• Nie Znaleziono Wyników

Geografia i skala glokalna - przemiana generacyjna - Biblioteka UMCS

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "Geografia i skala glokalna - przemiana generacyjna - Biblioteka UMCS"

Copied!
18
0
0

Pełen tekst

(1)

$11$/(6

81,9(56,7$7,60$5,$(&85,(6.à2'2:6.$

/8%/,1±32/21,$

92//;9,,, 6(&7,2% 

6áRZDNOXF]RZHĞURGRZLVNRF]áRZLHNDSHUFHSFMDJORNDOL]DFMDF\EHUJHRJUD¿D*8

.H\ZRUGVKXPDQHQYLURQPHQWSHUFHSWLRQJORFDOL]DWLRQF\EHUJHRJUDSK\*8

*(2*5$),$,ĝ52'2:,6.2&=à2:,(.$±80:(/7

*HRJUD¿D]JRGQLH](QF\NORSHGLą%ULWDQQLFDMHVWPáRGąG\VF\SOLQąQDXNR

ZąXNV]WDáWRZDQąZ;;ZLHNXD NWyUDZ\WZDU]DSRPRVWPLĊG]\QDXNDPLSU]\

URGQLF]\PLLVSRáHF]Q\PLE NWyUHMKLVWRULDWRG]LHMHP\ĞOHQLDRNRQFHSFMDFKĞUR

GRZLVNPLHMVFLSU]HVWU]HQLF NWyUHMWUHĞüSRPDJDOXG]LRP]UR]XPLHü¿]\NDOQą

U]HF]\ZLVWRĞü RUD] QDV]H OXG]NLH  SRF]\QDQLD VNLHURZDQH QD SU]HNV]WDáFDQLH

UyĪQ\FKĞURGRZLVNZNRPIRUWRZHGRRVLHGODQLDVLĊPLHMVFDG NWyUD]DSHZQLD

ZJOąGGRJáyZQ\FKZVSyáF]HVQ\FKSUREOHPyZWDNLFKMDNJOREDOL]DFMDL]PLDQ\

ĞURGRZLVNDQDWXUDOQHJRH NWyUDSR]ZDODGRFHQLüORNDOQHUyĪQLFHL]PLHQLDMąFH

VLĊ SUDNW\NL GHWHUPLQXMąFH SU]HREUDĪHQLD ZH ZV]\VWNLFK Z\ĪHM Z\PLHQLRQ\FK

SXQNWDFK (QF\NORSHGLD%ULWDQQLFD :\PLHQLRQ\ZGH¿QLFMLWHUPLQÄĞURGRZL

³$OWKRXJKWKHUHZDVDPXFKHDUOLHUWHDFKLQJRIZKDWLVQRZFDOOHGJHRJUDSK\WKHDFDGHPLF

GLVFLSOLQH LV ODUJHO\ D WKFHQWXU\ FUHDWLRQ IRUPLQJ D EULGJH EHWZHHQ WKH QDWXUDO DQG VRFLDO

VFLHQFHV7KHKLVWRU\RIJHRJUDSK\LVWKHKLVWRU\RIWKLQNLQJDERXWWKHFRQFHSWVRIHQYLURQPHQWV

SODFHVDQGVSDFHV,WVFRQWHQWFRYHUVDQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHSK\VLFDOUHDOLW\ZHRFFXS\DQGRXU

WUDQVIRUPDWLRQV RI HQYLURQPHQWV LQWR SODFHV WKDW ZH ¿QG PRUH FRPIRUWDEOH WR LQKDELW DOWKRXJK

PDQ\VXFKPRGL¿FDWLRQVRIWHQKDYHQHJDWLYHORQJWHUPLPSDFWV *HRJUDSK\SURYLGHVLQVLJKWVLQWR

PDMRUFRQWHPSRUDU\LVVXHVVXFKDVJOREDOL]DWLRQDQGHQYLURQPHQWDOFKDQJHDVZHOODVDGHWDLOHG

0$5,.$3,59(/,%$5%$5$/(:&=8.

*HRJUD¿DLVNDODJORNDOQD±SU]HPLDQDJHQHUDF\MQD

*HRJUDSK\DQGJORFDOVFDOH±JHQHUDWLRQDOFRQYHUVLRQ

.DWHGUD*HRJUD¿L6SRáHF]QHML2UJDQL]DFML3U]HVWU]HQL

8QLZHUV\WHW6]F]HFLĔVNLHPDLOPDULNDSLUYHOL#XQLYV]F]HFLQSO

XPFVJHR

(2)



VNR´ QLHP8PZHOW WRĞZLDWRWDF]DMąF\NWyU\MHVW]DZV]HF]\MбWHJRNWyUHJR

RWDF]DDRQMHVWZMHJRĞURGNX:QDXNDFKSU]HVWU]HQQ\FKJáyZQLHJHRJUD¿L

FKRG]L]D]Z\F]DMRĞURGRZLVNRF]áRZLHND

ĝURGRZLVNR EH]SU]\PLRWQLNRZH MHVW QDMF]ĊĞFLHM VNUyWHP P\ĞORZ\P -DNR

V\QRQLPĞURGRZLVNDF]áRZLHNDMHVWNDWHJRULą]E\WRJyOQąE\PRĪQDMH]GH¿QLR

ZDüRSHUDF\MQLHJG\ĪSRZVWDMHS\WDQLHMDNLHHOHPHQW\RWRF]HQLDF]áRZLHNDVą

LQWHUHVXMąFHGODGDOV]\FKUR]ZDĪDĔ2GSRZLHGĨQDWDNSRVWDZLRQHS\WDQLHMHVW]D

]Z\F]DMLPSOLNRZDQDSU]H]SU]\GDZNLGRGDZDQHGRWHUPLQXÄĞURGRZLVNR´±QS

SU]\URGQLF]HLNXOWXURZH 5\NLHO3LUYHOL± 7RGUXJLHQD]\ZDQH

UyZQLHĪDQWURSRJHQLF]Q\PMHVWG]LHáHPF]áRZLHNDSLHUZV]HQDWRPLDVW±G]LH

áHP SU]\URG\ 1LHUD] µĞURGRZLVNR SU]\URGQLF]H¶ SRMPXMHP\ Z ]QDF]HQLX µĞUR

GRZLVND QDWXUDOQHJR¶ FR ZLHORNURWQLH Z\ZRáXMH EáĊGQą UHDNFMĊ VSURZDG]HQLH

ĞURGRZLVNDZ\áąF]QLHGRMHJRSU]\URGQLF]HMSRáRZ\LSRGQLHVLHQLHW\PVDP\P

MHGQHMSRáRZ\FDáRĞFLGRUDQJLĞURGRZLVNDDGUXJLHM±GRQLHUyZQHMSR]\FMLF]\Q

QLND3URZDG]RQ\ZSRGREQ\PWRNXSURFHVQDXNRZHJRSR]QDQLDQDV]HJRĞURGR

ZLVNDVWDZLDF]áRZLHNDZSR]\FMLSU]HGPLRWRZHMEDJDWHOL]XMH]QDF]HQLHUyĪQLF

NXOWXURZRSU]HVWU]HQQ\FK Z SURFHVLH JRVSRGDURZDQLD SU]HVWU]HQL XPQLHMV]D

ZSá\ZSRVWĊSXMąFHMXUEDQL]DFMLQDĞURGRZLVNRSU]\URGQLF]HNWyUHMXĪRGF]DVyZ

*DOLOHXV]DQLHMHVWQDWXUDOQ\PWZRUHPSU]\URG\ *DOLOHXV] -HGQRVWURQQH

WUDNWRZDQLHĞURGRZLVNDMHVWFRUD]F]ĊĞFLHMNRU\JRZDQH]DSRPRFąXZ]JOĊGQLHQLD

µF]\QQLNDDQWURSRJHQLF]QHJR¶1LHUyZQHWUDNWRZDQLHSU]\URGQLF]HMLNXOWXURZHM

F]ĊĞFL ĞURGRZLVND MHVW WHĪ VSU]HF]QH ] SRVWĊSRZDQLHP QDXNRZ\P L SRVWU]HJD

QLHPF]áRZLHNDZQDXNDFKJHRJUD¿F]Q\FK 5HPERZVND0DLN5HPERZ

VND6XOLERUVNL 

&]áRZLHN MDNR Ī\ZD LVWRWD JDWXQHN ELRORJLF]Q\  MHVW F]ĊĞFLą ĞURGRZLVND

SU]\URGQLF]HJRQDWRPLDVWMDNRZ\WZyUZáDVQHMNXOWXU\MHVWSRGPLRWHPLRĞURG

DSSUHFLDWLRQRIORFDOGLIIHUHQFHVFKDQJHVLQGLVFLSOLQDU\LQWHUHVWVDQGSUDFWLFHVUHÀHFWWKRVHLVVXHV´

(QF\FORSHGLD%ULWDQQLFD 

-DQ6]F]HSDĔVNL  SLVDáĪHVRFMRORG]\]DSRĪ\F]\OLWHUPLQÄĞURGRZLVNR´RGELRORJyZ

RUD] ĪH Z QDXNDFK VSRáHF]Q\FK SRVáXJXMąF VLĊ SRMĊFLHP ĞURGRZLVND VSRáHF]QHJR Ä]D]Z\F]DM

F]áRZLHNPDQDP\ĞOLJHRJUD¿F]QHZDUXQNLĪ\FLDVSRáHF]QHJRGH¿QLXMąFMHMDNRXNáDGSU]HGPLRWyZ

LLQQ\FKRUJDQL]PyZĪ\Z\FKNWyUHRWDF]DMąF]áRZLHNDLZ\ZLHUDMąMDNLĞZSá\ZQD]DFKRG]ąFH´

SURFHV\8PZHOWGODVIHU\SU]HQLNDQLD *RIIPDQ ]RVWDáR]GH¿QLRZDQHZNVLąĪFHRHSRFH

SyĨQHMQRZRF]HVQRĞFLMDNRÄĞZLDWGRĞZLDGF]DQ\]NWyU\PMHGQRVWNDUXW\QRZRMHVWZNRQWDNFLH]H

Z]JOĊGXQDSRWHQFMDOQHQLHEH]SLHF]HĔVWZRLVWDQ\]DJURĪHQLD´ *LGGHQV µ3RWHQFMDOQH

QLHEH]SLHF]HĔVWZR¶ L µVWDQ\ ]DJURĪHQLD¶ EĊGąF QRZ\PL VWDá\PL HOHPHQWDPL GRĞZLDGF]DQHJR

RWRF]HQLD F]áRZLHND SyĨQHM QRZRF]HVQRĞFL SRV]HU]DMą ]DNUHV JHRJUD¿F]Q\FK ZDUXQNyZ Ī\FLD

=JRGQLH ] SXQNWHP ÄF´ ]DF\WRZDQHM Z\ĪHM GH¿QLFML JHRJUD¿D SRZLQQD SRPDJDü ÄOXG]LRP

]UR]XPLHü¿]\NDOQąU]HF]\ZLVWRĞüRUD]1DV]H OXG]NLH SRF]\QDQLDSURZDG]ąFHGRSU]HNV]WDáFDQLD

UyĪQ\FKĞURGRZLVNZNRPIRUWRZHGRRVLHGODQLDVLĊPLHMVFD´ V 8PZHOW±ĞZLDWGRĞZLDGF]DQ\

SU]H]F]áRZLHNDSyĨQHMQRZRF]HVQRĞFL±FHFKXMHVDPR]ZURWQRĞü±WMÄV\WXDFMDZNWyUHMUHODFMH

VSRáHF]QHOXEHOHPHQW\ĞZLDWDQDWXUDOQHJRVąUHÀHNV\MQLHRUJDQL]RZDQHZNDWHJRULDFKNU\WHULyZ

ZHZQĊWU]Q\FK´ *LGGHQV 

0$5,.$3,59(/,%$5%$5$/(:&=8.

(3)



NLHPWHJRĞURGRZLVND6NRURF]áRZLHNMHVWZ\WZRUHPZáDVQHMNXOWXU\WRGRW\F]\

WRUyZQLHĪZV]\VWNLFKHOHPHQWyZMHJRĞURGRZLVND±SRVWU]HJDQHJRLXĪ\WNRZD

QHJRSU]H]F]áRZLHND ZW\P,QWHUQHW W\ONRZ]ZLą]NX]MHJRNXOWXUąRUD]ZDU

WRĞFLRZDQHJR ]JRGQLH ] MHJR NDQRQDPL .XOWXUD MDNNROZLHN ]GH¿QLRZDQD  WR

V\VWHPZDUWRĞFLLNDQRQyZSRGOHJDMąF\FKHZROXFML(ZROXFMLSRGOHJDMąUyZQLHĪ

P\ĞOLLG\VF\SOLQ\QDXNRZHSUHIHURZDQHSU]H]JURQRQDXNRZFyZRULHQWDFMHED

GDĔQDXNRZ\FK SDUDG\JPDW\ QDU]ĊG]LDEDGDZF]HĨUyGáDLQIRUPDFMLLWHFKQLNL

GRWDUFLDGRQLFK 5\NLHO&KDOPHUV&KRMQLFNL0DFQDJKWHQ8UU\

*UREOHU :GRELHSRZV]HFKQHMJOREDOL]DFMLÄĞZLDGRPRĞüNRQLHF]QR

ĞFLG]LDáDĔLQWHJUDF\MQ\FKRUD]V\QWH]\ZLHG]\VWDMHVLĊFRUD]SRZV]HFKQLHMV]D

]DUyZQR X SU]HGVWDZLFLHOL QDXN SU]\URGQLF]\FK MDN L KXPDQLVW\F]Q\FK F]HJR

Z\UD]HPMHVWG\QDPLF]Q\UR]ZyMG]LHG]LQSRJUDQLF]Q\FKDWDNĪHSRV]XNLZDQLH

PHWRGRORJLL L MĊ]\ND NWyU\ XPRĪOLZLáE\ RSLVDQLH L Z\MDĞQLHQLH ĞZLDWD NXOWXU\

LQDWXU\´ F]áRZLHNDLĞURGRZLVND6XOLERUVNL 

:<2%5$ĩ(1,(*(2*5$),&=1(,6.$/$

3HUFHSFMDLGąĪHQLHGR]DFKRZDQLDORNDOQHMWRĪVDPRĞFLPLHMVFDZJOREDOL]X

MąF\PVLĊĞZLHFLHXZ\SXNODSRZDJĊWHMZáDĞFLZRĞFLQDV]HMG\VF\SOLQ\QDXNRZHM

NWyUDZZZGH¿QLFML]RVWDáDVIRUPXáRZDQDZSXQNFLHÄH´±WMJHRJUD¿DSR]ZDOD

GRFHQLüORNDOQHUyĪQLFHL]PLHQLDMąFHVLĊSUDNW\NL7DFHFKDRGZRáXMHVLĊGRWHM

XPLHMĊWQRĞFLJHRJUDIyZNWyUDQD]\ZDVLĊµZ\REUDĪHQLHPJHRJUD¿F]Q\P¶ *HR

JUDSKLFDO,PDJLQDWLRQ MHVW]GH¿QLRZDQDLRSLVDQD]DUyZQRZWHNĞFLHRZ\NáD

GDFK+HWWQHUD  MDNLZSLąWHMHG\FMLVáRZQLND7KH'LFWLRQDU\RI+XPDQ

*HRJUDSK\ ± 

:\REUDĪHQLHJHRJUD¿F]QHQDGDMHSHUFHSFMLV]F]HJyOQH]QDF]HQLH3HUFHSFMD

ZV]HURNLPVHQVLHR]QDF]DUHMHVWUDFMĊ XFKZ\FHQLH SU]HGPLRWyZL]GDU]HĔĞUR

GRZLVND]HZQĊWU]QHJR SU]\URGQLF]HJRLNXOWXURZHJR LFKRGELyUVHQVRU\F]Q\

DGHNZDWQH ]H ]GROQRĞFLą ]P\VáyZ  UR]XPLHQLH LGHQW\¿NDFMĊ RUD] RNUHĞOHQLH

ZHUEDOQHLSU]\JRWRZDQLHGRUHDNFMLQDERG]LHF3HUFHSFMD]DWHPWRMHGHQ]SRG

VWDZRZ\FKPLĊNNLFKQDU]ĊG]LGRJHRJUDIRZDQLDSU]H]F]áRZLHNDSU]HGPLRWyZ

L]GDU]HĔĞZLDWDRWDF]DMąFHJR±WMWHMF]ĊĞFLF]DVRSU]HVWU]HQLNWyUąMHVWRQZVWD

QLHVSRVWU]HF]UR]XPLHüRSLVDüE\QDJURPDG]LüZLHG]ĊGODGUXJLHJRF]áRZLHND

] ZáDVQHM EąGĨ SU]\V]áHM JHQHUDFML 1DJURPDG]RQD ZLHG]D PD QLH W\ONR WHRUH

W\F]Qą ZDUWRĞü :Sá\ZD RQD QD JáĊELH Z\REUDĪHQLD JHRJUD¿F]QHJR -HVW SRG

VWDZąHZROXFMLP\ĞOLLSRVWĊSXQDXNRZRWHFKQRORJLF]QHJRRUD]±FRZDĪQLHMV]H

±NXOWXURZHJR1DJURPDG]RQDZLHG]DSURZDG]LGR]PLDQJHQHUDF\MQ\FKLZUĊF]

SU]HZURWXNRSHUQLNDĔVNLHJR(J]HPSOL¿NDFMąSRGREQ\FK]PLDQMHVWVHNZHQFMD

 7HUPLQ ÄSU]HZUyW NRSHUQLNDĔVNL´ SRGNUHĞOD ZLHORDVSHNWRZRĞü REHFQLH ]DFKRG]ąF\FK

SU]HPLDQRUD]RGZRáXMHVLĊGRIDNWXĪHZLHONLHZ\GDU]HQLD]G]LHMyZQDXNLVą]ZLą]DQH]H]ZURWDPL

ZKLVWRULLNXOWXU\]DUyZQRMDNRSU]\F]\QDMDNLVNXWHNWHUPLQWHQVWZDU]DRND]MĊĪHE\VWZLHUG]Lü

*(2*5$),$,6.$/$*/2.$/1$±35=(0,$1$*(1(5$&<-1$

(4)



QLĪHM]DáąF]RQ\FKREUD]yZ U\F ZV]DNXND]XMąRQHPDNV\PDOQ\]DVLĊJRE

V]DUXREMĊWHJRZ\REUDĪHQLHPJHRJUD¿F]Q\PSRGOHJDMąFHJRSHUFHSFMLLJHRJUD

IRZDQLX

5\F:\REUDĪHQLHRĞZLHFLH 3LUYHOL5DNRZVNLU\F

)LJ,PDJHVRIWKHZRUOG 3LUYHOL5DNRZVNL)LJ

3267ĉ3&<:,/,=$&<-1<$=0,$1$*(1(5$&<-1$

=PLDQDJHQHUDF\MQDEąGĨSRNROHQLRZDF]\NRSHUQLNDĔVNDR]QDF]DRGPLHQ

Q\ZSRUyZQDQLX]SRSU]HGQLPSRNROHQLHPVSRVyEURELHQLDU]HF]\ SUDFRGDZFD

Z\SáDFDZ\QDJURG]HQLHSU]HOHZHPQDNRQWRVSUDZG]HQLHVWDQXZáDVQHJRNRQ

WD EH] NRQLHF]QRĞFL Z\MĞFLD ] GRPX  JRVSRGDURZDQLD SU]HVWU]HQLą LQVW\WXFMH

LXVáXJLSRZVWDMąLG]LDáDMąZF\IURZHMSU]HVWU]HQL ZW\PJHRJUDIRZDQLDĞUR

GRZLVND JRRJORZDQLH ĞURGRZLVND ]D SRĞUHGQLFWZHP VPDUWIRQyZ  F]\ RUJDQL

]RZDQLD ZV]\VWNLFK G]LDáyZ JRVSRGDUNL Z W\P F\IU\]DFML XVáXJ  FR Z\QLND

]H ]PLDQ ]DFKRG]ąF\FK Z V]HURNR UR]XPLDQHM VIHU]H SRVWĊSX F\ZLOL]DF\MQHJR

NXOWXURZHJR ZUD] ] QDXNRZRWHFKQLF]Q\P FR ZSá\ZD QD REOLF]H SU]HVWU]HQL

JHRJUD¿F]QHM 1D]\ZDMąF]PLDQĊNRSHUQLNDĔVNą]DNáDGDP\MHMZLHONRĞü±Vą

WR]PLDQ\NWyUHZ\]QDF]DMąSXQNW\]ZURWQHZELHJXF\ZLOL]DF\MQ\P QLHSHáQD

OLVWDRGNU\üNRSHUQLNDĔVNLFKQSZ\QDOH]LHQLHNRáD=LHPLDQLHVWRLQDJU]ELHFLH

ĪyáZLDĞZLDWáRHOHNWURQLF]QH,QWHUQHW 

=PLDQD SRNROHQLRZD Z\UDĪRQD Z F\IU\]DFML GHWHUPLQXMH VSRVyE SRVWU]H

JDQLDL]DVLĊJSRVWU]HJDQHJRĞURGRZLVNDNXOWXUĊRVRELVWąLSDUDG\JPDWP\ĞOH

QLDQLHW\ONRSRMHG\QF]\FKRVyE QLH]DOHĪQLHRGZ\NRQ\ZDQHJR]DZRGX OHF]

UyZQLHĪVSRáHF]QRĞFLLVSRáHF]HĔVWZ:Z\QLNXRZ\FKSU]HPLDQ]PLHQLDMąVLĊ

JUDQLFH ]DVLĊJ ĞURGRZLVNDHJ]\VWHQFMLF]áRZLHNDZ\NUDF]DRQRSR]DWUDG\F\M

QLHUR]XPLDQąNDWHJRULĊQDMEOLĪV]HJRĞURGRZLVNDPLHV]F]ąFHJRVLĊZSURPLHQLX

JHRJUD¿F]QHJRKRU\]RQWX ,QWHUQHWSRGREQLHMDNNRVPLF]Q\WHOHVNRS+XEEOH¶D

SR]ZDOD OXG]LRP ZLG]LHü Vá\V]Hü L SU]HE\ZDü Z PLHMVFDFK RGGDORQ\FK7HOH

VNRSXĪ\WNXMHZ\áąF]QLHNLONXRVRERZ\]HVSyáZ\VRNRZ\NZDOL¿NRZDQ\FKVSH

FMDOLVWyZ,QWHUQHW±SUDZLHNDĪG\F]áRZLHN 

3U]HG ĞZLWHP XSRZV]HFKQLHQLD ,QWHUQHWX VWZLHUG]RQR ĪH ÄSRZVWDMH QRZD

JHRJUD¿D>«@RQDSUDZLHMXĪLVWQLHMH:FLąJXMHGQHMJHQHUDFMLEĊG]LHP\]PX

]D 7 6 .XKQHP   LĪ SRMĊFLD XNV]WDáWRZDQH Z ZLHOX UR]PDLW\FK G]LHG]LQDFK VWDSLDMą VLĊ

SRGREQLHMDNSUDFD0LNRáDMD.RSHUQLND ZMHGQąWHRUHW\F]QąNRQVWUXNFMĊ

0$5,.$3,59(/,%$5%$5$/(:&=8.

(5)



V]HQLGRWDNUDG\NDOQHM]PLDQ\QDV]HJRVSRMU]HQLDQDJHRJUD¿ĊMDNLHMHV]F]HVLĊ

QLH]GDU]\áRRGF]DVyZNDUWRJUD¿L.ODXGLXV]D3WROHPHXV]D´ %DWW\%DUU

  : SRáRZLH ODW  SURIHVRU 8QLZHUV\WHWX 1RZRMRUVNLHJR ¿]\N WHRUHW\N

0LFKLR.DNXVWZLHUG]LáĪHPDP\GRF]\QLHQLD]WU]HPD]PLDQDPLRZ\PLDU]H

UHZROXF\MQ\P Z LQIRUPDW\FH ELRORJLL PROHNXODUQHM L PHFKDQLFH NZDQWRZHM

3LHUZV]DLGUXJDZ\ZRáDá\UHRUJDQL]DFMĊGRE\Ī\FLRZHM]PLHQLá\]DVDG\IRUP\

RUD]QRUP\NRPXQLNDFML5HZROXFMDZPHFKDQLFHNZDQWRZHMSR]ZROLáDF]áRZLH

NRZL MHGQRF]HĞQLH IXQNFMRQRZDü Z GZyFK ĞZLDWDFK R UDG\NDOQLH RGPLHQQ\FK

FHFKDFK L SXQNWDFK RULHQWDF\MQ\FK -HGHQ ĞZLDW MHVW ORNDOQ\ ¿]\NDOQ\ ]ZDQ\

UyZQLHĪ U]HF]\ZLVW\P F]WHURZ\PLDURZ\ WU]\ ZVSyáU]ĊGQH NDUWH]MDĔVNLH RUD]

F]DV GUXJL]DĞWRĞZLDWRQOLQHEąGĨZLUWXDOQ\DOERF\IURZ\ MHGQRZ\PLDURZ\

F]DV &]áRZLHNMHVWUR]GDUW\PLĊG]\GZRPDMHGQRF]HĞQLHRUD]UyZQROHJOHLVW

QLHMąF\PLÄZáDVQ\PL´ĞZLDWDPL-HGHQWRWHQJG]LHF]áRZLHNSU]HE\ZD¿]\F]QLH

L NWyUHJR SR]QDZDQLH ]DF]ąá RG SRF]ąWNX G]LHMyZ OXG]NRĞFL GUXJL ]DĞ RWZLHUD

VLĊSU]HGQLP]DSRPRFąF\IU\]DFMLL,QWHUQHWXNWyUHJRSRZV]HFKQHVWRVRZDQLH

UR]SRF]ĊáRVLĊQLHZLHOHSRQDGODWWHPX2EUD]F\IURZRSU]HWZRU]RQHJR¿]\

NDOQHJRĞZLDWDSR]QDMHP\LREVHUZXMHP\UyZQLHĪQDHNUDQLHNRPSXWHUD

:URNXJG\SRZV]HFKQRĞüĞZLDWDF\IURZHJRE\áDMXĪIDNWHP.'R

QHUWWDNSLVDáDRRF]HNLZDQ\PZSá\ZLHQRZHMHSRNLQDJHRJUD¿ĊÄ1DJá\Z]URVW

HU\LQIRUPDFMLLF\IU\]DFMLVSRZRGRZDáRJURPQH]PLDQ\ZZLHOXDVSHNWDFKQD

V]HJRĪ\FLD%DGDQLDHZROXXMąFHJRVLĊLQIRUPDF\MQHJRĞURGRZLVNDGRSURZDG]Lá\

GRUR]ZRMXQRZHMG\VF\SOLQ\]ZDQHMF\EHUJHRJUDSK\NWyUDEDGDZSá\ZZLUWXDO

Q\FKPLHMVFQDĪ\FLHOXG]LZĞZLHFLHU]HF]\ZLVW\P+DQGHOLEL]QHVSUyEXMąQD

GąĪDü]DSRWU]HEDPLLNRQVHNZHQFMDPLVSRáHF]HĔVWZDLQIRUPDF\MQHJRFRSURZD

G]LGRUR]ZRMXHOHNWURQLF]QHJRWUDQVIHUXGDQ\FKRUD]PRĪOLZRĞFLHOHNWURQLF]QHM

OXEHFRPPHUFH7RSUDZGRSRGREQLHSU]HNV]WDáFLJHRJUD¿ĊPLHMVFDLSU]HVWU]HQL

WDNMDNMąUR]XPLHP\G]LVLDM´ 'RQHUW *G\.'RQHUWRSXEOLNRZDáD

DUW\NXáMXĪLVWQLDá$WODV&\EHUSU]HVWU]HQL 'RGJH.LWFKLQ RUD]SRGUĊF]QLN

GR JHRJUDIRZDQLD PDSRZDQLDF\IURZHMDNW\ZQRĞFLF]áRZLHND 'RGJH.LWFKLQ

 VDPVSRVyEIRUPXáRZDQLDW\WXáyZRUD]Z\UDĪRQDZVSLVLHWUHĞFLVWUXNWXUD

OL]DFMD]DZDUWRĞFLZVND]XMHQD]GHF\GRZDQąUHRULHQWDFMĊ]DVLĊJXREV]DUXEDGDĔ

ZW\WXáDFKXZ\SXNODVLĊGąĪHQLHGRUR]V]HU]HQLDLQWHUG\VF\SOLQDUQHJRKRU\]RQWX

WHUPLQRORJLF]QHJR PHWRGRORJLF]QHJR L PHWRG\F]QHJR SU]\ MHGQRF]HVQ\P SR

 5XW\QRZR Z\NRQ\ZDQH F]\QQRĞFL XQRUPRZDQH QRUPDPL VSRáHF]QRNXOWXURZ\PL L SR

ZWDU]DOQH Z F\NODFK F]DVRZ\FK WZRU]ą SRU]ąGHN F]\QQRĞFL UXW\QRZR Z\NRQ\ZDQ\FK Z F]DVLH

G]LHQQ\PQRFQ\PGRERZ\PW\JRGQLRZ\PLWG F]DV363(+DOOD 5HRUJDQL]DFMDGRE\WR

]PLDQDF]DVXZ\NRQ\ZDQLDSRV]F]HJyOQ\FKF]\QQRĞFLZUHĪLPLHGRERZ\PSU]\MHGQRF]HVQ\P

]DFKRZDQLXLFKGRERZHMVHNZHQFML*ORNDOL]DFMDLDNW\ZQRĞüZVLHFLQLHSRGZDĪDMąDNWXDOQRĞFL

VDPHMF]\QQRĞFL QSSyMĞFLDGRELEOLRWHNL OHF]MHG\QLHF]DVLIRUPĊZ\NRQ\ZDQLDWHMĪHF]\QQRĞFL

+LVWRULD,QWHUQHWXVLĊJDODWV]HĞüG]LHVLąW\FK;;ZLHNXSLHUZV]\SROVNLVHUZHUSRMDZLáVLĊ

ZVLHUSQLXURNXDZOLVWRSDG]LHURNX736$UR]SRF]ĊáDVSU]HGDĪV]\ENLHJRGRVWĊSXGR

LQWHUQHWX6',E\áRXVáXJąRIHUXMąFąGRVWĊS]SUĊGNRĞFLąNELWVRUD]VWDá\DGUHV,3

*(2*5$),$,6.$/$*/2.$/1$±35=(0,$1$*(1(5$&<-1$

(6)



]RVWDZLDQLXF]áRZLHNDZFHQWUDOQHMSRGPLRWRZHMSR]\FML3RZVWDMHZUDĪHQLH

ĪH RSLVDQD Z SRGUĊF]QLNX JHRJUD¿D SR]RVWDMH Z ĞFLVá\P NRQWDNFLH ] SRVWĊSX

MąFąWUDQVIRUPDFMąVSRáHF]HĔVWZDZLHG]\NWyUDRGE\ZDVLĊZNRQWHNĞFLHWDNLFK

WUHQGyZMDNGHPDWHULDOL]DFMDSU]\VSLHV]HQLHGHFHQWUDOL]DFMDJOREDOL]DFMDLJOR

NDOL]DFMD 3LUYHOL 0\GáRZVND   *HRJUD¿D RSLVXMH ]MDZLVND ]DFKRG]ąFH

ZORNDOQ\PLJOREDOQ\PĞURGRZLVNXF]áRZLHNDLRG]ZLHUFLHGODSURFHVVZRERG\

SRUXV]DQLDVLĊLG]LDáDQLD-HVWWRF\IURZRSU]HWZRU]RQ\¿]\NDOQ\ĞZLDWZLG]LDQ\

QDHNUDQLHNRPSXWHUDGRVWĊSQ\QDZ\FLąJQLĊFLHUĊNLNWyUHJRF]áRZLHNE\üPRĪH

QLJG\¿]\F]QLHQLHRGZLHG]LLQLHGRĞZLDGF]\PDMHGQDNPRĪOLZRĞüMHJRSR]QD

ZDQLDLREVHUZDFML:NRQVHNZHQFMLNDĪG\F]áRZLHNVWDMHVLĊSRWHQFMDOQLHF]\Q

Q\PXF]HVWQLNLHPSURFHVyZWZRU]ąF\FKJRVSRGDUNĊRSDUWąQDZLHG]\±*2:

:URQRZVND 

7HQ GDOHNL L ]DUD]HP EOLVNL ]G\JLWDOL]RZDQ\  ĞZLDW PD ]GROQRĞü HGXNDFML

L NV]WDáWRZDQLD HW\NL G]LDáDQLD F]áRZLHND 2ED ĞZLDW\ ± ¿]\NDOQ\ L F\IURZ\ ±

VąSU]H]MHGQRVWNĊNV]WDáWRZDQHRSLV\ZDQHL]DU]ąG]DQH:SLHUZV]\PĞZLHFLH

F]áRZLHNFKRG]LGRSLHNDUQLELEOLRWHNLQDXF]HOQLĊDOERGR]QDMRP\FKZGUXJLP

ZLG]L]DĞMDNZ\JOąGDMąLIXQNFMRQXMąSLHNDUQLHELEOLRWHNLLXF]HOQLHZLQQ\FK

PLHMVFDFKDOHWHĪÄPD´ÄRGZLHG]D´LÄREVHUZXMH´ZLUWXDOQHPLHMVFDLZLUWXDO

Q\FK ]QDMRP\FK ,QDF]HM PyZLąF Z ¿]\NDOQ\P L F\IURZ\P ĞZLHFLH WRF]\ VLĊ

FRG]LHQQRĞüLWD SRGZyMQD FRG]LHQQRĞüNV]WDáWXMHMHGQRVWNĊMHJRHW\NĊPRUDOH

LSRWU]HE\EąGĨZUĊF]VDPąNXOWXUĊ1DU]ĊG]LHNRPXQLNDFMLVWDMHVLĊUyZQLHĪW\P

FRIRUPXMHSRVWDZĊF]áRZLHNDNWyU\SyĨQLHMSU]HNV]WDáFDVZyM8PZHOWLJRVSR

GDUXMHZQLPRUD]Z\WZDU]DSU]HVWU]HĔGRJHRJUDIRZDQLD :URQRZVND  352&(6*/2.$/,=$&-,

*ORNDOL]DFMDMHVWQD]ZąSURFHVX]LGHQW\¿NRZDQHJRVWRVXQNRZRQLHGDZQR

3URFHVWHQSRMDZLáVLĊZZ\QLNXXSRZV]HFKQLHQLD,QWHUQHWXLF\IU\]DFMLXVáXJ

EĊGąF]DUyZQRVNXWNLHPMDNLERGĨFHPZVSyáF]HVQHMJOREDOL]DFML *UHJRU\LLQQL

3U]\NáDGQLHSHáQHJRVSLVXWUHĞFL5R]G]LDá:SURZDG]HQLHGRF\EHUSU]HVWU]HQL&]\PMHVW

F\EHUSU]HVWU]HĔ".UyWNDKLVWRULD+LVWRULD,QWHUQHWX+LVWRULDZLUWXDOQHMU]HF]\ZLVWRĞFL3RFRQDP

,&7 L SU]\SDGNL Z F\EHUSU]HVWU]HQL 3U]HVWU]HĔ L VWDQRZLHQLH SU]HVWU]HQL 0LHMVFH L VWDQRZLHQLH

PLHMVFD ,QGXVWULDOL]DFMD L SRVWLQGXVWULDOL]DFMD 3XEOLF]QH L SU\ZDWQH 0yZF\ L VáXFKDF]H 5HDO

QHLZLUWXDOQH1DWXUDLWHFKQRORJLD6FDORQHLUR]V\SDQH2VLąJQLĊFLDF\EHUSU]HVWU]HQL8WRSLĞFL

6RFLDOFRQVWUXFWLYLVWV3ROLW\F]QRHNRQRPLF]QDSR]\FMD3R]DPRGHUQL]PHP7HRUHW\]RZDQLHSU]H

VWU]HQL 5R]G]LDá  *HRJUD¿D LQIRUPDF\MQHJR VSRáHF]HĔVWZD:SURZDG]HQLH *HRJUD¿D NXOWXU\

LVSRáHF]QDJOREDOQDNXOWXUDOL]DFMDPLHMVFHVSRáHF]QRĞüORNDOQDLWRĪVDPRĞü*HRJUD¿HZáDG]\

VWUXNWXU\SROLW\F]QHPLHMVFHLPLHMVFRZLJHRJUD¿HZ\NOXF]HĔ/RNDOQDUHJLRQDOQDLJOREDOQDUH

VWUXNWXU\]DFMD*OREDOL]DFMDWUHQGX$XWRPDW\]DFMDELXULEDFNRI¿FHV VHNUHWDULDWyZ 7HOHSUDFD

WHOHNRWHGĨLWHOHSRUW5HRUJDQL]DFMDRUJDQL]DFMLL]DWUXGQLRQ\FK/RNDOQRUHJLRQDOQDUHVWUXNWXU\]D

FMD0LĊNNLHPLDVWD'XDOLVW\F]QDHNRQRPLDVSRáHF]HĔVWZ3U]\NáDGORNDOQRUHJLRQDOQHMUHVWUXNWX

U\]DFML±'XEOLQ3RGVXPRZDQLH 'RGJH.LWFKLQ 

0$5,.$3,59(/,%$5%$5$/(:&=8.

(7)



± -HGQ\P]WZyUFyZWHJRSRMĊFLDMHVW5RODQG5REHUWVRQ $,/81

 ±EU\W\MVNLVRFMRORJLDQWURSRORJNXOWXU\55REHUWVRQXZDĪDĪHJORNDOL

]DFMDSR]ZDODQDXORNDOQLHQLHJOREDOL]DFML 5REHUWVRQ.XFLĔVNL±

 0LDQHPJORNDOL]DFMLRNUHĞODRQSURFHVNWyU\RSLVXMHWRZV]\VWNRFRG]LHMH

VLĊ]HVSRáHF]QRĞFLDPLORNDOQ\PLLNXOWXUDPLZZDUXQNDFKJOREDOL]DFMLRUD]WR

FRWHVSRáHF]QRĞFLF]\QLąLZQRV]ąGRJOREDOL]DFML 5REHUWVRQ *ORNDOL]DFMD

QLHPDMHG\QLHQDWXU\VRFMRORJLF]QHMLNXOWXURZHMQLH]DFKRG]LZLĊFRQDZVNDOL

W\ONRORNDOQHMEąGĨW\ONRJOREDOQHM-HVWUyZQLHĪJHRJUD¿F]QDHNRQRPLF]QDJR

VSRGDUF]DHNRORJLF]QDSU]HVWU]HQQDSROLW\F]QDLDGPLQLVWUDF\MQD3URFHVWHQ±

]GDQLHP55REHUWVRQD  ±VFDODVNDOĊORNDOQąLJOREDOQąNRQVW\WXXMąFVNDOĊ

QRZHMMDNRĞFL±JORNDOQą6NDODJORNDOQD JOREDOQRORNDOQD XND]XMHUR]SLĊWRĞü

WHMFRG]LHQQRĞFLNWyUDMHVWUHÀHNV\MQąV\QWH]ąORNDOQRĞFLLJOREDOQRĞFL *LGGHQV

 3RGREQHSRVWU]HJDQLHVNDOLEXG]LZLHOHZąWSOLZRĞFLJG\ĪZ\PXV]DGR

SXV]F]DQLH Z\VWĊSRZDQLD Z JUDQLFDFK MHGQHM PLHMVFRZRĞFL ]MDZLVN SURFHVyZ

Z\GDU]HĔRUD]RELHNWyZNWyUHVą]DUD]HPLGHQW\F]QHLKRPRJHQLF]QH VNDODOR

NDOQD DWDNĪH]UyĪQLFRZDQHLKHWHURJHQLF]QH VNDODJOREDOQD :GDOV]HMF]ĊĞFL

WHNVWXRSLVDQRVNDOĊLMHMV]F]HEOHKLHUDUFKLF]QH

: G\VNXVMDFK QDG REHFQą JOREDOL]DFMą WHUPLQ ÄJORNDOL]DFMD´ Z\VWĊSXMH

ZWU]HFKNRQWHNVWDFK1DMF]ĊĞFLHMNU\W\NRZDQHMHVWWRFR*LOOLDQ+DUWQD]\ZD

PRGHOHPZSá\ZX LPSDFWPRGHO JOREDOQHMLQWHJUDFMLJRVSRGDUF]HM +DUW 

1LHNWyU]\JHRJUDIRZLH QS(ULN6Z\QJHGRXZ RSLVXMąFLGHHJOREDOQHJRNDSLWD

OL]PXNWyU\LQJHUXMHORNDOQLHLWUDQVIRUPXMHUHJLRQVWRVXMąSRMĊFLHJORNDOL]DFML

ZFHOXXND]DQLDGLDOHNW\NLUHODFMLPLĊG]\ORNDOQRĞFLąDJOREDOQRĞFLą ORFDOJOREDO

UHODWLRQV JG]LHUHJLRQ MHGQRVWNDORNDOQD LQJHUXMHZSURFHV\JOREDOQHLGRNR

QXMHLFKSU]HNV]WDáFHQLD=PLDQDWDZLHORNURWQLHRGE\ZDVLĊNRV]WHPXWUDW\ZáD

VQHMVSHF\¿NLORNDOQHMLZUH]XOWDFLHUHJLRQ\VDPHVLĊ]PLHQLDMą 6Z\QJHGRXZ

 %DGDF]HNWyU]\EDGDMąLREVHUZXMąUR]ZyMK\EU\GRZHMZVSyá

F]HVQHMNXOWXU\VLĊJDMąSRSRMĊFLHJORNDOL]DFMLDE\RSLVDüV\QNUHW\F]QHPLNV\ LLQQHIRUP\SURFHVXKHWHURJHQL]DFMLZP\ĞOZL]MLJOREDOQHMKRPRJHQL]DFMLNXO

WXURZHM )HDWKHUVWRQH  $NW\ZQRĞü JORNDOQD LQLFMXMH PLHV]DQLH ZLą]DQLH

LXORNDOQLHQLH LQGLJHQL]DWLRQ±ZJ55REHUWVRQD WHJR QRUPHW\F]Q\FK

Z\UD]yZ OHNV\NDOQ\FK MĊ]\NyZ JHVWyZ GĨZLĊNyZ ]Z\F]DMyZ VW\OyZ Ī\FLD

 0LNV WR ]DSRĪ\F]RQH WX SRMĊFLH WHFKQLF]QH R]QDF]DMąFH SU]HMĞFLH PRQWDĪRZH Z PRQWDĪX

REUD]X 79 .RSDOLĔVNL   6\QNUHW\F]Q\ PLNV WR ZLą]DQLH Z MHGQRURGQH FDáRĞFL HOHPHQWyZ

SRFKRG]ąF\FK]UyĪQ\FKJHQHW\F]QLHLKLVWRU\F]QLH MXĪPLHV]DQ\FK V\QNUHW\F]Q\FKNXOWXUNWyUH

VąGDOHMPLNVRZDQHPHFKDQLF]QLHMDNWRVLĊURELSRGF]DVSU]HMĞFLDPRQWDĪRZHJRZPRQWDĪXREUD]X

79 ]RE%KDEKD:KDWPRUHD±:KDWPRUHE :SURFHVLHPLNVRZDQLDNRG\

REUD]RZH V\QNUHW\F]QHM NXOWXU\ ]H VNDOL ORNDOQHM VWDMą VLĊ NRGDPL REUD]RZ\PL PLNVRZDQHJR

V\VWHPX NXOWXURZHJR 0HFKDQLF]QRĞü SURFHVX SU]HVXZDQLD REUD]X NRGX NXOWXURZHJR ]H VNDOL

ORNDOQHMGRVNDOLJOREDOQHMRGELHUDLPORNDOQLHZ\SUDFRZDQ\NRGVHPDQW\F]Q\ :.6±ZVSyOQ\

NRGVHPDQW\F]Q\ 1DVWĊSXMHSURFHVKHWHURJHQL]DFML ZVNDOLJOREDOQHM KRPRJHQL]RZDQHM ZVNDOL

ORNDOQHM NXOWXU\

*(2*5$),$,6.$/$*/2.$/1$±35=(0,$1$*(1(5$&<-1$

(8)



HW\NL RUD] QRUP\ NV]WDáWRZDQLD L JRVSRGDURZDQLD SU]HVWU]HQL  FR MHVW RVLąJDO

QH QD JOREDOQHM SáDV]F]\ĨQLH WUDQVNXOWXURZHM L ] MDNLHJRĞ SRZRGX SU]\FLąJD

XZDJĊ RVRE\ L LQVW\WXFML ORNDOQHM  QDVWĊSXMH PHFKDQLF]QH SU]\MPRZDQLH DOER

SU]HP\ĞODQHSU]HMPRZDQLHL]DV]F]HSLDQLHGRORNDOQHMVSRáHF]QLHZ\WZRU]RQHM

SU]HVWU]HQLVHPDQW\F]QLHQLH]QDQ\FKOXEPDáR]QDQ\FKZ]RUFyZNXOWXURZ\FK

EH] ZLĊNV]HJR ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLD LFK NRGHP VHPDQW\F]Q\P 3LUYHOL  

± 0LNVRZDQLHNXOWXUZVNDOLJORNDOQHM FRQDGDMHNV]WDáWQDV]\PRVLH

GORPPLDVWRPUHJLRQRP MHVWRZLHOHEDUG]LHMPHFKDQLF]QHDQLĪHOLPLHV]DQLH

NXOWXUZVNDOLW\ONRORNDOQHM QSNXOWXU\V\QNUHW\F]QHM LZVNDOLW\ONRJOREDOQHM

QSNXOWXU\K\EU\GRZHM 2GZRáXMąFVLĊGRPRUIR]QDNXL]QDNX 3LUYHOL

± PRĪQD]DU\]\NRZDüVWZLHUG]HQLHĪH]QDF]QLNLSRGVWDZRZHJRV\VWH

PX SU]HND]X 363 ZHGáXJ 0DS\ .XOWXU\ (GZDUGD +DOOD    JORNDOQHM

NXOWXU\]DZV]HPDMąZVSyOQ\NRGREUD]RZ\L±SUDZGRSRGREQLHQDUD]LH±QLH

]DZV]HPDMąZVSyOQ\NRGVHPDQW\F]Q\:NRĔFXVWDQGDUGRZHRGZRáDQLHGRJOR

NDOL]DFML SRMDZLD VLĊ ZĞUyG VWUDWHJyZ EL]QHVRZ\FK NWyU]\ PyZLą R SRWU]HELH

ÄZWDSLDQLDZORNDOQRĞü´ZLHONLFKPDUHNWDNDE\E\á\RQHOHSLHMUR]SR]QDZDQH

LáDWZLHMDNFHSWRZDQHQDSRV]F]HJyOQ\FKU\QNDFKORNDOQ\FK QSZHJHWDULDĔVNL

%LJ0DFZ,QGLDFK 

0RĪQDSU]\WRF]\üZLHOHSU]\NáDGyZRSLVXMąF\FKJORNDOQHLQWHUDNFMHPLĊ

G]\LQQ\PLSU]\NáDGVLHG]ąFHJRZGRZROQ\PPLHMVFXF]áRZLHNDNWyU\SLV]ąF

LSXEOLNXMąFZ,QWHUQHFLH ZF\IURZHMED]LHGDQ\FK Z\V]XNXMHSU]HWZDU]DEąGĨ

WZRU]\LZ\V\áDZJOREDOQ\ĞZLDWLQIRUPDFMH SURGXNW NWyUHZWHQVSRVyEUR]

SU]HVWU]HQLRQH SRGGDQHG\VWU\EXFML X]\VNDMą]DVLĊJJOREDOQ\WHQĪHF]áRZLHN

VLĊJDSRJOREDOQ\SURGXNWZ\WZRU]RQ\SU]H]LQQHJRF]áRZLHNDUyZQLHĪ]QDMGX

MąFHJRVLĊZGRZROQ\PPLHMVFX2VRE\WHREGDU]DMąVLĊ±MDNWZLHUG]L$*LGGHQV

 ±DEVWUDNF\MQ\P]DXIDQLHP:\PLDQDWDNLHM ZDĪQHMEąGĨQLHZDĪ

QHM LQIRUPDFMLSURGXNWXPDQLHRJUDQLF]RQ\]DVLĊJXPRĪOLZLDRQDSU]HE\ZDQLH

ZV]ĊG]LHDWRSU]HE\ZDQLHQLHSRGOHJDU\JRU\VW\F]Q\PRJUDQLF]HQLRP¿]\NDO

QHM V]W\ZQHM SU]HVWU]HQL Z F\IURZHM Sá\QQHM SU]HVWU]HQL EDULHU\ SU]HVWU]HQQH

VSRáHF]QHGRVWĊSQRĞüLRGOHJáRĞüJHRJUD¿F]QDHNRQRPLF]QDRUD]F]DVRZDQLH

RJUDQLF]DERZLHPRVLąJQLĊFLDFHOX-HG\QąEDULHUąGODF]áRZLHND]GRVWĊSHPGR

,QWHUQHWXLĞZLDGRPLHEąGĨQLHĞZLDGRPLHZáąF]RQHJRZSURFHVJORNDOL]DFMLRUD]

REGDU]RQHJRLREGDU]DMąFHJRDEVWUDNF\MQ\P]DXIDQLHP ZPRPHQFLHGRNRQ\ZD

QLDHUXFKX MHVWMHJRZáDVQDZLHG]DLXPLHMĊWQRĞüWHFKQLF]QDRUD]Z\]QDZDQ\

SU]H]QLHJRV\VWHPHW\F]Q\

: JRVSRGDUFH RSDUWHM QD ZLHG]\ LQIRUPDFMD SRGREQLH MDN ZLHG]D L NDSLWDá LQWHOHNWXDOQ\  MHVW DNW\ZHP SURGXNWHP L F]\QQLNLHP QDSĊG]DMąF\P JRVSRGDUNĊ 2(&'   1LNOHZLF]

3LMDF]\ĔVND:URQRZVND 

=DXIDQLHWRÄRSDUWHQD]DZLHU]HQLXNWyUHUyZQRZDĪ\QLHZLHG]ĊOXEEUDNLQIRUPDFMLSROHJDQLH

QDRVREDFKOXEV\VWHPDFKDEVWUDNF\MQ\FK´ *LGGHQV 

0$5,.$3,59(/,%$5%$5$/(:&=8.

(9)



&<)52:2$1$/2*2:$7(55$&2*,7$,-(-6.$/$

=GLJLWDOL]RZDQD XVáXJD XPRĪOLZLD ]DMĞFLH LQWHUDNFML Z XNáDG]LH ORNDOQR

JOREDOQ\P L SU]\VSRVDELD SURFHV SU]HQLNDQLD JOREDOQRORNDOQHM JORNDOQHM 

DNW\ZQRĞFL XVWDQDZLD JORNDOQą VNDOĊ SU]\JRWRZXMH SRGáRĪH GODDOWHUQDW\ZQH

JRV\VWHPXPLNVRZDQHMJORNDOQHMNXOWXU\Z\]QDF]DMąFMHGQRF]HĞQLHHJ]\VWHQ

FMDOQą SU]HVWU]HĔ ORNDOQRJOREDOQą JORNDOQą  WM F\IURZRDQDORJRZą ± ZHGáXJ

WHUPLQRORJLL.']LHZRĔVNLHJR  ±WHUUDFRJLWD SU]HVWU]HĔJHRJUD

¿F]Qą  &\IURZRDQDORJRZD WHUUD FRJLWD MHVW SU]HVWU]HQLą Z\WZRU]RQą SU]H]

SURFHV JORNDOL]DFML 6NDOD WHM SU]HVWU]HQL MHVW GZXVNáDGQLRZD .DĪG\ F]áRZLHN

LLQQ\SRGPLRWG]LDáDMąF\ZVNDOLJORNDOQHMSU]\F]\QLDMąVLĊGRKHWHURJHQL]DFML

KRPRJHQL]RZDQHM NXOWXU\ L XF]HVWQLF]ą Z SURFHVLH WZRU]HQLD V\VWHPX PLNVR

ZDQHMNXOWXU\JORNDOQHM$NW\ZQRĞüZF\IURZRDQDORJRZHMWHUUDFRJLWDRSLHUD

VLĊ QD ]DVDGDFK DEVWUDNF\MQHJR ]DXIDQLD XĞFLĞODMąFHJR NRGHNV HW\F]Q\ JORNDO

QLH G]LDáDMąFHJR F]áRZLHND NWyUHJR 8PZHOW MHVW XSRU]ąGNRZDQH Z GLDOHNW\FH

ORNDOQRJOREDOQHM 'LDOHNW\ND ORNDOQRJOREDOQD XMPXMH ORNDOQRĞü L JOREDOQRĞü

MDNRVNUDMQHSXQNW\SR]LRPyZKLHUDUFKLF]Q\FKSRPLĊG]\NWyU\PLPLHV]F]ąVLĊ

ZV]\VWNLHLQQHSR]LRP\KLHUDUFKLF]QH U\F 'LDOHNW\NDORNDOQRJOREDOQDQLH

VXPXMH OHF] V\QWHW\]XMH Z MHGQą FDáRĞü Z SU]HNURMX ZHUW\NDOQ\P  ZV]\VWNLH

KRU\]RQWDOQH SR]LRP\ 1D U\F  SU]HGVWDZLRQR VNDORZDQLH MHGQRVWHN UyĪQ\FK

NDWHJRULLSRF]ąWNLHPVNDOLMHVWF]áRZLHNZV]\VWNLHSR]RVWDáHMHGQRVWNLRGZRáXMą

VLĊGRIUDJPHQWyZSRZLHU]FKQL=LHPLZUyĪQHMVNDOLDRVWDWQLSR]LRPWRJORE±

FDáD=LHPLD:RVWDWQLFKODWDFKZUD]]]DDNFHSWRZDQLHPGLDOHNW\NLORNDOQRJOR

EDOQHM]DFKRG]ąF\FKZRNyáF]áRZLHNDSURFHVyZNWyUHPRJąQDVWĊSRZDüZVNDOL

ORNDOQHMUHJLRQDOQHMEąGĨJOREDOQHMWRF]\VLĊGHEDWDRW\PĪHVNDORZDQLHJG\

QLHPDZąWSOLZRĞFLHSLVWHPRORJLF]Q\FKPDWUDQVFHQGHQWDOQąRQWRORJLĊ:HGáXJ

6$0DUVWRQLMHMNROHJyZ 0DUVWRQLLQQL VNDODVDPDVWDMHVLĊHSLVWH

PRORJLąSU]\GDWQąZVHQVLHPHWRGRORJLF]Q\PJG\ĪZLąĪH]HVREąNRQWLQXXP

JOREDOQH]ORNDOQ\PNWyUHGRSXV]F]DWHQEXG]ąF\ZąWSOLZRĞüIDNWĪHSURFHV\

VSRáHF]QHPRJąRGHUZDüVLĊRGPLHMVFÄSU]\NXW\FK´GRSRZLHU]FKQL]LHPLJG]LH

OXG]LHPLHV]NDMąJG]LHRELHNW\PDMąNRQNUHWQąORNDOL]DFMĊLJG]LHRGE\ZDMąVLĊ

SUDNW\NLVSRáHF]QH QSQDXOLFDFKZV\SLDOQLDFKOXEJDELQHWDFK /XG]LHRIHUXMą

ZVZRLFKPLHMVFDFKÄSáDVNąRQWRORJLĊ´ ÀDWRQWRORJ\ NWyUDMHVWRGSRUQDQDNRQ

FHSWXDOL]DFMĊJG\ĪDNFHSWXMHVNDOĊNWyUDXND]XMHÄQLHSU]\NXWH´GRSRZLHU]FKQL

]LHPLZ\GDU]HQLHVNDOĊNWyUD±MDNE\±XQRVLVLĊSRZ\ĪHMLFKPLHMVF QSUHJLRQ\

PHWURSROLWDOQH L SDĔVWZD QDURGRZH  3RJOąG WHQ QDGDO JHQHUXMH ZLHOH G\VNXVML

/HLWQHU0LOOHU-RQHVLLQQL 

 Ä3U]HVWU]HĔ JHRJUD¿F]QD MHVW SU]HVWU]HQLą GRVWĊSQą GOD F]áRZLHND ± QLH W\ONR Z VHQVLH

¿]\F]Q\POHF]LĞZLDWRSRJOąGRZ\PMHVWWRWDF]ĊĞüZV]HFKĞZLDWDNWyUąF]áRZLHNXVLáXMHSR]QDü

LRSLVDüRVZRLüOHF]QLHNRQLHF]QLHSU]HNV]WDáFLüOXE]DJRVSRGDURZDü´ 5\NLHO3LUYHOL 

*(2*5$),$,6.$/$*/2.$/1$±35=(0,$1$*(1(5$&<-1$

(10)



'LDOHNW\NDORNDOQRJOREDOQDZLąĪH]HVREąVNDOĊPLNUR F]áRZLHND LPHJD

JOREX PLĊG]\NWyU\PL]DWUDFDMąVLĊZV]\VWNLHVNDOHSRĞUHGQLH QSPLDVWRPH

WURSROLDUHJLRQPHWURSROLWDOQ\LSDĔVWZR 5\FWR±]MHGQHMVWURQ\±WHRUHW\F]

Q\NRQFHSWSU]HGVWDZLDQLDZMHGQHMVNDOLMHGQRVWHNQLHSRUyZQ\ZDOQ\FK]GUX

JLHM ]DĞ ± QLH]DOHĪQLH RG WUZDMąFHM GHEDW\ WHRUHW\F]QHM R W\P F]\ ÄF]áRZLHN´

LÄNRQW\QHQW´PRJąE\üUR]SDWU\ZDQHMDNRVNáDGRZHWHMVDPHMVNDOL±XND]XMHRQD

QDU\FLQLHSU]HGVWDZLRQDORNDOQRJOREDOQDDOERJORNDOQDVNDOD V\WXDFMĊSRZVWD

áą ZVNXWHN SURFHVX JORNDOL]DFML &]áRZLHN ERZLHP MHGQRF]HĞQLH SU]HE\ZD QD

ZV]\VWNLFKSR]LRPDFKVNDOLRUD]SDQXMHQDGQLPLSU]H]PRĪOLZRĞüZ\ND]\ZDQLD

VLĊV]\ENąGHF\]MąSRáąF]RQą]QDW\FKPLDVWRZ\PUXFKHP FRMHVWUyZQLHĪFHFKą

*2: GHF\]MDRGRZROQHMF]\QQRĞFLGRNRQ\ZDQHMQDNDĪG\PLQQ\PSR]LRPLH

SRG]LDáXKLHUDUFKLF]QHJRSRGOHJDNUyWV]HMEąGĨGáXĪV]HMSURFHGXU]HDGPLQLVWUD

F\MQHM$NW\ZQRĞüZVNDOLLSU]HVWU]HQLJORNDOQHMMHVWXZDUXQNRZDQDIDNWHP]GL

JLWDOL]RZDQLDXVáXJLVWQLHQLHPSRZV]HFKQHJRGRVWĊSXGR,QWHUQHWXRUD]ZLHG]ą

LXPLHMĊWQRĞFLąWHFKQLF]QąRVRE\VSRUDG\F]QLHOXEUHJXODUQLHDNW\ZQHMZVLHFL

3LUYHOL0\GáRZVND 

=0,$1$.23(51,.$ē6.$$8&=(/1,$*8

:RVWDWQLHMGHNDG]LH;;ZLHNX$7RIÀHU  SLVDáĪHQDGHMĞFLHF\ZL

OL]DFMLSRVWLQGXVWULDOQHM ÄWU]HFLHMIDOL´ SU]\QLHVLHOXG]NRĞFLÄQRZHZ\]ZDODMą

FHPRĪOLZRĞFL´RUD]]DVWąSLSRSU]HG]DMąFąMąF\ZLOL]DFMĊSU]HP\VáRZą ÄGUXJą

IDOĊ´ NWyUD]DVWąSLáDZSU]HV]áRĞFLF\ZLOL]DFMĊDJUDUQą ÄSLHUZV]ąIDOĊ´ =DSR

Ī\F]DMąFQD]Z\RG-*:LVVHPD  XQLZHUV\WHWSLHUZV]HMGUXJLHMLWU]HFLHM

JHQHUDFMLMHVWZSHZQ\PVHQVLHZ\QDOD]NLHPVZRMHMHSRNLKLVWRU\F]QHM.DĪGHM

ÄWRÀHURZVNLHMIDOL´]PLDQF\ZLOL]DF\MQ\FKRGSRZLDGDNROHMQDJHQHUDFMDXQLZHU

V\WHWX:WDESU]HGVWDZLRQHVąFHFK\FKDUDNWHU\VW\F]QHXQLZHUV\WHWXGUXJLHM

LWU]HFLHMJHQHUDFML

5\F6NDOD±NDVNDGDSR]LRPyZKLHUDUFKLF]Q\FK *UHJRU\LLQQL

)LJ6FDOH±DFDVFDGHRIKLHUDUFKLFOHYHOV *UHJRU\HWDO

0$5,.$3,59(/,%$5%$5$/(:&=8.

(11)



:V]\VWNLH Z\PLHQLRQH Z WDE  FHFK\ Vą ZDĪQH 1LHPQLHM Z NRQWHNĞFLH

REHFQHJRWHNVWXQDOHĪ\]ZUyFLüV]F]HJyOQąXZDJĊQDSR]\FMH

±&HFKDNWyUDVWDQRZLRSRGVWDZRZHMIXQNFMLLQVW\WXFML QU 

3RGVWDZRZ\P FHOHP Z\ĪV]HM XF]HOQL GUXJLHM JHQHUDFML MHVW WR E\ NDGUD

QDXNRZRG\GDNW\F]QDSURZDG]LáDEDGDQLDRUD]]DMĊFLDG\GDNW\F]QHZąVNRUR

]XPLDQ\REV]DUEDGDĔLG\GDNW\NDQLHNRQLHF]QLHPXV]ąE\üĞFLĞOH]HVREąSR

ZLą]DQH :\VWĊSXMH WX EUDN ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLD Z\NRU]\VWDQLHP F]\ ZGUDĪDQLHP

Z\WZRU]RQHMQDXF]HOQLZLHG]\SURZDG]RQHEDGDQLDSR]RVWDMąQDMF]ĊĞFLHMMDNR

GRUREHNSUDFRZQLNDQDXNRZHJR8F]HOQLDWU]HFLHMJHQHUDFMLUR]V]HU]DFHOHXF]HO

QLRNRQLHF]QRĞüZGUDĪDQLDWHJRFRSUDFRZQLNQDMSLHUZEDGDDQDVWĊSQLHZ\

NáDGDVWXGHQWRP=DWHPNDĪGDF]ąVWNDZ\WZRU]RQHMZLHG]\PXVL]QDOHĨüVZRMH

SUDNW\F]QH]DVWRVRZDQLH

±&HFKDNWyUDZVND]XMHQDZDJĊEDGDĔPRQRLWUDQVG\VF\SOLQDUQ\FK QU 

7HQSXQNWXZ\SXNOD]QDF]HQLHLQWHUG\VF\SOLQDUQHMQDXNLLEDGDĔSRPRVWR

Z\FKPLĊG]\QDXNDPLSU]\URGQLF]\PLDVSRáHF]Q\PL ]REGH¿QLFMHJHRJUD¿L

*(2*5$),$,6.$/$*/2.$/1$±35=(0,$1$*(1(5$&<-1$

7DE&HFK\XQLZHUV\WHWXGUXJLHMLWU]HFLHMJHQHUDFML :LVVHPD

7DE)HDWXUHVRIWKH8QLZHUVLW\RIWKHVHFRQGDQG7KLUG*HQHUDWLRQ :LVVHPD

Uniwersytet drugiej generacji (typ humboldtowski)

Uniwersytet trzeciej generacji (3GU)

1) kluczowe znaczenie badań podstawowych, 1) kluczowe znaczenie badań podstawowych, 2) badania monodyscyplinarne i dominacja

wydziałów,

2) badania transdyscyplinarne i wzrost zna- czenia sekcji akademickich,

3) samodzielne instytucje bez formalnych powiązań z innymi organizacjami,

3) uniwersytety otwarte, współpraca z wielo- ma partnerami,

4) działania na rynkach lokalnych, 4) działania na konkurencyjnym rynku mię- dzynarodowym,

5) głównie elitarna edukacja dla zamożnych studentów; standaryzacja edukacji,

5) organizacje wielokulturowe, edukacja masowa i elitarna,

6) na uczelniach nie ma miejsca dla kreatyw- nych wydziałów,

6) przywrócenie kreatywności; kluczowa rola wydziałów projektowych,

7) uniwersytet narodowy, 7) uniwersytet kosmopolityczny, 8) dwa cele: badania i kształcenie (brak zain-

teresowania wykorzystaniem czy wdraża- niem wytworzonej wiedzy),

8) wykorzystanie wiedzy jest podstawą i staje się trzecim celem (pierwszy i drugi pozo- stają bez zmian),

9) duże znaczenie państwa jako źródła finan- sowania i ingerencja państwa.

9) brak bezpośredniego finansowania pań- stwowego; brak ingerencji państwa.

(12)



ZJ (QF\NORSHGLD %ULWDQQLFD  RUD] ] SRJUDQLF]D UyĪQ\FK URG]DMyZ ĞURGRZLVN

]REµZ\REUDĪHQLHJHRJUD¿F]QH¶ZJ6áRZQLNDJHRJUD¿LKXPDQLVW\F]QHMDWDN

ĪHRµĞZLDGRPRĞFLNRQLHF]QRĞFLG]LDáDĔLQWHJUDF\MQ\FKRUD]V\QWH]\ZLHG]\¶ZJ

$6XOLERUVNLHJR 

±&HFKDNWyUDSRGNUHĞODNOXF]RZH]QDF]HQLHEDGDĔSRGVWDZRZ\FK QU 

%DGDQLD SRGVWDZRZH WZRU]ą IXQGDPHQW VWDQRZLHQLD R F]\PNROZLHN %H]

QLFKZLHG]DQLHPDFKDUDNWHUXQDXNRZHJRLVWDMHVLĊZLHG]ąSRWRF]Qą5yĪQLFĊ

PLĊG]\ EDGDQLHP SRGVWDZRZ\P Z GUXJLHM L WU]HFLHM JHQHUDFML XF]HOQL VWDQRZL

SRGHMĞFLH EDGDF]D RUD] WR F]HJR GRW\F]ą SRGVWDZRZH EDGDQLD F]\ SU]HGPLRW

SRGVWDZRZ\FK EDGDĔ MHVW VIRUPXáRZDQ\ ] SR]\FML KHUPHW\F]QLH ]DPNQLĊWHJR

NRQWHNVWXZ\WZRU]RQHJRSU]H]G\VF\SOLQĊ QSJHRJUD¿Ċ ZNWyUHMSURZDG]LVLĊ

SRGVWDZRZHEDGDQLH GUXJDJHQHUDFMD F]\SU]HGPLRWEDGDĔLSRGVWDZRZHED

GDQLD]RVWDá\]GH¿QLRZDQH]SHUVSHNW\Z\FDáRĞFLRZRZLG]LDQHMU]HF]\ZLVWRĞFL

NWyUHMMHG\QLHF]ĊĞüVWDQRZLG\VF\SOLQDREHMPXMąFDSURZDG]RQHEDGDQLDSRGVWD

ZRZH WU]HFLDJHQHUDFMD 

±&HFKDNWyUDZVND]XMHQDĨUyGáD¿QDQVRZDQLD QU 

ħUyGáD¿QDQVRZDQLDF]HJRNROZLHNZW\PUyZQLHĪQDXNLLXF]HOQL]DOHĪąRG

WHJRZF]\LPLQWHUHVLHMHVWUR]ZLQLĊFLHWHJRFRMHVW¿QDQVRZDQH1DWRQXUWXMąFH

S\WDQLHSUyERZDáRGSRZLHG]LHü&+/HZHOO\Q6PLWK±QDXNRZLHFRUD]]DáRĪ\

FLHOLZLHOROHWQLSUH]HV&(51 6PLWK 3RG]LHOLáRQEDGDQLDQDSRGVWDZRZH

VWRVRZDQHLVWUDWHJLF]QHQDVWĊSQLHZ\SXQNWRZDáZ\QLNDMąFH]QLFKNRU]\ĞFLRUD]

]DSURSRQRZDáĨUyGáD¿QDQVRZDQLD-HJR]GDQLHPEDGDQLDSRGVWDZRZHSRZLQQ\

E\ü ¿QDQVRZDQH SU]H] SDĔVWZR SRQLHZDĪ Z\NRQDQH Vą EH] ĪDGQHJR SRP\VáX

QD]DVWRVRZDQLHZSU]HP\ĞOH±VąRQHUR]ZLMDQHSU]H]OXG]NąFLHNDZRĞüĞZLDWD

LPDMąQDFHOXUR]V]HU]HQLHQDV]HMZLHG]\ QSSXQNWÄE´ÄG´ZZGH¿QLFMLJHR

JUD¿L -HĞOL]DNRĔF]ąVLĊSRP\ĞOQLHZyZF]DVSURZDG]ąRQHGRQRZ\FKPHWRG

]DWHPGRUHZROXF\MQ\FKRGNU\ü QSSXQNWÄD´ÄF´ÄH´ZZGH¿QLFMLJHRJUD¿L 

5HZROXFMH]DĞSROLW\F]QHF]\QDXNRZHGDMąROEU]\PLHPRĪOLZRĞFLZ\áąF]QLH

JG\VWRLVLĊSR]Z\FLĊVNLHMVWURQLH=DQLPMHGQDNZ\MDĞQLVLĊNWyUDVWURQDMHVW

ZáDĞFLZDPLMDMąODWDEUDNMHVWSHZQRĞFLF]\Z\QLNLPRJąPLHüSUDNW\F]QH]D

VWRVRZDQLH 1DWRPLDVW EDGDQLD VWRVRZDQH VWDZLDMą VRELH ]D FHO UR]ZLą]\ZDQLH

NRQNUHWQ\FKSUREOHPyZSR]ZDODMąQDXOHSV]DQLHVWDU\FKPHWRGLZSURZDG]DMą

UHIRUP\5R]ZyMEDGDĔVWRVRZDQ\FKMHVWZLQWHUHVLHSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPSRGPLR

WyZ G]LDáDMąF\FK Z FHOX RVLąJQLĊFLD ]\VNX 6WąG SRZLQQ\ RQH E\ü ¿QDQVRZD

QHSU]H]VHNWRUSU\ZDWQ\7U]HFLDLSRĞUHGQLDNDWHJRULDEDGDĔQDXNRZ\FKNWyUH

PDMą GREUH SHUVSHNW\Z\ ]DVWRVRZDĔ L Vą Z LQWHUHVLH ]DUyZQR VHNWRUD SXEOLF]

QHJRMDNLSU\ZDWQHJRWREDGDQLDVWUDWHJLF]QH3RZLQQ\RQHE\ü¿QDQVRZDQH

]SLHQLĊG]\SXEOLF]QRSU\ZDWQ\FK

5\VXQHNREUD]XMHZ\ĪHMZ\áRĪRQąWUHĞü3ROHZHMVWURQLHZ\SLVDQHVąKDVáD

Z\ZRáDZF]H,FKUyZQLHKDVáRZHZ\MDĞQLHQLD]QDMGXMąVLĊZWU]HFKNROXPQDFK

0$5,.$3,59(/,%$5%$5$/(:&=8.

(13)



XPLHV]F]RQ\FK ] SUDZHM VWURQ\ RG OLQLL SU]HFLQDQHMVWU]DáNDPL:\MąWHN VWDQR

ZLSáDV]F]\]QDÄD´JG]LHQLHPDXNáDGXNROXPQRZHJROHF]MHVWRSLVDQ\WUyM

NąW7U]\]HZQĊWU]QHRSLV\±SHUFHSFMDJHQHUDFMDĞURGRZLVNR±WZRU]ąWULDGĊ

DZĞURGNXMHVWQDSLVÄF]áRZLHNLMHJRĞZLDW´:\REUDĪHQLHJHRJUD¿F]QHSRVWU]H

5\F6FKHPDWSRVWU]HJDQHJRĞZLDWD 3LUYHOL5DNRZVNL

)LJ6FKHPDRIWKHSHUFHLYHGZRUOG 3LUYHOL0DNRZVNL

*(2*5$),$,6.$/$*/2.$/1$±35=(0,$1$*(1(5$&<-1$

(14)



JDQLHSHUFHSFMDLLQWHUSUHWDFMDPHU\WRU\F]QHMSRMHPQRĞFLZ\UDĪRQHMV\PERODPL

LZNROXPQDFKZ\áRĪRQHMLQIRUPDFML]DOHĪ\ZáDĞQLHRGWHJRZMDNLVSRVyE ZSL

VDQ\GRĞURGND F]áRZLHNSRVWU]HJDVZRMHRWRF]HQLHMDNąPDSHUFHSFMĊLFRMHVW

ZVWDQLHREMąü]P\VáDPLDOHWHĪZMDNLPVWRSQLXPRĪHV\QWHW\]RZDüZUyĪQ\FK

REV]DUDFKQDJURPDG]RQąZLHG]Ċ

3áDV]F]\]QDZ\]QDF]RQDOLWHUąÄJ´ZSURZDG]DGRVFKHPDWXXF]HOQLHSLHUZ

V]HMGUXJLHMLWU]HFLHMJHQHUDFMLNWyUHRGSRZLDGDMąWRÀHURZVNLHMIDOL]PLDQF\

ZLOL]DF\MQ\FK7RÀHURZVNLHV\PEROHSRV]F]HJyOQ\FKF\ZLOL]DFML±PRW\NDWD

ĞPDSURGXNF\MQDNRPSXWHU±]DSLVDQHVąQDSáDV]F]\ĨQLHÄG´:]GáXĪOLQLLÄI´

XPLHV]F]RQD MHVW NDWHJRULD ÄF]áRZLHND SRGPLRWX´ JHQHUDFML ; L<  NWyU\ MHVW

RĞURGNLHPVZRMHJRĞURGRZLVNDLNWyU\Z\WZDU]DLQQHĞURGRZLVNRNXOWXURZHER

8PZHOW ZáDĞFLZH GOD VZHM JHQHUDFML:\MąWNRZRĞFLą REHFQ\FK F]DVyZ MHVW WR

ĪHGZLHJHQHUDFMHZ\VWĊSXMąMHGQRF]HĞQLHLLFKUHSUH]HQWDQFLWZRU]ąZ\áąF]QLH

SR]RUQLHMHGQRURGQąJUXSĊOXG]L:U]HF]\ZLVWRĞFLMHGQDNJHQHUDFMD;L<UH

SUH]HQWXMąSRJOąG\GZyFKRGPLHQQ\FKF\ZLOL]DFMLFRMHVW]DSLVDQHZVFKHPD

FLHPLĊG]\SáDV]F]\]QąÄI´LÄJ´*HQHUDFMD;UHSUH]HQWXMHSRJOąG\F\ZLOL]DFML

PHFKDQLVW\F]QHM ELXURNUDW\F]QD F\ZLOL]DFMD SU]HP\VáRZD  JHQHUDFMD< ± F\

ZLOL]DFML XF]áRZLHF]RQHM SR]EDZLRQD PDVRZHJR FKDUDNWHUX F\ZLOL]DFMD HSRNL

ZLHG]\ 

6\VWHPZDUWRĞFLRUD]NDQRQ\MHGQHMLGUXJLHMJHQHUDFMLVąHIHNWHPHZROXFML

G]LHMyZLXSRZV]HFKQLDQLD]GRE\F]\F\ZLOL]DF\MQ\FKNWyUHRSLVDQHLQD]\ZD

QHVąHUąÄWU]HFLHMIDOL´ 7RIÀHU ÄPLOHQLXPSyĨQHMQRZRF]HVQRĞFL´

%HFN*LGGHQV/DVK F]\HUąÄSá\QQHMU]HF]\ZLVWRĞFL´LÄSRQRZRF]HVQR

ĞFLą´ %DXPDQ 

=$.2ē&=(1,(

:LDGRPRĪHHZROXFMDMHVWQLHXVWDQQ\PSURFHVHPZ\QXU]DQLDVLĊXNáDGyZ

EDUG]LHMXSRU]ąGNRZDQ\FKLVNRPSOLNRZDQ\FK]SURVWV]\FKQD]DVDG]LHVHULLID]

QDVWĊSXMąF\FK SR VRELH 1DMSLHUZ E\áD HZROXFMD ¿]\F]QD QDVWĊSQLH DWRPRZD

SyĨQLHM FKHPLF]QD ELRORJLF]QD MHV]F]H SyĨQLHM ]ZLHU]ĊFD QD NRQLHF OXG]ND

DWHUD]PDP\GRF]\QLHQLD]HZROXFMąVSRáHF]HĔVWZOXG]NLFK:REHFWHJRF]\

LMDNąHZROXFMĊSU]HFKRG]LQDXNDNWyUHMPLDQHPMHVWJHRJUD¿DLNWyUDSRPDJD

QDP EąGĨSRZLQQDQDPSRPDJDü ]UR]XPLHüQDV]ąSRGOHJDMąFąHZROXFMLU]H

F]\ZLVWRĞü±U]HF]\ZLVWRĞüF]áRZLHNDUR]GDUWHJRPLĊG]\SU]HVWU]HQLąWUDG\F\MQą

DF\IURZą ]REFHFKDÄG´LÄH´ZZGH¿QLFMLJHRJUD¿L "

3RGF]DVNDĪGHMID]\HZROXFML ZW\PUyZQLHĪHZROXFMLVSRáHF]HĔVWZOXG]

NLFK  SRMDZLDMą VLĊ QRZH VWRVXQNL L ZáDĞFLZRĞFL NWyUH PRĪQD Z\UD]Lü W\ONR

ZNRQWHNĞFLHWHJRZ\ĪV]HJRSR]LRPXQLHPRĪQD]DĞZ\UD]LüSRMĊFLDPLGRW\F]ą

F\PLSURFHVyZG]LDáDMąF\FKQDQLĪV]\FKV]F]HEODFKHZROXFML3U]\NáDG]]DNUHVX

0$5,.$3,59(/,%$5%$5$/(:&=8.

(15)



QDXNELRORJLF]Q\FKVSRVRE\G]LDáDQLDOXG]LLLFKXF]XFLDQLHPRJąE\üRSLVDQH

Z\UDĪHQLDPLGRW\F]ąF\PL]ZLą]NyZFKHPLF]Q\FK]MDNLFKVą]EXGRZDQH0R

OHNXáD'1$WRRZLHOHZLĊFHMQLĪZLą]NDQLH]RUJDQL]RZDQ\FKáDGXQNyZZDOHQ

F\MQ\FK 6SRVyE Z MDNL MHVW ]RUJDQL]RZDQD VWZDU]D MHM ZáDVQH SUDZD -HVW WR

MDN KLHUDUFKLD URVQąF\FK SR]LRPyZ NRPSOLNDFML 3U]\NáDG ] JHRJUD¿L URG]DMH

DNW\ZQRĞFLLVSRVRE\G]LDáDQLDOXG]LLFKVW\OLZDUXQNLĪ\FLDRUD]VSRVyERUJD

QL]RZDQLDLQVW\WXFMLLG]LDáyZJRVSRGDUNLQLHPRJąE\üRSLV\ZDQHZ\UDĪHQLDPL

GRW\F]ąF\PL PLHMVF RNUHĞORQ\FK JUDQLFDPL DGPLQLVWUDF\MQ\PL PLDVWR L ZLHĞ  RUD]SU]\SLVDQ\PLGRQLFKIXQNFMDPL IXQNFMHPLHMVNLHLZLHMVNLH *HRJUDIRZLH

SRZLQQLEDGDüQLHPLDVWRLPLHMVNLHIXQNFMHRUD]ZLHĞLZLHMVNLHIXQNFMHOHF]

PLHMVNRĞüLZLHMVNRĞüREV]DUX]XZ]JOĊGQLHQLHPUyĪQ\FKSáDV]F]\]QĞURGRZLVN

NXOWXURZ\FKLSU]\URGQLF]\FKRUD]]UHGH¿QLRZDüFRPRĪHVWDQRZLüRPLHMVNRĞFL

LZLHMVNRĞFLĞURGRZLVNORNDOQ\FK ]REU\FRUD]Z\ĪHMSU]\WRF]RQ\F\WDWZJ

$6XOLERUVNLHJR]WHNVWX6XOLERUVNL 

1DNDĪG\PSR]LRPLHHZROXFMLSRMDZLDMąVLĊQRZHSRZLą]DQLDL]QDF]HQLD

NWyUHVąIXQNFMąVDPHJRSR]LRPXLZRJyOHQLHLVWQLHMąQDSR]LRPDFKQLĪV]\FK

>3U]\NáDGRZRZDOIDEHFLHMHVWGZDG]LHĞFLDG]LHZLĊüOLWHU-HGQDOLWHUD]DZLHUD

PDáRLQIRUPDFMLDOHMHĞOLXSRU]ąGNRZDüOLWHU\ZVáRZDOLF]EDU]HF]\NWyUHPRĪ

QDQLPLRSLVDüZ\SHáQLFDá\VáRZQLN-HĞOL]DĞXáRĪ\V]VáRZDZ]GDQLD]GDQLD

ZDNDSLW\LWDNGDOHMDĪGRFDáHMNVLąĪNLRVLąJDVLĊUyĪQRURGQRĞüSUDNW\F]QLH

QLHVNRĔF]RQą$SU]HFLHĪZV]\VWNLHNVLąĪNLNLHG\NROZLHNQDSLVDQHSRSROVNX]D

ZLHUDMąW\ONRWHVDPHGZDG]LHĞFLDG]LHZLĊüOLWHU3RGREQLHMHVW]JHRJUD¿ąNWyUD

V\QWHW\]XMH SU]HVWU]HĔ Z W\P SU]HVWU]HĔ RVLHGOL OXG]NLFK =D SRPRFą F]WHUHFK

PRUIR]QDNyZ PRĪQD RSLV\ZDü ]DUyZQR SU]\VLyáNL MDN L PHJDZLHONLH RVLHGOD

OXG]NLH 3LUYHOL @

/,7(5$785$

$,/81$OWDIRUPD]LRQHPDQDJHULDO5RODQG5REHUWVRQKWWSZZZVFLHQ]HVRFLDOLDLOXQLW

VWGRFHQWLUREHUWVRQVKWPO

%DWW\0%DUU%7KH(OHFWURQLF)URQWLHU([SORULQJDQG0DSSLQJ&\EHUVSDFH)XWXUHV

 ±

%DXPDQ=3á\QQDQRZRF]HVQRĞü.UDNyZ:\GDZQLFWZR/LWHUDFNLH :RU\JLQDáX%DXPDQ

=/LTXLG0RGHUQLW\&DPEULGJH3ROLW\3UHVV 

%KDEKD+.7KH/RFDWLRQRI&XOWXUH5RXWOHGJH/RQGRQ

&KDOPHUV$)&]\PMHVWWRFR]ZLHP\QDXNą">:KDWLVWKLQJFDOOHGVFLHQFH"@6LHGPLRUyJ

:URFáDZ

&KRMQLFNL =  *HRJUD¿D ZREHF SUREOHPyZ WHUDĨQLHMV]RĞFL L SU]\V]áRĞFL :\GDZQLFWZR

1DXNRZH%RJXFNL3R]QDĔ

&RVJURYH'*HRJUDSKLFDO,PDJLQDWLRQDQGWKH$XWKRULW\RI,PDJHV+HWWQHU/HFWXUHV  

'HSDUWPHQWRI*HRJUDSK\8QLYHUVLW\RI+HLGHOEHUJ

*(2*5$),$,6.$/$*/2.$/1$±35=(0,$1$*(1(5$&<-1$

(16)



'RGJH0.LWFKLQ50DSSLQJ&\EHUVSDFHKWWSZZZPDSSLQJF\EHUVSDFHFRPFRQWHQWV

KWPO

'RGJH 0 .LWFKLQ 5  SLHUZV]D HG\FMD  $WODV &\EHUVSDFH KWWSZZZNLWFKLQRUJ

DWODV

'RQHUW .  9LUWXDOO\ *HRJUDSK\ $VSHFWV RI WKH &KDQJLQJ *HRJUDSK\ RI ,QIRUPDWLRQ DQG

&RPPXQLFDWLRQV*HRJUDSK\  ±

']LHZRĔVNL.(OHPHQW\WHRULLUHJLRQXHNRQRPLF]QHJRÄ3U]HJOąG*HRJUD¿F]Q\´±



']LHZRĔVNL.7HRULDUHJLRQXHNRQRPLF]QHJRÄ3U]HJOąG*HRJUD¿F]Q\´±

(QF\NORSHGLD%ULWDQQLFD KDVáR*HRJUDSK\ KWWSZZZEULWDQQLFDFRP(%FKHFNHGWRSLF

JHRJUDSK\

(QF\NORSHGLD%ULWDQQLFD KDVáRLPDJHV KWWSZZZEULWDQQLFDFRP(%FKHFNHGWRSLFPDS

)HDWKHUVWRQH 0  8QGRLQJ FXOWXUH JOREDOL]DWLRQ SRVWPRGHUQLVP DQG LGHQWLW\ 7KRXVDQG

2DNV6DJH

*DOLOHXV])UDJPHQW\NRSHUQLNDĔVNLH6HULD%LEOLRWHNDNODV\NyZQDXNL:\GDZQLFWZR8QL

ZHUV\WHWX:DUV]DZVNLHJR:DUV]DZD SU]HNáDGLNRPHQWDU]76LHURWRZLF] 

*LGGHQV$7KH&RQVHTXHQFHVRI0RGHUQLW\6WDQIRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV6WDQIRUG

*LGGHQV$1RZRĪ\WQRĞüL7RĪVDPRĞüÄ-D´LVSRáHF]HĔVWZRZHSRFHSyĨQHMQRZRĪ\WQRĞFL

3:1:DUV]DZD

*RIIPDQ(5HODWLRQVLQ3XEOLF%DVLF%RRNV1HZ<RUN>=D@*DOZH\75H

YLVLWLQJ7UXVWLQ6\PEROLF,QWHUDFWLRQ3UHVHQWDWLRQRIWUXVWGHYHORSPHQWLQ8QLYHUVLW\DGPLQL

VWUDWLRQ:4XDOLWDWLYH6RFLRORJ\5HYLHZ,,,KWWSZZZTXDOLWDWLYHVRFLRORJ\UHYLHZRUJ

(1*9ROXPH465BBB*DZOH\SGI

*UHJRU\'-RKQVWRQ53UDWW*:DWWV0-:KDWPRUH67KH'LFWLRQDU\RI+XPDQ*HR

JUDSK\ WKHGLWLRQ %ODFNZHOO3XEOLVKLQJ/WGZZZZLOH\FRPZLOH\EODFNZHOO

*UREOHU$0HWRGRORJLD1DXN.RPSHGLD¿OR]R¿F]QH:\GDZQLFWZR$XUHXV.UDNyZ

+DUW*'LVDEOLQJJOREDOL]DWLRQSODFHVRISRZHULQSRVWDSDUWKHLG6RXWK$IULFD8QLYHUVLW\

RI&DOLIRUQLD3UHVV%HUNHOH\

-ĊGU]HMF]\N':SURZDG]HQLHGRJHRJUD¿LKXPDQLVW\F]QHM'LDORJ:DUV]DZD

-RQHV-3,,,:RRGZDUG.0DUVWRQ6$6LWXDWLQJÀDWQHVV³7UDQVDFWLRQVRIWKH,QVWLWXWH

RI%ULWLVK*HRJUDSKHUV´±

.XFLĔVNL.*ORNDOL]DFMDMDNRLQG\JHQL]DFMDJOREDOL]DFMLÄ5RF]QLNĩ\UDUGRZVNL´,;  

±

.XKQ763U]HZUyWNRSHUQLNDĔVNL$VWURQRPLDSODQHWDUQDZG]LHMDFKP\ĞOL]DFKRGX3Uy

V]\ĔVNLLVND3R]QDĔ

/HLWQHU+0LOOHU%6FDOHDQGWKHOLPLWDWLRQVRIRQWRORJLFDOGHEDWHDFRPPHQWDU\RQ0DU

VWRQ-RQHVDQG:RRGZDUG³7UDQVDFWLRQVRIWKH,QVWLWXWHRI%ULWLVK*HRJUDSKHUV´±

0DFQDJKWHQ38UU\-$OWHUQDW\ZQHSU]\URG\1RZHP\ĞOHQLHRSU]\URG]LHLVSRáHF]HĔVWZLH

6FKRODU:DUV]DZD

0DLN:5HPERZVND.6XOLERUVNL$ UHG &]áRZLHNZEDGDQLDFKJHRJUD¿F]Q\FK:\

GDZQLFWZRXF]HOQLDQH:6*%\GJRV]F]

0DUVWRQ6$-RQHV-3,,,:RRGZDUG.+XPDQJHRJUDSK\ZLWKRXWVFDOH³7UDQVDFWLRQV

RIWKH,QVWLWXWHRI%ULWLVK*HRJUDSKHUV´±

1LNOHZLF]3LMDF]\ĔVND 0  2G JRVSRGDUNL RSDUWHM QD ZLHG]\ GR QRZHM VWUDWHJLL UR]ZRMX

8( :URFáDZ 3UDZQLF]D L (NRQRPLF]QD %LEOLRWHND &\IURZD KWWSZZZELEOLRWHNDF\

IURZDSOGOLEUDGRFPHWDGDWD"LG  IURP SXEOLFDWLRQ

2(&':RUOG%DQN,QVWLWXWH.RUHDDQGWKH.QRZOHGJH%DVHG(FRQRP\0DNLQJWKH7UDQV

LWLRQ3DULV

3LUYHOL00LDVWR±SU]HVWU]HĔVHPDQW\F]QD=$32/6]F]HFLQ

0$5,.$3,59(/,%$5%$5$/(:&=8.

(17)



3LUYHOL 0  2G PRUIRORJLL SU]H] XUERPRUIRORJLĊ GR PRUIR]QDNX 3U]HJOąG *HRJUD¿F]Q\

±

3LUYHOL00\GáRZVND( ZGUXNX 0HWURSROL]DFMDDJORNDOL]DFMD>:@=5\NLHO UHG 

6RFMRORJLDRPLHĞFLHLUHJLRQLH:\GDZQLFWZR8QLZHUV\WHWX5]HV]RZVNLHJR5]HV]yZ±:DU

V]DZD

3LUYHOL05DNRZVNL'=PLDQ\JHQHUDF\MQHDSHUFHSFMDĞURGRZLVND JHRJUD¿F]QHJR >:@

5%RUyZND$&HGUR,.DYHWVN\\ UHG :VSyáF]HVQHSUREOHP\EDGDĔJHRJUD¿F]Q\FK=$

32/6]F]HFLQ±

5HPERZVND.*HRJUD¿DZXMĊFLXKXPDQLVW\F]Q\P±Z\EyUSUDF.U\VW\Q\5HPERZVNLHM

:\GDZQLFWZR8QLZHUV\WHWXàyG]NLHJRàyGĨ

5REHUWVRQ5*OREDOL]DWLRQ6RFLDO7KHRU\DQG*OREDO&XOWXUH6DJH3XEOLFDWLRQV/RQGRQ

KWWSSXPDXQLNDVVHOGHDXWKRU5REHUWVRQ

5REHUWVRQ 5  *OREDOL]DWLRQ RU *ORFDOL]DWLRQ" ³-RXUQDO RI ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RPPXQLFDWLRQ´

  ±

5REHUWVRQ57KHFRQFHSWXDOSURPLVHRIJORFDOL]DWLRQFRPPRQDOLW\DQGGLYHUVLW\³$57H

)$&76WUDWHJLHVRIUHVLVWDQFH´KWWSSXPDXQLNDVVHOGHDXWKRU5REHUWVRQ

5\NLHO=.RQFHSFMHJHRJUD¿LVSRáHF]QHM>:@=5\NLHO UHG 6WXGLD]JHRJUD¿LVSRáHF]QHM

'RNXPHQWDFMD*HRJUD¿F]QD]±,*L3=:URFáDZ±:DUV]DZD±.UDNyZ

5\NLHO=3LUYHOL03U]HVWU]HĔDĝURGRZLVNRZ*HRJUD¿LXMĊFLHNU\W\F]QH>:@:0DLN

.5HPERZVND$6XOLERUVNL UHG *HRJUD¿DMDNRQDXNDRSU]HVWU]HQLĞURGRZLVNXLNUDMR

EUD]LHàyG]NLH7RZDU]\VWZR1DXNRZHàyGĨ±

6PLWK&+/&(51±(XURSHMVND2UJDQL]DFMD%DGDĔ-ąGURZ\FK-DNLHVąNRU]\ĞFL]EDGDĔ

SRGVWDZRZ\FK"KWWSZZZIXZHGXSOaDMGXN3XEOLFEVBKWPO

6XOLERUVNL$  2 ]QDF]HQLX V\QWH]\ QDXNRZHM Z JHRJUD¿L >:@ 6 /LV]HZVNL - àRERGD

: 0DLN UHG  6WDQ L SHUVSHNW\Z\ UR]ZRMX JHRJUD¿L Z 3ROVFH :\GDZQLFWZR 8F]HOQLDQH

:6*%\GJRV]F]±

6Z\QJHGRXZ (  1HLWKHU JOREDO QRU ORFDO µJORFDOL]DWLRQ¶ DQG WKH SROLWLFV RI VFDOH >:@

%-HVVRS UHG 5HJXODWLRQWKHRU\DQGWKHFULVLVRIFDSLWDOLVP(GZDUG(OJDU&KHOWHQKDP

±

6Z\QJHGRXZ (  *OREDOLVDWLRQ RU µJORFDOLVDWLRQ¶" 1HWZRUNV WHUULWRULHV DQG UHVFDOLQJ

³&DPEULGJH5HYLHZRI,QWHUQDWLRQDO$IIDLUV´  ±

6Z\QJHGRXZ(*ORFDOL]DWLRQV3KLODGHOSKLD7HPSOH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV

6]F]HSDĔVNL-(OHPHQWDUQHSRMĊFLDVRFMRORJLF]QH3:1:DUV]DZDKWWSELEOLRWHNDZGLQS

XZHGXSO]DVRE\7HNVW\6]F]HSDQVNL(OHPHQWDUQHSRM&FLDVRFMRORJLLSGI

7KH3URJUDPPDEOHFLW\KWWSZZZVFRRSLWWWKHSURJUDPPDEOHFLW\

7RIÀHU$7U]HFLDIDOD3,::DUV]DZD

:KDWPRUH6D)URPIDUPLQJWRDJULEXVLQHVVWKHJOREDODJURIRRGV\VWHP>:@5--RKQ

VWRQ37D\ORU0:DWWV UHG *HRJUDSKLHVRIJOREDOFKDQJH%ODFNZHOO2[IRUG±

:KDWPRUH6E+\EULGJHRJUDSKLHVQDWXUHVFXOWXUHVVSDFHV6DJH/RQGRQ

:LVVHPD-*8QLZHUV\WHW7U]HFLHM*HQHUDFML8F]HOQLD;;,ZLHNX:\GDZFD=DQWH=LĊ

ELFH

:URQRZVND**RVSRGDUNDRSDUWDQDZLHG]\MDNRHWDSHZROXFMLZVSyáF]HVQHMJRVSRGDUNL

KWWSZZZNRQIHUHQFMDHGXSOUHISGISO:URQRZVND.UDNRZSGI

:URQRZVND**RVSRGDUNDRSDUWDQDZLHG]\MDNRHWDSHZROXFMLZVSyáF]HVQHMJRVSRGDUNL

KWWSZZZNRQIHUHQFMDHGXSOUHISGISO:URQRZVND.UDNRZSGI

*(2*5$),$,6.$/$*/2.$/1$±35=(0,$1$*(1(5$&<-1$

(18)



6800$5<

7KHSURSRVHGWH[WSUHVHQWVDFRQFHSWXDOFKDQJHLQWKHVFRSHRIVRPHRIWKHNH\FRQFHSWVLQ

WKHOLJKWRIWKHWZRGLFWLRQDULHV %ULWDQQLFDDQG+XPDQ*HRJUDSK\'LFWLRQDU\ DQG$QJOR6D[RQ

SXEOLFDWLRQV DERXW WKH IXWXUH RI JHRJUDSK\ 7KHQ LW FRPELQHV WKH FRQFHSW RI UHIHUHQFHV WR WKH

RQJRLQJLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\VWXGLHVLQFOXGHGLQWKHVWUXFWXUHRIWKH8QLYHUVLW\RIWKH6HFRQGDQG7KLUG

*HQHUDWLRQ

$SSOLFDWLRQVEXLOWWKLVZD\DUHRIWZRW\SHV  UHIHUULQJWRDIXQGDPHQWDOFKDQJHLQWKHSURFHVV

ZLWKLQWKHKXPDQSHUFHSWLRQRIWKHHQYLURQPHQWIRUJHQHUDWLRQV;DQG<DQG  UHIHUULQJWRWKH

SURFHVVRIJORFDOL]DWLRQJORFDOVFDOHDQGSUHPLVHVRIWKH8QLYHUVLW\RIWKH7KLUG*HQHUDWLRQ *8 

0$5,.$3,59(/,%$5%$5$/(:&=8.

Cytaty

Powiązane dokumenty

[r]

[r]

[r]

[r]

Z\ND]DQHM SU]\ Z\NRQDQLX ]DGD $NW\ZQRü VWXGHQWD RFHQLD SURZDG]F\ üZLF]HQLD ODERUDWRU\MQH 2SyQLHQLH Z RGGDQLX SURJUDPyZ PR*H SRZRGRZDü REQL*HQLH RFHQ\ ] üZLF]H

Nie przeszkadzaáo mi to jednak w Īywym, a nawet bardzo Īywym odbiorze tego, co dziaáo siĊ wówczas w ogóle.. Nie byáem w

Then, on the basis of obtained results, coltsfoot honey and pollen yield per area units as well as per 1,000 capitula was estimated with regard to the extreme numbers of disc

coli nastawione jest na określone aminokwasy (kwas asparaginowy, treonina, kwas glutaminowy), a po ich wyczerpaniu zastępuje je innymi... Przemiana wolnych aminokwasów... coli