Nord Stream and South Stream as innovative projects, their impact on the energy sector environment and policies of the European Union

Nord Stream and South Stream as

innovative projects, their impact on

the energy sector environment and

policies of the European Union

Rocznik Integracji Europejskiej nr 8, 377-388

2014

Nr

8

₂₀₁₄

LUDMIŁA

NIKITINA

Poznań

DOI: 10.14746/rie.2014.8.26

Nord Stream and South Stream as innovative projects,

their impact on the energy sector environment and

policies of the European Union

Introduction

The energy sector is rightly considerate as one of thebasic industries and has been dividedinto four basic sub-sectors: energy,gas, heat, liquid fuels and mining,which is sometimes classified aselectricity (Dobroczyńska,Juchniewicz,Zaleski,2001,p. 39), Belonging to one of the identified sub-sectors depends on theraw material on thebasis of whichit is conducted businessactivity,and hence gasindustry is a sub and as the namesuggests activity is associated withthe gas (Elżanowski, 2008,p. 27).

Natural gas isone of the primary energy in theEU. It is one of the relativelyine­ xpensive, and fairly available organic primary energy, sincethe combustion gas isfor­ med about halfthe carbon dioxide (greenhousegas) compared to oil or coal.

Currently,theleading position in the globaltrading systemof oil andgas takesRus­ sia. The countryis also in the forefront of exportersofprimary energysources. Russia hasmore than 20%of global gas reserves and 5% of provenoil for exampleonly one Russiancompany“Газпром” brings 15% of world gas production. ОАО “Газпром” is a powerfulRussian energy concernwith complex technology, whichhas a unique struc­ ture. The consistent system of “Газпром” isoneof the largest in the world gas supply systems and combines objects of extraction, processing, transportation, storage and di­ stribution of gas. The single deliverysystem creates and guarantee an uninterrupted cycle, that is - from thewell to theend user. The uniform system ofgas pipeline “Газ­ пром” has 155thousand km ofmain gas pipelinesand branches, 6complexes for wor­ king gas andliquefied natural gas, 24 natural gasstorage facilitiesand thenumbers are stillgrowing. ОАО “Газпром” isaleading supplier ofenergy resources including natu­ ralgas to the European Union.

According to experts and analysts, regardless of the declinein gas consumption in Europe (a decrease of about 7%) in thepastfew years,thedemand for this productwill gethigher in the European Unionand all around theworld (Коржубаев, Федотович, 2010, p.4-6). Itis expected that by2030 demand for natural gas will beabout4831 bil­ lion m3,which would constitute about 25% of global energyconsumption initially. Ac­ cording to expert forecasts demand fornatural gas in Europe by 2030 will rise to 210billionm3 peryear or 50% (Rychlicki, Siemek, 2008, p. 410-412). Significantalso is thefact that the share ofnatural gas in the so-called structure of primary energy con­ sumption across the EU varies. Forexample, in Greece and in Portugal of about8% and

centage ofnatural gas consumption verification suppliers and transmission system plays ablue fuel being role. And itshouldbe notedthatthe so-called the“old” Member Stateshavea higher degree ofdiversification their sources of supply of bluefuel per­ centage: from Russia comes around- 30%, - 30% fromNorway and Algeria- 18% (Łoskot-Strachota, 2009, p. 2-4).

Naturalgasin Europe-34-production and import demand

Table 1

midm3/year 2000 2010 2020 2030

Own Extraction 262 266 202 163

Demand (reference scenario) 482 650 767 815

Imports (reference scenario) 221 385 565 625

Demand (low scenario) 482 570 595 635

Imports (low scenario) 221 304 393 472

In Table 1 is shown the potential of gas exports to 34 European countries Europe-34 EU-27 countries also Switzer­ land and Balkan countries.

Source: S. Rychlicki, J. Siemek(2008), Gazziemny wpolityce energetycznejPolskii Unit, Europejskiej, “Polityka energetyczna”, t. II, vol. 1, Krakov, p. 412.

Theimplementation of large infrastructure projects isclosely linked to the protec­ tion of the environment, andthe existing EUlegal standards inthis area are very strict. Projects that canshow a negativeimpacton the balanceof the environment undergo acomprehensive examination on the basis of whichtherelevantEUinstitutionsissue licenses for theirprojects. Accordingto EU lawinvestmentmonitoring of suchobjects mustbe continuous.

The article analyzed energyprojects Nord Stream and South Stream in terms of se­ curityin this environment, the effectiveness taken by investors pollutionprevention measures, as well as the roleofdesignated projects inthe energysecurity of the Europe­ an Union andthe diversification ofsuppliersof naturalgas to the EU.Article analyze the important aspectsof political issuesrelated to the investment of the Russian “Газ­ пром” in Europe.

The primary goal ofthis article is to analyze the impactof projects Nord Stream and SouthStream energy sectorenvironment. Andalso the political aspects associatedwith the implementationof these energy projects.

The origin and status of the North European Gas Pipeline(Nord Stream)

After the hot disputes about gas between politicians of Ukraine,Belarus and Russia in the late 90’s and 2000’s, when European customersmorethan once severelyaffected ona shortage of gas, and the reputation of the Russian“Газпром” has been seriously tarnished. Management of thegroup “Газпром”hastaken a final decision onthecon­ struction ofa gas pipeline North (Nord Stream), and in the futurefurther expansion of direct transmission networkto Europe in the implementationof theSouth Stream pipe­ lineproject(South Stream). Theprimaryobjective of theproject was theconstruction

RIE 8 ’14 Nord Stream and South Stream as innovative projects... 379

of the Nord Stream gas pipeline bypassing intermediatetransit countries, inter alia, Ukraine, Polish,Slovak and Czech Republic,and to provide Member ofWestern Euro­ pe, in the first turn Germany guaranteed supplyof naturalgas (Kubik, 2007).

Uniqueness of the Nord Stream projectlies in the factthat, the pipelinerunsthrough the economic zones of manycountries like: Russia, Finland,Sweden, Denmark, Polish, and the Baltic Sea,also provides a direct link between Russianand European gaspipeli­ nesystems(type “from the wellboreto the receiver”). Thetotallengthof the Nord Stre­ am - 1224 km from Russian Vyborg to theGerman Lubminnear Greifswald, wheregas will betransported to Belgium, Denmark, France and Great Britain.

InSeptember 2002, during thevisit ofRussian President Vladimir Putin in Germa­ ny signedanagreement for the construction of the NordStream. The company -con­ tractor of theproject“North European Gas PipelineCompany” was founded in 2005, but in 2006 thenamewas changedto Nord Stream AG.The shareholders of the newly established company are: OJSC “Gazprom”, theGerman BASF AG andE.ON AG, and the presidentof thecompany’s shareholders -Gerhard Schroder (https ://www.nord-stre-am.com/pl/o-nas/nasi-udzialowcy/).All permits necessary tostart construction work of the Nord Streamreceived inFebruary 2010, Nord Streamis considered to be one of the mostexpensive projectsimplemented so far by “Газпром”. It was estimated that the Russian company has to spend on projectNordStream no less than 750 million euros. The totalcost of theproject estimatedat 8.8 billion, but all indications are that this figu­ rewill be higher (Онуфриева, 2011, p. 70-71).

Labor Project started already in the first decade of the2000’s, however, vigorously constructionof apipeline startedonly in 2010,whenatthe ceremony wereset tubes of the first strand of the NordStream. Construction of the second threadstarted in May 2011,and inOctober 2012 was put intoservice. Opening of thefirststrand of the Nord Stream was held with the participationof Russian PresidentDmitri Medvedev and Chancellor Angela Merkel.

Nord Streamis an international project. Processprior to its launch lasteda relatively long time, because itwasnecessary toobtain therequired permitsfor theconstruction of five countries. Also,itwasnecessary to assess andexamine all aspects in terms ofre­ gulations, contained ininternational conventions and acts ofnational law. In 2006,un­ der the provisions of the European Commission, the Nord Stream project finally received the status of the energy of the highest priority in the European Union. Which meansthat Nord Streamhas been recognized as part of thetrans-Europeanenergy ne­ tworks(Trans-European EnergyNetworksTEN-E)and bearsthe nature of the invest­ ment strategy of the European Union providing a stable supplyof natural gas and a good exampleofcooperation between Russia and the EU (Plajtgen, 2011).

The international character of the NordStream alsoprovidesthat for its realization were recruitedexperts from 17 countriesandthe European top advisers in the field of environmental protection. Another endorsement of the European nature of the project is the structure of the performers. In terms of environmental impact assessment andfor special permissionselectedDanish company Ramboll, and the range of engineering se­ rvices - theItaliancompany Saipem Energy Services (Snamprogetti). Certification of theproject was commissioned independentfoundation DetNorske Veritas(DNV), he­ adquartered in Oslo. TheSwedish companyMarin MatteknikAB(MMT) hasconduc­

ted researchfor the presence of munitionsalongthe planned route of the pipeline. Other studies of environmental and field tests are conducted bywell-known international companies, such as the Swedish GeologicalSurvey (SGU),PeterGaz (Russia), Finnish Institute of MarineResearch,DHI (Denmark), Fugro OSAE (Germany) and theInstitu­ te for Applied Ecology (Germany).75% ofpipes for the constructionof the firstpipeli­ newillprovidetheGermancompany Europipe, and the remaining 25% -the Russian company United Metallurgical Company (OMK). Interms of the pipelayingsigned apreliminaryagreement with the company Saipem, basedinLondon (http://www.nord- -stream.com/pl).

Threads of political and economic rationalism

The constructionof the future pipelinepreceded by a tedious and uneasyprocess of international discussions and consultationswith interested countries. Not all countries at once consented. And investors NordStream had a difficult nut tocrack. Besides in­ formation about the plans to build a new gas pipelinecaused concernand dissatisfac­ tion notonly for the local authorities ofUkraine and Belarus, but aswell as Polish, Czech and Slovakia. The most importantallegations made by these countries are the following: first,the gas monopoly position thatRussia threatenstheenergy security of the European Union, andsecondly, Russiacan manipulatedecision-making processes in some of these countries (talking about Ukraine and Belarus), or exertpressureon them by the method called“screwingtap”. Ofcourse, thecountries of theEU cancount on thesupport of theEU. Unfortunately, Ukraine,which was oftenaccused by theRus­ sian “Газпром” in unsatisfying receivinggas will probably need to activatetheir own action towards diversification of gas supplies (Итоговая пресс-конференция..., 29 июня 2012года).ThedecisionsinUkraineshould alsomore stronglydetermine the direction of further developmentof the country,keeping in mind that the choice of pro-European direction, requires compliance with European standards, as in politics and economics. In asituationwhere the ruling authority Ukraine chooses variant tighte­ ning cooperation with Russia,can automatically expose their countryto limit the inde­ pendenceand sovereignty.

It seems, however,skeptical attitude of some countries in relation tothe Nord Stre­ amprojectandthe unsuccessful attemptsto block itwas rather an economic one.Be­ cause the undeniable fact is that the countries that run networks, andwill reap the profits fromthe transit ofRussian gas.Theroute of the new pipelinebypasses their ter­ ritory,which automatically deprives the state specifiedabove large shareof payments for gas transit. Thissituation was caused by technical changes made in thecourse of the investment. Originallyit was assumed that the raw material forfilling the new pipe­ line will come from the NorthStockholm’s deposit,but due to delay inthe preparation of theinfrastructuretoextract gas fromthe fluidized, part of the gas transportedsofar by Poland, Ukraine, Czech Republic and Slovakia will supply the Nord Stream (www.gazprom.ru).

After reviewing the plans and medium-term strategy of “Газпром” canbe conclu­ ded that the operationof thebed and startStockholm’s Nord Streamgas pipeline, and so

RIE 8 ’14 Nord Stream and South Stream as innovative projects... 381

will thequantitativereduction of gas transported via gas pipeline systemhitherto used by Ukraine, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia. Indeed, OAO ‘Ta3npoM” pursues its objective,which is toeliminateas manycountries of transit,which reduces thecost of exports (itcounts the management ofOAO “Tasnpow”) of natural gas from Russia.

The issue of environmentalprotection and safety

Youcannot ignore the issueof environmentalprotection of theBaltic Sea and its waterfront.The specific issues particularly related to theBaltic countries (Estonia, Li­ thuania,Latvia, Finlandand Poland). The initialproject investmentassumed toconnect gassystems of theBalticstates,includingLatvia and theuse of storage capacity for the collection and storage of gas. Thennone of thecountries has objected, alsoin terms of environmentalsafety. Eventually it was decidedto change the route of the Nord Stream. Adoptedfinal pipelineplan did not foreseeany branch or call the gas systems of the Baltic States (talking about Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia and Poland). Inresponse to the reportindicated solutionwasmade by experts fromthe Estonian Academy of Sciences (Prof. Mihkel Veiderma and prof. Dr. Endel Lippmaa), who expressed extremelynega­ tiveview of the constructionof the Nord Stream justifying itsposition as follows:- no entityresponsible for possible failures anddisasters thatmay occur during construction andoperationof the pipeline.

The pipelineremains in closecontact withthe sea zoneEstonian, thisgives rise to the appearance on the borders ofEstonia, the Russian naval patrols.

In addition, the scientists in Estonia wereworried by the lack of informationon safe­ ty(the remains of the SecondWorld War on the seabed, the instabilityof the ground) of new pipeline route in the North, also doubt hasundergone technical execution (Veider­ ma, 2005; Lippman, 2007).

Arguments ofresearchers from the Estonian Academy of Sciences are not too convincing. Andit’s hardto sayhow much thepolicy, and how economic rationalism and pragmatism inthis? Firstly, itis difficult toimagine a Russian navalmilitary patrols in the waters aroundtheterritory of the memberstates of NATO. Secondly, investors are awareof the dangers that entails ammunitionand war gases, which remains after the Second World War at thebottom of the BalticSea. Sea pipelineroute will be thoroughly examined, and the items that will be a source of potentialdanger removed. As for the technicalexecution,in therealization of the Nord Stream will participate Italian com­ pany Saipem, whichhas years of experience and have already implemented similar projects inthe Black Sea (Blue Stream to Turkey), there werenocomplications and per­ turbations. Finally, there is a positive official of theEuropean Commission, whichin my opinion ultimately end the dispute on themerits of the pipeline Nord Stream.

In April 2013, theBaltic Sea Forum in Saint-PetersburgPrimeMinister of theRus­ sian Federation Dmitry Medvedev in his speechtothe participants pointed out that as aresult of carried out in 2012,the marine ecological monitoring section of theRussian section of the Nord Streampipeline. It was agreed that the work of the pipelinedoes not adversely affect theenvironment of theBaltic Sea. Leading expertsof‘T asnpoM” in re­ ading the official results of the monitoring and unambiguously confirmed the neutrality

of the pipeline on theenvironment circumferential (Отчёт no экологическому мони­ торингу морского участка российской секции газопровода Nord Stream... за 2012 год).

InPoland, until now thereis ongoing political discussions aboutthe Nord Stream project, but the pipeline is alreadyfinished.Poland has hadalot of concerns about the future of the Portof Świnoujście, which isunder construction LNG (liquefied gas).

The future of theport of Świnoujścievery wellsaid by Minister ofForeignAffairs Sikorski: “Everything sofargoing in Świnoujście will stillbe shipped in and gas tan­ kers to the PolishLNG terminal that is alreadybuilt, will beshipped inunhindered.”

“There will beno obstacles,because”-as explained- “we received a recess for more than 20 kilometers, which will cause gas carrierswill flow to the gas terminal on the main alongtheapproach.” “In contrastto the spare tube moved to deeper water, plus theassurancethat ifin thefuturetheport wanted to continue to develop, needtotake even larger vessels, thetube thereis a recessed” (PAP, 2011).

According to W. Pawlak commenting on the completion of the first line. - Wewill focus onelementsthat relate toour security,not the frustration about whatothers are doing (Łakoma,2011).

Warranty and liability on the part of the implementers ofenergy projects

Prior to the commencement ofconstruction works meticulously examinedthe im­ pactof the pipeline on the possible threat to the environment.

According to Nord Stream AG to ensure safe operationof the pipeline located atthe bottom of theBaltic Sea, Nord Stream AG byindependent companies from Sweden, Russia, Germany, Norway, Finland and Denmark (detailed technical documentation prepared bya leading energycompany Saipem EnergyServices,formerlySnamprogetti, Italy) carried out alarge number of research and has invested over 100 millioneuros

(Kompleksowebadaniazgodności ekologicznej).Thestudy covereda widerange of is­ sues: geological, environmental, biological, socio-economic environment, whichinc­ lude fisheries, shipping and navigation, tourism and recreation, industry and the military actions, etc (Gazziemny: istotny element dywersyfikacji źródeł energii).

Also international research teams working on the Nord Streamproject in thefield of environmentalsafety have provided a comprehensive programof environmental moni­ toring of theBalticSea. On the basis of theabove program isplannedthat will runcon­ tinuously monitoring and Nord StreamAG plansto spend for thispurpose more than 40 million. The results of ecologicalmonitoring shouldbe availableto allcompetent authorities in theBaltic States and stakeholders. According tothe specially workedout a comprehensiveprogram to protect the uniquenaturalenvironment, the new pipeline should not only comply withallthemodemrules of safetyandenvironmental protec­ tion, as well as regularly undergo cleaning and maintenance. Technical Service of Northern pipeline consists of external and internal control.

The first scheduled maintenanceof the internalcontrol and using innovative techno­ logywill becarried out during the summer of 2013. To this end,in the middle of a gas pipeline from the Gulf of Finlandwill be allowed diagnosticcharges. They aresuppo­

RIE 8 '14 Nord Stream and South Stream as innovative projects... 383

sed to check the condition ofthe pipes. Then theyrun a special device that will collect

dustand dirt insidethepipelineand allowthefinalphase of checks carried outfull-ran­

ge of technical research(Хренников, 2012, p. 6-9).

External inspection ofthepipeline will be carried out by specially equipped for this purposethe ship,on board of which will be modern equipment including cameras and sophisticated high technologyequipmentdesigned to workunder water. With them will be controlled condition of theseabed of theBaltic gas pipelinesystem. After comple­

tion ofthe study all the information willbeanalyzed in terms ofthe potential risks arising

from changes inoperation ofthe pipeline.NordStreamAG takes full responsibility for

the safety and condition of the North European Gas Pipeline, and Iguarantee control and repairalldamages incurred during his work (Kimjesteœmy).

The investment planned South Stream

September 16, 2011 at theInvestment Forum inSochicompanies“Gazprom”, the ItalianENI, French EDF andGerman Wintershall (BASF)haveconcluded an agre­

ement on the appointment ofthe life of the company South Stream Transport (SST).

Accordingto the agreement, the company will be the legal owner of SST 900- kilome­ terstretchof sea South Stream gas pipeline (Porozumienie udziałowcówgazociąguSo­ uthStream).

The investors' participation in the South Stream [%]

The half-day pipeline (SouthStream) isdesignedto deliver natural gas from Russia through the BlackSeaandtheBalkans to Central Europe andSouth America. First

nothing pipeline should be launched in 2015, and the completionof all construction-in 2018 (Porozumienie udziałowców...).

It is planned thatthepower of theSouth Stream pipeline will be increased gradually, eventuallyhas toreach -63 mid m3 year. And the firstpipeline will be launched atthe endof 2015.The project canbe conventionallydivided intotwoparts:the first,as alre­ ady mentioned,is tobuildagas via theBlack Sea, the second-creationof a new gas ne­ twork in Southern and CentralEurope.In addition to this it will be necessary expansion and modernization of the gas pipeline on theterritory ofRussia. Length of the sea esti­ matedat900 km and theplanned rise here fourbranches(thread), the maximum depth of the pipe-laying work of the future pipeline is2,250 meters.

Part of thehonor of thefuture gas pipeline through theterritory ofBulgaria,Serbia, Slovenia, Hungarian Italy. From the basic branches of the pipeline will be discharged to the CroatianandSerbianRepublic,project isstill inplanning phase.The initial pro­ jectvalueis around 15.5 billion euros (http://www.gazprom.ru/about/production/pro-j ects/pipelines/south-stream/).

ОАО “Газпром” ensuresthat SOUCHE Streamprojectwill be done in compliance with all the requirements of environmental safety, in accordance with the Espoo Convention.

The projectishighlycontroversial. Controversycausethe following issues, which havethe characterofpoliticaland economic. Themost importantofthem:

- Isthe implementation of the investment does not interfere with the creation ofa com­ mon EUenergy policy?

- South Streamdoesnot threatenthe energysecurity of the EU?

- Does theproject is not directed against theautonomy and independence of Ukraine? Due to the global crisis,the risk of forecastingthe development of global markets is significantly increased, andhence: it is impossibleto accurately predict not only the dynamics of the demand for gas, but also to determinethe price for a specified reso­ urce. Therefore raises thebasic question - Is gas demand will grow but at a pace that the construction and operationof the South Stream will be economically viable? Workon the project continues. Itseems, however, thatthe Nord Streampipeline pro­ ject is likely tobe achieved to a limited extent.

For potentialshareholders South Stream it is essential that the European Commis­ sion is working on the new regulations, the operation of theEU energy market.Under thenew rules,investorspipelinemust provideaccesstothe infrastructure to other ope­ ratorsand putting itunderthe control of an independent operator. Doinvestors of the South Stream agree to new EUregulations, especially the Russian “Газпром”, as the main shareholder and the initiator of theSouthStream project? The talks withthe com­ petent authorities in theenergy sector (national regulators) of each countrythrough the territory of which will run the new pipeline. Nationalregulatormust inform the Europe­ an Commission or agree to give the so-called statusoff. Even so, the lastword in thisre­ gard belongs to the European Commission(Григорьев, 2008).

Conclusions

The energy sector is the foundation for nationaleconomies. The competitiveness of theeconomy depends largely on energy costs.The desire of theEUcountries is to

RIE 8 ’14 Nord Stream and South Stream as innovative projects... 385

reduce energycostsandreducegreenhouse gas emissions, the increased use ofenergy from renewable sources and to preventpotential degradation and pollution ofthe environment in connection with exploration and exploitation ofenergy resources extracted.

Inthe coming decades, natural gas continuestoremain oneof the basic raw mate­ rials used in the European powerindustry. As a resulttheincrease in gasconsumption in Europe, becauseof ecological barriers and growing number of energy companies declaring their intentionto build new powerplants ofnatural gas canbe regardedasin­ evitable.

Profitability of investments in gas energywill depend on the price of CO2 allowan­ ces and gas prices relative to electricity prices. And as indicatedby thetrend of natural gasprices fallingand rising energy prices. Ultimately, the price of energyshould oscil­ late at a level to ensure the competitiveness of the European economy.

Probably theleading importers of natural gas will remainGermany,Italy,France. Same countries thattook partin Nord Stream and South Streamprojects. Northern Pi­ peline regardless ofdiscontent and concernon the part of some countries works and supplies natural gas to the European Union has been recognized by the European Com­ mission as a priority.According to the monitoring of theenvironment of the Nord Stre­ am gas pipeline was deemed compliant with all required European standards of environmentalsafety. As indicatedby theresults of ecological monitoring presented at theConference in St.Petersburg Without any doubts, the pipelineprojectis an example of international cooperation, because it involved companies,researchers,experts from many countries.

Poland lost the opportunity to participatein the Nord Stream project.Worth recal­ ling that Poland led active discussions on potential participation in the construction of the Nord Stream with the Russianside which never happened. Was itthe right decision, will seeinthe future.

By specifyingtheSouthStreamproject, according to itsinvestors-is another step on theroad to diversification of natural gas transmission networks in Europe. In view of the projected increase in demand for blue fuel by Europeancountries South Stream could become oneof therealways to solvethe problem of energy deficit and mainta­ ining theUnion’senergy security.

The increasing number of new energy projects withthe participation of Western companiesshows that Russia is becoming more open to Western investment,especially in such sensitivesectors forher energyandfuel. The implementationof high-tech pro­ jectsforces theconcerns ofRussian investments in the modernizationand expansion of its transmission system, which has long beenin need.Asexperts note, the Nord Stream pipelineand the planned South Stream, is not only an economic investments. These projectsplay an importantrole in the energy security of the EuropeanUnion, because it provides natural gasdirectly to customers bypassing transit countries. For Russia, this new potential markets inEurope.

The expansion of the transmission networkshould reduce not only the prices ofna­ tural gas, as wellas apositive impact on energy costs. Which in total will promote the competitivenessof theEU economy. Construction of modem transmission systems sti­ mulatesthe development of economicand scientific. Thereare new technologies, new

materials,modem toolsand equipment. Construction andoperationofnewgas pipeline systems affectthe growth of employment and promotesthe formation ofnew jobs not onlyin the use ofgas pipelines, as well as in other industries.

References

BP (2009), BP Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2009, www.bp.com, 12.03.2013. Хренников H. (2012), Nord Stream гарантирует!, “Газпром”, October 2012.

Dobroczyńska A., Juchniewicz L., Zaleski B. (2001), Regulacja energetyki w Polsce, Toruń. Elżanowski F. (2008), Polityka energetyczna. Prawne instrumenty realizacji, Lexis Nexis, Warsaw. Gaz ziemny: istotny element dywersyfikacji źródeł energii, https://www.nord-stream.com/pl/sro-

dowisko/gaz-ziemny/, 10.03.20013. Григорьев A. (2008), Много потоков хороших иразных:голубых, северных и южных с тем, что принесет России сооружение еще одной трубопроводной системы, ясности нет, “Мировая энергетика”, vol. 8 (64), Moskow. https://www.nord-stream.com/pl/srodowisko/gaz-ziemny/, 10.03.2013. http://russian.rt.com/inotv/2011-ll-09/Sevemij-potok-ostavil-Ukrainu-i, 16.03.2013. http://www.nord-stream.com/pl/o-nas/nasza-odpowiedzialnosc/, 26.03.2013. http://www.oswwaw.pl/pl/publikacje/tydzien-na-wschodzie/20n-09-21/porozumienie-udzialowcow-ga- zociagu-south-stream, 26.03.2013. http://www.ekonomia24.pl/artykul/654205-Polska-wciaz-liczy-na-zaglebienie-gazociagu-Nord-Stre- am.html, 1.04.2013. http://www.nord-stream.com/pl/srodowisko/badania/, 1.04.2013. http://www.gazprom.ru/about/production/projects/pipelines/south-stream/, 7.04.2013. http://www.gazprom.rU/f/posts/00/320758/final-pressconference-stenogram-2012-06-29-rus.pdf, 19.04.2013.

Informacje o gazociągu, NordSrea, chap. 2, p. 24-25, http://www.nord-stream.com/pl, 14.02.2013. Итоговая пресс-конференция с участием Председателя Совета директоров и Председателя

Правления ОАО «Газпром» 29 июня 2012 года, http://www.gazprom.rU/f/posts/00/320758/ final-pressconference-stenogram-2012-06-29-rus.pdf, 19.04.2013.

Kaliski М., Nagy S. (2010), Gaz ziemny w Polsce - wydobycie, zużycie i import do 2030 roku, “Górnictwo i geologia”, Gliwice.

Kim jesteśmy, Nasza odpowiedzialność, Monitoring dostarcza istotne dane dotyczące środowiska,

http://www.nord-stream.com/pl/srodowisko/badania/ and http://www.nord-stream.com/pl/ o-nas/nasza-odpowiedzialnosc/, 16.03.2013.

Коржубаев А., Федотович Б. (2010), Финансово-экономический кризис 2008-2010 годов

и нефтегазовый комплекс России, “Проблемы экономики и управления нефтегазовым комплексом”, Issue 9, Moscow.

Kompleksowe badania zgodności ekologicznej, http://www.nordstream.com/pl/srodowisko/badania/, 1.04.2013.

RIE 8 ’14 Nord Stream and South Stream as innovative projects... 387

Lippmaa E. (2007), Expert Opinion of the Academy of Sciences on the application submitted by the Nord Stream AG for granting permission to conduct pipeline route investigations in Estonian

Waters as defined in unclos, Tallin.

Łakoma A. (2011), Polska wciąż liczy na zagłębienie gazociągu Nord Stream, http://ekonomia.rp.pl/

artykul/654205-Polska-wciaz-liczy-na-zaglebienie-gazociagu-Nord-Stream.html, 1.04.2013. Łoskot-Strachota A. (2009), Ekspansja Gazpromu w UE - kooperacja czy dominacja, OSW im.

Marka Karpia, Warsaw.

Онуфриева О. (2011), Инвестиционная сторона международных фазовых проектов, “Пробле­ мы современной экономики”, vol. 3, Saint Petersburg.

Отчёт по экологическому мониторингу морского участка российской секциигазопровода Nord StreamB соответствии стребованиями Минприроды России за 2012 год, http://www.rnnr.gov.ru/activities/detail.plip7IDM 30041, 10.03.2013.

РАР (2011), Gazociąg Północny nie zakłóci dostaw gazu, http://gazownictwo.wnp.pl/sikorski-gazo- ciag-polnocny-nie-zakloci-dostaw-gazu-do-polski, 150048_l_0_0.html, 10.03.2013. Plajtgen F. (2011), «Северный поток» оставил Украину и Польшу один на один с Россией,

http://inosmi.ru/world/20111110/177393448.html?id=177406560, and http://russian.rt.com/ inotv/2011-11 -09/Sevemij -potok-ostavil-Ukrainu-i, 12.04.2013.

Porozumienie udziałowców gazociągu South Stream, http://www.osw.waw.pl/pl/publikacje/

tydzien-na-wschodzie/2011-09-21/porozumienie-udzialowcow-gazociagu-south-stream, 26.03.2013.

Rychlicki S., Siemek J. (2008), Gaz ziemny w polityce energetycznej Polski i Unii Europejskiej, “Polityka energetyczna”, t. II, vol. 1, Krakov.

VeidermaM. (2005), Natural Gas in the Baltic Sea Region, Paper delivered at the session of Assembly

ofthe Baltic States on26 November2005, http://www.akadeemia.ee/_repository/File/Veider- ma_ettekarmeINGL.pdf, 10.03.2013.

Summary

Natural gas is an indispensable resource in many industries. Its share in the primary energy consumption is relatively high, both in the European Union and globally. Energy security is a pri­ ority for each country, making the diversification of suppliers, energy sources and the construc­ tion of energy transmission systems come first in its implementation of energy policy goals. The paper discusses the following issues:

- the growing demand for gas in the European Union and its consumption forecasts. Energy security - diversification of gas suppliers and transmission systems. Innovative projects Sevemyi Potok (Nord Stream) and Yuzhny Potok (South Stream). Political controversies and economic reality. The analysis of media rhetoric on this topic;

- do Nord Stream and Yuzhny Potok (South Stream) pose a threat to the energy security of the European Union, or are they strategically important projects, ensuring the stable and secure supplies of natural gas to EU countries? Environmental protection and the Nord Stream and South Stream pipelines. Economic cooperation between European and Russian companies in the implementation of the above projects.

Key words: natural gas, Nord Stream, South Stream, Russia, European Union, innovation, envi­ ronmental protection, energy security, European Union

Innowacyjne projekty Nord Stream i South Stream. Ich wpływ na sektor energetyczny, środowisko naturalne i klimat polityczny Unii Europejskiej

Streszczenie

Gaz ziemny jest niezbędny w wielu gałęziach przemysłu. Udział gazu ziemnego w struktu­ rze zużycia tak zwanej energii pierwotnej pozostaje na dosyć wysokim poziomie, jak w Unii Eu­ ropejskiej, tak i w Swiecie. Każde państwo uważa swoje bezpieczeństwo energetyczne za sprawę priorytetową, a realizując założone cele w polityce energetycznej na pierwsze miejsce stawia dywersyfikację dostawców, surowców energetycznych i budowę systemów przesyło­ wych dla nich. W artykule poruszono następujące kwestie:

- rosnące zapotrzebowanie na gaz w Unii Europejskiej i prognozy jego zużycia; bezpieczeń­ stwo energetyczne - dywersyfikacja dostawców gazu i systemów przesyłowych; innowacyjne projekty Sewernyj Potok (Nord Stream) i Jużnyj Potok (South Stream) Potok; kontrowersje polityczne i realność ekonomiczna; analiza retoryki medialnej na dany temat;

- Nord Stream i Jużnyj Potok (South Stream) stanowią zagrożenie dla bezpieczeństwa energe­ tycznego Unii Europejskiej, bądź są strategicznie ważnymi projektami, zapewniającymi stałe i bezpieczne dostawy gazu ziemnego do państw unijnych? Ochrona środowiska i rurociągi Nord Stream i South Stream. Współpraca gospodarcza firm europejskich i rosyjskich w reali­ zacji powyższych projektów.

Słowa kluczowe: Gaz ziemny, Nord Stream, South Stream, Rosja, Unia Europejska, innowacyj­ ność, ekologia, bezpieczeństwo energetyczne, Unia Europejska