S w i a t o w i t X X X V
Andrzej Wierciński
QUESTION OF ARCHI- AND NEOMORPHIC PATTERN OF THE HUMAN SKULL
This Report intends to answer the following questions on t h e basis of the available Polish material:
do exist the intrapopulational associations between cranioscopic traits which e x p r e s s a n archi- o r meomorphic s t r u c t u r e of t h e h u m a n
skull?
1. do they change in the time lapse of the last millenary?
In the first approximation, the total series of crania f r o m t h e c h u r c h yards excavated a t Wiślica {District Kielce, Southern Poland) a n d d a
-ted o n t h e X - XIX t h C e n t u r y w a s considered. The cranioscopic traits were established by the present author on the basis of a set of photo-graphic scales constructed by Michalski. The .power of associations between t h e selected traits which express t h e relief of f r o n t a l region, p r o -filisation of maxilla a n d the m e n t a l protuberance of mandible w a s
esti-mated 'by t h e coefficient of rp of Góralski, according to the following
formula:
(where: rp — the coefficient of association's power: к — the m i n i m u m
n u m b e r of categories of a division of o n e out of m - t r a i t s considered
N-number of items). The table 1 represents t h e m a t r i x of rp in pairs
of traits, calculated for male and female skulls. It demonstrates t h e existence of moderate or strongly significant associations between all the
•raits which r e f e r t o the shape a n d relief of the f r o n t a l bone. However, the facial characteristics show a more dispersed s t r u c t u r e . Thus, the depth of m a x i l l a r y incisure is associated w i t h the canine fossa only w i t hin the male series and the d e p t h of canine fossa together with p r o m i
-104 Andrzej Wierciński
nence of maxilla is associated with the mental protuberance within both sexes.
Out of the total set of facial traits, only the prominence of maxilla is significantly associated with one of the neurocranial features, ie. with the shape of the forehead. But, someone may say that all these results which seem to prove the existence of intrapopulational, organised pat-terns of traits could be an effect of the time factor, since they change microevolutionarily in Poland (see: A. Wierciński, 1974) and since, the analysed series included crania from X th to XIX th Century. In order to reply on this objection, the material was divided into two chronolo-gical series: the earlier one, dated on the X - XIII t h Cenltury (N=100) and the later one, dated on the X V I I - X X th Century {N=105). This material has been enlarged thanks to the more recent investigations in the region of Wiślica. There were analysed only the male crania since they display a greater variability in respect to t h e traits considered. The analysis was carried out by use of the multiple stochastic correla-tions method of Wanke (see: A. Wierciński 1967) in order to estimate the associations, at the same time, in the more than two traiits. Unfortuna-tely, too small number of crania allowed only the selection of four cha-racters. Thus, there were analysed two traits of the frontal region (A. inclination of forehead and B. development of glabella) and two tra-its of the facial portion (C. prominence of maxilla and D. depth of maxillary incisure).
Their division into two categories aims to correspond to the archimor-phic (category 1) and neomorphdc (category 2) cranial patterns respecti-vely (see: table 2).
The data presented in the table 3 may be summarized as follows: a) usually, there is a decrease of the percentages of extreme
archi-morphic combinations (11 . .) and an increase of the neoarchi-morphic one (22 . .), when passing f r o m the earlier series to the later one,
b) in a majority of cases, the positive though insignificant surpluses appear at the places of these extreme combinations,
c) the significant associations appeared only within the earlier series in the combinations: AXB, A X B X C , A X B X D and A X B X C X D while they do not exist in all the combinations of traits within the later series.
However, after removing the Chi-squares of interactions (Lancaster's method) f r o m the mentioned above associations in the earlier series, all
of them decreased below the level of significance (accordingly: X2mt
for A X B X C = 2.36 with P>0.10, for A X B X D = 0 . 4 7 with P > 0 . 3 0 and, for A X B XC X D = 2 . 2 5 with P>0.10). It appeared that these associations were caused only by undoubted and strong association of AXB.
и Xl а H а о о S о а v "5
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о ^ о к а % 00 •Ч" ГЧ 1 "П (Ч + О 1 со о • + * ГО го 1 о* 1 ГО го 1 + О о о о о о о «о Ti-1 Tf гч гч + •ч 1 оо M 1 00 о 1 оо го 1 1 + * •ч «г» о о о о о с О ro 1 ГЧ m оо M 1 гч + m 1 г- * + 1 • оо •ч 1 оо ГЧ 1 О о О о о о о г» го 1 Ťř N Ю 1 + • VO •ч 1 ГЧ сч 1 + s го 1 •Ч 1 го ГЧ О о о о о О О сл О S О »•H + * оо fO + 00 гч + • ГО m 1 + + гч го »n ГО 1 го + О о о о о о о + оо гч + * 1 го •Ч + + оо 1 m VO 1 ГЧ 1 •ч m о о о о о о О •ч <4 + * m •ч 1 + * а» г- г-+ •ч-1 00 1 ГЧ го 1 г-гч + О о о о о О о о\ 1 + * г-•ч + • о «п + VO г- ГЦ 1 00 ГЧ + + о го о гч 1 о о о о о О о^
и Vi Female s Inclinatio n o f forehea d Si CS 2 '£ u о 2 а 3 ел Glabell a •о я u Xi а £ •— о к CS •С (УЗ и с >. u л 'х с х: о. о о Dept h o f canin e foss a 8 с 2 Л 3 о с а 2 С V s Prominenc e o f maxill a oś -ч M © ri го ГО 1Л •ч ос .9 I •5 'S •5 'S s MTabl e 2 Th e divisio n o f cranioscopi c trait s int o categorie s an d coordinate d frequencie s Trait s Categorie s Earlie r serie s Late r serie s Trait s 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 A . Inclin . o f forehea d (9 ) 1 5 6 1 2 6 9 3 1 8 0 2 5 B . Glabell a (11 ) 1 6 7 1 4 7 1 1 2 9 6 1 4 4 C . Prominenc e o f max . (18 ) 1 1 0 1 1 1 6 6 2 1 3 8 4 1 6 4 D . Maxillar y incisur e (32 ) 1 0 6 5 - 1 3 2 6 8 5 0 5 5 Tabl e 3 Frequenc y distribution s an d association s i n chronologica l serie s o f crani a (pair s o f traits ) Trait s Ax B Ax C Ax D Bx C Bx D Cx D Comb . E L 1 E L E L E L E L E L 1 1 56. 0 + 47. 6 + 41.0 -30. 5 + 22.0 -35.2 -44.0 -24. 8 + 21.0 -28. 6 + 20. 0 + 18.1 -1 2 13.0 -28.6 -28. 0 + 45.7 -47. 0 + 41. 0 + 27. 0 + 33.3 -50.0 + 29.5 -42.0 -21. 0 + 2 1 15.0 -10.5 -21. 0 + 8.6 -10. 0 + 12. 4 + 18. 0 + 14.3 -11. 0 + 19.0 -12.0 -29. 5 + 2 2 16. 0 + 13. 3 + 10.0 -15. 2 + 21.0 -11. 4 — 11. 0 -27. 6 + 18.0 -22. 9 + 26. 0 + 31.4 -X 2 11.1 6 2.6 7 0.6 2 0.1 3 0.001 3 0.2 5 0.000 1 0.7 9 0.6 6 0.1 4 0.00 5 0.0 4 P(x 2) <0.0 1 >0.1 0 >0.3 0 >0.7 0 >0.9 5 >0.5 0 >0.9 5 >0.3 0 >0.3 0 >0.7 0 >0.9 5 >0.9 5 Гр 0.4 5 + 0.2 3 + 0.15 -0.0 5 + 0.01 -0.07 -0.00 1 -0.1 3 + 0.12 -0.0 5 + 0.0 1 + 0.03 -Explanations ; sign » plu s o r minu s denot e th e place s o f positiv e o r negativ e surpluse s i n th e metho d o f stochasti c correlation s (here , usuall y insignificant) . Tabl e 3 (continued) : there e trait s an d fou r trait s Combinatio n AxBx C AxBx D AxCx D BxCx D Combina -AxBxCx D Combinatio n E L E L E L E L tio n E L 1 1 1 35.0 + 21. 0 + 16.0 + 23. 8 + 15. 0 + 14. 2 + 13.0 -11. 4 + 111 1 12. 0 + 10. 5 + 1 2 1 21. 0 + 26.7 -40. 0 + 23. 8 + 26.0 -16. 2 + 31. 0 + 13. 3 + 111 2 23. 0 + 10. 5 + 1 1 2 6.0 -9.5 -6.0 -11.4 -7.0 -21.0 -8.0 -17. 1 + 11 2 1 4.0 -13. 3 + 2 1 1 9.0 -3.8 -5.0 -4.8 -5.0 -3.8 -7.0 + 6.7 -1 2 1 1 3.0 -3.8 -1 2 2 7.0 -19.0 -7.0 -17. 1 + 21. 0 + 24. 8 + 19. 0 + 16.2 -2 11 1 1.0 -1.0 -2 1 2 6.0 -6.7 -10.0 -5.7 -16. 0 + 4.8 -11.0 -7.6 -11 2 2 17. 0 + 13.3 -2 2 1 12.0 + 4. 8 + 5. 0 + 7. 6 + 5. 0 + 8. 6 + 4. 0 + 12. 4 + 1 2 1 2 3.0 -5.7 -2 2 2 4. 0 + 8. 6 + 11. 0 + 5. 7 + 5.0 -6.7 -7.0 -15. 2 + 2 11 2 8.0 -2. 9 + x J 10.1 4 3.7 1 12.2 9 4.1 2 3.6 5 0.7 2 0.6 7 1.1 0 1 2 2 1 3. 0 + 7.6 -P(X 2) <0.0 1 >0.3 0 <0.0 1 <0.3 0 >0.3 0 >0.9 5 >0.9 5 >0.8 0 2 1 2 1 4. 0 + 3.8 -Г р 0.4 1 + 0.2 1 + 0.3 8 + 0.2 2 + 0.22 -0.10 -0.09 -0.1 2 + 2 2 1 1 4.0 -2. 9 + 1 2 2 2 4. 0 + 11. 4 + 2 1 2 2 2.0 -2.9 -2 2 2 1 1.0 -4. 8 + 2 2 1 2 8. 0 + 1.9 -2 2 2 2 3. 0 + 3. 8 + X 2 20.5 5 5.9 4 P(X J) <0.0 5 >0.8 0 Г р 0.4 4 + 0.2 5 + Tabl e 4 Compariso n o f coefficient s o f association' s powe r (r p ) Tota l series : male s Earlie r series : male s A B С D A B С D Females Ö О » > 0.50 * + 0.20 -0.25 -0.2 8 + 0.34 -0.1 8 + 0.24 -0.19 -0.23 -0.41 -0.46 * + 0.33 -u S
3Í
0.2 3 + 0.0 5 + 0.07 -0.45 * + 0.1 3 + 0.0 5 + 0.15 -0.001 -0.03 -0.01 -0.13 -0.0 1 +Tabl e 2 Th e divisio n o f cranioscopi c trait s int o categorie s an d coordinate d frequencie s Trait s Categorie s Earlie r serie s Late r serie s Trait s 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 A . Inclin . o f forehea d (9 ) 1 5 6 1 2 6 9 3 1 8 0 2 5 B . Glabell a (11 ) 1 6 7 1 4 7 1 1 2 9 6 1 4 4 C . Prominenc e o f max . (18 ) 1 1 0 1 1 1 6 6 2 1 3 8 4 1 6 4 D . Maxillar y incisur e (32 ) 1 0 6 5 - 1 3 2 6 8 5 0 5 5 Tabl e 3 Frequenc y distribution s an d association s i n chronologica l serie s o f crani a (pair s o f traits ) Trait s Ax B Ax C Ax D Bx C Bx D Cx D Comb . E L 1 E L E L E L E L E L 1 1 56. 0 + 47. 6 + 41.0 -30. 5 + 22.0 -35.2 -44.0 -24. 8 + 21.0 -28. 6 + 20. 0 + 18.1 -1 2 13.0 -28.6 -28. 0 + 45.7 -47. 0 + 41. 0 + 27. 0 + 33.3 -50.0 + 29.5 -42.0 -21. 0 + 2 1 15.0 -10.5 -21. 0 + 8.6 -10. 0 + 12. 4 + 18. 0 + 14.3 -11. 0 + 19.0 -12.0 -29. 5 + 2 2 16. 0 + 13. 3 + 10.0 -15. 2 + 21.0 -11. 4 — 11. 0 -27. 6 + 18.0 -22. 9 + 26. 0 + 31.4 -X 2 11.1 6 2.6 7 0.6 2 0.1 3 0.001 3 0.2 5 0.000 1 0.7 9 0.6 6 0.1 4 0.00 5 0.0 4 P(x 2) <0.0 1 >0.1 0 >0.3 0 >0.7 0 >0.9 5 >0.5 0 >0.9 5 >0.3 0 >0.3 0 >0.7 0 >0.9 5 >0.9 5 Гр 0.4 5 + 0.2 3 + 0.15 -0.0 5 + 0.01 -0.07 -0.00 1 -0.1 3 + 0.12 -0.0 5 + 0.0 1 + 0.03 -Explanations ; sign » plu s o r minu s denot e th e place s o f positiv e o r negativ e surpluse s i n th e metho d o f stochasti c correlation s (here , usuall y insignificant) . Tabl e 3 (continued) : there e trait s an d fou r trait s Combinatio n AxBx C AxBx D AxCx D BxCx D Combina -AxBxCx D Combinatio n E L E L E L E L tio n E L 1 1 1 35.0 + 21. 0 + 16.0 + 23. 8 + 15. 0 + 14. 2 + 13.0 -11. 4 + 111 1 12. 0 + 10. 5 + 1 2 1 21. 0 + 26.7 -40. 0 + 23. 8 + 26.0 -16. 2 + 31. 0 + 13. 3 + 111 2 23. 0 + 10. 5 + 1 1 2 6.0 -9.5 -6.0 -11.4 -7.0 -21.0 -8.0 -17. 1 + 11 2 1 4.0 -13. 3 + 2 1 1 9.0 -3.8 -5.0 -4.8 -5.0 -3.8 -7.0 + 6.7 -1 2 1 1 3.0 -3.8 -1 2 2 7.0 -19.0 -7.0 -17. 1 + 21. 0 + 24. 8 + 19. 0 + 16.2 -2 11 1 1.0 -1.0 -2 1 2 6.0 -6.7 -10.0 -5.7 -16. 0 + 4.8 -11.0 -7.6 -11 2 2 17. 0 + 13.3 -2 2 1 12.0 + 4. 8 + 5. 0 + 7. 6 + 5. 0 + 8. 6 + 4. 0 + 12. 4 + 1 2 1 2 3.0 -5.7 -2 2 2 4. 0 + 8. 6 + 11. 0 + 5. 7 + 5.0 -6.7 -7.0 -15. 2 + 2 11 2 8.0 -2. 9 + x J 10.1 4 3.7 1 12.2 9 4.1 2 3.6 5 0.7 2 0.6 7 1.1 0 1 2 2 1 3. 0 + 7.6 -P(X 2) <0.0 1 >0.3 0 <0.0 1 <0.3 0 >0.3 0 >0.9 5 >0.9 5 >0.8 0 2 1 2 1 4. 0 + 3.8 -Г р 0.4 1 + 0.2 1 + 0.3 8 + 0.2 2 + 0.22 -0.10 -0.09 -0.1 2 + 2 2 1 1 4.0 -2. 9 + 1 2 2 2 4. 0 + 11. 4 + 2 1 2 2 2.0 -2.9 -2 2 2 1 1.0 -4. 8 + 2 2 1 2 8. 0 + 1.9 -2 2 2 2 3. 0 + 3. 8 + X 2 20.5 5 5.9 4 P(X J) <0.0 5 >0.8 0 Г р 0.4 4 + 0.2 5 + Tabl e 4 Compariso n o f coefficient s o f association' s powe r (r p ) Tota l series : male s Earlie r series : male s A B С D A B С D Females Ö О » > 0.50 * + 0.20 -0.25 -0.2 8 + 0.34 -0.1 8 + 0.24 -0.19 -0.23 -0.41 -0.46 * + 0.33 -u S
3Í
0.2 3 + 0.0 5 + 0.07 -0.45 * + 0.1 3 + 0.0 5 + 0.15 -0.001 -0.03 -0.01 -0.13 -0.0 1 +108 Andrzej Wierciński
Thus, it may be concluded that, at least, in Poland of the last mille-nary, it seems to proceed a process of disintegration of the pattern of traits which had once characterised the skull of archimorphic ancestors of the modern man (see: table 4).
REFERENCES CITED
W i e r c i ń s k i A., The applications of the method of multiple stochastic correlations t o anthropology, Acta Anthropologickeho Kongresu, Brno
1965, „Anthropos", 1967, vol. 19, p. 279 - 284.
W i e r c i ń s k i A., Brachycephalisation: Definitions a n d Statistical Facts, Festschrift f ü r Prof. Schwidetzky, Stuttgart 1974, G. Fischer, p. 503--511.
