Political, Institutional and Consciousness Conditions of the Round Table Agreement in Poland. An Attempt at Conceptualization

(1)

Ktzysztof Bncchtz-vn

Political, lnstitutional

and

Consciousness

Conditions

of

the

Round

Tablc

Agrcemcnt

in

Poland.

An Attcmpt

at

Conccptualization

lntroduction

'Ihc politicai

chffngcs fu Poland

ol'

1989 hav€ bccn thc obJcct

of

thc ligorous

empirical stl(lics

nnd cxpIłnations throu8h

va.ious

thcorctical

tLccounls'

']hc

cxplanations

oflhc

lrcgoti

tcd

collirpsc'ol

conrtnltn ism may bc dividcd into two basic groups:

individualiŚtic

and

holistic'

'thc

indiVidualiŚlic cxplanalions focus

on

thc prcfcrcnccs and goals of thc rcAolialing actors and arlluc that lhc coursc of

polili(al

€vcnls

was

rcsuIt

ol

caIcul{Lions nradc by inr|ividu,lls' ']'hc _holistic_{inlcrprctations,}

employing such catcgorics as class, and/o. nalions. an&or civilization, and/or social slailcmscxplain

thccollapscol

coDmunism by its systomic failurcs, which dclcrminc t]re

bchaviour(lfthc individu

ls' 'l'bcsc two k inds of

cxplaoatio

s both

hłvc

th.irown

advanlagcs

and

disadvantag$.

Although

lhc

individualistio

cxplanalions pruvidc a dctailcd inlcrprctation

ofthc

{liffcrcnt phascs

ofpolilical

bargainin! and stmlcgics

adoptcd

by

thcir nrdin aclors, thcy cxtract Lhcnr

ln)m

thc social contcxt and ignorc

ff'cialcon{l'tl('$

and lam;lations imposcd by łhc

hisbńcal

situation.

on

thc olhcr hand,

lrolistic

cxplan

lions lbcus on

lhc

rccon'tnloti

r

ofthc

Śocirl and historical conlcxt

but

thcy

usurlly igirorc

i

dividualistic

prclcrcnccs.

bias

and

fi

ally

mislakcs

committcd by actors lrcatingtlrcDr

asł

simplc cmbodiment ol'lbc

socialcntitic'

which

thcy rcprcscntcd: clłsscs. nations or sooial sys|cms. ]'hc ailn

ofthis

papcr is 1o cxtcnd

non'Marxian hislorical

matcrinlism

(Nowżk

l98]' l99l)

in

ordcr

lo

capfurc thc

bchrviour of individunls and thcir groups.

Lct

us.

briclly.

chnractcrisc this thcory, which

bck'rgs

b

the

holisiic

group

of

cxplłnltions

in

socill

sticnccs

(Nowitk 2009)' Cl.,tss divisionŚ.

in

accordancc with this aPproa.h.

cxisl

llot

only

i

cconomy. but a1so

cllcrgc

ŚBnltancously

in

othcr sphcrcs ofhuman activity' srch ns politics

łnd

culturc' ln cach

sphcrcofsocial lifc

il

is possiblc 10 diŚ1nr8uish

.

maIctial Icvcl consisting o1'mcans

ofcocrcion.

prcduction

(2)

(]cntra]

l]t!!pc 'lło

Dccadcs A1]cr

dńd indoctrilrltidr. 'l'hc lchtion to mc!!s

olcocrcio

in polilics dctclnincs a division 01'a R)ciĆty ]nto two

$cial

catĆgofic!: lhc chss

ofrulcB,

whjch controls drc u'c of

mc.nsol'coclcilrr.

nd thccl.ssol'citi1.ns'

dcllircdofsuch

_{lbsŚbj1ilics' lncconomy,}

thc

nr.tcrirllcvelrs

nradc up ofthc mcrnsolpioduction, whi.h

dctcn

ncsadivision

into lhc c].5s olowncJŚ

r

d lllc

clas

oldilcct

prcdu.crs'

lll

lhc

cultrnl

domain. rc

'ndlclirl

lcvcl conŚnx

ol'thc

mcrns of

Śliri(lil

pfudu.tiur

fd.cxłnlptc

priDling ptcsŚcŚ' ridio rnd

lclcvisi

r

'lhus, controlovcrthc matcrial Drcus prcvldcs th. b.sis

lbri

typology ofsocjcrics jn _non

MrIiai

_hjnoric!l

_nratcialiŚn _{(lnrthcr n}_]r'{hm)

_AIplying

_{this critcria,}_{it is}

lossiblctodktingnis]r class socictics' whclĆcxślingclasŚcs!tc scparllcd' and supn chŚs Śocictics,

łhcIc

thc clasŚ diVisions arc ovcIlappcd' Folcr.rmplc. onc socialc]ass, kĆcn on inclcrsing lhc 1M8c

olits

soci l

int]Ucn..'

jay sciŻc contrclovc! mcmsof coclcion at(l

_|rcńlcljon

and

lrłsŚ

comnjUńic!liur' _'Ąsocicty wjth ll triplc class of

rulcrs ownclś-I)licsts, jnonopolising

_{coilIol ovcl}

po1iticŚ. cconomy and cultulcj cxcmpl]i]cŚ onĆ LyPc

olsu|fu

cl.sŚ ŚyitĆm l'hjs soci.l systcD

Ictś

Lo thc slructure

ol

connnu n iŚn. 'lhc .ppalatus ol'rlrc connluniŚt Plrty jn Pollnd, which controllcd

not only _|olit]cal]i1i. buL

łl$

thc .conomy

aid

oUllUIc waŚ thc .oui1erpart ofthe clłss oftriplc-lolds' t]onnnunj9n was tlrc syncm

oftriplc rul.

in n

politicilvcBion

bccausc posscssion of thc rncnis

ol

producti{D and indoctrin lion by thc ctass o{

ntlcls orvncN pticsts was slbordi]rłlcd to thc cnlargcnrcnl of powc! rc8u]alion' This social svścm cvolvcd according lo dcycloPncntal n]cchanisms

ola

purciy political

lhc

thcory

olNli(iQl

dominltior is thc loinL oldep{rturc

i!

rhc cxptanarion of

connnunisnr (.omparison

oli_Mhnr

łith

othcl .oncĆptualjations. scc: BI2.chczy!

2o0ll) lt is rsrnncd thrl individuils

p$css!

tungc

ofprcltrciccs

whichgovcmthcir rctionŚ 'I'hc Wholc

ofcivil

act(']ś

cdn bc dividcd into aubnonrous actions and

regulalcd actiors. l(cgulaLc(l lctions

lrc

takcr by citizcns lor thc fcar of cocrcion by

lhc

altho

_ry

^uLononnnls actions aIc tnkcn

rcglrdlcs

ofŚanctions by lhc disposcrs

ol

mcus

of

co.rciof

lhc

rn(.rcst

of

thc .uthorlty consists

of

naintaining lDd cxPatding thc

s|h.r.

ol'lcgUl

jo..

whcMsthc

intcrcsloIa civil c1łss of mainlrtnring

łnd cxpan.lin! lhc sdrcrc

ofcivil

aulo.only''l'hc notiur ofclasŚ intcrcsts albws the

conccptL'ahłllion ofthc tbrc. ofa

cl.Ns"lhc

folcc of

ł

clasŚ' al

aiy

sivcn tinc, is jls 'biLil)' to lcrliŻc ils

ow

jiLćrcsl by rV|y of

m!x]'ri7rl1o

ol optiIni2alion ofsclcclcd

pnranrctcrs of

$.ial

litc

ll

is

possib]c

lo

diśt1nguislr'

nIgh]y

spcakin8.

lhrcc

Śtr8cŚ

in

thĆ modcl

dlvcbpmcnt

of

!

pur.ly

_Polil]cal

soci.ty:

th.

Ślagc

ol'

_{Lhc 8rorvlh}

of

poliliĆal

l.gu]

Lion. thc Śt.gc ofcnŚldYclncnL nd thc Ślagc

olthc

gr durl dcclclsc of

połer

]c8Ulrljon

ln

drc fitst st!djunr.

lh.

nrcch!!iŚln

oi

po]i1]cal conrpctitio! lĆads lo

rslca yriscofpo$crrcguLrli(D

lhosc trenr thc clNs olrulcrs. ivhodo nor compctc,

arc clinrinat.d tiom thc _{|oliLic!l strudut.}

oflowcr

oI, by pmccsŚ oftrjnl and cnol! lcaln lo cń]Jrgc their sdrcrc o1 conl|o].

^s

a conscqUcncc. social uulononry shtinks

and thc sphcrc ofpowcr r.gulaliur cnlłl8cs which. in turi, prorokcs !n outbrcak of

/irl:?.ł.;!'

Ilo11llcrl. lnslitUtionJl an{lconsciousncssCoDditions''

lLs

liilurc

oPcDs thc rold lo thc total Ćńslavcncnt

of

rc citizcDry by lhc class

of

rulcN

ln this sLagc o l politica l

dcvclop

cnt. thc power rcgulation rcachcs ils rpogcc

.nd ficlds

ofcivil

autoft)

y aLfost disaptcar. Sircc th. stitc

ofc

slavcmcnt.lhffc !ppc!6 a tcndcncy towards a gr..dual rcvitalisation ofiDdcpcrdcrtsocialbonds. which incrca$.s lhc ciLizcnJ

ibility

10 rcŚist.

'l'his lcads to a

civil

Icvohxion. \ł]]lch is crushcd. but

rulcls

in

o

fu avoid a follo$,

up

rcducc

tlc

scopc

oi

thcir conlrol. Howcvcr, mcchinisms

oi

polilical conjpclition

lcld

oncc

nu'c

_{to thc 8lowlh}

ofpowcr

lcgulaLion' lriggcriDg

t

fuńhcr

outbrc.kofrcvolutiono

agrcatcrscilc. lhis forccs rulcrs to makc largcr conccssion

and mlkcŚ it nrolt di1'flculL tbl lhcm to rcprcss lcbcls''|'hus, a polilicai soc1.ty cvo]vcs

1'cĄldl'f'U

n'' IUll._'

r, .h.ln. .l\ll l.\o'll'lo1 'cpll1:'Un

It'n|(\||n\

gołth

of political

r.gulatio'

ncxl

pol

cJl

rcvolution rvith a tvidcr social basc

Final]y, maŚs prolcsls cnt|n and lhcir scalc is Śo widcsprcad that tuthoritics.

inścrd

otbcBinning wiLh nith rcprcssior. havc no choicc but allow swccpinE conccssions. which r.duccŚ thc

coilrol

o' thc rulcrs to

r

lcvcl acccptablc by lhc class oicitizcns'

An

Attenpt o1Ext€nsio

of the

ThĆory

of l'ower

,Ąccodi'rg to thc

lh.ory of

powcf

ln

n Mhm, thcrc

is

only onc stratĆgy

ol

rcalization

ol cl

ss intcrcst. namcly drc maxinralist stratcgy. NlaxiDisrtion of thc iDtcrcś ofthc class ofru]crs ain$ al lltc cslrlblislrmcnt

ofdrc

la.gcst _lossjblcrangc

ofrcguhtion iI any Śocial

condiln'ls'

lllis slrdtcgy limits thc r.ngc of c ivlI antonomy

and may

lcad

in a

cons.qucncc

to lhĆ gloŃ1h

ofciviltls;slłncc'

Bcsidcs, it is

loŚihlc

to

dislinguislr two othcr Śt.atcgics: co'npromisc

.Dd

nriliDłlist'

'Ihc cotr'plofilsc

Ńłtcgy

nuintźlinŚ

(d

cxt nds) lhc powcr rcguhtion

i'r

lclr a

say

that it docs not ]crd to ci\,]l rcsjslancc and. nt thc słnrc timc. guarantccs a ccrtain dcglcc

ofautoio

y lo thc class ofcitizcns. A nrinimalist shatcgy

ol

Lhc rcalizalion

oftfic

class intcrcŚt nrcanŚ rcsi8nrljon liom Powcl rcgu

lltiur

in cxchangc for c g lhc aclually physicai

suNiv.l

olnlcrs

(i.

linrc olrc\,olulions).

simiIally.

1hrcc

śfalcgics

ol

lc!liŻa1ion

of

thc

civil

class jnLc.cst _can_bc distinguishcd: 1hc l)raxinaliś stlltcgy is thc cxtcnsion ofthc rangc ol'jls auLonomy,

tvhich lcads io

!

linritatior

oflh.

rulc$

rcgnlalion and it docs not provokc thcir countcRctioD; thc comlnnnisc Śtratcgy

t] s

ch waY nrainlrins

(rl

cxtcldŚ) civil

aulononry

thrt

it

docŚ

nol

provokc

lhc

iluthorlty's rc ction

rnd

guxfuntccs thc

rclli7alior of

1hc

rUlb8

c1isŚ jnlcrcs1Ś'

Fin.lly,

thc nrinnnaijst stntc8y

tlclns

lĆsignalion lroin thc nraintailring

ofcivil

altoiomy

in cxchangc for c'g' lhc

lotullly

phys]c.l

olthc

citiŻcns thrcatcn by authoitics'rcprcssiolrs (c' gr duriDg a phrsc of

'Ąccordilg to Nowak

(l99l)'

lhc hiclarchy ofpowct ahlays slrapcŚ lhc

itlslinl

tio

al slructurc in rhc fonn

of

statc

pyn'nid

Thc constiLucnls

ol

this py.amid of polilical powcr

lrc

thc suprcnrc rulff and inslitutional positions within thc clitc of

(3)

Ccnlr

lL,uropc

l\!o Occldes AIlcr

as.ribcd thc largcst sphcrc of influcncc. I hc clnc of pow$ is a sct of posirions with

ascribcd sphcr.s

ol

innUcncc. cach onc s]nrllcl than Lhc sLtprcmc

'llcas

but IaĘcr lhan anyofan lpplratchik's.1lotlcvcl, tlrcsunrof1hc sphclcs of nrt]uĆicc o i mcmbc$

ol'thc clitc

of|owcls

is

gl.at.r

thań thc

sdrcl.

of inl]Llcncc aŚcribcd to lhc suprcme

rulcr (ithcr positions in thc slatc pynmid arc occupicd by

appa

tchiks

ofd'ftrcnt

].vch. cach with a Śnal]cr sPhclt of

j

1]ucncc than thosc

ol

thc clirc

ol

powcr and

lhc

sUPrcnrc

rulcl'

lIowcvct.

lhc

sLln

of

Ślhcfcs

o1

influclcc

ascribcd

to

all appalatcj]jks iŚ largcr th!n thc ran!Ć

oilcgulition

rŚcribcd to tlrc poŚrions wilhin thc

clitc

ofpowcl

łnd lhc poŚtnń

oilhc

NPlcnrc nllcr altogcthcl'

^n.log1.ally. Lhc cl.ss

ofcni7cnr

t'o ns

Śjnilxr

inśitutional(n]cLurc

(B.ucch-Ć7yh. 2004)' l_hc basr s of th. nchlork o l'auturomous civil rclationŚ iŚ constitutcd by

t'a{crial mcłnŚ

ol

$cial

sclt'orglniŻltion

slch

_{as PrclDiscs. lccturc halls, prinling} mach]ncs, ctc' ln tcms ol'lc]ation to th.sc nrc ns

lhc.i!il

class can bc dividcd

i'ło

thc

dril

ladd! tshtp anl runk /,./

_/itu.r/:."r.

Mcnrbc^

ollhe

tc.dcrship nrakc cffec-tivc dccisions concctuins thc intcndcd usc ofth.sc mcans

Arrnk

and filccitizcn docs not

_Fsscss

this dĆcisior m.knr.q powcr

^s

r

diŚposcr

ofapFrĆntly

jnconspicuous r.sourccs corstjtutrng rhc intraslruclurc

ofcrch civil

movc'ncnl

in ordinary

cmbcr

''l

llh' lcldclĘh'n

'.

oIt|. ln (..lUl\.'

l{

1'oc{ !('||'Iin 3. l on

''

\

lcJdtr.hlp mc'lloca.

position

ń

lhe civil soc'cty dcpc'ds on

hoł

many actions

ofnnk

and filc citizcns

Ic

or slrc.ah contrcl. ln a nrass civ]l moycmcDt thĆrc arc alwavs sonlc individualŚ will

l'g r".

\'(iJ

I'c.r

.pll{(,,t

ltlu(rr(

t,{ tthl

,.('\J..

\\ I rr.Jtt ut th.

!jurrlc

lnr

.u. r.,1., r1.r1,(..

id..,.(

_.r\r'.h,\

F,\ b., u n..ht..t,r-.,t

\

cr

u

( rirnc rha tcrr

crshjp (or civjl c]itc) ofthc

cililchŚ

wi1l bc dominaLcd by thosc who

h.v.

cxlcndci]

thcf slhcrcs ofinflUcncc _{ol.Iralc lcarntctt'Ćctivcly how}to do i1' l.his

tc|dcncvofoli

E.'lhl.'llln'l'nunb'l('' c.'Jl'lll''. l/.l'.l\'|

nclulJ

_{ólr. ll''.hllli'l '''l Ntcl}

conrpctitivcncŚ anrong thc class

ofth.

ru]crs

'lhc divńion into thc lcadcrsh]p and thc civiI mlsscŚ is cslablishcd lblkrwnrg an

institulonaliz.tion ol thc class

olcitizcns.lLcan

thus bc assurncd that thcctassotcit

iŻcns has a _{ccńain oJgnnizltional slructurc t'caluring tlrc ofganization luthoritv}_and Uldi11l

'nJ|||lfl' \.J'''.|1|

Ul

_{'n'ł''/,,.l'''ł./fyl/',i/'JnhJlllclllnrUJL('U,}

wh]dr is sini]at to lhlt

ofa

'|a|a DfufuiJ''1]1c ol!]^niŻallonal pymlnid cons]sls oftlrc

1cd.L/ (countci| lt of

l'lt

2l

żł]'

in rlrc

śłtc

pyramid struchlc),

.'L,i/.lżl

(?l'lc

d

Po||cf). otgd iŻdtn| corc |unaralus al

Pvcl)

anl1 nllk and fi lcoIlaDiŻation mcm

bcrŚ'

'Ih.

ljrst tlrrcc cohrPoncitŚ 01'(hc civ]l class orga|jZrtion foan lhc . nł'l

',ra'i

zilkr|d

lha|il.v'l]^rh.osi1ion withiń lhjs iNtjhrtion! l fiamctvork is aŚcrjbcd..crtain

sPhclc

ofdccision

nrakińg; grcalcr iń crsc of lcadc( Icss.l

i!

cłsc 01'a nrcmbcr

of

'l'hc qUcslion lcn]ains howcvcr. Nhy do cirizcns

!tslc.

to volr rtarily obcy

thcł

own

.litcs?

four factors should bc nrcntioncd lliNt. rhc civit ctircs arc rcsponsiblc

for rcsti1utions and maiItcnalcc olthc nctq.o.k ofindĆpcndcnt civ]llclations. Sccond,

lhc

rulcIs dirccl

thcil

po]ilical rcprĆssions

fiFt

against thc

civil

clitcs.

l.htrd. an

intcnrallv shtctrrcd

cilil

_{chss |Icvcfits social anomic}and. lbuńh, unjlcd ciri7cns arc

lblc

to lbrcc thc ru]crs 10 nrakc laryct conccssi{nrs than an unorganizcd clasŚ cannol'

192

'l'hc

_qucśio!

_ol

_{pańicipulion}_of_class_{clitcs in}_{thc proccss}

of making a class compton'isc

llust

involv. al

lc!Ś

a ntdimcntary dcfinition

ofrclalioislrip

bchvccn

loci!lc1aŚscsand1hoilownc]itcs'ThcclitclaysoullonEtcnnsLratc']icsofrcalizalion

ol

lll. l'lJJ(.l

^\

DlLti'

|Ś

v

lllulllinncd dbU\'

'

ln

g(n'1i'

l lrcc stnlcgics olrcaliz{tion

olbolh

typcs

of.lass

intcrcŚts can bc idcntificdj nraxnnJlist.

compftnisc

ind

minrm!list.

'lhc

_lcasibil'ty

_ofr

_givcn_sttut.F,y_{dcpcnds on thc tbrcc}

of both anragonistic

c|asscs. which d.lcrnrincs classcondiljons in a Śocicty. ln lhc slagc of gradurl;Iowth

ofpotvcr lcgulallon and cns]łvcmcil, thc Drosl optiDal slfttcAy 1br thc rulnlJ: class

,.r

c .11\

mill.

{r.'rcg\ b(..,'r\c Jttu*

L..1hrb..

rI

(|ro. cr..

L

t)

(ry

rtr(

sphclc ol'fu]gu]a1ior ofthc wholc class' ]'hc comPromiŚc stlatc8y gridually bccomcs oPtimal in lhĆ sllgc ofthc

cycllcll

dccrcasc

olpowcf

rcgulation bccausc it rcduccs lhc

loŚ.s

in powcr rcguhtion

^

nrinilnilisl strrtcgy bcconrcs ontimal in llrc casc

ol

a \ictorious rcvolution bccausc. atrhc cost

olrclinqliŚhihg!

sphcrc oiinf]ucncc, t]lc

rulcrs can at lcast savc thcir livcs.

S inril rly. co.lpromisc st.atcgy is optimat lbr citizcns in rhc stadium ofthc growdr of political rc8uhtion and in Lhc stadiun ofcnslrvcmcnlbcclusc it

allołs

lcducilg

losscŚ in civil autonomy. ln thc Śtagc ol'Lhc cyclical dccrcasc of porvĆr rcgulation. thc

maxnnallstśntc8} is drc nxxl optińal forcitizcns bccausc irallowŚthc ńost cffcclivc

way 1() cnlrl8c thĆn sphcrc of a|tononry'

'lhc

minimalist Ńratcgy iŚ oplimal iń tho

caŚc ofrcp!csionŚ uscd by authoritics (in casc of 1oŚ rcvolutiono bcclusc rcsi8nalion

frcn

autonomy bccomcs a condirio!

ofpłysical

survival.

lt

tums out that thĆ rĆcognition of

clas

conditions and choicc

ol

approp.idtc

śntcgy

arc ńot mldc by

iidivdunl

mcnrbcs of thc givcn class but by its

clłc

lf

.

ŚpĆcil]c śIatcgy ollcaliŻul]oD

ofcl.s

iltcrcŚl is clTcctivc' it

will

bccomć widcly

a.ccprcd by thc ordinary mcnrbcN

ofthc

_Bivcnchss via

imitatio!

Only whcn thc chss stratcgy. proposcd by thc clitc is incllcctivc. wouid ir)dlvidLrat ncmbcN

ofasivcn

social class scck thcir

oplinal

śrutcgy of r.ali7aljon

ol'chss iltcrcsl

on thcir olvn.

lhc nrost succcssfuloncs would constilutc a ncw chss clitc which woukl pronrotc thc

most

optimal

in

slcciiic

c]asŚ

condilions

sLrulcgy that bccolrcŚ widely adop1cd

wilhin thc givcn clrsŚ' Thc cxis1cncc ol'lhc cltiss clilc is advanta8cous fo! thc cntilc class bcc usc

il

rcdlccŚ thc l1nrc

olchoicc

ańd adaptation

ofan

optinr.l politicll

stlatcgy in pańicular claŚŚ condjLlonŚ

'Iht

_{Political. lnstitutional}

_{and Consciousncss}

_Conditions

of thc

class

Compromis€

A class compronisc is nol

nidc

bclwccn

crlirc

social classcs but bctwccn thcir rcprcscnlitivcs known as class clitcs. Rcaching r social compromisc dcpcnds

oi

rhc:

i'

balancc ofpowcr bcBvcĆn thc class of ruleN and thc claŚ ofcilizcnsj

ii'

chotcc ol'thc compromisc śratcgy by Lhc

cń,ilclitc

lbllowingpropcf lccogniljo! ofthc forcc ofthc civil cl.ssi

(' a,7..]ł(:,],,

l1)1itioal, I

nstitutional

d ConŚcn'u$rcss condnions'

''

(4)

c.llful

lilroPc l'o

Dccłdcs

Allcr

iii

choice

of

thc

comprom(c stratcgy

by

lhc clilc of

powcr tbtlowing propcr rccogni1ion olthĆ 1arcc oi thc

ruli

g class]

iv'

ci}'cclivcolginiŻi1ion ofthc.lasŚ o1'ciliŻcns lcttingto

]itloducc!

stfutc8ychoscn

v

Ćll'cc1ivc olg!njŻ.tion ()l'thc class oi lul.rŚ 1.ttjig lo jItoducc a Śtra1cgy choscn

'lhc hr]uncc

of|orvcl

bctwĆcf

$cirl

chsscs is mainlaincd whc! thc fblcc olthc

c]v]l

.l8Ś

is

!l'l'icic.t

to

pt.lcnt

jc|Icssiors by thc luling class. but too wcak lo

crlorcc

_{foliticllcorc.ssnńs}

llom rhc ruling cldss. On thc othcr haid. rhc forcc of

thĆ rulins

cl.s

iŚ

l]ic]cnl to

plcvc'l

thc

.i!il

loop, but too wcdk Lo supprcŚs thg

nehlorkofindcpcidc

l

civilrclatids

lloscvcr.rcompro'niscisrclchcdontywhcn

thc ha]tl cc o1'powcl bctwccn lhc

cl

sscs is tccog|rŻc(l pm|rcll], by thc chŚs clitcs which choosc thc compronriŚc sttatcgy'

Thcrc

rc two poŚiblc Ą'pcs

ofcroDcous

idcntil]catior ofc]ass condiln'N: (i)

lhc class clitc ovctcsti laLcs thc forcc o1 itŚ own chss rnd lndcrcstinratcs

th.lbrcc

ol

thc o|poŚing cltss

cli1c

i!

this c.lsc it chooscs

ńc

tlaxinalist

stntcgy; (ii) llrc

c]ass

clilc

ndcrcśimatcs thc tbrcc ofits

olv

class and ()vcrcstimatcŚ 1hc

lor.

ofrhe

opposin!.lass

iń lhis

clsc

jt _{choosĆs thc}_{nrininralist Śttatcgy' Whcn}_thc_{class clitcs}

incofĆĆ1ly rccognizc thc class condiLions and chooscś a

*urg

politicrl

strntcgy,

a coDpronlisc is nol liund.r

A choicc ofap|.opriatc

$lrlllcly

is

! lol

sutl].icnL condilion ot.laŚs tlgrccDrcnt

bccauŚc

llch

ł

stntcgy haŚ to hc ifiI)lcmcDtc{] amon8 thc mcnrbcrs

ofa

tivcn

chs'

'1'hc _{cxiŚtcncc ol'sUch oIg.nisatjon}_{on thc}_ci\'ilsidc_is_{anothcrcoDdjtio! of.ldŚŚ} agrcc

nrcnt' In additioll to lhis.

rcrchiig

a conrplonrisc accc1crJlcs tlrc institutiona]iŻalioD

of lhc

civil

chŚs and rcinl'orccs thc natutll

ollglrchisltion

t.ndcncics of thc civi]

org!niTation.lhcscdininguisIcd

mc

bcrsofthccivilclitcarc

priyilcgcdto ncgoriatc

wilh 1hc rulcrs

lnd

_{arc thus in a bcttcr |osition lhat}thosc

włh

whonr thc łUtlrofities arc

nollvillilrg

to

tłlk

^lthough.

thc

thtcc conditions outlincd abovc]

mltcrial

(balancĆ

of

powcl

bctwc.ń.lasscs),institUtio..l(crc!LvicinslittltionalorBaniZationofbotlrc1assc9and

consc iousncss (conrpe'njŚc Śtratcgics choscn by c1asŚ clitcs) _{'ioinlly foan}thc su mcicnt

condillon

oi

class lgrccnrcnt' th! hrgcsl

iŃlUcn.c

in Lhis

configuntioi

ol

factoB/ coi{]nlons is cxcńcd by thc

brlucc

of|owcrbctw.ch c]dsscs bcilrg ablc t() lannulatc

and

jt.olpo.łlc

comPenniŚc ŚtIrtclry by clitcs ofbolh Ćlrs\Ćs. |'hc

tanulitł

olpo_

lllic

]

sllłl.gv

r(l(lilnlrrlly

sn.tgthcnŚ thc o]i8 lchiC lcltlcnc1ĆŚ ]nsi(lc thc citizcnry.]

]\4fic.n lhi\ lł/cch.7tn 2004

rAn

_rlrcnralivc_corligrfulon_ri|_{firrors hff}_bccn_{tuRari.d br}_I'c(r.scu_{(200r. +81.}_who

i{rngurshcs

l

cc IinJs ol lJl(trs conljibu(il]g 1. ll'c coll]nso ol'c.mnUniŚnl: {l'clu..L llcio6

(cconoDn. ]1l]trl.

!

dccay ofidcoLoi!).

Illillr

sPc.ilic tlcłols (N]ili!a cul]trrc ofsoc]crr) md

.ollIutrĆtfll lll1os (cxl.mal lId

i .rnl]

lor.x

n|r]clhc]n]]rrclol'|lldk]l[cIłtronc)

'lo\Yev.r,

licr(.buror rlrcdr. slvc lmtxclonrnak 0!..Dr])firn'rr lortrcpohrlca c0t{rtrcotr)r.ruttrorjlicsard lfu

rul

co'nDnn]l} (Pch\cl2008. I) ó)

l-rom the

Martia|

Law ło

thc

First

_{Frce Elections in Poland}

1

d

UŚ Dow cxclnplify 1lrc _{al'orclrcntioncd considcntions. focusing on lhc thlcc}

curdllions

olńc

vtial

(

proDisc (bascd on foll01łing

m'.g.łl's,

_óa"g"izool,

Dudck 200.l'

cilrlicki2004'

skórŻyński2009' _and_{Ttcnbicka 2003]'.lhc}

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in 'ruty ana,ługust I,lso':rIlc

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'Ihis itllcn]nl divis'on ol'lhĆ "iItdcpcndcDl |'()lish

ci!il

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id

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lhc(

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l'hc

slr

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l cCh \\,ltlasr. tvhicll in]plo lcnlc(l x

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co

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thc lighl

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i

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b1lc4L1)'

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of

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by

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ln

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ń

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łlthorilics'

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ll'c Polash

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oflhc

conrprcmisc stmlcgy on

bolh

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was. scri!ś

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it! APriI. May and

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l]ythecndol'^|ril l988llŚtlikcof

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ill

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on

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lionr NSZZ

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n nun

qu(.u

ch(\'.'-',c,r

Moul'l

_h('

lll('ń',. ;

_;:;]:|

_{:;];.,,l"'^\'shc'|ulc'l}

l''

sbn

n|

m'J]"lohl'

!,,,.,,,.

.,.

.,n..,,".,: ;,,,^

::

;

l:;".;l

ll:lli;

",^"ilr;lhl:l

:l:i:l::l"f:l:l:ll.

:'"1

,(!or

rrk

N wrs

1\o'r

n

J",..,.-

",

.,,;1";;;;;;;;

J,,

,!r,',,...r,

(.-,,,,, _r_rt,J_h-,...,.,.r

.,,,i

_rtn.

_{I,r:u,i.(1,-+}

_l^

I.

ir.

ii,,,,"".",

ll::

_'.Tll

l

':"1'l:::'"

''r''|'{

sJ{

brur'.r ,n cJ,rv r}c,

-'"

_"i.,

",",.r",",,-I rcr,

w-'.Jr.rnJ

_\t,rr,t

_M,,,t.,ur./

_{rt...rd(r,,f ,r," p,..}

;.,*r,,,".,,,

Il''J.' '.|l!ł|'

Ihc ^|| l1'']n,I

_^l''cl'.f

UI

ll],IJ

lJ

sFlt.jn''tn {'l

'''.'

n'u*

.",,'"","

_',',,

"i;:.';j-' *

D'-lllh(|

n'

|łĄ8

|lł'

('{N''h1 _JJ_l

_.th

u

_śr

_1'

l.

.' :

J

ii:':,;

l];]::'

;il::;il::'.

_;j:

]lilil

_;;]:]

;

r''|nlllt

{ ł|

|}r(otb{

|x'

lt,*t ' lt'"

.]r,r"nr'

, .,n

(s|'lo |\h'1|u||h t

|h].1l||t1'

,

lmit(

r^'""tL'

/łu?ł'l('l Ń*

,,,,.,,,",,,.,,,;,",;;",.;.

_il;;:

_{ilJ;.,,ol;;j;l''}

*.,

n,-c,'

p

rn

!..r1.\

i

;.r;

*'i."'.

-

"."""'*';T

ll;i

;:lil'l

_illt^:'ll:J

"

fllli:;l'

Ti

il

'

ł'

lh( ol)ttNnlt.j'n|P' lh(

\on

'|UnFl

pinv

lmlkas UccJ lhls

rcll('J

nl Jn|.'l.

(

lll..

,lll:l'1..,

,',

_n,.,,

_{,pp.,, ,,,,.}_,,,._,

.

.,.p,..ii,.

_,,_{i,r, ,r,..}

"1,p,,.,,,,.,

_"

,. ,,,..*,.,,,.

IDl.U

{

_|)''','o!

_|hc_płriv_|oP_hnlŚ\

_U$l

_illl(m

_l

_bull.''"'',;

;i;,

,;;ill',;*,':i;

lllj]]']^'':li]ł]''':'ll

''nl''\'l|Ą|]tl''ł'\'\''''(i.ll.J'lnJJl'Unł

l''lo'lh''

.

' '''.'''' l

J]]\

l($lsrllJ

Inr')

_{1' '' 'lljlc\ xl}

_whl.h

_{łn(ł lhlufnd}

r{''t'l.

n'lrll'tl'full'

tlh

Ńi\

\CL(n

'

||(\

I'''L

vlikl.\

'r''" '"

l'..-''i.'

i;.*

i"

lchfuJrv

|']Eł |h!'rc uLre \]\ly _{Ńe\ell \Lr]lcŚ}

_lB

jh

jli:'l,:..1::ll:';;:..:;ll*;.;.;i:.;;"i1,.,;l'iJii';r:llill:,:',i1";iJ

,,r

_{r"L r,/t'R}

_L.n.,xt

_{, ,.n}

_,,,

_{1. rt),.(.1,r1\r}

_:ol

I,xx

,

.

Jnl''''a

l/'

l_

l1^-'\ł'.l(jĄ'|'l''

_{lcJ\łl'(/.s'J$t!A7.,,,r.v.,,ror*u'o,,**'}

::::

]'::':'":]|1 |l'"n'J

l|l.

ln

]||'.|'

,ł

l'r( Jl:lll\

]lraiJl

.

silh

_{'I|''|,,|..1|}

|ł]|tr

l]|LV

Jfc||'J

_{||'J:'n''|l._.}_uIl||_|I|(

_\'''lhl'l\

_nPp'''lĆlI

l,UnD{

łh(

lw|'

h'Illll R0

Dd

.lihlc

L1lk\

ń

lllIlll.1!

_'

_Ąl

_'lr

_.l'ul

'".'

".

,;

;:;;.

*l';

:''c

l'll'R

lC.

c^l'? ct.'lC.l

lK

r,J(

1".n. .

_r,."r."i

,,i

_i,,.,

",t,.",i;,l

i::,llj,iliJl::":l,li.ll;

Co'łnn'r'lo ''t.llllJ1l.1l'll.:l..rl''r.'ull','s''''.'lnc\cll.inlh.

_{lll\cl lllxhl,.t}

(6)

(rc _lrxl

_lirtrrpc

lwo l)cc (ies

Allcr

(s.ll!)

rĆscNcd

lbl

rhe colnmunist

I'

rly and rls

vllcllitc

prdics. DcnlocBtie l'ańy

(sti

hn'fuo

!)ł fu^tdrl.lI,

nd

Lłltcll

l\:nŚ^nl

l'ńy

l'/j.dn)a'n' sln'nid|\l

/'łll,l.}'l'bclllnalning]5'|i,ol'lhcś.lts(ltlts.]lns'crct(}b'dcR}Ćllti'rlly

c]c.1ed' ln d(i(lili([,

lhj y.livcs.llIslvclc1obccl.etcdvrthccoU|1'}$nlcliŚof

$. lzl)li

crnd idatcs *,U, r$ l})ssb' liry

ol

trllblli.

l hc lcnn ol

olli.c

ol

lhc ncwly

clr.l.d Itllliłnun

w.l$ lbur yc!l$'

^|ojhcI

blljtlti(!r

8U

t

l!cing thc ('1IinUity oJ'

ilt

shlc

sysicm \Yas lbc newly

cśłbhshM ollicc

ollhc lł.sid.Dl

tthich

w

s givtn quilccxtcnŚ1v. PorvcN

sr.h

s1hc powetoivcllJ. thc li]no1il'l oi'comll)!n(lcFin chicf

oillEan]td

l't)l.ts. PrcŚi&ng o!c' thc (ommillcc ol'Nationll l

łliDcc.

nd

appinlills

rhc

l)irc.ktrollhc N

li(irrl

IJank ol

ll)l

nd

('!8/')

'lhc l)rcsidcnl ai*r

hellhc

powcr

to

disslvc

l'nrliaDtnl i!

lh.

SL'Jnr

liilc(llo

pass lhc bodgcl bill sathrn lhrcc rnonths

lijled

k) |l!poilll tlrc ( .lbin!t ot |1ascd

łn

łUL ol'Law "lhrc!tclling

lhc

l'lcŃdcnl's

consl iluli('n.l ptcrcgłl a!'cs"' |'hc lłcsidcnI w.s k' bc

clatdl

by lhc Nal

ioul

^Ś*nlbly

to tl six

yclr

(c

n ofol]]cc' ()n

^Prjl

l7.

]9li9

Ns77 so|id!!l)ść

wls o1}ici l]y rc

lcglli7.{l

h'Y

lh.

\ł'xNa*

l'roli'lciil

(infl'

lkNvcvc..

lhc

lhi(ln

Śtrlulc

\łils

!lpplcDcl]lcd

łilh

aIlrcccls(''-v c()ntrr.l whiell limilcd thĆ

t]lrol

Iigh(

b

Ś1tike b sod

on

rhcTa(lc

unions

^cl

fm

l')82.

lhc

(

_{rnrpuig lbr}

_{thc .lunc}

1989

clcclions

stinulNtcd socr

l

n

)iliatl(nr. csp.ciatly in 1h. prcv|nccs.

l)

c lo it. tllc lcvcl

ol'o|losilion

ol lblish

ĆitiŻcnry lo

conrlndńisn coul(l bcconrc

liolc

visiblc'

lhc

c]cclion

ol

'lunc

''l,

l98l)

hlought

ltLlslidcviclolfforsotjdltnrość,wil1rthcfullloutol'62'Ż,ofvolcrs't'hcsolidlmość

clxl

atcswo|Ló0oLltofl6lPosŚiblcsc.l(rinlhcscjnalrdnillctytwoŚcłtslnlhc

scn!lc

tlrc gov!r|]nrc'll Jnilcd lo st'.urc

! si!glc

scli

ilr lIlc sĆnltc. wljllc only lhrco crndidatcs cuchcd thc.cquircd

lxtonty

oftx)lulxr

vot.. Oul

oithirly

livc scats on thc counlrf,

$idc

lisl, only

l*o

worc

gri

cd by lhc

_lovcnn!.nt

Althougli rh. Round

liblc

con)nromis brurshl a.onsidcrnblc i!&rq$c m

civil

|!k'l'ny

ln lbland, l]lc colrccssl(nrŚ nr (lc by llrc

Sol

ly Śtlc !|pctlrcd 1oo big jn

rcl.lion

k)

llt

civilsllppor{

lhll

tviŚ.vidcnl

duńng lhc JuDc elc\lionŚ.

lhc

pful)or

tionsof

.lcclor

1 vi.ktr]c5 cllnrc

łslstrplis.

^llhough 8oodclcollon rcŚuhshi'(l

bcoD

cxpt.tql.

sohdtność hł{l only

hoFd

rt)

sin

5()

$Ł'

oI scnts cllg'blc ill lhc stjnl

'

d

lhc

scnltc (l'jcŻkowlki l']95,p'5l]l). lhc

lcsu]ts ol'thc

clccti

rs

dnllrol

l'

dicali^

B

Śl ncc

olrh{

Soli

lmość

l€

.rship

du!n8l

lcr Dc8oli lions' Two days

alic'

|hc

clCction.lhe

solidłn)ść

Icptcs.nL livcs. !n.lcl plcssUtc liom c7cŚłrw Kisz(7!tk'

łho

lhrQtcncd !o

n(llńy

lhc clcclion .csulls.

n8Md

!o nukcamcndnEnN lo lhc clcclo'nl

rcgulltio

Ś dUrjn8 thc c(nrp

ig

lhcsc chanBcs

młd.

il possiblc to cfllcrthińy_lhruc

@lnlfy

widc lisl can(lida|cŚ lo thc licim

(D

ck

1997' p.48). ln protcŃ.lhc oryilni7

c6

oflhe

clcction carrlpdign ol lh0 CitiTcns'Comnritlcc in

W.aaw

rcsiSncd bcforc thc sccond ruo, in whjch only 25'|';

ol

cligihlc volcrs klok p.t.l

(skór'yński

l9()5.

p 273).

lh,s dccisiorr

)ay bc

intcqrclcllas

crillquc

ol

Lhc

conlrumisc

strarcgv acccptcd hy solidamość lcadcNh!|l

'l'hc

(nnP()lnŃ

str.tcgy (n'thc So1idumoŚa .litc,

kcc

(n

nl

ilrtainin.c lhc

Ro

d

'hblc

_lolili.ilŚ

_h'Ś_qLto_al_llllcosls.

_a

(lignoringlhc risc

ofo x'siti

io

lhcsys(cn

by lhc tlłi()rity o1 l'll]iŚh socicty. ContinUcd

{h

'lUly l9. IL)lt9 W(ji!icch Jłru7.]Śkj

vlls

d

d.11ł'1]ł l'''lll'( l

ln.l

l' iulcl. 1.l.'ł.''''Us1!s('U J'ulnl

elcctcd Prcsidcnt ollh.Iacpublic

ofl'ol.nd

with |hc sU0Poń oi s.jm dcpulics frool |hc

(]ilizcns'Palli

_nrc

_t

_}

('lub. _0n_JUly_{29. ]989}

') fuzclŚki nłn)cd Czcs]aw K]lzc7ak

rs

llt

eB'lłtrD.

MiDi\lcl

KiŚzcal'sDolninJfu

c.Led

ł*avcofunrcst

nd pk)|csls.

ln lhc lhiRi wcc]' o1Jui} lhcle wcrĆ

lhi

cen striIcs' i| llrc ti)uńh wcck ol'this n)onth t$cllry_ _-!ctr

slfitlŚ

bol lń llrc fusl wcck olAogusl lhcrc w.rc cishl}-livc strikąs

ill

which

1]liy'l'ix

lhousrnd _!coplĆ

_{lłlIłcotltcd.}

l'hc

I't]wll's

lcldcrŚ

r.!liuc(l

lhłt

Kivtzik

s govcnnnfrt !v.s umblc lo

c

lll) lhc situatior On

^ugust 14.

Kivcak

rr'grcd

Lonr

im!

g rh. govcnnnort whr.h opcrcd Lhc wry to lhc nornimti(D

of

'l;'dc

_V

_Ma/owiccli'

_(inlhry

_lo

_{los( cxpcclnlaońs'}

_{Mazowicckt's.abnd}

_d

_nol l cvcd lhc

collu

onl isc st'lltcgy o l so lnhrność C nl|J 'l hc l'olish Unjlcd W()l kc$' |'rny

llx'k olcr lhc Dr'nas|rics olIblallcc.

ł

cm

l lllnirs. it{cmation l .cono !ao c&'p(fłtion,

llJnŚJroń.td con]lIunicnlior]s'

^

PZlllt

nonriJ]cc bc.anlc thc l]ircckr

ollhc

N!lion!]

lJ

nk

ol'lbl

nd

l0 lhc hudgc(

pqhsal

'ór

1{]90 lhc 8olcnnncnl $si8ncd 5 billion ZlolyŚ t() thc ()tj]cc

ol'(lDlfu|

of l'rcŚŚ aild shows lnd prcplrcd

x

.w'tlcmc

tic"

slrlc

.cnsorlihip

bill

t'hc l|1|lish

lłimc

Mnljstcr

(|cl.ycd

lris appoilltnc

l

of

U|dcrsc. rctrr]cs ol'

sl.t.

lo k.y crlriileL nrill iŃ ics lol ovcr six nronths only ]n

^priI

w.s rhc connnunisr

S.clrity

ScNicc (SZ) (lissolvcd and

rqrl

ccd wilh thc

Ofilc.

for

stltc

lłotc.tion (a/()P) lhc nĆw t]ol)cnrployc.s ]łcrc lnoŚly

lon crsU

agcnt$ \!ho hrd positivcl), płsścd vĆlli!8 prcccdurcs (Lcn thouslnd out ol'fou]lccn thousłnd)' By

J Lrn. I 98t). only lwcntythrcc out of lirLrtyjri'rc plovinc. govcrnors h d bccn rTl.rccd.

NothilS prcvcntcd lfic dcslnrclion

oflllcs

ofthc comm nisl lrlcmal Mjlrt _ryScNicc

(WSW) and

Minislryol'htcmłlAltiurŚ(Dudck

l997'p.sl

i]5).

I'hc nriilrtcn nccol'1hccon)llronrlscsIr0tcgy lcd tosplllsinlhcsolidłnxlść0anrlr.

ln

May

1990 thc

Ccrrr. AgrccDc

l

Pany

_lPontank

ti.

(t!,th.rt

was lburtle{,

wh,ch dvocnlcd srcprins up

polilic!lrcnrnrs

in Poland:lico parli _{mcnt ryclecllons}

(in spring

l9el

at lhc lalcst)- prcsi cnrial gcncn'l

clcdbns

(in sutr'ncr 1990 l.cch

wales

wls to bc cjcclcd lłcsldcJjl bv thc Ntltion{ l Asscnrbly) nd ptcp.rallon

of

ncw

lł'ish

constilution f)uc lo

prcs\rc

t]om lad'c li7.d

&n'd

rność taclions'

lvojciah

.,

luclski'Ś

lcnn ol'ol}l.Ć wrŚ shońcIcd' ln

lutt

nn 1'90 Lc.h

lv

l!Śd

łłŚ

clcolc.l

Iłcsidcńl

n

utior

l _8c

.n'l

clc.lions and.ll'non onc ycar lnlcĄ thc

frsl

litlly dcnl ocltltjc n rlillllct1llry clocLions wclc

hcklilr

lłJl

nd

(-'onclusions

lłl(

prc$ntcd xnalysis ol

@rd(ions

()ntuiburing to rhc class ootnpnvnisc still

lcavcs

rNric

nunbcrolsignjlicmL

lirct(ys

ofsoci lIilc

in Pollnd. Onc ol thcm was

lllc

tblish

Rom n

('lholit

chufch. which nlodcl would htlvc

lłkcn lhc

rclc

of

nrcdirtff: during ncgoti.liors. lhc clitcs ofbolh .lusscs arc not thrown ba.k or

thcr

buL

.t

c

lical

n]ontnts ciln

nr.kc

usc

of

lhjrd pańy I)rcdialjon' l ullhcflnorc' lhc rbovĆ anallsis doc! nol {ccounl tbr Lhc cconomic aspcc{

ofscial

Px)cL\scs 1'hc8ro1'ingcrjsiŚofJconnnunistconr !ndcconon]y.swcll asthcfailurc

(7)

ccntrrl

lłrroPc

livo Dc.itlcs

Ai]cl

by thc ruLng class (dcscription ofthis proccss in thc lighl of n Mhm, scc: Lltzcchczyn

200,1).

l'in!lly.

an onportanl dinrcnsion was thc intcrnational situation. Thc Autumn

ofNłtions]nl9i!9tri8gcrc.]bythcsprj

gofSolidernośćundsubŚcqU.ntcollapscof

th. Sovict Unior soon rcndcrcd thc ltound

llblc

politicalafrnngcnrcnt obsolctc and

unfiL lbl

thc.cw

systcm

ofpołcl

(t]rzcchczyn 20()7).

ll

tlrus appcars lhat. bcnvccn

!!tr

nn

1988 and summcr l9lJ9. thc solidarność clilcs undcr lcadcNhip ol'l..ch \\hłes! Iccognizcd tlrc conl]guntion ofth. claŚ fbrccs molc cfiictivcly and chosc lhcjI compnnisc śfutcgy molc accur lcly' 'l'hc cnrclgcncc

01 opposit'on i.Śjdc Solidlrność

lnd

righL wing

olpositio!

plovcs

thlt

lhcfc was

a possibilily ofthc d]t}'crcnl intcrprctation ol'lhc social sjh]atbn in IrolłnLlsnd taking !

nuc

U nconrpfom1sing pol]tica1 Ślrxtcgy l1o!cvcf.1hc Junc clcction furnoUt ofmorc

l''l1 !l''

U]

.'Ęlol('Ul(l' {r. JllJollhl.JlJ 'r illlllrul ui 5"(Jl .ltpoll

lor Soljdarność rc$lltiog t'ron rn lccLrfulcly choscn political stntcgy

Paradoxically.

thc

conrponisc political

slratcgy,

which

lrNt

cifc(livcly

conaibulcd lo thc growlh

ofĆivil lctivity

gladul]ly, appcafcd lo bc dvsfunctionll in thĆ socisl conditions o1'thc gft]W1h of

civil

nmbilization

lnd

contcstation' Namely. bctwccn aulumn I 989 and autunrn I 99 I . owing 10 thc

r

pidly chanS;r.q intcnrationil situatlon and thc

guvth

ol

social activiry of Polish socicty. thc

_Lrtics

advocating

a slcpping Up of politic.l rcfolms iI l'o]ilńd gcncral1y rccognizcd thc cldss forccs bct(er 'l'hcir

_Ńliticłl

platf'om

cln

bc intcrprĆLcd as

ł

m.xiD

list onc ainrcd at lhc growth

of civi]

autonomy'

^

good

illustittioń

ol'

tllis

fact waŚ W!łasa's

viclory

in t'e

prcsid.nlialclcctionS

for Whonr n]łrjnn7ation of political tunsform lionŚ in Poland bccanlc thc nrain corncrslone in h!Ś latcl political

platfoon

and clocfual dclcat of M a7ow1ccki tcprcscnting thc comProńisc stratc8ywho lostto ! Dravcrick prcsidcntial

candidatc Stanślaw Tymiński'

ln

thc cnd, two impoflant conclusions can bc drawn. Firstly.

rcaching.

class comtromisc w!s dcpcndcnl Lrpoi matcrial. organiz.tiural dnd idcological condilions

shrpcd _.jointty

on thc

both sidcs

oi

pollical conllict

Sccondly. although thc conrp'omisc Ńratcgy wls lhc most histolically accuntcstrutcgy f.onlaulunn of l988

lo autumn of 1989. rt was not such a slralcgy through lhc wholc pcriod ofchangcs in

ycaŚ

l988

l99]'

Latcr on, duc to thc changing inlcnrationil sittttltion and thc gro\ł'tlr

ol'civi1 mobilisalion of l'oliŚlr socjcly..onllronrisc stratcgy bcclmc morc and more

References

I3lDchc7ynK.Thc

co

qse

_{i1łful\alvl^h}

ih

ldslc

EuroPe w^u\ 1h(oleĄhlo|| o|'!h( SPdĄilh Colo"ial Enqirc in

Luli

)n1!tn'o: ,1n ,'1lld pt al

c,nPdruljl(

lnulllis'

"Joun]alollntcldlscipli]rar!sludicŚiJlllislorydnd^rclrcok)gy''200'{vol'l,p'l05 13]

l3rłcc\czyn K _'Pdlh\

b

DcłloouLr 0Ilhr t'osl Sali.l R.puhliLs: ,'!lt,nPl al C0nĆ.P1 ulllzdfuh' |11:.

czfwińsk

_schum (cd ₎/drk\ and

Nor

\ in lhc )!:c iabbul1żdlioh, Bfilin:Pctcr l,an! 200?. p.52t 571

400

K.',:..lł:},

lblilic.l'

lnslilulidral and Consoiousness conditions.

Bl,c.'|-J^lK''r.ł\ł/li''ł'\|.l'' '/'''\/ł''

h! a'',,"lbńl."' ątll M'' 'h"t,t'' ' .'l _',, a''lld!'

|'l

a

]

l

l'

_|'

ż' l'Uli'''.d

s'.

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