WSN 151 (2021) 95-109 EISSN 2392-2192
Surficial Sedimentary at the Bottom in Waters
Surrounding the Arisen Land of Putri Island,
Karawang - Indonesia
Syawaludin A. Harahap*, Lintang P. S. Yuliadi, John N. Sinulingga
Marine Science Department, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jalan Raya Bandung – Sumedang KM. 21, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia
*E-mail address: syawaludin.alisyahbana@unpad.ac.id
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted in July 2016 around Putri Island and Cikiong Beach, Batujaya District, Karawang Regency, West Java - Indonesia to know the types of surficial sedimentary that makeup Putri Island. Field survey activities were carried out to collect sediment samples using a 1-meter long piston core. The sampling locations were carried out at five stations by considering representativeness and ease of accessibility. Sediment analysis using the sieve or granulometric method to produce grain size information on the phi (φ) scale. Sediment types were classified based on grain size using the Wentworth scale and followed by the Folk’s ternary diagram. The study results show that the sediment covering the bottom of the waters around Putri Island is composed of seven types of sediment, namely gravel, very coarse sand, coarse sand, medium sand, fine sand, very fine sand, and silt. It can be seen that sand dominates the sediment fraction which reaches 94% followed by 4% mud and 2% gravel. If classified based on the main component of the Folk’s ternary diagram, the seabed of this area has three types of sediment textures, namely slightly gravelly sand [(g) S], Sand [S], and gravelly sand [gS]. Judging from the constituent elements of the sediment, it can be said that the sedimentation that occurs in the study location is composed of alluvial deposits. The formation of this sediment is dominated by material carried by the river flow through fluvial and tidal processes.
Keywords: Arisen land, Cikiong Beach, deltaber, grain size, kummod-sel, phi (φ) scale, Putri Island, sedimentation, surficial sedimentary
1. INTRODUCTION
Putri Island is located in the coastal area of Cikiong beach, Segarjaya Village, Pakisjaya District, Karawang Regency West Java - Indonesia. Geographically, this island located at the coordinates 107.171026 E and -5.987623 S. The boundary of each side of Putri Island is the Java Sea in the north and Java Island in the west, east, and south. Part of Putri Island is covered by various types of mangroves which spread unevenly. Apart from mangroves, other plants grow, such as pine and coconut. Land use on Putri Island is primarily used for milkfish aquaculture activities. Putri Island was formed due to a sedimentation process so that it became an arisen land which in English is called “deltaber” or “channelbar”. The arisen land of Putri Island did not sink during high tide which initially appeared around 2002. The origin arose due to current barriers and sea waves made of sacks filled with sand so that the material carried by the water currents settled in an elongated position parallel to Cikiong Beach and it is predicted that the island will still expand [1]. In the southern part of the island, there are several tributaries of the Citarum River which empties into Cikiong Beach.
Figure 1. Map of study location on Putri Island, Karawang West Java – Indonesia.
The increase in community activities along the river flow has affected the ecosystem in the estuary. Activities that have an impact on changes along the river flow to the estuary include land cultivation and logging in the upstream part. This activity leads to increased erosion,
resulting in changing characteristics and an increase in the intense sedimentation process that is carried downstream and has broad implications for the fluvial environment causing silting.
[2]. In many places, silting of estuaries can occur due to the process of transporting material, either carried by rivers or runoff directly from the land [3-11].
The sediment material carried by the river varies depending on changes in land use along the watershed, such as deforestation and afforestation [12]. The presence of coastal abrasion also affects sedimentation. Abrasion can change the shoreline due to the release of coastal material, such as sand or clay which is continuously hit by waves or ocean currents, or due to changes in the balance of sediment transport in coastal waters [13]. Sediment particles that escape from the shoreline will accumulate and an accretion process occurs which causes changes in the shoreline to the high seas due to the sedimentation process from land or rivers towards the sea. The relatively high siltation process due to continuous sedimentation is a major factor in the formation of arisen land. Arising land is soil sediment that is formed through a sedimentation process to form land or islands on the coast. Judging from the process, this arisen land can generally be said to be a delta. Based on the opinion of experts [14-16], it can be said that deltas are the accumulation of sediment deposits that usually occur in river estuaries bordering the sea or lakes to form lowlands. In particular, the occurrence of this emergent soil can be identified by studying sedimentology, which is the study of sediment. Sediment is generally defined as the result of the weathering of a rock, which then undergoes erosion, is transported by water, wind until it is finally deposited or sedimented.
Seen from its location, Putri Island is strongly influenced by the condition of the water's current because the position of Putri Island is directly facing the Java Sea to the north and at the same time is facing the river estuary flow from the south part. This has been indicated as being the result of the process of coastal accretion, erosion (abrasion), and run-off through the river [17]. River surface water carries tiny materials that then end up on the high seas and are carried by ocean currents, thus forming sedimentation. Sediment accumulation and siltation in semi-enclosed areas (e.g. bay waters) are strongly influenced by high sedimentation rates and also due to weak ocean currents [18]. Changes in the morphology of the coast and the bottom of the waters occur as a result of the migration of sediment that takes place through the mechanism of erosion, transportation, and deposition. The sediments that are moved are sediments located on the surface of the bottom of the waters [19-21].
Sedimentation is closely related to geomorphic and seasonal variability agents that work therein [22]. The main agents that cause or influence the processes and dynamics of coastal waters are waves, currents, and wind. Transporting sediments through rivers to the ocean is an important pathway in the global geochemical cycle and a key component of the soil denudation system [23]. Sediments that settle in the sea is a mixture of grains of various sizes [24-26].
Sediment deposits are composed of various sizes of sediment particles that come from different sources, and this mixture of sizes is called a population.
The movement of air and water can separate particles based on their size, causing deposits of various sizes [27]. The transportation and accumulation of sediments become a major factor in the process of silting and changes in the depth of waters [28].
The role of surficial sediments at the bottom of the waters is quite important because it becomes a means of growth of aquatic benthic biota, as a nutrient provider, and as a place for anchoring roots of marine vegetation such as seagrasses and mangroves [29-31]. Furthermore, [32] states that sedimentation that occurs at the bottom of the waters is highly correlated with the uniformity and abundance index of macrozoobenthos. Another important function of the
sediment is as a habitat for various types of bacteria that have an important role in the food chain cycle in coastal waters. However, sediment particles that are mobilized at a time from one place to another [33], the sediment particles can be a carrier agent of pollutants.
Furthermore, sediments carrying pollutants settle and accumulate at the bottom of waters originating from the mainland as well as those originating from surface waters such as oil spills, heavy metals, plastic waste, and other toxic and dangerous substances [34-39]. Thus, sediment can also be used as an indicator of pollution because of its role as a “sink” for pollutants from the mainland. Based on the background that has been disclosed, to complement the existing information, this study needs to be carried out. The purpose of this study was to determine the type and classification of surficial sedimentary at the bottom in waters surrounding the arisen land of Putri Island, Karawang - Indonesia. Sediment condition studies, both on a local and regional scale, have been widely carried out and are very helpful in analyzing and predicting the distribution of sediment properties [25]. The study of sediment is also considered very important for coastal development planning efforts, considering that the type and distribution of sediment concentrations will affect the sustainability and stability of coastal development.
This study is needed for the selection of the right location and solutions in efforts to deal with coastal sedimentation [40].
2. MATERIALS AND METHOD 2. 1. Data acquisition
Figure 2. A total of three sampling points are located in the northern part of Putri Island.
The data used in this study were surficial sedimentary samples taken from around Putri Island waters. The sediment was obtained by a survey method conducted in July 2016 using a 1-meter long piston core. Sampling was carried out at five sampling points. A total of three sampling points are located in the northern part of Putri Island which faces the Java Sea and two sampling points are in the southern part close to the mainland of Java Island and the estuary of the Sibuaya Rivier (Figure 2).
The sampling station was selected by considering the representation of the study area and the ease of accessibility.
2. 2. Data analysis method
After the sediment sample is taken, an analysis of the grain size of the sediment is carried out to determine the composition of the sediment. Analysis of the grain size of the sediments using the sieve or granulometric method with the grain size according to the Wentworth’s scale [41] (Table 1). The procedure used is according to [27], as follows:
1) The sediment samples that were sieved were dried using an oven beforehand so that they did not contain water during filtration. The presence of water in the sediment can cause the sediment grains to bind together so that they are not properly filtered;
2) The dry sediment samples were weighed as much as ± 100 grams, then sieved using a stratified sieve net for 15 minutes with a constant motion to obtain the separation of sediment particles based on each sieve size (2 mm, 1 mm, 0.5 mm, 0.25 mm, 0, 125 mm, 0.063 mm and <0.063 mm);
3) Samples were separated from each sieve size until clean and then weighed. Then look for the percentage of weight obtained based on each grain size of the sediment after sifting.
Table 1. Sediment particle type based on grain size according to the Wentworth’s scale
No. Sediment Classification (Wentworth)
Grain Size (Diameter)
Millimeters Phi (φ) Scale
1 Boulders >256 <-8
2 Gravel 2 -256 (-1) – (-8)
3 Very coarse sand 1 – 2 (0) – (-1)
4 Coarse sand 0.5 – 1 1 – 0
5 Medium sand 0.25 – 0.5 2 – 1
6 Fine sand 0.125 – 0.25 3 – 2
7 Very fine sand 0.0625 – 0.125 4 – 3
8 Silt 0.002 – 0.0625 8 – 4
9 Clay 0.0005 – 0.002 10 – 8
10 Dissolve material < 0.0005 20 – 10
Source: [42]
Sediment classification is carried out to identify the type of sediment based on its composition. The method used in classifying sediment types is based on Folk's ternary diagram method [43, 44]. Sediment classification is carried out by observing the percentage parameter of the grain content consisting of 100 grams of sediment at each station.
The percentage results of each type of sediment are classified based on the Folk’s ternary diagram as shown in Figure 3. To simplify the classification of the sediment from the sieving results, the Kummod-Sel program was used.
According to [45], Kummod-Sel is a program created by [46] which is used for processing the sieving sediment. The advantage of this program is that it can be integrated with sediment classification based on the Folk’s diagram. However, there is still a weakness of this program, namely the grain size class interval is limited to only 1 phi (φ).
Figure 3. Folk’s sediment classification ternary diagram.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3. 1. Sediment type based on grain size
The results obtained from the measurement and analysis of sediment samples based on grain size nomenclature according to the Wentworth scale (Table 1) shows that the surficial
sedimentary at the bottom of the waters around Putri Island is covered by seven types of sediment, namely: gravel, very coarse sand, coarse sand, medium sand, fine sand, very fine sand, and silt. The percentage by weight of grain size of the sediment type at each station in detail can be seen in Figure 4.
Analysis of grain size and its distribution has been widely used by sedimentologists to classify sediment environments and explain transport dynamics, including [47-53].
The sediment conditions at station 1 and station 2 are not much different. These two stations are located in the northern part of Putri Island which is directly opposite the Java Sea.
The sediment at the bottom of the waters is dominated by the type of sediment in the form of fine sand which amounts to more than 65% and then is “medium sand”. The difference seen at the two stations in the larger sediment particles, namely gravel, very coarse sand, and coarse sand. At station 2, the amount of sediments is greater than that of station 1 which is very small, which is less than 0.5%.
Furthermore, station 3, which is located at the western end of Putri Island and is still directly facing the Java Sea, has sediments which are still dominated by fine sand sediments.
In fact, the number reaches 80.33% which makes this station the location with the most “fine sand” cargo compared to the other four stations. However, at this station, variations in the types of particles are not like at other stations, where gravel and very coarse sand are not found.
The location of station 4 and station 5 is close to each other. These two stations are in the southern part of Putri Island and do not face the Java Sea. Station 4 is still on the southern side of Putri Island, while station 5 is on the mainland side of Java Island right at the mouth of the Sibuaya River. This river, which is a tributary of the Citarum River and directly faces Putri Island, causes the current to split into 2 directions to the west and east.
This resulted in a large number of sediment grains being suspended when the current was divided when it met Putri Island (see Figure 2). These two stations are more influenced by the flow of the Sibuaya River.
At station 4, the percentage by weight of each type of sediment does not reach 50% even though fine sand is the most abundant type of sediment, which is 34.95%. At this station, it is also seen that there are more large sediment particles. Large grains will settle in an area close to where the sediment first entered the sea, while small grains can be transported further.
Meanwhile, station 5 is the only station in the waters near the mainland of Java Island. The striking difference that this station has compared to other stations is the type of medium sand sediment that dominates, namely 45.25%.
The difference in the grain size of the sediments is related to the origin of the sediment source. When viewed from the location of each station it shows that the stations facing open water, the grain size of the sediment is dominated by the finer fraction. Meanwhile, the grain size facing the river mouth is coarser and no fraction dominates more than 50%. This shows that the main source of sediment comes from different places, namely from the sea and from river flow, then it undergoes a transportation process until it is finally deposited into the sediment in each location.
The grain size of the sediment indicates the shear stress that the medium must apply to initiate and maintain particle movement. Meanwhile, grain size distribution is influenced by several factors such as distance from coastline, distance from the source (river), source material, topography, and transportation mechanism [47, 54]. Human activities also contribute to the rework and redistribution of sediments [24, 55].
Figure 4. Percentage of grain weight for sediment type at each station.
3. 2. Classification and elemental composition of sediments
If further analyzed using Folk's ternary diagram classification method, the type of surficial sedimentary at the bottom of the waters of the study location is dominated by sand [S]
which reaches 94%. Meanwhile, mud [M] and gravel [G] were 4% and 2%, respectively. The detailed classification of sediment types at the five stations where the study was carried out can be seen in Table 2.
Judging from the constituent elements of the sediment, it can be said that the sedimentation that occurs in the study location is composed of alluvial deposits. The formation of this sediment is dominated by material carried by the river flow through fluvial and tidal processes. The texture of alluvial deposits is highly dependent on the energy of the water flow itself [56]. The fast flow will produce rock and gravel fragments. If the speed of the water decreases, fine particles such as sand and mud will form. Alluvial soils are found in landscapes such as floodplains, deltas, alluvial fans, and sandbar.
Gravel is the sediment that makes Pulau Putri that has the largest grain size. Gravel that comes from the river mouth settles not far from the estuary location. This can be seen in Table 2, that station 4, which is located right in front of the river mouth, has sediment in the form of Gravelly sand [gS]. This result is following the statement [27], which says that the grain size of sediment particles is one of the factors controlling the sediment deposition process in the waters, the smaller the grain size the longer the particles are in the water pool and the farther it is deposited from the source, and vice versa.
Sand is the most abundant material forming Putri Island. The sand content is scattered to every part of Putri Island. The location is dominated by sand because it is directly opposite the open sea and has strong currents [48]. This is by the condition of Putri Island which is directly
0,21 3,20 0,00 4,99 0,56
0,13 1,53 0,00 4,91 1,72
0,46 4,27 0,24 13,22 17,47
15,03 17,09 1,80 27,99 45,25
72,35 66,41 80,33 34,95 26,77
8,94 6,19 15,87 4,61 2,44
2,89 1,30 1,75 9,33 5,79
Station 1 Station 2 Station 3 Station 4 Station 5
Percentage (%)
The percentage of sediment type
Gravel Very coarse sand Coarse sand Medium sand Fine sand Very fine sand Silt
adjacent to the Java Sea. The concentration of sand is more on the side of Putri Island which is directly facing the Java Sea, namely stations 1, 2, and 3. This is due to stronger currents and greater value of sediment transport.
Table 2. Sediment classification is based on Folk's ternary diagram using Kummod-Sel.
Station
Composition (%)
Sediment Classification using Kumod-Sel Gravel Sand Mud
1 0.21 96.91 2.89 Slightly gravelly sand [(g)S]
2 3.20 95.50 1.30 Slightly gravelly sand [(g)S]
3 0.00 98.25 1.75 Sand [S]
4 4.99 85.68 9.33 Gravelly sand [gS]
5 0.56 93.65 5.79 Slightly gravelly sand [(g)S]
Mud is the most refined sediment component at the study site. Fine sediments will move more easily and tend to be faster than coarse sizes [48]. The sludge accumulates under absolutely calm current conditions and will begin to settle when the flow velocity starts to decrease [57]. Station 1 (west) has a lower current speed than other stations so that it can only transport a smaller size of sediment than other stations. The mud carried to station 2 (east) is only slightly deposited because of the strong current so that the mud is distributed to station 1 (west) and then settles because of the weaker current.
Apart from river flow factors, the sedimentation process that occurs in the study location is also influenced by many other natural factors. According to [33, 49, 58], the most important of which is the hydrodynamics and gravity forces. The movement of water provides lateral transfer and differentiation of the primary matter, while gravity forces are responsible for its near-vertical deposition.
The current will lead from the estuary to the sea when the sea level recedes, bringing sediment out of the estuary to the sea. On the other hand, at high tide, there will be more currents leading to Putri Island carrying sediments coming from the sea [59]. According to [3], tidal movement dominates the distribution of sediment concentrations. The high tide causes the sediment concentration in the estuary to be very high, while at low tide, the sediment concentration spreads towards the open sea.
The rotation of the current in the eastern part of Putri Island at high tide is caused by the greater volume of water coming from the sea, so that the sediment from the Citarum tributary cannot escape to the sea. The sediments coming from the Citarum tributary will be evenly distributed from the east to the west of Putri Island. At high tide, the ocean currents are thought to carry sediment from the sea and are deposited on Putri Island and Cikiong Beach. According to the opinion of [60] stated that tidal currents affect the distribution of suspended solids,
especially at high tide, which will carry the material from the sea into the river mouth to be deposited and increase the height of sediment in the area.
Based on the mechanism of the formation of Putri Island which is located in front of the river mouth, this island can be called delta sediment. Delta can develop along the coastline or expand towards the sea according to the type of formation. The tides and flow of currents can be strong factors in controlling the formation of delta types and morphology [61, 62]. The sediment transport, reworking, and deposition processes in and near the deltaic regions are primarily driven by fluvial and marine hydrodynamic regimes [63]. In the future, it is necessary to conduct a study on the process of forming the Putri Island “deltaber”. The information generated from the study can be used as a reference in efforts to manage the surrounding environment effectively and sustainably [64, 65].
4. CONCLUSIONS
Several conclusions can be conveyed from the results of the analysis and discussion in this study. Based on the size of the grain, the type of sediment covering the bottom surface of the waters around the arisen land of Putri Island consists of seven types of sediment, namely gravel, very coarse sand, coarse sand, medium sand, fine sand, very fine sand, and silt. This classification refers to the Wentworth scale nomenclature. If classified based on the main component of the Folk’s ternary diagram, the seabed of this area has three types of sediment textures, namely slightly gravelly sand [(g) S], Sand [S], and gravelly sand [gS].
Furthermore, based on the identified sediment types, it can be said that Pulau Putri is alluvial sediment. These deposits can be predicted and interpreted as reflecting the combined action of fluvial and tidal processes. The distribution of sediment concentrations around the island is influenced by the movement of currents which are dominated by tidal currents. After Putri Island was formed, this island is strongly influenced by the conditions of the waters current because the position of Putri Island is directly facing the Java Sea to the north and at the same time is facing the river estuary flow from the south part.
Acknowledgments
Thanks are conveyed to the survey team personnel: Bagoes Aria S, Cholik Kholidin, Andi Wahyu Dwinanto and Lim Kristianto S who have helped in measuring and collecting data at the study location.
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