3D Cadastral complexities in dense urban areas

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ities in developing countries are H[SDQGLQJUDSLGO\DQGFRQVXPLQJ HYHU\SRVVLEOHVSDFHDYDLODEOH7KHJURZWK LVQRWRQO\LQWKHLUSK\VLFDOH[SDQVLRQ EXWDOVRWKHLQFUHDVHGXUEDQSRSXODWLRQ 7KHVSDFHFRQVXPSWLRQLVDJDLQQRWRQO\ KRUL]RQWDOEXWDOVRYHUWLFDOO\XQGHUJURXQG DQGXSZDUGVFRYHULQJWKHVN\OLQHRI WKHFLW\*RGDUG'HOKLEHLQJD PHWURFLW\DQGDOVRWKHFDSLWDORI,QGLD LVQRWDQH[FHSWLRQWRWKLVSKHQRPHQRQ 3URSHUW\LQIRUPDWLRQV\VWHPVEDVHGRQ' maps have served land administration and SURSHUW\PDQDJHPHQWZHOOIRUKXQGUHGV RI\HDUV+RZHYHUPRVWRIWKHGHYHORSHG ZRUOGLQFOXGLQJ$XVWUDOLDDQGPDQ\ developing countries now give ownership titles in buildings in three dimensions 'XVLQJWKHVDPH'PDSVGHYHORSHG for traditional broad acre development RQYDFDQWODQG&6',/$ 7KHSDSHUDLPVWRVWXG\WKHPXOWL

stakeholding urban area locations where 3D (infrastructural) developments are creating more and more complex land management VLWXDWLRQVIRUWKHDXWKRULWLHVLQYROYHG:HDUH presenting some cases in brief to highlight

3D Cadastral complexities

in dense urban areas

The current paper aims to study the multi-stakeholding urban area locations in Delhi and around where

(infrastructural) changes are creating the complex land management situations for the authorities involved

Tarun Ghawana Consultant, Integrated Spatial Analytics Consultants, India Joao Hespanha Adjunct Professor, Technology and Management Polytechnic School of Águeda, University of Aveiro, Portugal Pradeep Khandelwal

Chief Engineer, East Delhi Municipal Corporation, Delhi, India

Peter van Oosterom

Professor, Delft University of Technology (OTB institute), The Netherlands

the different aspects of complexities while IRFXVLQJRQDSDUWLFXODUFDVHVWXG\RIPXOWL LQIUDVWUXFWXUHXWLOLW\QHWZRUNVLQRQHVLQJOH area, where we have tried to understand the current administrative situation as well as spatial dimensions involved from Land $GPLQLVWUDWLRQ'RPDLQ0RGHOFRQWH[W

Land management and

cadastral arrangements

&DGDVWUDOV\VWHPVLQ,QGLDZHUHGHVLJQHG LQLWLDOO\WRHDUQUHYHQXHWKURXJKFROOHFWLRQ RIWD[HVRQSURSHUW\7KHFDGDVWUDOV\VWHPV support the legal ownership of the land, depiction of legal and topographical aspects LQFOXGLQJDUHDDQGSDUFHOERXQGDULHV,Q India, the basic unit of the cadastral record is WKHODQGSDUFHOZKLFKLVNQRZQDVSORW7KH plots are registered in the name of the owner GH¿QLQJSORWERXQGDULHV0DLQWHQDQFHRI land records with ownership; assessment RIWD[RQWKHSURSHUW\DQGWD[FROOHFWLRQ LVWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIGLVWULFWDXWKRULWLHV Each state is adopting their own methods RIFDGDVWUDOVXUYH\VDQGHPSKDVLVLV given to the legal aspects which are FRQQHFWHGZLWKULJKWV7KHUHLVQRFRQFHSW of licensing and registration of cadastral VXUYH\RUVLQ,QGLD,QIDFWWKHJRYHUQPHQW VXUYH\RUVRIVWDWHFHQWHUDUHFDUU\LQJRXW DOOWKHFDGDVWUDOVXUYH\V3ULYDWHVHFWRUV are now being involved for generating *,6DQG/,6IRUEHWWHUPDQDJHPHQWRI ODQGUHVRXUFHV&RXQWU\5HSRUW )RUVHYHUDOGHFDGHVDIWHU,QGHSHQGHQFH Delhi has three municipalities: New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC), Delhi Cantonment Board (DCB) and Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) having their VHSDUDWHMXULVGLFWLRQVLQ'HOKL5HFHQWO\LQ WKH0XQLFLSDO&RUSRUDWLRQRI'HOKL

a: Road Passing under the older Bridge; Source: Around

the Red Fort, 2011

b: Railway line on the bridge built by colonial British rulers; Source: An Alternate View-Red Fort, Delhi, 2012 Figure 1: 3D space usage at bridges connecting Red fort and Salimgarh Fort

ZDVGLYLGHGLQWRWKUHHSDUWV1RUWK6RXWK and East Delhi Corporations (MCD Online, 'LUHFWRUDWH*HQHUDO'HIHQFH(VWDWHV 1HZ'HOKL0XQLFLSDO&RXQFLO 0XQLFLSDORUJDQL]DWLRQVLQFOXGLQJ MCD, NDMC and DCB are executing agencies which provide basic civic DPHQLWLHVWRWKHFLW\OLNHURDGVDQGZDVWH PDQDJHPHQW7KHVHRUJDQL]DWLRQVKDYH GLIIHUHQWMXULVGLFWLRQVFRYHULQJWKHHQWLUH FLW\2QO\WKH'HOKL'HYHORSPHQW$XWKRULW\ ''$LVDODQGGHYHORSPHQWDXWKRULW\ DDA takes the land from the Delhi Revenue Department or private parties ZKHQHYHUDQ\ODQGKDVWREHGHYHORSHG RUXSJUDGHGOLNHDVHWWOHPHQW''$KDV a role of planning (master plans, zonal SODQVDQGLQLWLDOGHYHORSPHQWDJHQF\ for the new areas while these executing DJHQFLHVPDLQWDLQWKHVHGHYHORSHGDUHDV 7KHUHLVQRFHQWUDOUHJLVWU\RIODQGLQ 'HOKL$JULFXOWXUDOKROGLQJVDUHUHFRUGHG EXWXUEDQL]HGODQGLVQRWVXEMHFWWRDQ\ FHQWUDOUHJLVWUDWLRQV\VWHP,QJHQHUDO UHFRUGVRIODQGKHOGE\JRYHUQPHQWDO DJHQFLHVDUHPDLQWDLQHGE\HDFK LQGLYLGXDODJHQF\'HOKLGRHVKDYHDORQJ VWDQGLQJV\VWHPRIdeed UHJLVWUDWLRQ,Q accordance with the Registration Act, 'HSDUWPHQWRI/DQG5HFRUGV WKH'HOKL*RYHUQPHQW¶V5HJLVWUDU RI$VVXUDQFHVLVUHTXLUHGWRUHJLVWHUPRVW W\SHVRISURSHUW\WUDQVDFWLRQVDOWKRXJK WKHUHDUHVRPHH[FHSWLRQV2QHLPSRUWDQW exemption is that changes of ownership WKURXJKVLPSOHLQKHULWDQFHDQGHTXLWDEOH PRUWJDJHVQHHGQRWEHUHJLVWHUHG6DOHE\ SRZHURIDWWRUQH\DOORZVVDOHVZLWKRXW registration, incentives to avoid fees and WD[HV86$,'5DEHQKRUVW Current Tenure Characteristics in 'HOKLDUH5DEHQKRUVW „)UHHKROGODQG2OG'HOKLSUH WLWOHVPRUHUHFHQWFRORQLHV leasehold conversions) „/HDVHKROGODQGRZQHGE\ development authorities) „$SDUWPHQW±VDOHGHHGDQGXVHULJKWV chain of title remains with developer (it should be noted that these use rights UHODWHGWRDQDSDUWPHQWXQLWVLPSO\ 'VSDFHVEXWWKHVHDUHFXUUHQWO\ QRWH[SOLFLWO\UHSUHVHQWHGLQ' „,QIRUPDOVHWWOHPHQWV±P people, over 70% ƒ 7\SHVVTXDWWHUVUHORFDWLRQ settlements, unauthorized colonies, rural and urban villages

ƒ All income levels

ƒ 1RWLWOHUHTXHVWHGRUREWDLQHG ƒ No building permit

UHTXHVWHGRUREWDLQHG ƒ Risk of demolition

ƒ Nature of tenure constrains water DQGHOHFWULFLW\VXSSO\DQGVHUYLFH

Delhi - A capital city always

,WKDVDORQJKLVWRU\RIEHLQJWKHFHQWUH of political activities even before the 15th

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VHWWOHGGRZQLQ'HOKL.ULVKQD9% $WWKDWWLPHWKHFLW\ZDVPRVWO\ limited to the northern part of Delhi RQWKHEDQNVRIWKHULYHU<DPXQD 7KLVSDUWRIWRGD\¶V'HOKLLVFDOOHG µ6KDKMDKDQDEDG¶RUQRZSRSXODUO\NQRZQ DVROGFLW\RUWKHZDOOHGFLW\6RPH' usage examples from Mughal era and %ULWLVKWLPHVLQWKHROG'HOKLFLW\SDUWVDUH VWLOOIXQFWLRQDO2QHFODVVLFH[DPSOHLVWKH 6DOLPJDUK)RUW%ULGJH0XJKDO(PSHURU 6KDKMDKDQEXLOWWKH5HGIRUWLQ$' LQ2OG'HOKL&ORVHWRWKLVIRUWDORQJWKH north-eastern part, there was an old fort FDOOHG6DOLPJDUKEXLOWE\,VODP6KDK6XUL LQ$'7KHULYHU<DPXQDRQFHÀRZHG EHWZHHQWKHVHWZRIRUWV7KHWZRIRUWVDUH FRQQHFWHGWRHDFKRWKHUE\WZRPDVRQU\ bridges (Comprehensive Conservation 0DQDJHPHQW3ODQ)7RGD\WKHULYHU GRHVQRWÀRZKHUHDQ\PRUH1RZDURDG (Delhi Ring Road) passes under it with WUDI¿FLQERWKGLUHFWLRQV7KHVHFRQGEULGJH ZDVEXLOWE\FRORQLDO%ULWLVKUXOHUVRQ ZKLFKWKH\FRQVWUXFWHGDUDLOZD\OLQHIURP ROG'HOKLUDLOZD\VWDWLRQJRLQJWRZDUGVWKH RWKHUVLGHRI<DPXQDULYHU)LJXUH,WLV VWLOOIXQFWLRQDODQGDOOW\SHVRIWUDLQVSDVV WKURXJKLW$URXQGWKH5HG)RUW$Q $OWHUQDWH9LHZ5HG)RUW'HOKL $IWHUJDLQLQJLQGHSHQGHQFHLQ'HOKL UDSLGO\EHJDQWDNLQJVKDSHRIDPHWURFLW\ ZLWKPDQ\XUEDQGHYHORSPHQWVLQFOXGLQJ 3D spatial aspects in design, such as large PXOWLVWRUH\DFDGHPLFDQGRI¿FHEXLOGLQJV VRPHWLPHVSDUOD\DERYHWKHURDGRURWKHU

SXEOLFVSDFHVDQGRI¿FHV$UFKLWHFWXUHRI 'HOKL,QWKH,QGLDQJRYHUQPHQW adopted the liberalization concept for the QDWLRQ¶VHFRQRP\3DQDJDUL\D$ 81&7$''HOKLVWLOOUHPDLQHGD XQLRQWHUULWRU\WKDWZDVJRYHUQHGE\WKH FHQWUDOJRYHUQPHQW$OOWKHFLYLFERGLHVZHUH IXQFWLRQLQJXQGHUWKHFHQWUDOJRYHUQPHQW %\PLGVLWZDVGHFLGHGWRFRQGXFW elections for constituting a state-level JRYHUQPHQW+RZHYHUFHUWDLQLPSRUWDQW land management related bodies remained RXWVLGHWKHVFRSHRIWKH'HOKLJRYHUQPHQW This included Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD), New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC), Delhi Cantonment Board (DCB) DQG'HOKL'HYHORSPHQW$XWKRULW\''$ %\WKHVWDUWRIWKHVWFHQWXU\'HOKL KDGVWDUWHGJURZLQJUDSLGO\LQWHUPVRI population and infrastructure development DQGWKHDPRXQWRI'VROXWLRQVFRQWLQXRXVO\ LQFUHDVHG$ELJXUEDQDUHDVXEFLW\VWDUWHG WDNLQJVKDSHLQZHVW'HOKLMXVWEHKLQGWKH LQWHUQDWLRQDODLUSRUW7KLVZDVWDUJHWHG WRSURYLGHKRXVLQJWRDSSUR[LPDWHO\ PLOOLRQPLGGOHFODVVIDPLOLHV''$ $UFKLWHFWXUHRI'HOKL7KH0HWUR rail started operating in this decade and FKDQJHGWKHHQWLUHODQGVFDSHRI'HOKLE\ SURYLGLQJDPDVVWUDQVSRUWV\VWHPZLWK KLJKTXDOLW\VHUYLFH,WVWUDFNVZHUHODLG down on surface, above surface on the SLOODUVDQGXQGHUVXUIDFHWKURXJKWXQQHOV $UHPDUNDEOHFKDQJHLQHDUO\ZDV the fact that most of the plot-owning landlords started making basements while initiating constructions on the SORW7KHLPPHGLDWHVDWHOOLWHWRZQVRI Gurgaon, which because of Information 7HFKQRORJ\FRPSDQLHV¶GRPLQDQFHLV FDOOHGF\EHUFLW\DQG1RLGDVWDUWHGIHHOLQJ the pressure of demand for residential DSDUWPHQWVDQGRI¿FHV)LJXUH)LJXUH $JULFXOWXUDOODQGVKDYHEHHQDFTXLUHGE\ neighbouring provincial governments and VROGWRSULYDWHGHYHORSHUV7KHEXLOGHUV have created or dug out the base for new KLJKULVHEXLOGLQJVLQVHYHUDOKHFWDUHV )LJXUHVKRZV'HOKLZLWKLWVXWLOLW\ networks of roads along with green spaces, natural drainages and settlement SRFNHWV0HWURWUDLQURXWHVDUHDOVR reaching satellite towns of Gurgaon in VRXWK1RLGDDQG*KD]LDEDGLQWKHHDVW

This rapid expansion in Delhi and immediate neighbouring cities of Noida DQG*XUJDRQFDPHDVDOLIHVW\OHFKDQJLQJ VKRFNWRWKHWUDGLWLRQDOO\DJULFXOWXUDO FRPPXQLWLHVRIWKHVHFLWLHV,WZDVDOVRD shock for the land administration of these FLWLHVWKDWZHUHQRWUHDG\WRGHDOZLWKWKLV UDSLGO\FKDQJLQJODQGPDUNHWDQGHVSHFLDOO\ WKH'DVSHFWVKHUHRI7KHPDMRUSOD\HU LQWKHFDVHRI*XUJDRQLV+DU\DQD8UEDQ 'HYHORSPHQW$XWKRULW\+8'$7KH EXUHDXFUDWLFVHWXSLQWKHDXWKRULW\ZDV VWLOOULGGOHGZLWKWKHLQHI¿FLHQF\RISDSHU ZRUN(YHQDIWHU\HDUVRIWKLVFKDQJH civic amenities are not up to the mark RIDKLJKYDOXHXUEDQDUHD,Q1RLGDWKH LQHI¿FLHQF\RIWKHDXWKRULW\WRJHWKHUZLWK political motives led to a large scale riot LQZKHQWKHJRYHUQPHQW was accused of bias in following the land DFTXLVLWLRQSURFHGXUHV,QGLD7RGD\ ,QGLDQ([SUHVV2FWREHU +HDGOLQHV,QGLD,QGLDQ([SUHVV 'HFHPEHU7KH+LQGX

Multi-stakeholding

developments in urban scenario

The 3D urban (infrastructure) development KDVDIIHFWHGPDQ\DVSHFWVRIDQDYHUDJH 'HOKLUHVLGHQW¶VOLIH,WKDVFKDQJHGWKH ZD\WKH\WUDYHOWRWKHLURI¿FHWKHDFFHVV WRFRRNLQJJDVWKHZDWHUWKH\UHFHLYHLQ WKHÀDWWHOHSKRQHDQGLQWHUQHWDFFHVV To provide these amenities, multiple government and private agencies have consumed the space of Delhi in different OD\HUVDERYHDQGEHORZWKH(DUWKVXUIDFH The result is a situation in which the space (related to the same unit of surface land) is under control of different agencies with WKHLUXVHUULJKWV,QRWKHUZRUGVPDQ\ VWDNHKROGHUVLQWKHIRUPRIFLYLFDPHQLW\ providing agencies become involved in the VDPHSODFH7KLVUHTXLUHVRUJDQL]DWLRQDO level of coordination on a much higher scale than ever before because of the FRPSOH[LWLHVRIODQGPDQDJHPHQWWROD\ GRZQWKHVHUYLFHQHWZRUNV8WLOLW\QHWZRUNV for different facilities are competing for WKHYHUWLFDODQGKRUL]RQWDOVSDFH'LIIHUHQW laws and directives need to be in place to ensure proper planning and construction of these networks without interfering with the RSHUDWLRQDOIXQFWLRQDOLW\RIRWKHUQHWZRUNV To have proper laws and directives,

there is a need to understand the spatial WRSRORJ\RIWKHVHQHWZRUNVWKHLUUHODWLRQWR surrounding land use and the mandates of WKHDJHQFLHVUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHP6SDWLDO dimensions involve understanding the VSDFHUHTXLUHPHQWVLQWKUHHGLPHQVLRQV and how the interaction of the networks WDNHVSODFHLQWKHGH¿QHGVSDFH

Land administration

domain model

/DQGDGPLQLVWUDWLRQLVDODUJH¿HOGWKH /$'0LQWHUQDWLRQDOVWDQGDUG,62 is concerned with the representation of parties (natural and non-natural persons), spatial units (including survey and geometrical/ topological representations) and their relationships via RRRs; rights, restrictions and responsibilities (and the grouping into basic administrative units),Q/$'0WKHEDVLFDGPLQLVWUDWLYH XQLWFODVVVHUYHVWKHSXUSRVHRIGH¿QLQJ WKHEXQGOHRI555WKDWDSSO\WRD given spatial unit, or a group of spatial XQLWV+HVSDQKD,QFRXQWULHV following the British common law WUDGLWLRQWKLVXVXDOO\WUDQVODWHVIRUWKH registration of a freehold right, together with optional appurtenances (minor ULJKWVRUHQFXPEUDQFHVUHVWULFWLRQV The LADM is capable of handling PRUHWKDQRQHW\SHRIUHJLVWU\EHVLGHV WKHFRPPRQO\UHIHUUHG/DQG5HJLVWU\ HVVHQWLDOO\UHJLVWHULQJSULYDWHSURSHUW\ 555¶VIRULQVWDQFHD6SDWLDO3ODQQLQJ Government Portal, storing several W\SHVRISXEOLFUHJXODWLRQVDQGWKHLU DVVRFLDWHGVSDWLDOXQLWV7KH/$'0 provides a reference model which will serve at least two important goals: (1) Avoiding reinventing, and

re-LPSOHPHQWLQJWKHVDPHIXQFWLRQDOLW\ over and over again,

but providing an extensible basis for the development, DQGUH¿QHPHQWRI HI¿FLHQWDQGHIIHFWLYH land administration V\VWHPGHYHORSPHQW based on a Model Driven Architecture (MDA), and (QDEOLQJLQYROYHG SDUWLHVERWKZLWKLQRQHFRXQWU\ and between different countries, to communicate, based on the VKDUHGYRFDEXODU\WKDWLVDQ ontologyLPSOLHGE\WKHPRGHO Within the LADM, classical cadastral FRQFHSWVDVµSDUFHO¶DQGµERXQGDU\¶ /HPPHQHWDO7KRPSVRQDQGYDQ 2RVWHURPKDYHEHHQH[WHQGHGWR be able to include spatial representations of overlapping tenures or claims and DOVRPXOWLGLPHQVLRQDOREMHFWV' DQG''FRPELQHGZLWKWHPSRUDO GLPHQVLRQV7KHVSDWLDOXQLWVPD\KDYH a 3D representation, and a provision is PDGHIRUDPL[WXUHRI'DQG'VSDWLDO XQLWVWRFRH[LVW$OHYHOLVDFROOHFWLRQRI spatial units with a geometric or thematic FRKHUHQFH7KHFRQFHSWRIOHYHOLVUHODWHG WRWKHQRWLRQRIµOHJDOLQGHSHQGHQFH¶ IURP&DGDVWUH7KLVDOORZVIRU WKHÀH[LEOHLQWURGXFWLRQRIVSDWLDOGDWD from different sources and accuracies, LQFOXGLQJXWLOLW\QHWZRUNVEXLOGLQJVDQG other 3D spatial units, such as mining FODLPVRUFRQVWUXFWLRQZRUNV7KH/$'0 LQWURGXFHVFRQFHSWVVXFKDVµERXQGDU\ IDFHVWULQJ¶/$B%RXQGDU\)DFH6WULQJ DQGµERXQGDU\IDFH¶/$B%RXQGDU\)DFH DQGSDUWLDOO\XQERXQGHGSULPLWLYHV 6SDWLDOSUR¿OHVDQGWKHGLIIHUHQW spatial representations are used to GHPRQVWUDWHWKHÀH[LELOLW\RIVSDWLDO UHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRIWKLVGRPDLQPRGHO

Three dimensional complexities

in urban space - Case studies

from Delhi and neighbourhood

To show the various kinds of land complexities which involve different spatial dimensions, some cases from Delhi DQGLWVVXUURXQGLQJVZLOOEHSUHVHQWHG

Case 1: Basement Coverage and Adjoining Property

Due to building collapse incidents in congested areas of Chandni Mahal, Old Delhi and Uttam Nagar, West Delhi in WKH0XQLFLSDO&RUSRUDWLRQRI'HOKL (MCD) came up with a new regulation WKDWPDNHVLWPDQGDWRU\IRUEXLOGHUV constructing a basement to leave a buffer ]RQHRIPHWHURQDOOVLGHVRIWKHEXLOGLQJ EHLQJFRQVWUXFWHG7KLVKDVEHHQGRQHWR PDNHVXUHWKHDGMRLQLQJEXLOGLQJVUHPDLQ VDIH$FFRUGLQJWR0&'RI¿FLDOVWKHQHZ rule is in accordance with Master Plan 3DJH7DEOH>@&RQWUROIRU Building/Building within use premises-VSHFL¿FSUHPLVHVUHVLGHQWLDOSORWSORWWHG KRXVLQJ)RRW1RWH1R,9LQZKLFKWKHUH LVDFODXVHWKDWUHDGV³%DVHPHQWXSWR JURXQGÀRRUOHYHOLVUHTXLUHGWROHDYH PHWHUGLVWDQFHIURPDGMRLQLQJSURSHUW\DQG LVQRWFRXQWHGWRZDUGV)ORRU$UHD5DWLR´ Spatial Dimensions 'VXUIDFHSORWZLWKULJKWVJUDQWHGWR build underground basement structure ZKLFKLPSOLHVWKHUGGLPHQVLRQ7KH WHUP³EDVHPHQWXSWRJURXQGÀRRUOHYHO´ LQGLFDWHVD'VSDFHIURPWKHÀRRURIWKH basement up to its ceiling which could be WKHJURXQGÀRRUOHYHO7ZRPHWHUGLVWDQFH to be left considers the geometrical FRQQHFWLYLW\RI'VXUIDFHSORWWR DGMRLQLQJSORWVLQUGVSDWLDOGLPHQVLRQ DOVRFRPSOHWHYHUWLFDOFROXPQV LADM spatial unit context 7KHXSSHUIDFHERXQGDU\LVGH¿QHGE\ JURXQGÀRRUFRYHUDJHDQGWKHORZHU IDFHERXQGDU\GH¿QHGE\WKHEDVHPHQW ÀRRU7KHWHUP³EDVHPHQWXSWRJURXQG ÀRRUOHYHO´LQFOXGHVYHUWLFDOERXQGDU\± faces to catch the 3rd dimension in its HQWLUHW\7KLVFDVHFDQDOVREHPRGHOOHG in its spatial and temporal dimensions considering a succession of different VSDWLDOXQLWVFRPELQLQJ'DQG' JHRPHWULFSULPLWLYHV,QD¿UVWLQVWDQW LWGH¿QHGDEXIIHU]RQHDVDEXLOGLQJ restriction, using an internal (closed) ERXQGDU\IDFHVWULQJZKLFKOLHVPHWHU LQVLGHWKHSURSHUW\ERXQGDU\IDFHVWULQJ These are both implemented through 'SULPLWLYHVEXWUHSUHVHQWXQERXQGHG

vertical faces, forming thus an unbounded (above and below) ring around a space where EXLOGLQJFDQRFFXU When construction is about to begin (in ZKLFKQHZ/HJDO6SDFH Building Units, LA_ /HJDO6SDFH%XLOGLQJ8QLW LQ/$'0WHUPLQRORJ\ will be created), the

EDVHPHQWYROXPHFDQEHGH¿QHGE\ VHWWLQJWZRKRUL]RQWDOERXQGDU\IDFHV IRUWKHEDVHPHQWÀRRUDQGWKHJURXQG ÀRRUEDVHPHQWFHLOLQJ7KHVHWZRIDFHV are 3D primitives which will touch the EXLOGLQJRXWOLQHERXQGDU\IDFHVWULQJWKXV forming liminal space (at the opposite VLGHRIWKHIDFHVWULQJ:KHQUHIHUULQJ to the building outline, it must be kept in mind that the spatial unit delimits the legal space of the building and not QHFHVVDULO\LWVSK\VLFDOERXQGDULHV $SSO\LQJWKHRSHUDWLRQDVGH¿QHGLQ ,62,6$QQH[%,62ZLOO JHQHUDWHWKHYHUWLFDOERXQGDU\IDFHV UHTXLUHGWRFORVHWKHYROXPHUHSUHVHQWLQJ WKHEDVHPHQWOHJDOVSDFH)LJXUH,Q the end, there are thus three spatial units: $3URSHUW\3DUFHO'UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ

LPSO\LQJD'FROXPQ % %XIIHU]RQHUHVWULFWLRQ'

UHSUHVHQWDWLRQLPSO\LQJD'FROXPQ & %DVHPHQWYROXPH'UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ

Case 2: high rise apartments made on stilt basis for cooperative group housing societies

The following text is based on an actual FRQYH\DQFHGHHGRIDÀDWRZQHULQD VWLOWEDVLVVRFLHW\EXLOGLQJ)LJXUH 7KH5HJLVWU\&RQYH\DQFH'HHGRI individual owner of a building unit (in DÀDWDSDUWPHQWFRPSOH[RQVWLOWVZLWK 'HOKL'HYHORSPHQW$XWKRULW\''$ states that the vendor (DDA) accepts and reserves unto himself all mines and PLQHUDOVRIZKDWHYHUQDWXUHO\LQJLQ RUXQGHUWKHVDLGSURSHUW\,WJLYHVIXOO OLEHUW\WRJHWKHUDWDOOWLPHVIRUWKHYHQGRU its agents and workmen to enter upon DOORUDQ\SDUWRIWKHSURSHUW\WRVHDUFK IRUZLQPDNHPHUFKDQWDEOHDQGFDUU\ DZD\WKHVDLGPLQHVDQGPLQHUDOV7KH

mentioned elements could be under or XSRQWKHVDLGSURSHUW\RUDQ\DGMRLQLQJ ODQGRIWKHYHQGRU7KHYHQGRUFDQOD\ GRZQWKHVXUIDFHRIDOORUDQ\SDUWRIWKH VDLGSURSHUW\DQGDQ\EXLOGLQJVXQGHURU hereafter to be erected thereon making fair compensation to the purchaser for GDPDJHGRQHXQWRKLPWKHUHE\VXEMHFW WRWKHSD\PHQWRIODQGUHYHQXHRU RWKHULPSRVLWLRQSD\DEOHRUZKLFKPD\ EHFRPHODZIXOO\SD\DEOHLQUHVSHFW RIWKHVDLGSURSHUW\DQGWRDOOSXEOLF ULJKWVRUHDVHPHQWDIIHFWLQJWKHVDPH Spatial dimensions 7KHDXWKRULW\JLYHVWKHULJKWVWRWKH LQGLYLGXDOÀDWRZQHUXQGHUWKHGHHG IRUZKLFKWKHRZQHUSD\VUHJLVWUDWLRQ IHHVIRUWKH'VXUIDFHRURQWKHXQLWLQ DPXOWLÀRRUUHVLGHQWLDOEXLOGLQJWROLYH ZLWKRXWSD\LQJUHQWIRUWKHSURSHUW\WR WKHDXWKRULW\7KLVPHDQVWKHLQGLYLGXDO ÀDWRZQHULVDOORZHGWRKROGWKHULJKW to live and to own the unit in 3rd spatial GLPHQVLRQWRZDUGVXSZDUGV+RZHYHU WKHRZQHUQHHGVWRNHHSSD\LQJDQQXDO SURSHUW\WD[WRWKHPXQLFLSDOFRUSRUDWLRQ On the other hand, the Delhi Development $XWKRULW\LVPDNLQJFOHDULWVULJKWVRQ the mineral resources present in 3rd VSDWLDOGLPHQVLRQXQGHUWKHVXUIDFH ,QWHUHVWLQJO\LWGRHVQ¶WPHQWLRQDQ\WKLQJ about groundwater resource present in WKHVDPHVSDWLDOGLPHQVLRQ,QSUDFWLFH WKH&RRSHUDWLYH*URXS+RXVLQJ6RFLHW\ managements are allowed to do boring for groundwater extraction to provide GULQNLQJZDWHUWRVRFLHW\UHVLGHQWV LADM spatial unit context If the mineral resources are at ground level, its exploration, together with the Figure 3: A basement coverage and adjoining property; schematic geometry of corresponding LADM objects.

UHTXLUHGHDVHPHQWVFRXOGPHDQWKDW DQ\EXLOGLQJZRXOGEHDWVWDNHDQGWKH UHTXLUHGVSDFHUHWXUQVWRWKHVWDWHWKURXJK DQH[SURSULDWLRQ7KLVVKRXOGEHDYRLGHG E\DFKHDSHUVXUIDFHJHRORJLFDOPDSSLQJ WRFODULI\PDWWHUVEHIRUHKDQG,IWKHPLQHUDO resources are below ground, the best course RIDFWLRQZRXOGEHGH¿QLQJD'3DUFHO EHORQJLQJWRWKH6WDWHZKLFKFDQWKHQ PDNHDOHDVHRUFRQFHVVLRQ$SDUWIURP this 3D Parcel, there should be a 3D Parcel representing the upper unbounded space of WKH+RXVLQJ6RFLHW\$OVRLQWKLVFDVHWKHUH are at least three spatial units, as follows: $+RXVLQJ6RFLHW\3URSHUW\3DUFHO 'XSSHUKDOIRILQ¿QLWHFROXPQ % ,QGLYLGXDOEXLOGLQJXQLWV'ZLWKLQ +RXVLQJ6RFLHW\3URSHUW\ & 0LQLQJ3URSHUW\'ORZHU KDOIRILQ¿QLWHFROXPQ

In addition, there should be some topologic constraints, in that the mining easements VKRXOGLQWHUVHFWERWKWKHSURSHUW\SDUFHO ERXQGDU\DQGWKHPLQHUDOGHSRVLW

Case 3: High groundwater disposal from the large construction sites (including basement)

Knowing the subsurface components like soil composition in different vertical SUR¿OHVJURXQGZDWHUÀRZVDQGYROXPH or other minerals is important before LQLWLDWLQJWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQ7KLVFDQ help to avoid the unforeseen problems LQFRPSOHWLQJWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQSURFHVV $VSHU7LPHVRI,QGLD)HEUXDU\ LQDELGWRFRQVHUYHJURXQGZDWHU WKH1RLGD$XWKRULW\GHFLGHGWRLQLWLDWH legal action against private developers wasting the precious resource during FRQVWUXFWLRQZRUN)URPQRZRQ GHYHORSHUVZLOOKDYHWRVXEPLWDI¿GDYLWV DVVXULQJWKDWWKH\ZLOOPLQLPL]H the wastage of groundwater before VHHNLQJSHUPLVVLRQIRUFRQVWUXFWLRQ The decision came after a meeting of 1RLGD$XWKRULW\6WDWH3ROOXWLRQ&RQWURO Board and Environment Pollution Control $XWKRULW\(3&$7DNLQJFRJQL]DQFHRI

DUHFHQWLQFLGHQWZKHUHE\D private developer had been EODWDQWO\ZDVWLQJJURXQGZDWHU UHVRXUFHVE\SXPSLQJLWRXW in a sewage drain for almost D\HDUZKLOHGLJJLQJIRUWKH construction of a mall in 6HFWRUWRPDNHWKHWHUUDLQ GU\DQGVXLWDEOHWRFRQVWUXFW the basement, Chairperson, (3&$GLUHFWHGWKH$XWKRULW\ to ensure that the work is KDOWHG7KH$XWKRULW\ZDV also told to take appropriate DFWLRQDJDLQVWWKHEXLOGHU 7KH$XWKRULW\KDVQRZVHUYHG notices to all developers ZKRKDYHEHHQFDUU\LQJRXW massive construction work, directing them to submit DI¿GDYLWVDQGGHWDLOVRI UHXVLQJWKHJURXQGZDWHU

:KLOHLQGLYLGXDOVZKRFRQVWUXFWDÀRRU or two for residential use can be spared, builders constructing high-rises must submit WKHDI¿GDYLWV$OOFDVHVRIYLRODWLRQVKDYH been submitted to the Central Ground Water &RPPLVVLRQ$UHODWHGVLWXDWLRQH[LVWVLQ FDVHRIF\EHUFLW\*XUJDRQDGMDFHQWWR 'HOKLLQWKHVWDWHRI+DU\DQDZKHUHWKH 8UEDQ'HYHORSPHQW$XWKRULW\FDQQRWJLYH license for construction to builders and GHYHORSHUVXQWLOWKH\VXEPLWDQEXLOGLQJ FRQVWUXFWLRQUHTXHVWLQZKLFKLWEHFRPHV FOHDUWKDWWKH\ZLOOQRWXVHWKHJURXQGZDWHU IRUFRQVWUXFWLRQZRUN$VSHU-XO\ +LQGXVWDQ7LPHVWKH+LJKFRXUWRI3XQMDE DQG+DU\DQDVWDWHKDGJLYHQWKLVRUGHU ZKLOHOLVWHQLQJWRWKHSHWLWLRQVXEPLWWHGE\ the Resident Welfare Associations of the QHLJKERXUKRRG7KHDVVRFLDWLRQVKDGZULWWHQ in the petition that some big builders, while digging foundations for the large sites, were using the groundwater from the foundation for the construction and some were selling this groundwater through tankers to urban VHWWOHPHQWVLQ'HOKL2QWKHRWKHUKDQGGXH to falling groundwater levels, the borewell ZRUNVGRQHE\UHVLGHQWVRFLHWLHVLQWKH QHLJKERXUKRRGZHUHQRWJHWWLQJDQ\ZDWHU It is worth noting to consider the natural ZDWHUDYDLODELOLW\LQWKHFDVHVRI1RLGDDQG *XUJDRQ)LJXUH7KH1RLGDH[WHQVLRQ construction areas fall between two ULYHUVQDPHO\<DPXQDDQG+LQGRQ7KLV PHDQVSOHQW\RIJURXQGZDWHUDYDLODEOHDW UHODWLYHO\ORZGHSWKDWOHDVWIRUWKHQHDU IXWXUH7KLVDOVRPHDQVWKDWGHYHORSHUV LQ1RLGDFDQJHWHDV\ZDWHUVXSSO\DW cheap rates even in case of groundwater usage ban which keeps the construction FRVWVORZHU2QWKHRWKHUKDQG*XUJDRQ ZKLFKLVNPDZD\IURP<DPXQD

Figure 5: Satellite Towns – Noida (between two rivers) and Gurgaon (No surface water source visible); Source: Google Earth

Figure 6: Groundwater Spatial Unit within the area of a large construction site Figure 4: Stilt Based Multi-Floor

KDVDOPRVWQRVXUIDFHZDWHUVXSSO\$ERXW ZDWHUVXSSO\IRUGLIIHUHQWSXUSRVHV LVFRPLQJIURPJURXQGZDWHUH[WUDFWLRQ 5DLQIDOOLVOHVVWKDQPPDQQXDOO\7KLV PHDQVGHYHORSHUV¿QGLWHFRQRPLFDOO\ DWWUDFWLYHWRXVHDQ\JURXQGZDWHUWKH\ JHWZKLOHGLJJLQJWKHIRXQGDWLRQ$Q\ kind of ban on groundwater usage is now going to increase the construction cost, although this will help to keep the JURXQGZDWHUVWDEOHLQWKHVKDUHGDTXLIHUV Spatial dimensions

'VXUIDFHSORWZLWKULJKWVJUDQWHGWR build underground basement structure ZKLFKLPSOLHVWKHUGVSDWLDOGLPHQVLRQ The groundwater occurrence and related UHJXODWLRQVLQFUHDVHVWKHFRPSOH[LW\ RIUGVSDWLDOGLPHQVLRQODWHUDOH[WHQW 7KHJHRPHWULFDOFRQQHFWLYLW\RI'

surface plot in 3rd spatial dimension to DGMRLQLQJDQGQRQDGMRLQLQJSORWVLQWKH FRQWH[WRIJURXQGZDWHUDVDG\QDPLF UHVRXUFHW\SHQHHGVWREHFRQVLGHUHG LADM Spatial Unit Context:

,QWKLVFDVHDVLPSOHIDFHERXQGDU\GHULYHG IURPERXQGDU\IDFHVWULQJV'SULPLWLYHV ZRXOGQRWEHVXI¿FLHQW%RXQGDULHVLQ all spatial dimensions need to be made up of 3D primitives, which will help to EXLOGWKHDGMRLQLQJERXQGDU\IDFHVZLWK 'JHRPHWU\DQGWRSRORJ\PDLQWDLQHG as in geological models (Ghawana et DO7KH'JHRPHWU\DQG WRSRORJ\ZLOOHQVXUHFRUUHFWYROXPH calculations of groundwater for each VWDNHKROGHULQFDVHRIDVKDUHGDTXLIHU Based on these 3D primitives, Upper face ERXQGDU\FDQEHGH¿QHGE\JURXQGÀRRU

FRYHUDJH/RZHUIDFHERXQGDU\GH¿QHG E\IRXQGDWLRQÀRRU9HUWLFDOERXQGDU\± IDFHVZLWKWKHLU'JHRPHWU\ZLOOKHOSWR FDWFKWKHUGGLPHQVLRQLQLWVHQWLUHW\ In the case of groundwater, one important WRSRORJLFDOUHTXLUHPHQWZRXOGEHWKH maintenance of surface (not horizontal, EXWDORQJWKHÀRZFRQQHFWLYLW\HVSHFLDOO\ LIWKHUHLVDJURXQGZDWHUVWUHDPÀRZLQJ XQGHUWKHSURSHUW\JURXQGVXUIDFH7KHUH FRXOGEHGH¿QHGDEXLOGLQJUHVWULFWLRQ area at the surface for areas with high recharge potential, or a limitation in depth for the basement, due to a valuable deep DTXLIHUZKLFKFDQVWLOOEHUHFKDUJHGE\ VXEKRUL]RQWDOÀRZV7KLVODVWUHVWULFWLRQ FDQEHDVLPSOH'ERXQGDU\IDFHZKLFK JHQHUDWHVDOD\HUHGUHSUHVHQWDWLRQZLWKLQ WKHSURSHUW\ERXQGDU\IDFHVWULQJV 7KHH[DPSOHLQ)LJXUHVKRZVDSULYDWH SURSHUW\VSDWLDOXQLWWKHODUJHFRQVWUXFWLRQ VLWHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHVHWRIERXQGDU\ IDFHVWULQJVQDPHGµ9HUWLFDO)DFH¶WR The groundwater spatial unit is derived then WKURXJKWKHGH¿QLWLRQRIWRSDQGERWWRPIDFH strings (3D primitives), together with the set of vertical face strings (also 3D primitives) GHWHUPLQHGE\WKHµDV3RO\KHGURQ¶RSHUDWLRQ DVSUHVHQWHGLQ/HPPHQHWDO

Case 4: Dhaula Kuan – Multiple (utility) networks and vertical space claims

Dhaula Kuan is an interesting location from the perspective of land management FRPSOH[LWLHVLQYROYHGLQDFWXDOVLWXDWLRQV ,WLVDPDMRUWUDI¿FLQWHUVHFWLRQUHFHLYLQJ WUDI¿FIURPDOOGLUHFWLRQVRI'HOKL)URP land use point of view, it is interesting to see WKDWLWKDVDJROIFRXUVHIRUDUP\SHUVRQQHO in Delhi Cantonment, a forest area called FHQWUDOULGJHDUHDDQGLWKDVWZRELJJHVW¿YH VWDUKRWHOV0XOWLSOHWUDQVSRUWQHWZRUNVDUH SDVVLQJWKURXJKWKLVDUHD6XUIDFH5RDGV YHKLFOHÀ\RYHUDQGORRSVFLW\WUDLQWUDFN and Airport Express Metro Link in addition WRWKHXWLOLW\QHWZRUNVIRUVHZHUGULQNLQJ ZDWHUHOHFWULFLW\HWF7KHVLWXDWLRQLVJRLQJ WREHPRUHFRPSOH[ZKHQWKHRUGLQDU\ PHWURWUDFNFRQVWUXFWLRQZLOOEHJLQVRRQ,W is not clear whether it will be above surface on pillars, on surface or underground, but under the third phase of Delhi Metro, a FRUULGRUZLOOFURVVWKLVSDWK)LJXUHDQG S.No. Utility Network _{Dimensions in Z} Spatial Operating Agency

1 6HZHUDJH/LQH

Below Drinking Water /LQHDW6XEVXUIDFH /HYHOPHWHUV in depth) -z

Delhi Jal Board (Water Board) XQGHU'HOKL6WDWHJRYW  Drinking Water Line 6XEVXUIDFH/HYHO PHWHUV LQGHSWK±]

Delhi Jal Board (Water Board) XQGHU'HOKL6WDWHJRYW 3 Internet Optical )LEHU/LQH

Telephone Lines

6XEVXUIDFH/HYHO PHWHUVLQGHSWK±]

Reliance (Private Concessionaire) 0DKDQDJDU7HOHSKRQH 1LJDP/WG*RYHUQPHQWRI ,QGLD7HOHSKRQHDJHQF\  (OHFWULFLW\/LQHV 6XEVXUIDFH/HYHO PHWHUVLQGHSWK±] %6(63ULYDWH&RQFHVVLRQDLUH 5 Cooking Gas

Pipe Line 6XEVXUIDFH/HYHOPHWHUVLQGHSWK±]

,QGUDSUDVWKD*DV/WG&RPSDQ\ SURPRWHGE\SXEOLFVHFWRUJDV and petroleum agencies)

6 6XUIDFH5RDG 6XUIDFH/HYHO meters in depth) z

Public Works Department, 1DWLRQDO+LJKZD\$XWKRULW\ India, NDMC, DCB, North Delhi Municipal Corporation

7 &LW\7UDLQ7UDFN 6XUIDFH/HYHO

meters in depth) z 0LQLVWU\RI5DLOZD\V  9HKLFOH)O\RYHU $ERYH6XUIDFH/HYHO$SSUR[

meters in height) +z

Public Works Department

9 Airport Express Metro Track on Pillars $ERYH6XUIDFH/HYHO $SSUR[ meters in height) +z 5HOLDQFH3YW/WG3ULYDWH Concessionaire)

10 Delhi Metro Track $ERYH6XUIDFH/HYHO$SSUR[ meters in height) +z

Delhi Metro Rail Corporation FRPSDQ\ZLWKHTXDOSDUWLFLSDWLRQ of Government of India and Government of National &DSLWDO7HUULWRU\RI'HOKL

Administrative aspects

$W'KDXOD.XDQZH¿QGYDULRXVDJHQFLHVDW ZRUNLQFOXGLQJ1'0&WRZDUGV+RWHO$UHD After MCD division, the area towards north side with the central ridge forest comes under WKHMXULVGLFWLRQRI1RUWK'HOKL0XQLFLSDO

&RUSRUDWLRQ'HOKL&DQWRQPHQW%RDUG (DCB) takes care of the area inside Delhi Cantonment and that includes the golf course QH[WWR'KDXOD.XDQ3RLQW$OOWKHIRUHVW area, called Central Ridge, around this point comes under the forest department of Delhi JRYHUQPHQW7KHUHDUHPDQ\RWKHUH[HFXWLQJ

agencies like Public Works Department (PWD), Delhi Metro Rail Corporation '05&/DQGDQG'HYHORSPHQW2I¿FHRI Indian government and Revenue Department RI'HOKL*RYHUQPHQW3:'PDLQWDLQV the road infrastructure (surface road and À\RYHUXSWRWKHÀ\RYHUHQGSRLQWVRQ ERWKVLGHVDQGWKHORRSV$IWHUWKHHQGRI WKHÀ\RYHUWRZDUGVWKHZHVWHUQVLGHWKHUH LVDWUDI¿FOLJKWZKLFKKDVRQHURDGJRLQJ VWUDLJKWWRWKHZHVW1DWLRQDO+LJKZD\ and one taking a right turn, goes inside the Delhi Cantonment Area (General Carriappa 5RDG1DWLRQDO+LJKZD\DIWHUWKLVWUDI¿F OLJKWFRPHVXQGHUWKH1DWLRQDO+LJKZD\ $XWKRULW\RI,QGLD1+$,ZKLOHWKH*HQHUDO &DUULDSSD5RDGDIWHUWKLVWUDI¿FOLJKWLV PDLQWDLQHGE\'&%2QWKHHDVWHUQVLGH RIWKHÀ\RYHUDIWHULWHQGVWKHURDGVDUH PDLQWDLQHGE\WKH1'0&1RUWK'HOKL Municipal Corporation is responsible for the maintenance of the ridge road going through the central ridge forest towards WKHQRUWKHDVWHUQVLGH8QGHUWKH$LUSRUW Metro express pillars, the ownership of WKHEXIIHU]RQHRIDSSUR[LPDWHO\PHWHU UHPDLQVZLWKJRYHUQPHQWDOFRPSDQ\ '05&'05&QHHGQRWWRWDNHDQ\ SHUPLVVLRQIRUDQ\NLQGRILQIUDVWUXFWXUH work in this buffer zone from other H[HFXWLQJDJHQFLHV)LJXUHDQG Spatial dimensions

7KHFRPSOH[LW\RIVSDWLDOGLPHQVLRQVIRU GLIIHUHQWXWLOLW\QHWZRUNVDW'KDXOD.XDQ SRLQWLVVLJQL¿FDQWIURPWKHSHUVSHFWLYHRI coordination between the various agencies LQYROYHG7KLVFRRUGLQDWLRQLVLPSRUWDQWIRU the maintenance and thus for the smooth IXQFWLRQLQJRIWKHVHQHWZRUNV7DEOHOLVWV WKHYDULRXVXWLOLW\QHWZRUNVZKLFKFODLPV spatial space share in vertical dimensions DOVR,WDOVRPHQWLRQVWKHLUDSSUR[LPDWH depth/height as well as the operating agencies which could be governmental, semi-autonomous governmental or private FRQFHVVLRQDLUHDJHQFLHV)LJXUHVKRZV the agencies having ownership/responsible IRUWKHPDLQWHQDQFHRIWKHXWLOLW\QHWZRUNV ZKLFKDUHRQVXUIDFHDERYHVXUIDFH LADM Spatial Unit Context The situation depicted in this case is REYLRXVO\FRPSOH[DQGLQYROYHVD VXEVWDQWLDOQXPEHURIGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRI

(a)Year 2000 – A simple roundabout

(c) Year 2008- All the road loops completed

(e) Year 2010 – Airport Express Metro Track Completed

(b)Year 2004 – A flyover for vehicles constructed

(d)Year 2009 – Work begin for Airport Metro Express line under PPP model, concessionaire: Reliance Pvt. Ltd.

Figure 7: Dhaula Kuan infrastructural changes over the years; Source: Google Earth

Figure 8: 3D view of Dhuala Kuan surface and above surface utility networks

VSDWLDOXQLWVZKLFKFRPELQH''DQG OLPLQDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQV)RUWKHVDNHRI VLPSOLFLW\WKHIROORZLQJGHVFULSWLRQLV omitting the administrative subdivisions within the area, although LADM can be XVHGIRUWKLVSXUSRVHDVZHOO)LJXUH $¿UVWOHYHORIDQDO\VLVFRQFHUQVWKH delimitation of spatial units belonging to WZREDVLFIRUPVRISURSHUW\3XEOLF'RPDLQ DQG3ULYDWH3URSHUW\7KLVVKRXOGIRUP WKHEDVLFSDUWLWLRQRI'VSDFHOHDYLQJ no gaps or overlaps at this level, and is QDWXUDOO\EHVWUHSUHVHQWHGE\ERXQGDU\ IDFHVWULQJVIROORZLQJD'7RSRORJLF VSDWLDOSUR¿OH,627&$QQH[ ($VDOUHDG\VHHQWKHVHVSDWLDOXQLWVDUH in fact representing an unbounded vertical VSDFHERWKDERYHDQGEHORZJURXQG,Q DVHFRQGOHYHORIDQDO\VLVWKHUHVKRXOG come all the spatial units which consider administrative servitudes and easements (also with 3D descriptions), whenever the ownership (public or private) differs from WKHRQHLQWKH¿UVWOHYHOWKHEDVLFSDUWLWLRQ 7KLVLVWKHFDVHZLWKDOOWKHUHIHUUHGXWLOLW\ QHWZRUNVZKHUHDVSHFLDOL]HGW\SHRIVSDWLDO XQLWV/$B/HJDO6SDFH8WLOLW\1HWZRUN VKDOOEHFRQVLGHUHG7KHVHVKRXOGEH UHSUHVHQWHGE\'VSDWLDOXQLWVGH¿QLQJ elongated prisms which carve out parts IURPWKHXQERXQGHGVSDFHGH¿QHGE\ WKHVSDWLDOXQLWVLQWKHEDVLFOHYHO

Giving the traditional mandate of Land Registries, the situation should EHFDUHIXOO\H[DPLQHGWRVHHZKLFK VSDWLDOXQLWVDUHFXUUHQWO\EHLQJ registered, so as to consider possible PRGL¿FDWLRQVWRWKHOHJDOIUDPHZRUN 7KLVVKRXOGFRQVLGHUSDUWLFXODUO\ the spatial relationships between units in the public and private GRPDLQV7KHDERYHGHVFULSWLRQ FRQVLGHULQJMXVWWZROHYHOVRI DQDO\VLVFDQEHLQIDFWPRUHFRPSOH[ LQUHDOLW\WKURXJKWKHFRQVLGHUDWLRQ of true 3D parcels representing a different ownership from the basic OHYHO'SDUFHOV,QWKLVFDVHLW would be possible to consider a different level of easements (or administrative servitudes) which would EHFRQWDLQHGZLWKLQWKHVH'SDUFHOV $VDQH[DPSOHIRUWKHVSHFL¿FFDVH above, the situation of a vehicle À\RYHUIRUPLQJD'3DUFHORZQHG E\D3XEOLF3DUW\FRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHG where an easement for a Gas Pipe is included and is registered with a GLIIHUHQWRZQHU7KLVZRXOGIRUPD' spatial unit that should be contained ZLWKLQWKHYROXPHRIWKH'3DUFHO In this example, it should also be considered DGPLQLVWUDWLYHVHUYLWXGHVLPSRVHGLQDQ\ EDVLFOHYHOSXEOLFSURSHUW\SDUFHO' ZKLFKLVFURVVHGE\WKHYHKLFOHÀ\RYHU

Conclusion and

recommendations

Dense urban spaces in developing countries are facing new challenges of land management on technical and institutional FRRUGLQDWLRQOHYHO'HOKLDQGLWVLPPHGLDWH neighbourhood cities are going through a transformation process for land DGPLQLVWUDWLRQDQGWKHLUFDGDVWUDOV\VWHPV There is an imperative need on land management related organisations and other VWDNHKROGHUVOHYHOWRXQGHUVWDQGWKLVUDSLGO\ changing scenario of land as a valuable FRPPRGLW\DQGDOVRDVDVFDUFHUHVRXUFH &DGDVWUDOV\VWHPVQHHGWREHGHVLJQHG and supported from three dimensional spatial perspective and contributing for a FRQWLQXRXVO\XSGDWHGUHJLVWUDWLRQV\VWHPV

It is important to focus on determining WKHULJKWW\SHRIGDWDSULPLWLYHVVRWKDW to generate meaningful information in LADM Context or other generic spatial SHUVSHFWLYHV$VVHHQLQWKHVHFDVHV underground and above ground structures need to keep a topological relationship ZLWKHDUWKVXUIDFHLQEHWZHHQ,QWKLV paper, the focus has been kept on the VXSSRUWZKLFKWKH6SDWLDO8QLWSDFNDJHRI LADM and its related modelling patterns FDQSURYLGHLQWKHFRQWH[WRISDUWLFXODUO\ complex land administration cases in DQGDURXQG'HOKLPHWURSROLV$ORJLFDO IROORZXSFRQFHUQLQJDSRVVLEOHSURWRW\SH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQRID'FDGDVWUDOV\VWHP VKRXOGVWXG\WKHLPSOLFDWLRQVEURXJKW E\FRQVLGHULQJWKHUHPDLQLQJSDFNDJHV RI/$'0/HJDODQG$GPLQLVWUDWLYH $¿UVWYHUVLRQRIVXFKDV\VWHP FRXOGEHEXLOWXSRQWKHGDWDDOUHDG\ JDWKHUHGIRU&DVHDW'KDXOD.XDQ )XWXUHZRUNDOVRLQFOXGHVLPSOHPHQWLQJWKH 6SDWLDO8QLWPRGHO)RUWKLVDQLQWHJUDWHG TIN/TEN model is proposed, which UHSUHVHQWVWKHVXUIDFH'REMHFWVLQD 7,1DQGYROXPHWULFREMHFWV'DV7(1V which will be placed on top or below the 7,1,WLVDOVRSUHVXPHGWKDWDOO'IHDWXUHV are connected to the earth surface (Peninga, 6XFKDQLQWHJUDWHGPRGHOFDQHDVLO\ handle large data sets while maintaining 'DQG'WRSRORJLFDOUHODWLRQVKLSV The complete paper with detailed references can be accessed at www.mycoordinates.org

Figure 10: Spatial partition and above ground properties at Dhaula Kuan intersection; schematic geometry of corresponding LADM objects. Figure 9: Dhaula Kuan Surface & Above

Surface Utility Networks and Maintenance Agencies; Source: Google Earth; Note: These areas (with specific RRRs) overlap the other areas (with other RRRs) as depicted in Fig. 8, so really a complex 3D situation

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This issue has been made possible by the support and good wishes of the following individuals and companies Abdul-Lateef Balogun,, Abdul-Nasir Matori,, Andrea Hildebrand, Bo-Han Wu, Brent A Jones, Chung-Liang Chang, Dano Umar Lawal, Joao Hespanha, Imtiaz Ahmed Chandio, Khamaruzaman Yussof,, Mukund Rao, Peter van Oosterom, 3UDGHHS.KDQGHOZDO7DUXQ*KDZDQDDQG<RQJ&KHQJ+XDQJDQG$VKWHFK&+&(I¿JLV)RLI+HPLVSKHUH*36 +L7DUJHW-DYDG3HQWD[1DYFRP1RY$WHO6HQVRQRU6SHFWUD6RXWK7HFKHTXLS7ULPEOHDQGPDQ\RWKHUV

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In this issue

Coordinates

Volume 9, Issue 7, July 2013

Coordinates is an initiative of cGIT that aims to broaden the scope of positioning, navigation and related technologies. cGIT does not neccesarily subscribe to the views expressed by the authors in this magazine and may not be held liable for any losses caused directly or indirectly due to the information provided herein. © cGIT, 2013. Reprinting with permission is encouraged; contact the editor for details.

Annual subscription (12 issues) [India] Rs.1,200

[Overseas] US$80

Printed and published by Sanjay Malaviya on behalf of

Centre for Geoinformation Technologies at A221 Mangal Apartments, Vasundhara Enclave, Delhi 110096, India.

Editor Bal Krishna

Owner Centre for Geoinformation Technologies

Designed at Spring Design (springdesign@live.com)

Printer Thomson Press India Ltd., B 315, Okhla Phase I,

New Delhi - 110020, India

This issue of Coordinates is of 64 pages, including cover.

Columns

My Coordinates

EDITORIAL 7

Her Coordinates

ANDREA HILDEBRAND 8

His Coordinates

BRENT A JONES 20

News

GIS 52