Efekt cieplarniany

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Toruń, 26.04.2018

Grzegorz Karwasz

Didactics of Physics Division University Nicolaus Copernicus

Klimat, środowisko, energia

czyli o efekcie cieplarnianym

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Greenhouse effect?

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“greenhouse effect or natural changes?”

0 -5ºC +5ºC

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Natural variations (astronomical)

Milankovic’s cycles

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Natural variations (astronomical)

O

¹⁸

= temp.

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Burning biomass

Burning biomass releases carbon

emissions, around a quarter higher than burning coal, but has been classed as a

"renewable" energy source in the EU and UN legal frameworks, because plants can be regrown.

Using biomass as a fuel produces air polution in the form of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, N₂O, NO, NO₂ (nitrogen oxides), VOCs (volatile organic

compounds), particulates and other pollutants at levels above those from traditional fuel sources such as coal or natural gas

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass By Bava Alcide57 at English Wikipedia,CC BY-SA 3.0,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=31765539

A cogeneration plant in Metz, France.

The station uses waste wood biomass

as an energy source, and provides electricity and heat for 30,000 dwellings.

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Thermodynamics: energy balance

1. reflection

= albedo

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Energy balance

2. absorption

~ 0% in visible range

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Bilans energetyczny

→

← →

↓

↑

T = 5500 K T= 300 K

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Energy balance: black body

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T = 5500 K T= 300 K

Emission in IR, absorption in VIS

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Energy balance with atmosphere

T = 5500 K T= 300 K

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Bilans energetyczny

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Bilancio energetico

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Bilancio energetico

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2000 4000 6000 0

5 10 15

H₂O

H₂O H₂O

CO₂

assorbimento (unità relative)

numero d'onda (cm^-1)

„feather blanket” = water vapour + carbon dioxide

assorbimento di calore

H

₂

O: -18°C →+15°C CO

₂

: +15°C →+???

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corelation CO

₂

↔ temperature ?

YES!

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Antropogenic greenhouse effect = CO

₂

!

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Greenhouse effect ?

Yes!

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Greenhouse effect = warming, but not uniform

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Variazione di precipitazioni (da 1976)

Nature, 28.03.2002, p. 390

Greenhouse effect = drougths (where it is already dry)

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Greenhouse effect = violent climate (thunder storms)

Oklahoma 05/2003

Totale: 442

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Greenhouse effect = variable climate

Oklahoma 08/2000

USA ‘95-96

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Effetto serra = clima violento !

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Mountain glaciers

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Fig. 2 Trends in arctic sea ice through time and space.Annual minimum sea-ice extent (A) has declined dramatically from 1979 to 2012.

E Post et al. Science 2013;341:519-524

Published by AAAS

Arctic glaciers

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Fig. 1 Observed and projected changes in annual temperature and precipitation.(Top) Climatic Research Unit (CRU) observations (which are available only over land), calculated

as 1986–2005 minus 1956–1975.

N S Diffenbaugh, and C B Field Science 2013;341:486-492

Published by AAAS

Future?

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Carbon balance [Gt]:

1 2 3 4

↑ 5%

½

Zasoby całkowite:

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1 2 3 4

Carbone: 202 ANNI

Gas : 55 ANNI

Petrolio:

Daily consumption: 2,3 mln barels resourced: 27 bln barels ??

“Nature”, 20.11.2002

= 37 years !!

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Petrol balance ↔ petrol prices

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Effetto serra, inquinamento etc.

C a r b o n i o C a r b o n i o

↓ ↓

1. Eliminare carbonio !

Carbone = 100%

Benzina (C

₆

H

₁₄

) ≈ 50%

Metano (CH

₄

) ≈ 20%

Idrogeno (H

₂

) ≈ 0%

2. Energie rinnovabili

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Energy in last century

Analysis 1995

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Nuclear energy

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Nuclear energy – hidden costs

Nuclear: 60 $/barile 100-120 $/barile

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Wind power

Ø 10m → 20-30 kW

Ø 90m → 3 MW (Vestas) = 1000 housholds

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Wind power

London offshore 314 x 3.6 MW = 1 GW

Sund offshore: 48x2.3 MW = 110 MW (60 tys. gospodarstw domowych)

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Eolic - total

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Wind power (2.5%)

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Geotermic

Geotermica

(Pozzuoli)

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Geothermic - total

Energy flux: 65mW/m

²

Pozzuoli (Volterra)

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Renewable energy - costs

15 $/barile 25 $/barile 15 $/barile

20 $/barile

12 $/barile 25 $/barile 18 $/barile

2006 2014

15 $/barile

Petrol: 30 $/barile 40-45 $/barile

Nuclear: 60 $/barile 100-120 $/barile

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Electricity from biomass

By Plazak - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=29478953

Trends in the top five countries generating electricity from biomass USA: 11 GW (1.4%) electricity production

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Thorium based nuclear reactor (C. Rubbia)

•

₉₀

Th

²³²

(T

_1/2

=1.405×10

¹⁰

y) + n →

²³³

Th →

₉₁

Pa

²³³

+ e

^-

•

²³³

Pa →

₉₂

U

²³³

•

₉₂

U

²³³

+ n → fission

Wikipedia

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Physics World, 12.03.2012

Shale gas?

Big environmental

damage!

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Prognoza (Physics World, 2012)

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