Understanding and designing next generation infrastructures; on mono-, multi- and interdisciplinarity

Prof.dr. J.P.M. Groenewegen

Understanding and Designing

Next Generation Infrastructures;

on l^ono-, l^ulti- and Interdisciplinarity

Valedictory Lecture 23 May, 2014

T J D e l f t

Understanding and Designing

Next Generation Infrastructures;

on Mono-, Multi- and Interdisciplinarity

Valedictory Lecture of Prof dr. J.P.M. Groenewegen, Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, TUDelft, 23 May, 2014

Mijnheer de Rector Magnificus, leden van het College van Bestuur, Decaan van de faculteit TBM, collega hoogleraren en andere leden van de universitaire gemeenschap, oud-studenten en studenten, familie en vrienden.

Dames en Heren,

Dear guests from abroad.

After a discussion about tlie specific nature of the Delft University of Technology in comparison with general universities with my colleague Han Vrijiing of the Faculty of Civil Engineering, he sent me the opening address of Professor J. Kraus, the Rector Magnificus in 1905 of the "Technische Hoogeschool in Delft".

The rector wrote in 1905

about the focus of technical universities on solving societal issues in an efficient and possibly in an artistic way".

r

j^Aan U dan de taak, mijne heeren en ook dames Studenten, daarmede U w voordeel te doen, opdat G i j na afloop U w e r studiön de menigvuldige technische vraagstukken, die U in de naakte toekomst op & geuicd van ae nijverheid, het mijnwezen, en de openbare >'erken, zoowel in Nederland als in onze K o l o n i ë n , misschien ook in het buitenland zullen worden voorgelegd, op doebiatige en economische en, waar het pas geeft, op artistieke wijze tot oplossing zult weten tc brengen.

M a j k s t k i t ! GKia-RiJiiajiGDi.: K o . x i x r . i x ! veroorloof mij, dat ik

als-tolk van de hooglecraren en lectoren, van het geheele personeel der Technische Moogescliool en van de elfhonderd studenten, die aan onze zorgen zijn toevertrouwd, aan de voeten van Uwen troon getuigenis afleg van onze dankbaarheid voor dc daad U w e r regeering, die onze School zal in staat stellen hare roepiny beter dan vonrW^n tr> v,>nn.ll/».i

This focus is also put forward by the present Rector Magnificus in hls strategy document for 2020. Pragmatische aanpak nieuwsgierigheid gedreven vraag algemene universiteiten technische universiteiten nuttigheid gedreven vraag Fundamentele aanpak Source: TU Delft 2011

You can see here that technical universities are more user demand driven than purely curiosity driven.

A focus on the design of technical artefacts to solve problems and not in a vacuum, but in a social context of private and public actors, is especially the case in the education and research programs of the faculty Technology Policy and Management (TPM), where I was appointed some 10 years ago.

The technical artefacts function in the social world of laws, regulations and norms and together they form so-called Socio-Technical Systems (STSs), like energy networks, public transport, water and electronic communication. Understanding and designing STSs in a scientific way implies

that the education and research at TPM is first

About designing technical artefacts based on the natural sciences, like physics and second

About designing institutions based on social sciences, like institutional economics while taking

Also into account the values of society about right and wrong based on the humanities, like ethics.

Let me illustrate the complexity of these systems with the Offshore Wind Park (OSWP), of which you have seen several pictures when entering this auditorium.

1. OSWP generation is a technical affair, including installation, operation and maintenance. The rotors and blades are examples of technical artefacts, of which the design is based on natural sciences.

2. Spatial planning and environmental aspects. This is about institutions and values. Institutions include property rights and shipping routes, but also subsidy schemes and rules about the connection to the electricity grid. Environment is among other things about effects on birds and fish, which is largely a matter of values, about what is right and wrong. 3. Next you see elements of education and training,

of energy transport and distribution and

4. Of markets and finance. Then you are talking about the European Energy Market, about the financial industry and government subsidies.

The illustration of the OSWP shows that in Socio- Technical Systems a number of mono-disciplines is involved ranging from natural sciences (like physics, geology, biology), social sciences (like institutional economics, public administration, sociology) and the humanities (ethics).

It also shows that next to these specialists, a STS is in need of scientists, who are able to make connections between the different mono-disciplines, who are able to build an overall picture of the system, who understand the interaction between the different physical, institutional and normative components, and who understand the effects of such interactions on the performance of the whole.

In the rest of my talk I will raise some questions about difficulties that exist when different disciplines have to be connected and scientists of these disciplines have to communicate with each other in such a way that the system as a whole is well understood and can be well designed especially for future generations.

First some clarification of concepts.

What do we mean when we talk about scientific disciplines, specialists and generalists, about mono-, multi- and inter-disciplinarity?

In a scientific discipline specific research questions are formulated, which have to be answered in a well defined way concerning logical reasoning, theory formation and testing. The reality, a science attempts to understand, is multi dimensional, complex, full of interdependences, feed back loops, different

actors, values, etc. Science tries to understand, explain and in the end predict by means of frameworks, theories and models. In short: by means of abstractions of the reality. In theories the researcher isolates from parts of reality and creates a so-called scientific reality. One of the big questions scientists face and have disagreement about is the right way and the right degree of abstraction in relation to the reality to which they have to connect in solving real world socio-technical problems. I addressed this issue in 1989 in my dissertation and at the defence at the University of Maastricht, I illustrated the question of abstraction with three drawings of the very young artists my children were in those days.

Joost, Matthijs and Maaike were asked to make a drawing of a bird, of which the first is the highest level of abstraction, the second includes more real world items and the third comes closest to what a real bird could be.

Which one is correct? That is not the right question. They are all correct representations of a bird, but the one representation can be more relevant than the other for the research question at hand. I will come back to the relevancy of approaches and theories later in my talk.

Let us now have a closer look at what we mean with mono-, multi-, and Interdisciplinarity. Monodiscipline Multldisdplinary Interdisciplinary (communication) Interdisciplinary O'oint concepts) Inter(trans)disclpllnary (new discipline)

Multi-disciplinarity is about'adding'while maintaining the disciplines (like a plate on which the potatoes, meat and vegetables are separated) and interdisciplinarity is about 'integrating' and giving up the original disciplines (like in a stew when all ingredients are mixed and not recognizable as such anymore), which can be the case in different degrees resulting in the end in transdisciplinarity (like in a cake when the ingredients are transformed into something completely new). Let us now move to Socio-technical Systems

What I am going to tell you the coming 20 minutes is largely based on my participation in the research program Next Generation Infrastructures of which the closing was celebrated last Tuesday. In the NGI projects I learned about the technical, institutional and value parts of STSs, but also about another important distinction between on the one hand the System Design Approach and on the other hand the Process Approach. The former connects to the world of orderly structured Large Technical Systems (LTS) and top down design and the latter to chaotically emerging Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) and the design of processes of emergence and bottom up.

System Design Approach

The technical design

We begin with the design of technical artefacts like the rotor, or blades of the windmill. The technical design is grounded in natural sciences like physics, geology and aerodynamics. To design an OSWP the designer better knows well about the natural laws of gravity, rotation forces, how atoms, molecules and particles behave in different materials. That is scientific knowledge.

Philosophers of science like Moses and Knutsen, where the following quotes are taken from, speak about ''naturalism, positivism or empiricism".

Scientists aim at discovering patterns that exist in a orderly structured nature, science is about discovering 'laws' of how the world works.

In the quote you see the word "observing", about which I need to say a few more words. When we observe a natural reality including a biological one, we use theoretical concepts, images, or constructs, which are representations of the real world as we think it might be (as discussed with the drawings of the birds)

Naturalism

Real World our there. independTn o 'o^F " " T ^ can gam access to that World by t h i n k W o 7 " ' " " " °^ ' " ^

expenences carefully. This process helos ^r ! ™ " ® """^ our « , s t ,n nature but are often o b j u r e d t rh P^"=™^ ">at «'e call d,is methodology «aturZm . J, «mplextties of life. Thus, patternsthatareassunfdto'S^^^^^^^^

•behaWouralism- are also used o d « „ b ? ^ " ' ' t"' '^iHPL"^'^'"' pos,nöK-As each of these terms. foTa y a X ^ ^ " ^ " ' ' o i o g i c a l d'srepute. or is used as a polemical epithet we ,h T ™ " ' '

u.uoon.Naur a.a.J.eldinc van de 1

«chrijrt Popper: "The c e n t r a l p o J t " ' " " j ' ' ' T.S.Kuhn

a c o m p a r i s o n or the variourr " d i s c u s s i o n - 3 oust a d o. . a - a d a n ™ 1 ^^-V^ P o s s i h l o . X t a r e l i k e m u t u a l l y u n t r a n s l a t a b i r ' ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^nt i^rameworks v e r s c h i l l e n d e " f r a m e A^ o r k s " ^ ^ " ^ S r u a f j o a . ..(i5)„ot b e s t a a n v a n c, . 3 k u 3 s i e, » a a r «aa.t h a a r n^::: o n l ; : ! : ; : " ^ ' — l i . k t w e l inot r o l t d a t de t h e o r i o v o r ^ i . , . . o o r a r l a t < a a n de t o e t s e n , b e t e k o n t d a t de t h e o i . — e n . i n^ e n . ^ e . . n . e n: . . X . o . n . h e v i e w h b e l^ i : : " " / ^ ^ " - r v a t i o n - s t a t e m e n t s a n d s t a t e. e l T L ' "^"^'^ a l w a y s i n t e r a c t i o n s o f t h e " c t , "^^^^^^"'^^^^^^ - s u l t s , a r e ^ i ^ ^ i i : S i : S ^ ^ t h ^ O b s e r v e d , t h a t t h e y a r e i n t ^ „ - e r y t h i n . i n t h o l i^ d. t o f I ^ ^ ' ^ - o r d e n : . . . . . . a p p r o a c h ' ^ I ^ e p r e c o n c e i v e d t h e o ^ ; , ' " ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ' ^ ^ ^ - o o r y . . ( i ^ w i j z e w a a r o p b v o Z ^ ' - a ^ o m l n g e n . o p d e " e r e n , . e l k e d e k l r l ~ ^ " ^ ^ o r l j k V i n d t e n w e l k ' ' ^ I j n . w e l k e i n s t i t u t i e s h i j b e l a n g -z l e t o.n a l s c n f r i n e e r T ^ ^J^^'^eden h l j voor de ekonoom w e g g e l e g d

Source: Popper 1959, footnote p. 107

Because of the 'thinking' and the 'observing' with constructs', the connection of the theoretical findings and the real world has to be carefully tested. This can be illustrated with the prototype of the rotor that was used by the research group of Gijs van Kuijk of the faculty of Aerospace Engineering.

{camera shows the bolts on the rotor behind the lectern}

Here you see bolts partly broken and bowed of a prototype that was tested in order to find out whether the scientific knowledge and mathematical calculations correctly reflect what is really going on out there. Scientists, like Gijs van Kuijk who was by the way so kind to lend this technical artefact to us for today, apply 'constructs' to represent reality; he works in a 'scientific reality'. In order to test the connection of the scientific reality with the 'target' reality, he makes a prototype and does all kind of experiments. The tests can lead to adaptations of the prototype and when everything works well the windmill can be constructed. It can also be the case that the tests continue to go wrong and then the scientific knowledge or the calculations have to be adapted; theory has to be adapted into a better representation of reality.

This technical design has to be connected to the institutional design. Institutional Design

The Social World

Since the very beginning of social science, concerns have been voiced about whether approaches to studying the natural w o r l d were applicable to studies of the social w o r l d - concerns which have only grown w i t h the realization that some of the basic ontological assumptions don't seem to hold, even in die natural world.'&till, for many observers, the natural and social w o r l d s are i n h e r e n t l ) ^ ^ and this difference is obvious: people, unlike p a r t i c l e s T ^ K ^ The subjects of social studies are self-aware, reflexivc,"crêativë"and intentional: they rationalize their actions; they are motivated by purpose; and they enjoy a certain freedom of action. A l l of tliese inherently human capacities make i t possible to doubt whether mechanistic assumptions about natural patterns i n the real w o r l d make sense when studying the social w o r l d , j

Once we open a fissure between the social and natural worlds, we can begin t o see h o w patterns i n the social w o r l d might appear as fleeting, subjective and even unreal to the careful observer. Sceptics among us begin to wonder i f the patterns we observe are n o t of our o w n doing.

This possibility is evident in the way in w h i c h the w o r l d seems to have changed f o l l o w i n g Samuel Huntington's extremely influential 'Clash of Civilizations' argumem (1993, 1996): W r i t i n g after the end of the Cold

L , . ^ : . ^„.;^..i,r ..^.^l»... rr. ^x,Unt n o c r f ,1,1 W n r i n r t r n n

-Source: Moses and Knutsen, 2012, p. 146

In the social domain actors are present which differ from molecules and atoms: they think, make choices and decide. In order to make a social system function, coordination between actors is necessary, which is done through institutions, like norms, laws and regulations.

Institutional design is based on social sciences, like sociology, economics and public administration. How do these sciences go about with the reality of an Offshore Wind park?

John Searle explains how we human beings construct the social reality by imposing 'status functions' on the natural world: X (the natural world of the North sea) becomes Y (the institutionalized world of the North sea) in context C (2014 with a specific political European setting, a specific economic-financial climate, etc.)

On the slide you see for instance property rights and shipping lanes ''imposed'' upon the sea: the construction of social reality.

Similar to the natural scientists, the social scientists works with constructs, but now the constructs of the actors in the social domain are added. Actors in the domain of an OSWP act on the basis of constructs. Firms like All Seas and Siemens, government actors and representatives of interest groups, they all apply abstractions, representations of the world they think they live in. A social scientist trying to understand that social world in order to design institutions, makes a "construct of the constructs" the actors apply.

Value sensitive design.

This part of the System Design Approach is not about technical and social facts being true or false, but about being right or wrong. The world of values connects well to the world of institutions in the sense that values are also social constructions about for instance reliability of the energy supply, about birds and fish, about pollution, about disrupting social cohesive communities, about sustainable energy, etc. (Correljé and Groenewegen 2009). Similar to institutions values and norms can be changed by human beings, albeit at a different speed and in a different way than institutions like laws and regulations. Making the connection between the natural, social and the humanities.

In the System Design Approach the core issue of science is to discover how reality works. What are the natural laws involved, which institutions are constructed and which values are established? In short: science is about discovering reality as it is ordered and when human beings know they can design in a technically, institutionally and value sensitively right way in order to get the system perform according societal objectives. For that to happen the components of the system and the sciences on which they are based need to be connected.

System design J S T S Process design

What is the elephant doing at the bottom of the slide?

{thanks to the student association Leeghwateran inflatable elephant starts to grow next to the lectern)

A well known poem from India about seven blind men who each know something specific illustrates well the issue of mono-disciplines (not) being connected. One knows about trees, the other about spears and ropes When the blindfolded men feel parts of the elephant, which they interpret with their own specific representations in the minds, one thinks he has discovered a three (elephants leg), the other a spear (elephants teeth), the next a rope (elephants tail) And consequently each discovers something different. Importantly, no one discovers the elephant because an integrated representation is missing. Only when they take off their blindfolds, only when they connect, integrate, or transform their specific representations to a new generalist one, only then they can develop a represention of the whole and discover the elephant.

{elephant is on its feet}

This is the world of the System Design Approach, in which the three types of designs rooted in three categories of disciplines are based on discovering how the world is ordered. When we know the "elephant" we can design a coherent system of for instance an OSWP.

CONSILIENCE

THE U N I T Y O F K N O W L E D G E

Edward O. Wilson

Parallel to this metaphor of the discovery of the elephant is the idea of unity of science: all different mono-disciplines can be united under one umbrella, which makes it possible to get a coherent picture of the natural and social reality. Edward Wilson in his book Consilience ^explains such a 'jumping together' of sciences by means of reduction. Consilience by reduction is about a dissection of a phenomenon into its components. The connection between the sciences is made through reduction of all knowledge to a few laws of physics: from culture to the consciousness of the mind, to brains, to genes, to particles. 'Consilience by reduction' is about a jumping together of all sciences in a search for one objective truth (see Orr 1998 and Vromen 2007 for useful reviews).

The Process Design Approach

However, large parts of the STSs we face today are very different from how we designed them. Along the way developments take place creating a different animal than we had in our design minds

The Process Design Approach is about another way of looking at the reality of systems like OSWPs: systems are becoming; out of the interaction between actors and between actors and their technical, institutional and values environments, a reality emerges and evolves. Systems are emergent and the more so when decisions are taken at decentralised level and structures are less constraining, but allow for discretion of actors to create and innovate.

Instead of a world of order, laws and linear causation, the Process Approach represents the STSs as chaotic, evolving and largely undetermined. In the Process Approach infrastructures are represented as emergent, bottom up and self-organizing driven by users, (local) governments, small and large firms and other stakeholders. A process that creates conflicts with existing institutions and technologies, a process that disrupts, creates chaos and forces the system to adapt.

The exploitation of the ordered systems is replaced by he exploration of the chaotic system.

We have left the world of ordered Large Technical Systems, the world of blueprints and have entered the world of Complex Adaptive Systems.

Tineke Egyedi and Donna Mehos. have recently published an insightful book from which I took this table which compares the traditional design approach with the 'inverse approach', which corresponds well with my Process Approach.

Table 13.1: Inverse features revisited

Design Approacli (technology. cITort) Ownership infrastmcture Scale Dcp.ree ofhomogcncity Coordination infrastructure development Design focus on* (where

Prox iders (top-down)

(.V-nti.ili/cd Large

Classic, R&D-driven. by

Hierarchical (top-down), formalin

Users (bouom-up, local) Can be undefined or defined (incl. user, community and mixed ownership) Decentralized Small, may end up as larpc* Heteroscneous, linked User innovation, innovation by experts Outcome inlhislruciurc I'uilicip.ints Predefined Employed Market-based

Less predictable, changing

Volunteers, self-employed or employed Reciprocity-' & gift-based*, market-based s. The columns 'df-^iiin' and in\cise' approacli are to be read a< relative on a scaled characteristic.

Of special interest is the state of a delicate balance between order and chaos; systems at the edge of order and chaos are in situations of maximum variety and creativity. Such situations exist in both natural and social systems (van den Berg 2012).

How to acquire l<nowledge about a worid in development, in chaos? In the context of this lecture I should like to mention three sources: Edward Wilson's "consilience by synthesis" Agent-Based Modelling and the philosophy of pragmatism.

Let us first turn to the Consilience of Edward Wilson again. Consilience by synthesis is about predicting a higher order from more basic physical principles: social behaviour of insects (ants in the case of Wilson) is based on chemical signals; explain emotion as conscious in terms of brain activity. Likewise with culture: what we for instance consider beautiful is in the end based on physical elements in our brain. From there during the evolution a mind is formed, a social system is formed and finally a cultural world is built upon that physical starting point. So if we want to understand we have the find out how the culture is the synthesis of its different building blocks: consilience by synthesis. A helpful tool to get an understanding of developments in CAS is Agent-Based Modelling (Chappin and Dijkema 2010). ABM helps to clarify to different stakeholders and the wider community what the implications can be of specific choices; it is a tool to facilitate participation, to improve information transfer and decision making, to better discuss the choices, consequences, responsibilities. Finally, I have found inspiration and appropriate concepts in the philosophy of Pragmatism (Groenewegen 2013) . That philosophy provides insights and concepts concerning constitutive processes of "being, becoming, interaction and ethics" (Nooteboom 2012).

What about design in such an emerging, spontaneous, evolving world? In the table design in the Process Approach is about creating the right conditions for a spontaneous process to take place. Herder and Stikkelman make an interesting addition:

A shift is taking place away from the

blue print approaches towards

''creating the right conditions and

constraints for the system to

move into the right direction

relatively autonomous''

What would be the right direction? I interpret that to be coherent with the values and societal objectives with respect to the performance of the system as a whole. Then the design issue in the Process Approach is not only about the creation of the conditions for autonomous behaviour of the micro units, but also about the creation of an institution that has a responsibility for the evolution of the system as a whole, that monitors, that signals when developments are not "right", that has policy instruments to incentivize behaviour of the micro units in the right direction, that constrains spontaneous evolution, that creates experiments to find out what spontaneous actors will do and that is the collective memory of what we learn over time.

Different representations of tfie one world

Some of you will feel more comfortable with the LTS as elephants, others with the emergent CAS of which we do not know what kind of animal will come out. The choice is not a matter of post modern 'anything goes', but a matter of argumentation about the stage the system at hand is in. Is the situation more an ordered one with stable technical, institutional and value structures, actors with stable motivations and mental maps? The message then is: apply the representation that corresponds with what is. If the world is more about non-linear feed backs and more about chaos, then reality better be captured by constructs that are about change and process. However, if the nature of reality is change, then scientists better represent reality with constructs that capture change. And then designers better make artefacts that are about the process, about the conditions for the emergence to take place, but into

the right direction. But that is not the whole story: there is also a normative approach; how do we want our socio-technical systems to be, how should the Next Generation Infrastructures look like? More variety, more decentralized innovation? ....Then the system should be allowed to be on the edge of order and chaos. The message then is: apply the representation that corresponds with emergence and chaos.

Delft University of Technology and Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management

Where does this all takes us? I would like to draw two conclusions: one at university and one at faculty level. As far as the university is concerned I think the indispensable specialists in mono-disciplines are well represented. However, the generalists, able to make the overviews and connection between the disciplines and faculties, are under represented. More persons like Gijs van Kuijk at Aerospace Engineering and Pieter Jonker at 3mE are needed at crucial nodes in the university network. This does not automatically imply extension of staff. Very capable people are available inside the organisation of which part of their function can be reallocated into the more generalist direction.

At faculty level I would like to share a conclusion with you about the TPM curriculum: more attention to questions of mono-, multi and interdisciplinarity and their underlying philosophical issues is warranted. I know that a lot has been done and is under way stimulated by Ernst ten Heuvelhof, Ivo Bouwmans, Jelle de Boer, Pieter Bots and Els van Daalen. They deserve all the support possible.

Dankwoord

Coming to Delft some ten years ago is one of the best things that happened in my academic life. Thank you Rolf Künneke, Wolter Lemstra and Aad Correljé to invite me and Hugo Priemus to make it possible. Thank you Theo Toonen for appointing my successor so well in time so I could devote this last year to research issues that really interest me.

I have talked to a lot of people about the issues I addressed this afternoon. Thank you all.

Donna M e h o s Errit Bekkering

O t t o Kroesen Esther Hardi

Gijs van Kuijk Paul Hermans

• Bart N o o t e b o o m Paulien Herder

Pieter Jonl<er Theo T o o n e n

Karel Luyben Jereon van den Hoven

W i j n a n d V e e n e m a n W i l Thissen

• Jules Verlaan M a r t i n de John

• Pieter Jonker • M i c h e l van Eeten

Laurens Rook Scott Cunningham

Roland O r t t , Claudia W e r k e r

• Rolf Kunneke, • Ernst t e n Heuvelhof

Daniel Scholten, M a r g o t W e i j n e n

M a r l o e s Dignum Jan van den Berg

A r i a d n e Cruz Veliz Tineke Egyedi

Richard van g e m e r t • Cees van Beers

Theo Fens S a n d e r d e J o n g

• A a d Correlje Ivo B o u w m a n s

W o l t e r Lemstra Jan Jacob Gerbrands

Peter A n k e r Pieter Bots

Peter Kroes Els van Daalen

M a a r t e n Franssen • Casper Chorus • Bert van W e e

Rob Stikkelman

The black hole?

I do not fear the black hole, because as Marga suggested to me, the black hole will probably be more like the black square of Malevich: the ultimate point of as he called it "Supremation" where no representation of the objective world is needed anymore because that is the stage of "pure feeling".

Finally the persons in my inner circle, the family.

At other occasions I have said what my feelings are about you and that has not changed. I also would like to use the language of music again towards Marga as at did at previous occasions. So time for Billie Holiday.

References:

Beurskens J., (2011), ed. Converting Offstiore Wind Energy into Electricity, We@Sea Research Programme 2004-2010, Eburon: Delft

Chappin EJ.L. and G.PJ. Dijkema, (2010), Agent-based Modelling of Energy Infrastructure Transitions, International Journal of Critical Infrastructures, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 106-129

Correljé, A. and J.Groenewegen (2009), Public Values in the Energy Sector; Economic Perspectives, International Journal of Public Policy, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 395-413

Egyedi, T.M. (2012), 'Disruptive Inverse Infrastructures: Conclusions and Policy Recommendations', in: TM. Egyedi and D.C. Mehos (eds.). Inverse Infrastructures: Disrupting Networks from Below, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar

Groenewegen, J.RM. (1974), Ekonomen en (hun) Instituties, Doktoraalskriptie, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam.

Groenewegen, I R M . (2013), "A Synthesis of Neoclassical and Institutional Price Theory?" in: W. Dolfsma and S. Kesting (eds.) Interdisciplinary Economics -Kenneth E. Boulding's Engagement with the Sciences. London & New York: Routledge

Herder, RM., R.M. Stikkelman, 2012. Building a Syngas Infrastructure: Translating Inverse Infrastructure Properties into Design Recommendations, in: Egyedi, T.M., Mehos, D.C. (Eds.), Inverse Infrastructures: Disrupting Networks from Below, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar

Künneke, R. W. (2012), Technical and Policy Configuration of Inverse Infrastructures, in: T.M. Egyedi and D.C. Mehos (eds.). Inverse Infrastructures: Disrupting Networks from Below, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar

Moses, J.W. and TL. Knutsen (2012), Ways of Knowing; Competing Methodologies in Social and Political Research, PalgraveMcmillan: Hampshire Lemstra, W, V. Hayes, V and J.Groenewegen,(2010). The Innovation Journey of Wi-Fi. The Road to Global Success. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

the Edge of Order and Chaos, an Analytic Frameworic, in T.M. Egyedi & D.C. Mehos (eds.). Inverse Infrastructures: Disrupting Networl<s from Below, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar

Vromen, J.J., (2007), What Can Be Learnt From 'Serious Biology And Psychology? in Stavros loannides and Klaus Nielsen (eds.). Economics and the Social Sciences - Boundaries, Interaction and Integration, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar 2007, 31-62

Nooteboom, B., (2012), Beyond Humanism; The Flourishing of Life, Self And Other, PalgraveMacmilan: Hampshire

Orr, H.A., (1998)"The Big Picture", Boston Review, October/November, pp. 3-12 Popper, K., (1959), The Discovery of Scientific Knowledge, Routledge: London Searle, J., (1996) The Construction of Social Reality, Penguin: London TU Delft (2011), Contourenschets TU Delft 2020, Kader voor Discussie voor de Strategische Roadmap TU Delft 2020.