et al., 2001a; Ró¿kowski, 2006).
On the other hand, a hi er ar chy of karst con duits of un known range oc curs. This is con firmed by higher mean val ues of spe - cific dis charges of wells in the ar eas of nat u ral drain age (by springs) — 6.5 m3/h/mS, than in the re charge ar eas — 3.5 m3/h/mS (Ró¿kowski, 2006). It is there fore ques tion able whether the de vel op ment and di rec tion of the un re cog nised, deep karst sys tem is the most im por tant fac tor. This con cerns also the anal y sis of curves of spring re ces sion in the con di tions of scat tered drain age pre dom i na tion (REKS). In ad di tion, the hith erto de vised mod els of dis charge and trans port do not sim - u late the de vel op ment of chan nel sys tems (Bakalowicz, 2005).
The prob lems of in trin sic vul ner a bil ity to con tam i na tion of karst-fis sure ground wa ter aqui fers are ex am ined in de tail by
hydrogeologists who study karst, and the meth ods ap plied are con stantly ver i fied and extended. The “Eu ro pean ap proach”
de vel oped in the framework of COST Ac tion 620 shows the lim i ta tions of all in di vid ual ap pli ca tion meth ods (Zwahlen ed., 2003). The com par a tive stud ies car ried out by Gogu et al.
(2003) in the area of Condroz (Bel gium), where as many as 5 meth ods were tested (EPIK, DRASTIC, Ger man method, GOD, ISIS) show sig nif i cant dif fer ences of re sults ob tained by in di vid ual meth ods, and their lim i ta tions. For ex am ple EPIK is ap plied only for karstified lime stones. A wide range of se lec - tion in the nomograms of pa ram e ters of an aqui fer in the DIVERSITY method, with spe cific con di tions of re charge (scat tered) and a com plex hy drau lic struc ture of the Up per Ju - ras sic aqui fer makes this method sub jec tive and im pre cise.
The map of vul ner a bil ity pre pared based on cal cu la tions of the time of per co la tion of pos si ble pol lu tion from the ground sur face (Ró¿kowski et al., 2006) ap peared to be very sim i lar to the map pro posed here of vul ner a bil ity us ing the mod i fied DRASTIC method. In both cases of cru cial im por tance for the eval u a tion of the vul ner a bil ity of karst-fis sured aqui fer to pol - lu tion is the thick ness and per me abil ity of the vadose zone and the amount of re charg ing in fil tra tion.
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