171 A
A B ST R A C T S.
P A G E P A G E
G e o lo g y a n d D e v e lo p m e n t 172 a R e fin in g a n d R e fin e r y P la n t . . 2 0 2 a
G e o p h y s ic s 178 a A n a ly s is a n d T e s tin g 204 a
D r illin g ... ... ' .. 180 A M o to r F u e ls .. 205 a
P r o d u c tio n 184 a C h e m is try a n d P h y s ic s ... .. 206 a
G a s ... ... " 199 a L u b r ic a n ts a n d L u b r ic a tio n .. 213 a
C ra c k in g ... 2 0 0 a S p e c ia l P r o d u c ts ... .. 214 a
H y d r o g e n a tio n ... 2 0 1 a C o a l a n d S h a le .. 215 a
P o ly m e r iz a tio n a n d A lk y la t io n .. 2 0 1 a E c o n o m ic s a n d S t a t is tic s .. 215 a S y n t h e t ic P r o d u c ts ... 2 0 1 a B o o k R e v ie w .. 216 a
A U T H O R I N D E X .
T h e n u m b e rs re fe r to th e A b s t r a c t N u m b e r.
T h e o r ig in a l p a p e r s r e fe r r e d to in th e a b s t r a c t s m a r k e d w ith a n a s t e r i s k m a y be b o r r o w e d b y M e m b e rs f r o m th e I n s t it u t e L ib r a r y .
AbemathY, J . H., 444 Ahlberg, j . E., 455, 458 Alcorn, I. W., 428 Ambler, C. M., 455 Angell, C. H., 448 Archer, W. L., 454 Astron, J . G., 463 Bailey, J . R., 473 Baldwin, H. C., 491 Ballagh, J . C., 414 Bass, N. W., 392, 393 Beckwith, R. H., 391 Benedict, W. L., 448, 455 Bigelow, L. A., 485 Bliss, H. L., 466 Bloch, H. S., 448 Bloesch, E., 418 Bond, D. C., 414 Bost, R. W., 484 Botsford, C. W., 414 Bowster, A. L., 388 Boynton, A., 414 Brant, A. A., 403, 404 Briggs, R. A., 476 Brown, W. R., 435 Budd, K. F., 445 Burton, M., 461 Campbell, K . N., 480 Capinjola, J . U., 465 Carney, T. P., 479 Casey, S. R., 401 Converse, L. C., 421 Cosby, J . N., 465 Cozzens, L. R., 437 Crouch, W. W., 488 D’Arcy, N. A., Jr ., 413 David, H. E., 425 Davies, E. B., 494 Davies, G. F., 481 Davis, T. W., 461 Dons, E . M., 492 Doty, P. M., 463 Dunmire, R. P., 455 Du Pont de Nemours,
E. I., 455 Eby, L. T., 480 Farley, R. G., 445 Farmer, J . O., 424 Ferguson, K. H., 401 Feuchter, 0 . F ., 458 Fineman, M. Z., 483 Fink,dl. L., 463 Fisher, W. H., 414
Fitzgerald, G. F ., 451 Fitzpatrick, R., 414 Fleming, G. H., 465 Frances, J . E., 445 Frölich, P. K., 493 Fukuhara, N., 485 Fuller, E. W., 492, 493 Geraghty, E., 414 Gilbert, E. C., 481 Gillespie, J . W., 445 Gilliland, E. R., 466 Goldsby, A_ R., 450 Gordon, A., 461 Grant, J ., 414 de Groote, M., 445, 490 Grosse, A. Y., 493 Halferty, J . E., 420
“^Ham ilton, L. A., 492 Rammer, O., 445 Happel, J ., Jr ., 455 Hartgering, J . M., 445 Hays, B. D., 445 Heeren, M. H., 456 Heilman, W. O., 455 Henderson, G. E., 441 Ilennion, G. F., 477 Herbert, W., 449 Himel, C. S., 460 Holford Processes Ltd., Hopkins, G. R., 495 493 Howard, J . H., 445 Huff, L. C., 448 Hummer, R. W., 486 Huntington, R . L., 430 Im bt, R. F., 389 Inderdohnen, J . F., 445 Ipatieff, V. N., 450, 493 Irany, E. P., 478 Irons, C., 445 Jacobsen, H. F., 487 Jam es, W. H., 493 Jenkins, H. D., 392 Johnson, J . R., 472 Jones, B., 542 Jones, W. A., 491 Ju , T. Y., 430 Kanhofer, E. R., 448 Kaplan, J . F., 460 Keiser, B., 490, 445 Kennedy, H. T., 445 Kennedy, L. E., 392, 393 Kharasch, M. S., 483
Kip, C. E., 466 Kipper, H. B., 449 Kornfeld, J . A., 408 Krynine, P. D., 387 Kurtz, S. S., Jr., 468 Larson, A. D., 414 Laudon, L. R., 388 Leatherock, O., 393 Lee, E. C., 448 Leprestre, R., 449 Lincoln, B. H., 491 Lipkin, M. R., 468 Lipson, E., 414 Löchte, H. L., 488 Lockhard, L. B., Jr ., 484 Loomis, W. A., 414 Love, F . H., 434 McCammon, G. A., 414 McClure, J . D., 392 McEvoy, J . H., 445 McGrew, R. V., 465 Marvel, C. S., 460 Mauro, O. G., 492 Meunier, P. L., 469 Miller, E. J ., 414 Miller, R. P., 445 Mistier, A. J., 385 Morrow, M. R., 452 Mulit, L. H., 492 Neufeld, J ., 414 Newman, M. S., 467 Nicholson, G. B., 397, 407 Nielsen, 1t. F., 489 Nissan, A. H., 457 Noble, A., 445 Pan, C. H., 386 Perkins, C. M., 445 Perry, D. D., 445 van Peski, A. J ., 493 Pierce, W. G., 384 Pines, H., 450 Pitzer, K. S., 474, 475 Poirier, O. A., 390 Poole, J . W., 455 Pryor, 0 . C., 409 Ragland, D., 445 Reaves, R., 398 Remy, T. P., 492 Rhoades, R., 385 Roberts, J . K ., 458 Rohrmann, E., Jr., 464 Rosenbaum, E. J ., 487 Ruthruff, R. F., 458
Sanders, T. P., 395, 419 Sanford, R. M., 422 Santiago, J . J., 414 Sawdon, W. A., 433 Scharpenberg, 0 . C., 414 Schenck, L. M., 473 Scherbatskoy, S. A., 414 Schilling, A. A., 492 Schulze, W. A., 455 Schumacher, F . W., 455 Schumann, S. C., 463 Scott, D. W., 475 Shamblin, W. E., 393 Shappirio, S., 458 Shive, B., 488 Simons, H. F., 405, 423 Smith, D. M., 414 Staggs, H. M., 443 Standard Oil Develop
ment Co., 448,450,490, Stoesser, S. M., 445 493 Stueve, W. H., 417 Suess, F. A., 491 Surmatis, J . O., 470 Swearingen, J . S., 452 Sweet, C. H., 445 Szayna, A., 455, 458 Taylor, A., 461 Taylor, H. S., 476, 486 Teague, J . U., 428, 445 Thiel, G. A., 390 Thomas, C. L., 458 Thomas, J . R., 440 Thompson, T. J ., 482 Tongberg, 0 . O., 465 Transue, L. F ., 482 Uren, L. C., 436, 442 Wall, F . T., 459 Warren, D., 455 Washburn, E . R., 482 Wellman, F. E., 445, 455 Welsh, C. E., 477 Wheland, G. W., 462 Whitmore, F. C., 464,
465, 469, 470, 479 Williams, C. M., 445 Williams, N., 415 Wilson, O. D., 465 Wilson, G. M., 427, 429, van Wingen, N., 438 431 Wise, P. H., 467 Yule, J . S., 492
Zalkind, I . , 471
172
a A B S T R A C T S .Geology and D evelopm ent.
3 8 4 .* H e a r t M o u n ta in a n d S o u th F o r k T h r u s ts , P a r k C o u n ty , W y o m in g . W . G . P ie r c e . Bull. Amer. A ss. Petrol. Beol., N o v e m b e r 1 9 4 1 , 2 5 (1 1 ), 2021-2045.— B e tw e e n V e lio w s to n e N a tio n a l P a r k a n d th e B ig H o r n B a s in , th e S o u th F o r k n a p p e w it h u p to 3800 f t . o f b ed s, m a in ly sh a le s, o f S u n d a n c e (Ju r a s s ic ) to C o d y (C re ta c e o u s ) ag e, in c lu d in g a re c u m b e n t a n tic lin e , h a s m o ve d to w a rd s th e so u th - e ast, b e in g d iv e rte d fro m a n e a s te rly d ire c tio n b y th e R a ttle s n a k e a n tic lin e . W h e n v ie w e d o v e r a s tre tc h o f s e v e ra l m ile s , th e so le o f th ru s tin g is seen to u n d u la te , a n d in th e zo n e o f fra c tu re , so m e tim e s o n ly 2 ft . th ic k , q u a rtz p e b b le s a n d b o u ld e rs, b e fo re b re a k in g , seem to h a v e a c te d as “ b a ll- b e a rin g s ” u p o n w h ic h h o riz o n ta l d is p la c e m e n t w a s fa c ilita te d . M o v e m e n t w a s co m p le te d b e fo re d e p o s itio n o f th e la s t o f th e W a s a tc h san d sto n es w h ic h a re te r r e s tr ia l a n d c o n ta in a L o w e r E o c e n e fa u n a , in c lu d in g Coryphodon, E ohippus, Heptodon, Homogalax, a n d Lambdotherium.
T h e su b se q u e n t H e a r t M o u n ta in th ru s tin g , w h ic h to o k p la c e n e a r th e clo se o f th e L o w e r E o c e n e , b ro u g h t a f a ir ly h o riz o n ta l sh e e t o f O rd o v ic ia n to M is s is s ip p ia n ro ck s, u p to 1300 ft . th ic k , a d is ta n c e o f 34 m ile s e a s tw a rd . I n S u n lig h t B a s in th e sole w a s s u b te rra n e a n , b u t e lse w h e re th e th ru st- s h e e t m o ve d acro ss a n e ro sio n su rfa ce , p ro b a b ly o f lo w re lie f, u p o n su ch e a rlie r s tru c tu re s a s th e la rg e a n tic lin e s o f th e R a ttle s n a k e a n d P a t O ’H a r a M o u n ta in s a n d th e s m a lle r Sh o sh o n e a n tic lin e . P e b b le s in u n d e rly in g co n g lo m e ra te s w e re s h a tte re d b y th e th ru s tin g , a n d n e a r D e a d In d ia n C re e k a 150-ft. lim e s to n e co n g lo m e ra te , e ro d e d fro m th e a d v a n c in g m ass, w a s d ep o site d in fr o n t o f it , a n d fin a lly o ve r- rid d e n . T h e ro o ts o f th e n a p p e a re co n ce a le d , p ro b a b ly u n d e r th e v o lc a n ic s o f th e A b s a ro k a M o u n ta in s . T h e “ e a r ly b a s ic b re c c ia ,” M id d le E o c e n e ( ? ), w a s e ru p te d fro m fissu re s a n d v e n ts o f irre g u la r sh a p e , co m m o n ly a lig n e d a lo n g n o rth - w e st- so u th - e a st zones o f c r u s ta l w e a k n e ss. M o v e m e n t o f th e b re c c ia is re g a rd e d a s h a v in g t ilt e d som e lim e s to n e b lo c k s n e a r th e v e n ts . A . L .
3 85.* P o s t - A p p a la c h ia n F a u l t in g in W e s te rn K e n t u c k y . R . R h o a d e s a n d A . J . M is tie r . B u ll. Amer. A ss. Petrol. Oeol., N o v e m b e r 1 9 4 1 , 2 5 (1 1 ), 2 0 4 6 - 2 0 5 6 .— T h e D e v o n ia n to U p p e r C a rb o n ife ro u s ro c k s in th e O h io , T e n n e sse e , a n d C u m b e rla n d R iv e r re g io n s o f W e s te r n K e n tu c k y a re c o m p le x ly fa u lte d , e s p e c ia lly n e a r th e O h io R iv e r , w h e re th e m a jo r fra c tu re s c o n tin u e fo r m a n y m ile s a n d fa u lt- b lo c k s sh ow d is p la c e m e n ts so m e tim e s e x ce e d in g 1 0 0 0 ft . T h e m a in b lo c k s a re cro ssed b y a m o sa ic o f s m a lle r, u s u a lly v e r t ic a l fa u lts . A fo rm e rly co n tin u o u s , u n co n so lid a te d c o v e r o f U p p e r C re ta c e o u s— T u s c a lo o s a c la y e y g ra v e ls U n c o n fo rm a b ly o v e rla in b y R ip le y fin e sa n d w it h a rg illa c e o u s in te rc a la tio n s — a n d o f T e r t ia r y g ra v e ls fu rn is h lit t le c le a r e v id e n c e o f fa u lt- p la n e s , a lth o u g h m ap s p re p a re d u n d e r Jills o n , w h o in s is te d th a t som e o f th e fa u lts w e re s t ill a c tiv e , sh o w th e O a k la n d fa u lt c u ttin g th e T u s ca lo o s a . R o b e rts lo c a te d M e so z o ic a n d la te r fa u lts b y ju x ta p o s itio n o f M is s is s ip p ia n a n d C re ta ce o u s a n d b y h ig h lo c a l d ip s in th e T u s c a lo o s a . S lu m p in g o b scures m o st se ctio n s u n less in re c e n t c u ts , b u t, fro m th e la tte r , n e w e v id e n c e is d ra w n co n ce rn in g in tra - T u sc a lo o sa fa u lts , d o w n - th ro w s o f R ip le y a g a in s t T u s c a lo o s a , an d p ro b a b le th ro w s o f T u s c a lo o s a a n d R ip le y a g a in s t M is s is s ip p ia n re s id u a l c h e rt an d c la y . S in c e th e p re- C re taceo u s s u rfa c e w a s o f s lig h t re lie f, co n ce a le d fa u lts m a y also b e d ed u ce d fro m zones o f su d d e n th ic k e n in g in th e T u s c a lo o s a , p ro b a b ly in d ic a t
in g m o ve m e n t co m ie cte d w ith th e in te rm itte n t d e v e lo p m e n t o f th e M is s is s ip p i em - b a y m e n t. C la y a n d p e b b le d y k e s u p to 9£ ft . w id e p ro v id e p ro o f o f e a rth q u a k e v ib r a tio n s th o u g h n o t n e c e s s a rily d u e to m o ve m e n t o f a d ja c e n t fa u lts . T h e se s e d im e n ta ry d y k e s tra v e rs e th e P lio c e n e ( ? ) te rra c e g ra v e ls , b u t n o t th o se o f P le is to c e n e a g e , h a v e n u m e ro u s o ff sh o o ts, a n d m a y b e in c lin e d a t as m u ch as 4 5 °. A . L .
3 8 6 .* N o n -M a rin e O rig in o f P e tr o le u m in N o rth S h e n s i, a n d th e C r e ta c e o u s o f S z e c h u a n , C h in a . C . H . P a n . B ull. Amer. A ss. Petrol. Oeol., N o v e m b e r 1 9 4 1 , 2 5 (1 1 ), 2 0 5 8 - 2068.— T h e m a rg in s o f th e b a s in o f N o rth S h e n s i sh o w C a m b ro - O rd o v ic ia n lim e sto n e s a n d a P e rm o - C a rb o n ife ro u s c o a l se rie s. T h e fillin g o f th e c e n tra l p a r t is n o n - m arin e : S h ih c h ie n fe n p u rp lish - re d sa n d sto n e , a b o u t 600 m . (P e r m ia n ); Y e n e h a n g g re y cross-b ed ded san d sto n e w it h p la n ts , la m e llib ra n c h s , a n d fish - scales, a b o u t 12 7 0 m (U p p e r T r ia s s ic ); W a y a o p u co al- b e arin g b ed s, 850 m . (R h a e tic a n d L ia s ) ; A n tin g
A B S T R A C T S .
173
ared sa n d sto n e a n d a rg illa c e o u s lim e sto n e w ith Pholidophorus, 80 m . (U p p e r Ju r a s s ic ) ; P a o a n re d san d sto n e a n d sh a le , a b o u t 2000 m . (C re ta c e o u s ); re d d is h c la y a n d loess (U p p e r P lio c e n e - P le is to c e n e ). T h e re a re w id e ly s c a tte re d , b u t m in o r, o il seeps fro m e ig h t h o riz o n s, fiv e in th e Y e n c h a n g a n d th re e in th e W a y a o p u . A s th e re is no in te n s e fo ld in g o r fa u ltin g th e o il p ro b a b ly com es fro m la c u s trin e sh a le s n e a r th e o il san d s.
I t c o u ld n o t h a v e m ig ra te d , w ith o u t d is s ip a tio n , fro m • th e d eep Pa la e o z o ic m a rin e b ed s u n d e r th e th ic k san d sto n e s a n d sh a le s o f th e S h ih c h ie n fe n se rie s. F a v o u ra b le s tru c tu re s seem ra re . T h e o ld e st w e ll a t Y e n c h a n g h a s y ie ld e d 0-3 b rl./ d a y fo r 20 y e a rs . T h e g re a te s t in it ia l y ie ld fro m a w e ll w a s 34 b rl./ d a y , b u t th is soon d ecre ase d to 1 b rl.
I n S z e c h u a n p ro v in c e n e w in d u s trie s a re g ro w in g u p a n d it is s t ill h o p e d to fin d c o m m e rc ia l o il o n a s m a ll sca le . T h e su ccessio n is ': F e ih s ie n k u a n p u rp le sh a le a n d th in lim e sto n e s w ith Pseudomonotis, a b o u t 200 m . (L o w e r T r ia s s ic ); C h ia lin g c h ia n g lim e sto n e a n d d o lo m ite , c o n ta in in g fo ra m in ife ra a n d la m e llib ra n c h s , a b o u t 600 m . (M id d le to e a r ly U p p e r T ria s s ic ) ; H s ia n g c h i g re y is h co arse sa n d sto n e , d a rk sh a le , th in c o a ls, a b o u t 500 m . (L o w e r Ju r a s s ic ); T z u liu c h in g g re y a n d re d s h a le a n d sa n d sto n e , fo llo w e d u p w a rd s b y C h ia tin g re d b ed s w ith som e b la c k sh a le a n d t h in lim e sto n e s y ie ld in g th e fre s h w a te r sh e lls Gyrena a n d Unio, o v e r 2000 m . (C re ta c e o u s ).
T w o seepag es a re k n o w n n e a r a n tic lin a l ax e s in re d T z u liu c h in g , a n d t h ir t y w e lls o f a b o u t 70 m . h a v e b e e n d rille d , tw o o f w h ic h y ie ld e d 67 b r l. b e fo re e x h a u s tio n . T h e so u rce is p ro b a b ly in T z u liu c h in g lim e sto n e . T h e re a re also re p o rts o f o il- san d s in th e C h ia lin g c h ia n g a n d th e H s ia n g c h i fo rm a tio n s o f th e F u s h u n - L o s h a n a re a , w h e re th e o il p re s u m a b ly o rig in a te s fro m th e m a rin e T ria s s ic .
N o r th S h e n s i a n d S z e c h u a n b o th p ro d u c e s a lt, a n d th e co n n a te w a te r o f th e fo rm e r fie ld is g e n e ra lly s a lin e , so th a t c o n c e n tra tio n to a s a lin ity o f 3000 p .p .m . m a y h a v e a llo w e d an aero b ic b a c te ria to tra n s fo rm o rg a n ic re m a in s in to p e tro le u m . I n fre s h w a te rs o n ly c o a l a n d o il- sh ale m a y b e p ro d u c e d , sin c e o rd in a ry b a c te r ia l d e c a y does n o t re m o ve a s u ffic ie n t a m o u n t o f th e tissu e s o f p la n ts o r a p p re c ia b ly a c t o n fa ts . A s e co n d a ry c o n s id e ra tio n is th a t o rg a n ic m a tte r in la c u s trin e se d im e n ts m a y o fte n
e x ce e d t h a t o f m a rin e d e p o sits. A . L .
3 8 7 .* G r a y w a c k e s a n d th e P e tr o lo g y o f th e B r a d f o r d O ilfield, P e n n s y lv a n ia . P . D . K r y n in e . B u ll. Amer. A ss. Petrol. Geol., N o v e m b e r 1941, 2 5 ( I I ) , 2071-2074.— I t is p o in te d o u t th a t th e T h ir d B r a d fo r d S a n d (U p p e r D e v o n ia n ) w a s d e p o site d as a se rie s o f co a le s c in g s m a ll d e lta s a lo n g a su b sid in g s h o re lin e w h e re r a in fa ll m a y h a v e b ee n h e a v y , n o t a s a d e lta lik e th a t o f th e M is s is s ip p i o r lik e F e t t k e ’s tw o - lo b e d d e lta . A c o n tra s t is d ra w n b e tw e e n th e g re y w a c k e s o f th is d e p o sit a n d th e q u a rtz o se sa n d b a rs s tu d ie d b y P . A . D ic k e y in th e T itu s v ille q u a d ra n g le . I t is e m p h a siz e d t h a t th e c la s tic fra g m e n ts in g re y w a c k e s t y p ic a lly in c lu d e ro u n d e d o r a n g u la r p ie c e s o f o th e r ro c k s s u ch a s sh a le , s la te , sa n d sto n e , c h e rt, q u a rtz ite , m ic a , iro n o re s, a s in th e B r a d fo rd g re y w a c k e , as w e ll a s b a sic a n d o th e r ig n eo u s sh a rd s, in a n a rg illa c e o u s b in d in g . N u m e ro u s re fe re n c e s a re g iv e n , in c lu d in g o n e, h is to r ic a lly im p o rta n t, to
C . F . N e u m a n n ’s Lehrbuch der Geognosie (18 5 0 ). A . L .
3 8 8 .* M is s iss ip p ia n F o r m a t io n s [w ith R e e f - K n o lls ] o f S a c r a m e n to M o u n ta in s , N ew M e x ico . L . R . L a u d o n a n d A . L . B o w s te r. B ull. Amer. A ss. Petrol. Geol., D e ce m b e r 1941, 2 5 (1 2 ), 2107-2160, w ith B ib lio g ra p h y .— T h e S a cra m e n to ran g e ru n s s o u th fro m ’ th e ig n e o u s p e a k o f S ie r r a B la n c a , in S o u th C e n tra l N e w M e x ic o , a n d fo r th e m o st p a r t a lo n g it M is s is s ip p ia n lim e sto n e s d ip e a stw a rd s a w a y fro m a w e s te rn fa u lt- sc a rp . T h e y re s t u n c o n fo rm a b ly o n th e P e rc h a sh ales (D e v o n ia n ), b u t a re in no p la c e in c o n ta c t w it h th e b a s a l P e rc h a s ilts , o r w ith th e u n d e rly in g N ia g a ra n (S ilu r ia n ) lim e s to n e . T h e u n c o n fo rm ity is m a rk e d b y a n o x id iz e d zone w ith p h o s p h a tic c o n c re tio n s a n d som e fis h - te e th . T h e M is s is s ip p ia n is o v e rla in , w ith sh a rp u n c o n fo r m ity , b y P e n n s y lv a n ia n , a n d in h o llo w s o f th e s u rfa c e o f c o n ta c t th e re a re c h e rt
^ ^ t ^ L n w e r C a rb o n ife ro u s th e sp ecies co m p rise d in K in d e rh o o k a n d O sa g e fa u n a s r e s p e c tiv e ly a re a lm o s t e n tir e ly d iffe re n t, th o u g h a n ce sto rs o f sp e cia liz e d O sa g e fo rm s o c c u r in th e e a rlie r fo rm a tio n . T h e O sage y ie ld s d iv e rs ifie d c rm o id s , in c lu d in g h ig h ly a d a p te d ty p e s lik e Butrochocnnus chrystyi a n d Uperoorinus pyriform is, a n d p o n d e ro u s b ra n c h io p o d s lik e S p irifer rowleyi a n d S . grimesi. F ro m th e A p p a la c h ia n s
174
a A B S T R A C T S .to th e w e s te rn U n ite d S ta te s , fo llo w in g a n e ro s io n a l b re a k , b ed s o f O sag e ag e o v e rla p w id e ly u p o n o ld e r b ed s, so t h a t th e K in d e rh o o k h a s a d e fin ite u p p e r lim it .
T h e C a b a lle ro fo rm a tio n o f th e S a c ra m e n to M o u n ta in s b e lo n g s to th e K in d e rh o o k , a n d co n sists o f n o d u la r, g re y , s h a ly lim e sto n e , a b o u t 50 ft . t h ic k a t th e ty p e se ctio n in D e a d m a n C a n y o n . R e - w o rk e d C a b a lle ro s e d im e n ts a p p e a r in th e b ase o f th e A la m o g o rd o , w h ic h , to g e th e r w it h th e su ccee d in g A rc e n te a n d D o n a A n a m em b ers, c o n s titu te s th e L a k e V a lle y fo rm a tio n o f O sage ag e. C h a r a c te r is tic a lly th e A rc e n te is o f so ft g re y s ilts to n e a n d s h a le , w h ile th e D o n a A n a is h a rd c r in o id a l lim e sto n e w ith c h e rt a n d s m a ll b io h e rm s. T h e A la m o g o rd o is m o re v a r ie d . I n th e ty p e se ctio n it b eg in s w ith Taonurus s ilts , a b o u t 25 ft ., a n d th e s e a re fo llo w e d b y b la c k c h e rty lim e sto n e , 17 ft ., w h ic h e x p a n d s la t e r a lly in to m a in ly b io h e rm (re e f- k n o ll) a c c u m u la tio n s w ith m a x im u m th ic k n e s s , a s in th e S a n A n d re a s C a n y o n , o f a b o u t 200 ft. T h e b io h e rm h u m m o ck s h a v e f a ir ly fla t b ases, fro m a b o u t 1 f t . in d ia m e te r to 1 m ile a cro ss, a n d to w a rd s th e ir o u te r m a rg in s , w h e re fo s s ils in c re a se in n u m b e r, d e fin ite b e d d in g c a n o fte n b e re co g n iz e d , w it h d ip s o f a s m u c h a s 4 0 ° o n th e w e s t sid e s, w h ic h seem to h a v e fa c e d p re v a ilin g c u rre n ts o r w a v e s . A w a y fro m th e e x p o sed sid e th e b io h e rm m a te ria l fin g e rs in to fin e- b ed d ed g re y c r in o id lim e s to n e , w h ic h th in s an d p asses u n d e rn e a th a g re e n c r in o id a l sa n d . L im e s to n e c o n g lo m e ra te s a lso o ccu r clo se to th e b io h e rm s, b u t in a t p re s e n t u n p re d ic ta b le re la tio n s , a n d fre q u e n tly show r e la tiv e ly a n g u la r b its o f th e u n d e rly in g fa c ie s e n clo se d in th e g re y o r g re e n c rin o id a l ro c k . F a r t h e r b a c k , o n th e sh e lte re d sid e o f th e re e f- k n o lls, a re b lu is h - g re y m a rls, d e p o site d in a la g o o n a l e n v iro n m e n t, a n d c o n ta in in g th e u n b ro k e n c rin o id s fo r w h ich S o u th - w e ste rn N e w M e x ic o is fa m o u s. T h is b e d m a y b e o n ly a fe w fe e t th ic k . A b o v e it , u p p e r g re y c r in o id a l b ed s, th o u g h o n ly p o o rly re p re s e n te d to s e a w a rd o f th e b io h e rm s, f ill u p th e p ro te c te d — a n d p o s s ib ly r e la t iv e ly w a rm — b a sin s b e h in d th e m .
T h a n k s to th e re e f- k n o lls, th e u p p e r b o u n d a ry o f th e A la m o g o rd o is irre g u la r, b u t th e re is no fra g m e n ta tio n o r e v id e n c e o f o v e rla p a t th e b ase o f th e A rc e n te silts , 100 ft . th ic k in D e a d m a n C a n y o n , a lb e it th e s e v a r y fro m 0 f t . o v e r th e la rg e S a n A n d re a s k n o ll to 155 ft . less th a n a m ile a w a y fro m it . T h e o n ly sig n o f discon- fo rm ity re p o rte d is in S a n A n d re s C a n y o n , o f th e S a n A n d re s ra n g e , w e s t o f th e one u n d e r d iscu ssio n , w h e re re d o x id iz e d s tre a k s a n d b ro k e n s h e lls o c c u r a b o v e a b io h e rm . T h e re is no g re a t d iffe re n ce b e tw e e n th e fa u n a s o f th e A rc e n te s ilts a n d th e su cceed in g D o n a A n a c o a rs e ly c r y s ta llin e c r in o id a l lim e s to n e , 55 f t . in ty p e s e c tio n . T h e y are e q u a l in ag e to th e L o w e r B u r lin g to n o f th e h ig h e r p a r t o f th e M is s is s ip p i v a lle y , w h ile th e A la m o g o rd o is p r in c ip a lly p re - B u r lin g to n .
T h e M is s is s ip p ia n , w ith th e e x c e p tio n o f th e C a b a lle ro , b eco m es a tte n u a te d to w a rd s
th e so u th e n d o f th e S a c ra m e n to M o u n ta in s . A . L .
3 8 9 .* E x p e r im e n ts w ith L ig h t s , S h a d o w s , a n d C o n to u rs, a n d th e R e s u lt in g S h a d o w - g r a p h ic C o n to u r M a p s. R . F . Im b t . B u ll. Amer. A ss. Petrol. Geol., D e ce m b e r 1941, 2 5 (1 2 ), 2161-2169, w ith B ib lio g ra p h y .— C o n to u rs d a te b a c k to C ru q u iu s , 1728, in H o lla n d , a n d h a c h u re s , re p la c in g c ru d e r h a tc h in g s , to M u lle r , 1788. O f la te r d e
v e lo p m e n t w e re g ra d u a te d tin ts a n d re lie f- sh a d in g , th e la t t e r seen to a d v a n ta g e in F re n c h m ilit a r y m a p s, in w h ic h a d u a l so u rce o f lig h t is e m p lo y e d , a n d in th e U n ite d S ta te s G e o lo g ic a l S u r v e y m a p s o f L a k e L a h o n ta n , 1885, a n d L a k e B o n n e v ille , 1890.
O w in g to co st o f lith o g ra p h in g , th e U n ite d S ta te s s h e lv e d th is te c h n iq u e t i ll 1921, w h e n p h o to lith o g ra p h y a t la s t p e rm itte d th e e c o n o m ic a l re p ro d u c tio n o f th e m ost d e lic a te sh ad es. L ig h t a n d sh a d o w h a v e s u b s e q u e n tly b e e n a p p lie d a s i f th e m ap p ed a re as la y u n d e r a 4 p .m . su n in la te su m m e r.
I n re p re s e n ta tio n o f g e o lo g ic a l s tru c tu r e lit t le u se h a s b een m a d e o f s h a d in g , th o u g h it w o u ld re n d e r m ap s m o re in te llig ib le to a d m in is tra to rs , co m m issio n s, ju rie s , stu d e n ts, a n d e v e n g e o lo g ists. P la te s a re p ro v id e d o f fiv e s u b s u rfa c e m a p s, o n w h ic h R o b e rt Im b t h a s ad d e d , b y h a n d , g ra d a tio n a l sh a d o w s to b rin g o u t, a t a g la n c e , fo ld in g an d th ro w o f fa u lts . T h e fo llo w in g ru le s a re su g g ested : (1) C o n to u rs a n d o th e r d e ta ils m u st n o t be o b s c u re d ; (2 ) lig h tin g m u st b e fro m a n o r th e r ly d ire c tio n — th e U n ite d S ta te s G e o lo g ic a l S u r v e y a n d E n g in e e rin g C o rp s r e s tr ic t th e m s e lv e s to a n o rth w e s te rly lig h t in th e ir “ sh a d e d to p o g ra p h ic ” a n d “ p ic to r ia l r e lie f ” m ap s— b u t in g e o lo g ic a l w o rk it is d e s ira b le to h a v e th e d ire c tio n o f lig h tin g a t r ig h t a n g le s to th e p re d o m in a tin g s tr u c tu r a l a x is ; (3 ) th e b e s t e le v a tio n o f th e so u rc e o f lig h t is a b o u t 3 0 ° a b o v e th e p la n e o f th e m a p ; (.4) d eep s h a d in g s h o u ld b e co n fin e d to su rfa ce s slo p in g a w a y fro m th e so u rce o f lig h t, a n d m u s t n e v e r tra n s g re s s th e a x is o f a s y n c lia e ;
A B S T R A C T S .
175
A(5) th e d o w n th ro w sid e o f a fa u lt is a lw a y s sh a d e d , b u t th e s h a d o w is s o fte n e d if th e d o w n th ro w sid e is to w a rd s th e lig h t ; (6) th e lig h tin g e ffe c ts a re th o se to b e e x p e cte d fro m a p o lis h e d s u rfa c e , o n w h ic h c o n to u rs h a v e b e e n p lo t t e d ; (7 ) to e lim in a te th e ra n g e - fin d in g a b ilit y o f th e tw o e y e s , it is w e ll to o b se rv e th e m a p w ith
o n ly o n e. A . L .
3 9 0 .* D e p o sitio n o f F r e e O il b y S e d im e n ts S e t t lin g in S e a - W a t e r . O . A . P o ir ie r a n d G . A . T h ie l. B u ll. Amer. A ss. Petrol. Qeol., D e c e m b e r 1941, 2 5 (1 2 ), 2170-2180.
S p e cim e n s o f D e c o ra h (O r d o v ic ia n ) s e r ic itic s h a le , B lu e E a r t h q u a rtz o se a n d a r g il
la ce o u s s ilt, fre s h w a te r c a lc iu m c a rb o n a te m a rl, b e n to n ite r ic h in m o n tm o rillo n ite , d ia to m a c e o u s e a rth o f h y d ro u s o r o p a lin e s ilc a , o il- sh a le , h u m u s s o il w it h h ig h o rg a n ic c o n te n t a n d lo w sp . g r. w h e n d r y , s ilt m a d e u p o f q u a rtz a n d c a lc iu m c a rb o n a te , c a lc a re o u s a n d s e ric itic s h a le , s ilt y sa n d m a in ly o f q u a rtz a n d s e ric ite , a n d k a o lin fro m g ra n ite g n e iss, w e re cru sh e d a n d scre e n e d to tw o sizes— J —J m m . a n d le ss th a n
| m m . 1-gm . sam p le s w e re th e n d e flo c c u la te d , b y m e a n s o f a so il- d isp e rsio n m a c h in e , fo r 5, 10, o r 15 m in s ., in m ix tu re s o f 2-5 c .c . M id - C o n tin e n t cru d e o il, o f 32-7° B e a t 6 0 ° F . , e m u ls ifie d in 200 c .c . a r t ific ia l se a - w a te r. H ig h c o n c e n tra tio n s o f s e d im e n t w e re a v o id e d , sin c e p a rtic le s , if to o n u m e ro u s, in c re a s e th e v is c o s ity , a n d m a y se t u p v e r t ic a l c u rre n ts w h ic h c a r r y o il u p w a rd s .
H u m u s a n d o il- sh a le , w h ic h a re r ic h in o rg a n ic p a rtic le s , s e ttle d v e r y s m a ll q u a n titie s o f o il, w h ic h , o n m ic ro s c o p ic e x a m in a tio n , w a s seen to assu m e la m in a r ra th e r th a n g lo b u la r fo rm s , d u e to o rg a n ic a c id s lo w e rin g o il- w a te r in te r fa c ia l te n s io n (T ra u b e ’s r u le ). I n th e o th e r ca se s v a r y in g q u a n titie s o f o il- g lo b u le s w e re c a rrie d d o w n b y th e w e ig h t o f a d h e rin g m in e ra l g ra in s . F a r e n w a ld h a s sh o w n th a t th e film o f o il a d so rb e d b y a m in e ra l s u rfa c e is th ic k e s t o n g a le n a a n d th in n e s t o n q u a rtz . Q u a rtz a n d c a lc ite d o , h o w e v e r, s tic k to o il- g lo b u le s, a n d a n y e le c tr ic a l ch a rg e s o n o il o r m in e ra l p a rtic le s , w h ic h m ig h t ca u se m u tu a l re p u ls io n , a re n e u tra liz e d b y th e N a C l e le c tro ly te . Ir r e s p e c tiv e o f m in e ra l c o m p o s itio n , fin e - g ra in e d se d im e n ts , w it h th e p o ss ib le e x c e p tio n o f b e n to n ite , c a r r y d o w n m o st o il. L a rg e fra g m e n ts o f m in e ra l m a y f a il to a d h e re to g lo b u le s, b e ca u se o f to o m u c h w e ig h t p e r u n it o f a ttr a c tin g fo rce . A g a in , in c e rta in c irc u m s ta n c e s , lo w e re d s u rfa c e te n s io n m a y a llo w th e b u o y a n c y o f th e o il- g lo b u le to e x ce e d it s in te r n a l co h e re n ce , so t h a t p a r t o f it b re a k s
a w a y . A . L .
3 9 1 .* T r a c e - S lip F a u l t s . R . H . B e c k w ith . B u ll. Amer. A ss. Petrol. Qeol., D e ce m b e r 1941, 2 5 (1 2 ), 2181—2193.— T ra c e - slip fa u lts a re th o se in w h ic h th e m o v e m e n t is p a ra lle l w it h th e tra c e o f s tr a ta o r o th e r p la n a r e le m e n ts u p o n th e fa u lt- p la n e . F o llo w in g e ro sio n , su c h fa u lts m a y Je a v e n o e v id e n c e in th e fo rm o f o ffse t (sid e - ste p p in g ), o m issio n , o r r e p e titio n o f b ed s. E v e n w h e re th e fa u lt- p la n e is v is ib le a n d sh o w s s lick e n s id e s, th e la t t e r m a y in d ic a te o n ly th e d ire c tio n o f th e la s t, a n d n o t o f th e m a jo r m o v e m e n t. T h e s tu d y o f th is k in d o f o b liq u e d ip - fa u ltin g is im p o r ta n t in in te rp re tin g d isp la ce m e n ts w h ic h cro ss a n tic lin e s in th e R o c k y M o u n ta in o il re g io n — e.g., in th e L a ra m ie B a s in , W y o m in g . O n e e x a m p le is o f a th r u s t d ip p in g w e s t a t 4 0 ° in a n o v e rfo ld e d a n tic lin e , a n d a p p a re n tly fa d in g o u t, w h ile w h a t lo o k s lik e a n o rm a l e a s t- w e s t fa u lt cro sses th e a d ja c e n t s y n c lin e . A c t u a lly th e tw o a re th e sam e fa u lt d u e to o ne o b liq u e m o v e m e n t, a n d th e c o n n e c tio n b e tw e e n th e tw o p a rts is o b scu re d b y th e tra c e - slip fa c to r . In te rs e c tin g th r u s t a n d te a r- fa u lts , if th e d is p la c e m e n t o f b o th is in th e sam e o b liq u e d ire c tio n , e v e n th o u g h o f d iffe re n t ag es, n eed n o t a p p re c ia b ly in te r r u p t e a c h o th e r ’s o u tc ro p s .
S o m e a n tic lin e s , lik e th o se o f R o c k C re e k a n d C la y B a s in D o m e , a re m a rg in a l fo ld s fo rm e d , a t le a s t in p a r t, b y co m p re ssio n o f C re ta c e o u s b ed s in fr o n t o f ris in g a n d a d v a n c in g n a p p e s o f o ld e r ro c k s , b u t o th e rs , in s y n c lin a l b a s in s fa r fro m tr a v e lle d n a p p e s, m a y a c t u a lly o v e rlie th ru s ts in itia te d in u n d e rly in g p re - C a m b ria n c r y s ta llin e ro c k s c a p a b le o f tra n s m ittin g stre ss fro m a d is ta n c e . S u c h th ru s ts in c re a s e in d ip a n d d ie o u t to w a rd s th e s u rfa c e , a n d tra c e - s lip fa u ltin g in th is k in d o f s tru c tu r e , p a ra lle l e ith e r to th e a n t ic lin a l a x is o r to b ed s o n o n e o r o th e r sid e o f it , p ro d u c e s th e a p p e a ra n c e o f o rd in a ry d ip fa u ltin g w it h g re a t v a r ia t io n o f th ro w , o r e v e n o f p iv o ta l fa u ltin g w ith o p p o s ite th ro w s in d iffe re n t d ire c tio n s . I f th e o b liq u e n a tu re o f th e d is p la c e m e n t is n o t re co g n iz e d i t m a y b e d iffic u lt to c o rre la te p ro d u c in g zones o n th e fla n k s o f th e fa u lte d a n tic lin e . S e c tio n s o n tra n s p a re n t p a p e r s h o u ld b e
176
a A B S T R A C T S .p re p a re d fo r e a ch sid e o f th e se fa u lts , a n d th e tw o d ia g ra m s m a y th e n b e m ad e to c o in c id e b y t r ia l m o ve m e n ts w h ic h c a n o fte n b e s im p lifie d to o ne o b liq u e a d ju s tm e n t.
A . L . 3 9 2 . S u b s u r fa c e G e o lo g y a n d O il a n d G a s R e s o u r c e s o f O s a g e C o u n ty , O k la h o m a . P a r t 4 . T o w n s h ip s 2 4 a n d 2 5 N o rth , R a n g e s 1 0 a n d 1 1 E a s t . L . E . K e n n e d y , J . D . M c C lu re , H . D . Je n k in s , a n d N . W . B a s s . U .S . Dept. Inter., Geol. Surv. B ull. 900D , 1940, 131-171.— T h e a re a d e a lt w it h in E a s t C e n tra l O sag e C o u n ty , O k la h o m a , is a fe w m ile s so u th - w est o f B a r t le s v ille . A b o u t 2350 w e lls h a v e b ee n d rille d , a n d som e d a tin g fro m 1905 a re s t ill p ro d u c in g . O n ly g as is o b ta in e d fro m th e S ilic e o u s L im e (O rd o v ic ia n ), th e u p p e r p a r t o f w h ic h is a c r y s ta llin e d o lo m ite w it h c h e rt, an d th is g as is c o n c e n tra te d in th e to p s o f d o m es. T h e B a r t le s v ille sa n d , la id d o w n as b each d ep o sits in th e e a r ly P e n n s y lv a n ia n , o cc u rs a t d e p th s o f 1500—2100 ft ., a n d is th e c h ie f re s e rv o ir, th e d is trib u tio n o f o il d e p e n d in g o n s tr a tig ra p h ic a l fa c to rs ra th e r th a n o n s tru c tu r a l a ttitu d e . C o n to u rin g o f th e O sw eg o L im e , a b o u t 400 ft. ab o ve th e B a r tle s v ille , se ld o m sh o w s c lo s u re o f o v e r 100 f t . N e w o il lo c a litie s sh o u ld be re v e a le d b y p ro s p e c tin g , a n d m u ch o il sh o u ld a lso b e o b ta in e d b y re p re s su rin g th e P e n n s y lv a n ia n san d s w ith g as o r w a te r, a s h a s a lre a d y b ee n d o n e , w it h g as, in th e
B a r tle s v ille o f th e A v a n t fie ld . A . L .
3 9 3 . S u b s u r fa c e G e o lo g y a n d O il a n d G a s R e s o u r c e s o f O s a g e C o u n ty , O k la h o m a . P a r t 5. T o w n sh ip s 2 6 a n d 2 7 N o rth , R a n g e s 1 0 a n d 1 1 E a s t . L . E . K e n n e d y , W . E . S h a m b lin , O . L e a th e ro c k , a n d N . W . B a s s . U .S . Dept. Inter., Geol. Surv. B ull. 9 0 0 E, 1940, 173-208.— T h e a re a lie s in N o rth - e a s te rn O sag e C o u n ty , a b o u t 31 m ile s w est o f B a r tle s v ille . T h e S ilic e o u s L im e (O rd o v ic ia n ), e ro d e d to d iffe re n t d ep th s on dom es, so m e tim e s w ith n e a r ly th e w h o le th ic k n e s s o f 10 0 0 ft . re m o v e d , y ie ld s o n ly g as, th o u g h in S o u th e rn O sag e C o u n ty it y ie ld s o il. T h e m o s t p ro d u c tiv e zones a re in th e su b - an g u la r q u a rtz san d s o f th e B a r t le s v ille (e a r ly P e n n s y lv a n ia n ) irre s p e c tiv e o f s tru c tu re , a n d in th e w e a th e re d M is s is s ip p i c h e rts a n d th e co arse q u artzo se B u rg e ss san d o f th e M is s is s ip p ia n —P e n n s y lv a n ia n u n c o n fo r m ity , w h e re th e o il o ccu rs u s u a lly lo w o n th e fla n k s o f d om es a n d in s y n c lin e s . C lo s u re s a re s m a ll, a n d th e re g io n a l d ip is w e s tw a rd a t a b o u t 30 ft./ m l. T h e re a re a fe w lo c a litie s w h e re d rillin g
m a y e n c o u n te r n e w oil- a n d gas-pools. A . L .
3 9 4 .* O h io -C la y to n P o o l in P e r r y C o u n ty B e s t R e c e n t O h io D is c o v e ry . A n o n . Oil Gas J . , 29.1.42, 4 0 (3 8 ), 187.— A t C la y to n in S o u th - ea st O h io fo rty - fiv e p ro d u cers w e re d rille d to th e C lin to n sa n d , e x te n d in g th e p o o l to 5 sq . m l. T h e a v e ra g e p ro d u c tio n o f th e se w e lls is 152 b rl./ d a y , a s co m p a re d w it h 14 b rl./ d a y fo r th e w h o le S ta te .
E a s t o f T h o r n v ille , in P e r r y C o u n ty , a n o th e r C lin to n o il- p o o l w a s o p e n e d . E x t e n sio n s w e re m ad e to th e B u s h C re e k g as-pool.
In C e n tra l O h io th e N e w a rk g as- field seem s to h a v e re a c h e d it s p e a k . W a te r- flo o d in g w as u n d e rta k e n in th e B e r e a sa n d in th e L o d i fie ld .
N u m e ro u s w ild c a ts w e re d rille d in th e e a s te rn p a r t o f th e S ta te , b u t, w ith one e x c e p tio n , th e re s u lts d id n o t seem to w a r r a n t fu rth e r te s tin g . G . D . H .
3 9 5 .* E x te n s iv e A c tiv ity in W e s te rn C a n a d a S e e n fo r C o m in g Y e a r . T . P . S a n d e rs.
Oil Gas J . , 19.2.42, 4 0 (4 1 ), 60.— L a te la s t su m m er th e firs t c o m m e rc ia l p ro d u c e r w as co m p le te d o n th e T w in R iv e r s tru c tu r e in S o u th e rn A lb e r ta . 75 b r l./ d a y w e re p ro d u ced d u rin g a te n - d a y te s t. N e a r b y a re th re e w e ll- d e fin e d s tru c tu re s — D e l B o n ita , R o s s L a k e , a n d S p rin g C o u le e . A ll th e se s tru c tu re s lie o n th e n o rth - w e s t fla n k o f th e S w e e tg ra ss a rc h , a n d a re lo c a l clo su re s o n a n tic lin a l fo ld s o r n o ses. D e l B o n ita , R o s s L a k e , a n d S p rin g C o u le e a re o n th e C h a lk B u t t e n o se , w h ile T w in R iv e r is on a p a ra lle l no se to th e e a s t, w it h th e M a d is o n a p p a re n tly n e a re r th e s u rfa c e th a n o n a n y o th e r C a n a d ia n s tru c tu re . T h e o il a t T w in R iv e r is in th e M a d is o n , b e n e a th th e E llis .
T h e fo u r s tru c tu re s h a v e b e e n e x a m in e d b y g e o p h y sics a n d c o re - d rillin g a s w e ll as b y o th e r m ean s. T h e fir s t w e ll o n th e T w in R iv e r s tru c tu r e g a v e o il, b u t w e n t o v e r to w a te r m a in ly o n a c id iz a tio n . T h e seco n d w e ll ca m e in a t 6,000,000 c u . f t . o f g as /d ay w ith som e o il. A th ir d w e ll w a s d r y . W h ile th e fo u rth , a n d su c c e s s fu l w e ll w a s
I
A B S T R A C T S .
177
ab ein g d rille d , co re s w e re e x a m in e d c a r e fu lly to e n su re t h a t b o tto m - w a te r w a s n o t p e n e tra te d o r o th e r s lip s m a d e . A c id tre a tm e n t a n d c e m e n ta tio n w e re c a rrie d o u t, a n d th e w e ll w a s c o m p le te d a s a p u m p e r.
T h e re fle c tio n se ism o g ra p h sh o w e d th e a p e x o f th e s tru c tu r e a t d e p th to b e e a s t o f th e ap e x o f th e s u rfa c e s tru c tu re , a n d th e sam e c o n d itio n e x is ts a t D e l B o n ita . T w o te sts h a v e b e e n d r ille d to in c o n c lu s iv e d e p th s o n th e D e l B o n it a s tru c tu r e , o n e fin d in g 1,500,000 c u . f t . o f g as a n d 10 b r l. o f o il/ d a y fro m th e M a d is o n a t 5136 ft . T h e M a d iso n is m u c h d ee p e r o n th e R o s s L a k e a n d S p rin g C o u le e s tru c tu re s , w h ic h h a v e b een s tu d ie d g e o p h y s ic a lly .
T h re e h u n d re d m ile s to th e n o rth th e V e rm ilio n fie ld is b e in g d e v e lo p e d . E le v e n w e lls a re p ro d u c in g fro m th e C re ta c e o u s a t d e p th s o f a b o u t 1800 f t . G . D . H . 3 9 6 .* A r g e n tin e I n c r e a s e d O il O u tp u t d u r in g 1 9 4 1 . A n o n .
O il Wkly,
9.2.42, 1 0 4 (1 0 ), 56.— D u rin g 1941 A rg e n tin e p ro d u c e d 22,015,138 b r l. o f o il, a ris e o f 6-8% a b o ve th e 1940 fig u re . C o m o d o ro R iv a d a v ia , M e n d o z a , P la z a H u in c u l, a n d S a lta y ie ld e d 15,718,000, 3,344,470, 1,071,318, a n d 1,880,015 b rl. o f o il, re s p e c tiv e ly . T h e M e n d o z a o u tp u t ro se b y 3 3 % .O n ly 16,000,000,000 c u . f t . o f g as w e re p ro d u c e d in 1940. G . D . H . 3 9 7 .* A r k a n s a s D is c o v e r y O p e n s V a s t R e g io n fo r E x p lo r a t io n . G . B . N ic h o ls o n . Oil Wkly, 16.2.42, 1 0 4 (1 1 ), 21.— A se e m in g ly im p o rta n t d is c o v e ry h a s b een m ad e re c e n tly a t M id w a y , in L a fa y e t t e C o u n ty , A rk a n s a s , in a p re v io u s ly co n d e m n ed a re a w h ic h is se p a ra te d fro m o th e r d eep p ro d u c tio n b y a fa u lt, g e n e ra lly b e lie v e d to m a rk th e lim its o f S m a c k o v e r lim e p ro d u c tio n . F u rth e rm o re , th e o il a n d g as d is c o v e re d a re fre e fro m s u lp h u r, w h ic h is o n e o f th e o b je c tio n a b le p o in ts a b o u t th e u s u a l Sm ack - o v e r p ro d u c tio n .
A fa u lt zo ne ru n s g e n e ra lly n o rth - e a s t n e a r th e M id w a y p o o l, c o n tin u in g to N e v a d a a n d O u a c h ita c o u n tie s b e fo re tu r n in g so u th - e a st. I t m a y b e co n n e cte d w it h th e B a lc o n e s - M e x ia fa u lt s y s te m . W e lls d r ille d n e a r th e fa u lts u s u a lly fo u n d lo w p e rm e a b ilitie s . T h e M id w a y fie ld , ly in g so m e d is ta n c e n o rth o f th e fa u lt zone a n d a p p a r
e n tly u n co n n e cte d w ith it , a p p e a rs , fro m re fle c tio n se ism o g ra p h w q rk , to b e a d om e.
T h e S m a c k o v e r fo rm a tio n h a s a n u p p e r o o litic lim e zo ne o f h ig h p o ro s ity , a m id d le n o n -p erm eab le zo n e, a n d a lo w e r g ra n u la r, p o ro u s zo ne. T h e d is c o v e ry w e ll e n co u n te re d th e S m a c k o v e r a t a d e p th o f 6296 f t . T h e c a s in g w a s p e rfo ra te d in th e o o litic zo ne a t 6340-6370 f t ., a n d th e w e ll’s in it ia l flo w w a s 80 b rl./ h o u r th ro u g h a 20-64-in. ch o k e , w ith a g a s/ o il r a tio o f 257. T h e lim e h a s a p o ro s ity o f 2 1 % a n d a p e rm e a b ility o f 500-700 m illid a r c y s . T h e o il g r a v it y is 35-5. A b o tto m - h o le p re ssu re o f 2915 lb ./ in.2 a n d a te m p e ra tu re o f 17 3 ° F . w e re re co rd e d .
T h e s tru c tu re m a y c o v e r 5000 a c re s, a n d th e re s u lts o f co re e x a m in a tio n in d ic a te re se rve s o f 36,000 b rl./ a c re fo r th e o o litic zo n e. T w o m ap s a n d a n e le c tric lo g a re
in c lu d e d . G . D . H .
3 9 8 .* T e x a s - L o u i s i a n a C o a s ta l R e g io n H o ld s M a n y N a tio n a l R e c o r d s . R . R e a v e s . Oil Wkly, 16.3.42, 1 0 5 (2 ), 33.— E x c e p tin g T e x a s its e lf, th e T e x a s - L o u is ia n a G u lf C o a st h a s fe w r iv a ls fro m th e s ta n d p o in t o f re s e rv e s , y ie ld to d a te , a n d c u rre n t p ro d u c tio n . T h e re se rve s h a v e ris e n s te a d ily d u rin g th e p a s t fe w y e a rs to 3,864,587,000 b r l., n e a rly o n e - fifth o f th e t o ta l c u rre n t U .S .A . re s e rv e . 181,937,594 b rl. o f o il w e re p ro d u c e d in 1941, as co m p a re d w ith 162,563,323 b rl. in 1940. T h e 1941 o u tp u t w a s th ir d to T e x a s a n d C a lifo rn ia , a n d in t h a t y e a r th e S o u th L o u is ia n a p ro d u c tio n e x ceed ed th a t o f th e T e x a s s e c to r o f th e c o a s ta l re g io n fo r th e fir s t tim e . A t th e b e g in n in g o f 1942 th e d a ily o u tp u t w a s 558,483 b rl./ d a y , a fig u re ex ce e d e d o n ly b y T e x a s a n d C a lifo rn ia .
T h irty - fiv e n e w fie ld s w e re d is c o v e re d in 1941 a s co m p a re d w it h t h ir t y in 1940.
F ifty - n in e n e w p ro d u c in g h o riz o n s w e re fo u n d o n k n o w n p ro d u c in g s tru c tu r e s in 1941.
S o u th L o u is ia n a le a d s a ll o th e r a re a s b y a w id e m a rg in in th e n u m b e r o f d eep p ro d u cin g fie ld s a n d w e lls . I t h a s th ir ty - tw o fie ld s p ro d u c in g b e lo w 10,000 f t ., w h ile T e x a s h a s s ix fie ld s flo w in g o il o r d is tilla te b e lo w th a t le v e l. 800 o f th e w o rld ’s 1133 1 0,000-ft. w elLs a re in th is re g io n .
T h e m o st im p o rta n t re c e n t d is c o v e rie s a re B a y o u S a le , S t . G a b rie l, a n d P in e P r a ir ie in L o u is ia n a , a n d O y s te r B a y o u a n d L a k e C re e k in T e x a s . T h e la rg e s t re c e n t e x te n sio n s w e re a t N o rth - e a s t G ib s o n a n d O ld O c e a n , w h ile n e w sa n d b o d ie s w e ro o p e n ed
1 7 8 a A B S T R A C T S .
a t W e s t B a y , V e n ic e , G u e y d a n , E r a t h , C h o c o la te B a y o u , H u ll, D y e rs d a le , L u c k y , a n d N o r th M a rk h a m .
T h e W ilc o x tre n d w a s o n e o f th e m o st a c tiv e , re s u ltin g in d is c o v e rie s a t L a k e C re e k a n d M a g n o lia .
C o n ro e is th e la rg e s t o f th e G u lf C o a s t fie ld s . F ie ld s w ith re se rv e s in excess of 100,000,000 b rl. in c lu d e H a s tin g s , O ld O c e a n , A n a h u a c , T h o m p so n , F rie n d s w o o d , C o n ro e , V ille P la t t e , L a f it t e , a n d P a r a d is . S ix fie ld s o n th e T e x a s G u lf C o a st an d one in S o u th L o u is ia n a h a v e g iv e n o v e r 75,000,000 b rl. o f o il to d a te . G . D . H .
3 9 9 .* T e x a s G u lf C o a st F ie ld D e v e lo p m e n t, P r o d u c in g a n d R e s e r v e D a t a b y F ie ld s.
A n o n . Oil Wkly, 1 6 .3 .42 , 1 0 5 (2 ), 35.— T h e fie ld s a re a rra n g e d a lp h a b e tic a lly a c co rd in g to co u n tie s , also a rra n g e d a lp h a b e tic a lly , a n d th e fo llo w in g d a ta a re g iv e n : d is c o v e ry d a te , ra n g e o f p ro d u c in g d e p th s , p ro d u c in g fo rm a tio n s , p ro v e d acreag e, s p a cin g , th e t o ta l p ro d u c in g w e lls a n d th e n u m b e r flo w in g , th e d a ily p ro d u c tio n , th e p ro d u c tio n d u rin g 1941 a n d th e t o ta l p ro d u c tio n to d a te , e s tim a te d re se rve s, th e d e p th a n d fo rm a tio n re a c h e d in th e d e e p e st te s t, th e g r a v it y ra n g e o f th e o il and
th e n u m b e r o f rig s ru n n in g . G . D . H .
4 0 0 .* L o u is ia n a G u lf C o a st F ie ld D e v e lo p m e n t, P r o d u c in g a n d R e s e r v e D a t a by F ie ld s.
A n o n . Oil Wkly, 16.3.42, 1 0 5 (2 ), 37.— T h e sam e ty p e s o f d a ta a re g iv e n as fo r th e T e x a s G u lf C o a st, a n d th e a rra n g e m e n t is th e sam e as fo r th a t re g io n . G . D . H .
4 0 1 .* W ilc o x T r e n d P la y a t P e a k . K . H . F e rg u s o n a n d S . R . C a s e y .
Oil Wkly,
1 6 .3 .4 2 ,1 0 5 (2 ), 41.— P r io r to M a y 1937 W ilc o x p ro d u c tio n in th e G u lf C o a s ta l a re a w as co n fin e d to th e C la y C re e k a n d K it t r e ll s a lt d o m es, b u t th e c o m p le tio n a t th a t d ate o f a w e ll a t Jo e ’s L a k e sh o w e d o il to o c c u r c o m m e rc ia lly in W ilc o x sa n d b o d ie s, and th a t th e W ilc o x p e rs is te d d o w n - d ip . A lo n g th is W ilc o x tre n d th e C o c k fie ld hig h s a lo n g th e o ld C o n ro e tre n d o ffe r e x c e lle n t p o s s ib ilitie s o f n e w d eep p ro d u c tio n . M o st o f th e se p ro s p e cts h a v e b e e n d rille d a n d fo u n d b a rre n o f c o m m e rc ia l p ro d u c tio n in th e C o c k fie ld a n d Y e g u a , a p p a re n tly d u e to in s u ffic ie n t c lo s u re . W ilc o x p ro d u c tio n h a s b ee n e sta b lis h e d o n s tru c tu re s a lre a d y p ro d u c in g fro m th e C o c k fie ld a n d Y e g u a .
A s tu d y o f th e g e o p h y s ic a l d a ta in L a v a c a , C o lo ra d o , a n d D e W it t c o m itie s re v e a ls a se rie s o f lo n g a n d m o re o r less p a r a lle l fa u lts , m o s tly s trik e - fa u lts w it h clo su re on th e d o w n - d ip sid e a n d o f g re a te s t a m o u n t in th e W ilc o x . T h e re is a n e e d to search fo r s tra tig ra p h ic a l tra p s .
T h e re fle c tio n se ism o g rap h a p p e a rs to b e th e m o s t v a lu a b le g e o p h y s ic a l in s tru m e n t in th e p re s e n t s e a rc h , w ith su b su rfa c e g e o lo g y p la y in g a m a jo r p a r t in th e e x p lo ra tio n o f th e p ro d u c in g tre n d s . T h e re is e v id e n c e th a t th e W ilc o x is d e lta ic ; c o rre la tio n o f san d fro m w e ll to w e ll is o fte n im p o ssib le .
In v e s tig a tio n o f th e W ilc o x tre n d s c a lls fo r s u b s u rfa c e g e o lo g ic a l w o rk , fo llo w e d b y g e o p h y sics to c h e c k a n y a n o m a lie s ; th e d r illin g p ro c e d u re s h o u ld b e b eyo n d re p ro a ch , w ith c o rin g w h e re p o ss ib le a n d a s e a rc h fo r n e w m e th o d s o f d e te c tin g o il a n d g as, fo r in th e W ilc o x it is o fte n d iffic u lt to d is tin g u is h a n o il- sa n d fro m a w a te r - sa n d b y e le c tr ic a l lo g g in g . I n th is c o n n e c tio n m u d a n a ly s is , g e o c h e m ic a l a n a ly s is , a n d flu o re scen ce a n a ly s is seem to o ffe r p o s s ib ilitie s . G . D . H .
4 0 2 .* G u lf C o a st O ilfie ld s, S a lt D o m e s, a n d P r o s p e c t s . A n o n .
Oil Wkly,
16.3.42, 1 0 5 (2 ), 59.— T h e fo llo w in g in fo rm a tio n is g iv e n , w h e re p o ss ib le , fo r th e fie ld s and p ro s p e cts a rra n g e d a lp h a b e tic a lly u n d e r a lp h a b e tic a lly a rra n g e d c o u n tie s o r p a rish e s : lo c a tio n , m e an s o f d is c o v e ry , d is c o v e ry w e ll, s tru c tu r e , e le v a tio n , p ro d u c in g fo rm a tio n s , p ro v e n ac re a g e , c u m u la tiv e p ro d u c tio n , e s tim a te d re s e rv e , d a ily p ro d u c tio n , th e n u m b e r o f p ro d u c in g w e lls a n d th e n u m b e r o f rig s ru n n in g o n 1 st Ja n u a r y , 1942, g r a v it y o f th e o il, d a ta a b o u t th e d ee p e st te s t, o il o u tle t, p r in c ip a l le a s e h o ld e rs , an ds u n d ry re m a rk s . G . D . H .
G eoph ysics.
4 0 3 .* P re s e n t S ta t u s o f G e o p h y s ic s in C a n a d a . P a r t I . A . A . B r a n t .
Trans. Canadian
Inst. M ining and M et., Ja n u a r y 1942, 4 5 (3 5 7 ), 45-65.-—A g e n e ra l s tu d y o f th e c h ie f g e o p h y s ic a l m e th o d s is m ad e in tw o p a rts o f th is p a p e r. H is to r ic a l d e v e lo p m e n t is sk e tc h e d . T h e fo llo w in g a re th e c h ie f g e o p h y s ic a l e x p lo ra tio n m e th o d s in co m m o nA B S T R A C T S . 1 7 9 a
u sag e, ta b u la te d in a p p ro x im a te c h ro n o lo g ic a l se q u e n ce o f p r a c tic a l d e v e lo p m e n t : (1 ) m a g n e tic ; (2 ) g ra v im e tric ; (3 ) e le c tric ; (4 ) se ism ic ; (5 ) r a d io a c t iv e ; (6) s o il a n d g as a n a ly s is . M e th o d (3 ) is s u b d iv id e d in to (A ) s e lf- p o te n tia l, ( B ) r e s is t iv it y (C ) e le c tro m a g n e tic .
M e th o d s 1, 2, 3 B , 4, 5, a n d 6 a re b e in g u se d in p e tro le u m e x p lo ra tio n , w ith 2 a n d 4 b e in g e x te n s iv e ly a p p lie d a n d y ie ld in g h ig h ly s a tis fa c to r y r e s u lt s ; o v e r 2 0% o f w e lls th u s s p o tte d a re p ro d u c e rs.
M e th o d s 1, 2, 3, a n d 4 h a v e b e e n a tte m p te d in v a rio u s P re c a m b ria n re g io n s.
M e th o d 1 h a s c o n s is te n tly y ie ld e d re lia b le d a ta . A p p lic a tio n s o f 3 A a n d 3 B h a v e m et w ith o n ly lim ite d p r a c tic a l su ccess. M e th o d 3 C h a s m a n y fie ld lim ita tio n s , w h ile 2 a n d 4 h a v e b e e n trie d o n ly a fe w tim e s . T h e s e m e th o d s a re d iscu sse d in th e p a p e r u n d e r th e fo llo w in g h e a d in g s : (1) p h y s ic a l b a s is o f m e th o d ; (2) in s tru m e n ts ; (3 ) fie ld p ro c e d u re ; (4 ) in te r p r e ta tio n ; (5 ) a p p lic a tio n s a n d lim ita tio n s w it h fie ld p ra c tic e . P a r t I o f th e p a p e r d e a ls o n ly w it h m e th o d s 1 a n d 2. T h e e co n o m ics g o v e rn in g a p p lic a tio n o f g e o p h y sics is b r ie fly d iscu sse d .
In te r p r e ta tio n co n sists o f fin d in g th e a p p ro x im a te lo c a tio n , e x te n t, a n d n a tu re o f th e ro c k b o d ie s (a ), s tru c tu r a l o c c u rre n c e s (sh e a rs, fa u lts ) (6), b ed - ro ck fe a tu re s (c ), a n d to p o g ra p h ic a n d o v e rb u rd e n c o n d itio n s (d ), t h a t ca u se th e o b s e rv e d a n o m a lie s . O n ly (a ) a n d (b) a re o f p r a c tic a l im p o rta n c e ; c o n s id e ra tio n o f (c ) a n d (d) a s a ca u se o f a n o m a lie s is , h o w e v e r, o b v io u s ly n e c e s s a ry . T h e p ro ce ss o f in te r p r e ta tio n o cc u rs in tw o ste p s : (1) th e lo c a tio n a n d b re a d th o f th e a n o m a ly - p ro d u c in g b o d ie s a re fo u n d b y b re a k in g d o w n th e e x p e rim e n ta l p ro file c u rv e s in to re c o g n iz a b le co m p o n e n t p a rts d u e to b o d ie s o f k n o w n cro ss - se c tio n a l fo rm ; o r b y c o m b in in g th e v a lu e s a c ro ss k n o w n g e o m e tric a lly sh a p e d b o d ie s to g iv e re s u lts s im ila r to th e fie ld - o b se rve d . (2 ) T o th e v a rio u s b o d ie s a lith o lo g ic a l o r s tr u c tu r a l c h a r a c te ris tic is a ss ig n e d c o n s is te n t w ith its p h y s ic a l p ro p e rtie s a s in d ic a te d b y th e g e o p h y s ic a l re s u lts .
S te p 1 c a n u s u a lly b e c a rrie d o u t w it h so m e fin a lit y in d e p e n d e n t o f 2—i.e., th e b re a d th a n d le n g th o f ro c k re g io n s m a rk e d b y c o n tra s tin g p h y s ic a l p ro p e rtie s c a n be e s ta b lish e d .
S te p 2, p r a c tic a lly , c a n o n ly b e c a rrie d o u t th ro u g h g e o lo g ic a l c o rre la tio n —i.e., th ro u g h a k n o w le d g e o f th e ro c k s p re s e n t a n d th e ir p h y s ic a l p ro p e rtie s . S in c e th e p h y s ic a l p ro p e rtie s o f a g iv e n ro c k m a y ch a n g e la t e r a lly —e.g., tu ffs — a n d s in c e tw o p h ases o f th e sam e ro c k m a y g iv e th e sam e g e o p h y s ic a l re s u lts a s tw o d iffe re n t ro c k s , it is c le a r th a t b e s t c o rre la tio n is o b ta in e d w it h o u tc ro p s a n d d rill- h o le s in th e a re a u n d e r s u rv e y —i.e., g e o p h y s ic a l m e th o d s s e rv e b e s t in g e o lo g ic a l in te r p o la tio n T h is is w h y som e o f th e m o st su cc e s sfu l g e o p h y s ic a l re s u lts in P re c a m b ria n a re a s h a v e b e o b ta in e d in tra c in g th e e x te n s io n o f k n o w n g e o lo g ic a l c o n d itio n s —e.g., B u c h a n s a n d y S te e p R o c k . R e in te rp re ta tio n o f d a ta in th e lig h t o f su b se q u e n t d r illin g e v id e n c e is s tro n g ly u rg e d . S im ila r ly , a c e rta in a m o u n t o f d r illin g b y g e o p h y s ic a l p a rtie s is reco m m en d ed . I t is p o in te d o u t t h a t th e in v e rs e p ro b le m to in te r p r e ta tio n ste p 1 is , k n o w in g th e ro c k p ro p e rtie s a n d g e n e ra l g e o lo g ic a l set-u p , to c a lc u la te th e g e o p h y s ic a l a n o m a lie s fo r th e v a rio u s m e th o d s . T h is m e an s t h a t , if th e ro c k p ro p e rtie s a n d g e o lo g y in a g iv e n a re a a re e v e n ro u g h ly k n o w n , th e o rd e r o f th e g e o p h y s ic a l a n o m a lie s to b e e x p e cte d in th e fie ld m a y b e c a lc u la te d , th e m o st a d a p ta b le m e th o d o r m e th o d s se le cte d , a n d th e d e ta il, a p p ro x im a te c o s t, a n d tim e o f s u rv e y re q u ire d , d e te rm in e d b efo re e v e n g o in g in to th e fie ld . T h e a c c u ra c y o f s u ch d e te rm in a tio n s w ill in c re a se w ith th e d e fin ite n e s s w it h w h ic h k n o w le d g e o f th e ro c k p ro p e rtie s , g e o lo g y, to p o g ra p h y , a n d d r ift c o n d itio n s a llo w th e g e o p h y s ic a l p ro b le m to b e p o s tu la te d a n d w o rk in g c o n d itio n s to b e e v a lu a te d . A . H . N .
4 0 4 .* P re s e n t S t a t u s o f G e o p h y s ic s in C a n a d a . P a r t I I . A . A . B r a n t . T ra m . C anadian Inst. M in in g and M et., F e b r u a r y 1942, 4 5 (3 5 8 ), 66-87.— I n th e seco n d p a rt o f th is p a p e r th e re m a in in g m e th o d s lis te d a n d n o t g iv e n in P a r t I a re d e s crib e d u n d e r th e s e v e ra l h e a d in g s d iscu sse d (see p re c e d in g a b s tr a c t). T h e u se o f m o re th a n o n e m e th o d in a n a re a is m e n tio n e d a n d b r ie fly d iscu sse d .
G e n e ra lly , th e fo llo w in g a re th e lim ita tio n s o f g e o p h y s ic a l m e th o d s : (1 ) A n y g e o p h y s ic a l m e th o d is lim ite d b y th e n e c e s s ity fo r c o n tra s t in th e g iv e n p h y s ic a l p ro p e rty fo r th e ro c k m a te ria ls p re s e n t. I f c o n tra s t in th e p h y s ic a l p ro p e r ty is la c k in g , th e m e th o d is u seless—e.g., la c k o f s u ffic ie n t r a d io a c tiv e c o n tra s t a s re g a rd s m a n y P re c a m b ria n re g io n s. (2 ) A ll g e o p h y s ic a l m e th o d s a re lim ite d b y th e fa c t
1 8 0 a * A B S T R A C T S .
t h a t th e v a lu e m e a su re d a t th e s u rfa c e is th e re s u lta n t o f c o n d itio n s a t a n d a ro u n d th e o b s e rv a tio n p o in t. H e n c e , a n in te rp re te d g e o p h y s ic a l p ic tu re c a n n e v e r be m o re th a n a n id e a liz e d , s im p lifie d p ic tu re o f a g e o lo g ic a l c o m p le x ity . (3 ) A ll geo
p h y s ic a l m e th o d s a re lim ite d b y d ecre ase in re s o lv in g p o w e r w ith th e d e p th o f th e b o d y o f c o n tra s tin g p h y s ic a l p ro p e rty . H e n c e , th e d e e p e r th e b o d y th e g re a te r v o lu m e it m u s t h a v e to c re a te a g iv e n a n o m a ly , a n d , b y th e sam e to k e n , th e g re a te r is th e e ffe c t o f s u rfa c e a n o m a lo u s b o d ie s co m p a re d to co m p a ra b le b o d ie s a t d ep th . T h e re s u lt is , firs t, t h a t th e c o rre c tio n fo r th e s u rfa c e a n o m a lie s is im p o rta n t fo r m o st m e th o d s , a n d , seco n d , t h a t th e p re s e n ce o f la rg e irre g u la r su rfa c e an o m alies m a y , fo r p r a c tic a l p u rp o s e s , e lim in a te th e a p p lic a b ility o f c e rta in m e th o d s—e.g., th e to rs io n b a la n c e a n d h ig h - fre q u e n c y e le c tro m a g n e tic m e th o d s in th e P re c a m b ria n ; a n d s e rio u s ly lim it th e a p p lic a b ilit y o f o th e rs —e.g., lo w - fre q u e n cy e le c tro m a g n e tic, s e lf- p o te n tia l, a n d e q u i- p o te n tia l m e th o d s . (4 ) A s re g a rd s p r a c tic a l a p p lic a tio n , g e o p h y s ic a l m e th o d s m a y b e lim ite d e c o n o m ic a lly —i.e., b y th e ir in a b ilit y to y ie ld g e o lo g ic a l in fo rm a tio n a t th e co st fo r w h ic h c o m p a ra b le in fo rm a tio n m a y b e d erive d b y o th e r m e an s. T h is lim ita tio n is im p o rta n t, fo r in to i t co m e fa c to rs o f re lia b ility , m o b ility , n e c e s s a ry p e rs o n n e l, e tc . G r a v im e tr ic , se ism ic, a n d p e rh a p s s o il a n a lys is m e th o d s a re th u s e lim in a te d as re g a rd s g e n e ra l P re c a m b ria n a p p lic a b ility . (5 ) A fu rth e r lim ita tio n is in te r p r e ta tio n b y w h ic h th e p h y s ic a l p ic tu re is ch an g ed in to a g e o lo g ic a l o n e. F a c to r s lim itin g in te r p re ta tio n a re th e n u m b e r o f p o in ts o f g eolo g ical c o rre la tio n , th e e x te n t to w h ic h th e o ry a p p ro x im a te s th e fie ld c o n d itio n s , fa c to r (3) a b o v e , a n d th e p e rs o n a l e q u a tio n o f th e g e o p h y s ic is t.
F in a lly , th e fo llo w in g c o n clu sio n s a re re a c h e d : (1 ) I n th e lig h t o f th e a b o ve lim ita tio n s , 1, 2, 3, a n d 4, th e m a g n e tic a n d r e s is t iv it y o r r a tio m e tr ic m e th o d s are th e o n ly o n es w h ic h h a v e g e n e ra l a p p lic a b ility in th e P re c a m b ria n . F o r s p e c ia l p rob lem s w h ic h c a n b e f a ir ly a c c u r a te ly p o s tu la te d , th e o th e r m e th o d s m a y p ro v e ap p lica b le a n d e x tre m e ly v a lu a b le fro m tim e to tim e . I n v ie w o f 3, 4, a n d 5, m a g n e tic m ethods sh o u ld b e, in g e n e ra l, m o re a p p lic a b le a n d re lia b le . T h e m a g n e tic m e th o d is, hence, th e m o st g e n e ra lly a p p lic a b le m e th o d fo r w o rk in th e P re c a m b ria n . (2 ) T h e m ost e ffic ie n t use to w h ic h g e o p h y s ic s c a n b e p u t in th e P re c a m b ria n is d e te rm in e d b y th e a b o v e lim ita tio n s , c h ie fly 4. F o r th e p ro b le m co n sid e re d , g e o p h y sics m u st p resent th e m o st e co n o m ica l so u rce o f th e n e c e s s a ry in fo rm a tio n . H e n c e , o ne o f th e ch ief a p p lic a tio n s o f g e o p h y sics in th e P re c a m b ria n sh o u ld b e th e e lim in a tio n o f th e b arren se ctio n s o f d rift- c o v e re d a re a s ; a se co n d s h o u ld b e th e tr a c in g o f k n o w n co n d itio n s in to a n d u n d e r d rift- c o v e re d a re a s . (3 ) T h e fu tu r e o f g e o p h y s ic s in C a n a d a in the n e x t y e a rs is b o u n d u p in th e e co n o m ic lim ita tio n 4. N o g re a t flu r r y o f g e o p h ysica l a c t iv it y c a n , h e n ce , b e e x p e cte d . T h e n e c e s s ity fo r p a tie n t a n d s c ie n tific a n d m ore co m p le te e x p lo ra tio n o f d rift- c o v e re d a re a s s h o u ld le a d to g r a d u a lly g re a te r use of g e o p h y sics in clo se r co - o p e ra tio n w ith m o re d e ta ile d g e o lo g ic a l s u rv e y in g . M a g n e tic m e th o d s w ill c o n tin u e to b e c h ie fly a p p lie d , w it h th e e le c tric a l r e s is t iv it y o r ratio- m e te r m e th o d s g a in in g in r e lia b ilit y d u e to b e tte r th e o re tic a l a p p ro x im a tio n s of
e x p e rim e n ta l c o n d itio n s . A . H . N .
D rillin g,
4 0 5 .* D r illin g R e c o r d s P e r m it I n c r e a s e in D r illin g - R ig E ffic ie n c y . H . F . Sim o n s.
Oil Oas J ., 22.1.42, 4 0 (3 7 ), 29-30.— T h e re co rd o f a w e ll m ad e d u rin g d rillin g is fo r th e m o st p a r t d esig n ed fo r th e p ro d u c in g d e p a rtm e n t ra th e r th a n fo r th e use o f th e d rillin g - rig o w n e r o r th e c re w . I t d oes fo rm a b a sis fo r a re c o rd w h ic h w ill show th e v a rio u s fa c to rs w h ic h a re in c lu d e d in th e co st o f th e d r illin g o p e ra tio n . T h e d rillin g re p o rt in c lu d e s th e fo o ta g e m a d e / to u r, fo rm a tio n s p e n e tra te d a n d th e ir d e p th s, d e v ia tio n o f th e h o le , d o w n - tim e fo r rig re p a ir , tim e co n su m e d in m a k in g tr ip s , ru n n in g s tra ig h t- h o le te s ts , c irc u la tin g fo r sam p le s a n d c o rin g . I t a lso in clu d e s a re co rd o f th e ca sin g ru n in th e h o le .
I n a d d itio n to th e co m p a n y re c o rd , th e c re w also h a s a d r illin g re p o rt to th e co n tr a c to r w h ic h sh o w s e s s e n tia lly th e sam e in fo rm a tio n as th e c o m p a n y re p o rt, e x ce p t th a t it is m o re c o m p le te . R o t a r y sp eed , p u m p sp eed a n d p re ssu re , a m o u n t o f w e ig h t ru n o n th e b it, tim e o f m a k in g trip s , a n d th e ty p e o f b it ru n in th e h o le , u n u s u a l c o n d itio n s e n co u n te re d w h ile d rillin g , c o n d itio n o f th e m u d , m a te ria ls u sed fo r tr e a t in g m u d , m a te ria ls u sed fo r tre a tin g b o ile r- fe e d w a te r , re p a irs m a d e o n th e rig a n d
