Monthly Journal of the Institute of Metals and Metallurgical Abstracts, Vol. 1, Part 2

C o n tain s p a p e rs to be p r in te d in th e half-y early volum e:

Journal of the Institute o f Metals, 1934, V ol. L IV .

__... ..

t ' . o o f a

Part 2.

The Monthly Journal of the

INSTITUTE OF METALS

METALLURGICAL ABSTRACTS

FEB RU A RY , 1934

^Cppyright\_ [Enteret/ at Stationin’ Hall

T H E “ M O N T H L Y J O U R N A L ” N O W C O N T A I N S A D V A N C E C O P I E S O F P A P E R S T O B E P R E S E N T E D A T T H E G E N E R A L M E E T I N G S O F T H E

I N S T I T U T E . N O O T H E R A D V A N C E C O P I E S W IL L B E I S S U E D .

WROUGHT IRON

A N D

STEEL TUBES

W e make wrought iron or steel tubes and fittings in sizes from ¥ ' to 72" with jo in ts su itab le fo r all

purposes.

The BRITISH ALUMINIUM COMPANY Ltd.

J I M . 2 . 3 4

Aluminium and its Alloys are

(2) RUSTLESS

Ugly in itself, rust spreads from day to day, creeping underneath paint and in tim e causing this to peel off. In a m ultitude of car bodies to-day, rust is eliminated by using aluminium and its alloys for panelling, mouldings and o th er details of coachwork. Illustrated is a Singer 9 Popular Saloon, panelled in alum inium .

.LO N D O N WAREHOUSE, ^ Rd ^ | j | j | / ^ J M I N I U M

• B IRM IN G H A M :—Law ley St.

&

||jjP \

• M A N C H ES TER :-2 7 4 Deansgate W\ A \ A N U I A L L V J Y a

• le e d s : 66 Kirkstali Rd. i B R IT IS H A LUM IN IU M CO. L td .

# N ,E^ O U W P tUr<"t - « u SE.K,MO WOLUM ST.LONDON.E C.4

• C L A S C O W :-1 1 3 W est Regent 5t. telephone: mansionhousew«is m74(slines) mEciuMS:c*miTE.iiiuTE.Low>oN.

A 3

EM PIRE ' A Z ' B R A N D

CADMIUM

9 9 '9 5 % G U A R A N T E E D

THE BRITISH METAL C O R PO R ATIO N L T?

P R I N C E S H O U S E ,

9 3 G R E S H A M ST R E ET ,

'P h o n e : M E T R O P O L IT A N 0111. L O N D O N , E . C . 2

B I R M I N G HA M S W A N S E A

'P h o n e : C E N T R A L 7149. 'P h o n e : S W A N S E A 3166.

V IT R E O S IL

(Pure fused quartz or silica)

T h e h a r d sm o o th su rfa ce o f V I T R E O S I L , its c o n s ta n c y o f w e ig h t a n d its c o m p le te in ­ d iffe re n c e to e x tre m e c h a n g e s o f te m p e r a tu re , a r e a few o f th e p ro p e rtie s w h ic h ca u se it to b e u se d in m o st in d u s tria l la b o ra to rie s . M a y w e send y o u o u r lis t?

THE THERMAL SYNDICATE LTD.

WALLSEND-on-TYNE

Established over a quarter of a century

London Depot: THERMAL HOUSE, OLD PYE ST., S.W.l.

4

J A M E S BO O TH &>

COMPANY (1915) LIMITED

ArgyleSt. Works,Nediells.

¡T.

B R A S S

C O P P E R

C U P R O ­

N I C K E L

A L U M I N I U M '

B R A S S

We also m ake Sheet a n d S trip In Brass, Copper, Bronze and Nickel Silver, etc., E x tru d ed Rods and Sections, an d also

"DU RA LUM IN" of which we a re th e

sole M akers.

9 W?Ptione:E A ST1221(P .8.E J . ‘Jeley ram r-'B o o th ,B irm in g h am . Codes: fie b e r’s 5le tte r. A.B. C. b th .E d ttio n . B en tley s Second Phrase.

6, Broadwav, Westminster. S .W .i.

Telephone: Victoria 6000(11 lines).

T elegram s: Oothjambes, Phone, London,

•tjr t vp c rrq n 'p p f Cromforci House. M arket Street.

M A N C H ESTE R ) T eU fh o n e; Blackfriars 5587.

O F F IC E : \ T e le g ra m s: Duralumin, Manchester.

Jam es W . E llis & Co., L td ., 9, Ellison Place.

Telephone: 26121 (6 lines).

T e le g ra m s: Ellis. Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

H endry Brothers, L td ., 4, W est R eg en t Street, Glasgow , C.2.

Telephone: Douglas 4970 (3 lines).

T e le g ra m s: Kosmos, Glasgow.

LONDON OFFICE

NEWCASTLE AGENTS : SCOTTISH

AGENTS

The Principles of Jdetallu rgy

B y D . M . Lid d e l l a n d G . E . D o a x. 626 j a » . S x ft. 331 - aeL

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A P P O I N T M E N T S R E Q U I R E D

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-nans .ihmiic hr aaitnsstri 3/> <te 3 /.\ vtStibtT' J tistiim f / Mm-ok. s i Tter#-Jit iVlwc, Zjmiim S.'ITji»

PAPERS FOR A V T U M X M E E T I N G

Av." ^isS» '■.■

v ^ v - v s ivc i'*K Sts:tA tr-ia ®r

5h i ! A v . ’ r . r . ' . ' i .'>: : b r

T asiitW ii * 5 v 3 s t i h t S .x - v u '. y o i ;>•* ia V o c ?

;V r ,- s.* * s f h r

i.§ ;\tss-,

v ,i& . '.v: >v;';-)'T,':; ;-^v. rn 5!.^ iAii-t ATinl

> V V>if * ? t-0

X V oat SM.

v \ 4 \n*‘ ?V'. Sssai- M ffv'/hir Jtwmuii.

S T R I P I N I R O N , S T E E L .C O P P E R ,

P H O S P H O R . B R O N Z E .ET C .

N IC K L E W I R E I N C O I t S .

BRIGHT A N N E A L IN G - BUT M O R E ,A THOROUGHLY UNIFORM A N N E A L

FOR ALL PURPOSES

ELECTRIC

FOR THE

r

Manufacturers—

T H E G E N E R A L

View o f a G.E.C. Furnace installation fo r the Grünewald process a t the works o f the H alf Street Metal Rolling Co., Ltd., Birmingham.

T H E G R Ü N E W A L D P R O C E S S E N S U R E S A P E R F E C T A N N E A L

—A T H O R O U G H L Y U N IFO R M AN ­ N E A L — AND A P E R F E C T B R IG H T F IN ISH .

G .E .C . experts are at your service to advise on the most suitable equipment for any melting or heat treatment operation.

E L E C T R I C CO., L T D .

Head O ffic e : M a g n e t House, K ingsw ay, L o n d o n , W .C .2.

B ra n c h e s t h r o u g h o u t G r e a t B r ita in a n d in a ll p r in c ip a l m a r k e ts o f th e w o rld .

7

MORE SALES PRESSURE!

W h e n b u y in g re s is ta n c e is g re a te st, th e n is th e tim e to in c re a s e sa le s p ressu re. If you h a v e y et to e x p e rie n c e th e c o u n tle ss w a y s in w h ich a d v e rtis in g w ill h e lp y o u r b u s in e s s to

p ro g re ss m ore r a p id ly a n d p ro fita b ly th a n it h a s ev er d o n e before, n o w is th e o p p o rtu n e m om ent to sta rt. The a d v e rtis in g w h ich a p p e a r s d a y b y d a y is issu e d b e c a u s e its sp o n so rs h a v e p ro v e d its value.

IT PAYS TO ADVERTISE

U su e d b y lh e In stitu te o f In c o r p o r a t e d P ra c titio n e rs in A d v e r t i s in g in c o n ju n c t io n w ith th e F e d e r a t io n s o f M a s te r P ro c e s s E n g r a v e r s a n d M a s te r P rin te rs , e t c

3 ' A l* -3 s

S I E M E N S - S C H U C K E R T

A d vt.o f Siemens- Schuckert (Ct. Britain Ltd.) 3 0 /3 4 New Bridge St. London E.C.4. Phone Central 8461

E L E C T R I C F U R N A C E S

with

FORCED A I R CIRCULATION

The powerful circulation of heated air o ver the charge ensures a high degree of tem­

perature uniformity and entirely prevents local overheating. The Siemens-Betz fan used in this furnace has an efficiency of over 70% and can circulate the air in either direction.

9

IN D E X T O A D V ERTISERS

F E B R U A R Y , 1 9 3 4

PAGE

Advertising Association . . . 8 Aluminium P lan t & Vessel Co., Ltd. . 1-t Amsler & Co., Alfred J . . . . — Avery, Ltd., W. & T. . - Birmingham Electric Furnaces, Ltd. . 11 Bolton & Sons, Ltd., Thomas . . — Booth & Co. (19X5), Ltd., James . 5 British Aluminium Co., Ltd., The . 3 British Metal Corporation, Ltd., The . 4

Brookland, J. L. . ■ • —

Busch Optical Co., Ltd., Emil . . — Calorizing Corporation of Great

Britain, Ltd. . . • • —

Chapman & Hall, Ltd. . . . — Cooke, Trougbton, & Simms, Ltd. . — Ebonestos Insulators, Ltd. . . — Electric Resistance Furnace Co., L td .. — Electroflo Meters Co., Ltd. . . — Elliott Bros. (London), Ltd. . . — Elton, Levy & Co., Ltd. . . . — Erichsen, A. M. . . — Fordath Engineering Co., Ltd. . . — Foster Instrum ent Co. . . . — General Electric Co.. Ltd. . . 7 Goodlass Wall & Lead Industries, Ltd. —

PAGE

High-Duty Alloys, Ltd.

Hilger, Ltd., Adam I.C.Í. Metals, L td. . Johnson, Matthey & Co., Junker, Otto, G.m.b.H.

K rupp Grusonwerk, A .-G Leitz (London), E. . Locke, Lancaster & W. W

son & Sons, Ltd. . McGraw-Hill Publishing C MeKeehnie Bros., Ltd.

Metropolitan-Vickers, Ltd Mills, Ltd., Wm. .

Pearson, E. J. & J ., L td. . . 15 Pitm an & Sons, Ltd., Sir Isaac . . —

“ Prior ” Oil Burners L td., The. . — Ratcliff (Metals) Ltd., J. F. . . 10 Sehloemarin. A.-G. . . . • —

Siemens-Sehuckert . . . . 9

Stewarts and Lloyds, L td. . . 2 Thermal Syndicate, L td. . . . 4 University College of Swansea . . — Watson & Sons, Ltd., W. . . — Wild-Barfield Electric Furnaces, Ltd. — Zeiss (London), L td., Carl . . —

Ltd.

& R o., Ltd

John 16 12

0 15

9 I f y o u h a v e n o t a l r e a d y r e c e iv e d y o u r c o p y o f t h i s n e w B o o k l e t w r i t e u s a t o n c e f o r p u b ­ lic a t io n N o . 7 8 3 3 .

THIS BOOKLET

should be in the hands of every Rolled Metal user. N ot only does it fully de­

scribe the finest Rolled M etal produced . . . L U S T E R , but it contains valuable information and useful tables.

J. F. RATCLIFF (METALS) LTP

NEW SU M M E R S T R E E T , B IR M IN G H A M

Continuous Annealing of N o n -F e rro u s W ir e is carried out at the works of . . .

Messrs. Chaplin Bros. Ltd.,

B irm in g h am , in the BIRLEC furnace shown, with a Uniform Quality of Product unobtainable by any other method;

BIRMINGHAM ELECTR IC FURNACES LIMITED.

Blrlec Works, Tyburn Road, Erdlngton, B I R M I N G H A M .

11

JOHNSON MATTHEY

& COMPANY LIMITED

S p e c i a l i s t s in GEN ERA L C O N TA C T M A T E R IA U

m

PR E C IO U S

M ETALS where the resistance to tarnish, wearing and electrical properties are superior to the ordinary Base Metal Contacts, '■¿T1 ^

L et us quote f o r you r next requirements. O ur assist­

ance and service are a t you r disposal.

78 H A T T O N G A R D E N

L O N D O N , E .C . 1.

E d i t o RIA L O f f i c e : 36 V ictoria Street,

London, S.W .l.

TH E

Monthly Journal of the

« IN S T IT U T E O F

-TOCA in

Ho. g

M E T A L S

ADYERTISING D EPA RTM EN T:

T. G. Scott & son, Ltd.

63 Ludgate Hil!, London, E.G.4.

TELEPHONE : C ity 4211 (2 linea).

A ssista n t E d ito r:

S. C. GUILLAN.

Volum e \k yv ; F E B R U A R Y , 1934 P a r t 2

CONTENTS

Institute News and A nnouncem ents:

Annual G eneral M eeting, L o n d o n ...

Educational T o u r ...

M ay L e c t u r e ...

A utum n M eeting ...

L etters to the E ditor ... ...

Personal N o te s ...

O bituary . . . .

Local Sections N e w s ...

Meetings of other S o c i e t i e s ...

R eport of C o u n c i l ...

" Transverse Tests on Sand-Cast Aluminium Alloy Bars.” By C. E.

Phillips, A .C .G .I., D .I.C ., and J. D . Grogan, B.A...

" T h e Constitution of C opper-Iron-Silicon Alloys.” By Professor D.

Hanson, D.Sc., and E. G . W est, P h .D ...

" A Note on Some Formulae Concerning Viscous and Plastic Flow in Soft M etals.” By E. W. Fell, D r.-Ing., M .Sc...

" Note on the Influence of Gases in an 8 Per Cent. Copper-Alum inium Alloy on Normal and Inverse Segregation.” By I. G . Slater, M .Sc., Ph.D . . A uthor Index to "M etallurgical Abstracts ” ...

M E T A L L U R G IC A L A B S T R A C T S

I . P roperties o f Motals . . . .

II . P roperties o f Alloys . . . .

I I I . S tru ctu re (M etallography; M acrography; Crystal S truc­

ture) . . . .

IV . Corrosion . . . .

V. P rotection (other th a n Electrodeposition) . . . .

V I. E lectrodeposition . . . .

V II. E lectrom etallurgy and E lectrochem istry (other th a n Electro- . deposition and Electro-refining) . . . . . V III. Refining (including Electro-refining) . . . —

IX . Analysis . . . 86

X . L aboratory A pparatus, In stru m e n ts, &c. . . . . 9 0 X I. Physical and Mechanical Testing, Inspection, and Radiology 91 X I I . T em perature M easurem ent and Control . . . . 9 5 X I I I . F oundry P ractice and Appliances . . . . . 9 6 X IV . Secondary M etals : Scrap, Residues, &c. . . . . 9 8 X V. F urnaces and Fuels . . . . 9 9 X V I. R efractories and F urnace M aterials . . . . .1 0 1 X V II. H eat-T reatm en t . . . 102

X V III. W o r k i n g ...102

X IX . Cleaning and Finishing . . . 103

X X . Joining . . . 104 X X I. In d u stria l Uses an d A pplications . . . . .1 0 6

X X II. Miscellaneous . . . —

X X II I. B ibliography . . . .1 0 7

X X IV . Book Reviews . . . . 1 1 0

67 70 70 71 72 72 72 73 75 76

95 117 123 127 65 69 76 78 81 83 85

T he m onthly issuo of Metallurgical Abstracts m ay be cu t u p for card indexes, as m em bers will receive early in 1935 th e y e a r’s a b stracts in bound form.

The Papers will be reprinted w ith discussion, if any, in th e bound half-yearly Journal.

13

This welded Copper Tank is one of the largest—i f not actually the largest—

ever built.

A c id S t o r a g e T a n k o f 4 6 , 8 5 0 g a llo n s c a p a c ity co n - s t r u c t e d e n t ir e ly f r o m B r iti s h C o p p e r s h e e t s a u to - g e n o u s ly w e ld e d in to t h r e e m a in s e c tio n s . E v e r y s h e e t o f c o p p e r u s e d o n th is jo b w a s t e s t e d b o t h

a t p r o d u c e r 's w o r k s a n d in o u r la b o r a to r ie s .

Its construction was, with good reason, entrusted to

T h e p i o n e e r s in G r e a t B r i t a i n o f C o p p e r W e l d i n g .

14

AN NUAL G E N E R A L M EET IN G , LONDON

M A R C H 7 -8 , 1934.

As announced in th e M onthly Journal for Ja n u a ry , the T w enty-Sixth A nnual General Mooting will bo held in the H all o f tho In s titu tio n of M echanical Engineers, Storey’s G ate, W estm inster, London, S .W .l (by k in d perm ission of th e Council o f th a t In stitu tio n ), on W ednesday, M arch 7, a n d T hursday, M arch 8. A detailod program m e of tho m eeting w as posted to each m em ber on Ja n u a ry 20, together w ith a form intended to bo used to apply for tickets for tho A nnual D inner an d D ance on M arch 7 ; tho v isit to tho P o st Office Engineering Research S tation, Dollis Hill, on March 8; an d for luncheons on March 7 an d 8.

Members are requested to return the reply form as soon as possible i f they propose to take part in any of the functions outlined in the programme. A ddi­

tional copies of tho program m e an d /o r reply form will bo forw arded should th ey n o t havo boon received, or should they have been mislaid.

Papers a t A nnual General Meeting.

The following is a list o f th e papers th a t are expccted to bo presented for discussion a t tho A nnual General Meeting (in the order given in th e p ro ­ gram m e already posted to mombors)

Serial No.

651. Go u g h, H . J ., M .B.E., D.Sc., P h.D ., F.R .S., H . L. Cox, B.A., an d D. G. So f w i t h, B.Sc.Tech. : “ A Study of tho Influence of tho In te r -

crystallino B oundary on F atigue Characteristics.”

652. Pe a r s o n, C. E „ M.Mot. : “ The Viscous Properties o f E xtruded E utectic Alloys o f Lead-T in a n d B ism u th -T in .”

653. Ha n k i n s, G. A., D.So.(Eng-), A.R.C.S., a n d C. W . Al d o ü s, B.Sc.(Eng.), A.C.G.I. : “ M inimum D im ensions of T est Samples for Brinoll and D iam ond P yram id H ardness T ests.”

654. Po r t e v i n, Professor A., an d P . Ba s t i e n, Dr.-es-Sci. : “ C astability of T ernary Alloys.”

655. Ta y l o r, R . , B.A., B.Sc. : “ T ransform ations in tho Copper—Palladium Alloys.”

656. Sl o s i a n, H . A., M.A. : “ A l l o y s o f S i l v e r an d B e r y l l i u m . ”

657. Ri g g, Gi l b e r t: “ Tho Diffusion o f Zinc and Iro n a t T em peratures below tho Molting P o in t o f Zinc.”

658. Ph i l l i p s, C. E ,, A.C.G.I., D .I.C., an d J . D. G r o c ^{a n} , B.A. : “ Transverso Tests on Sand-Cast A lum inium Alloy B ars.”

659. Ha n s o n, Professor D ., D.Sc., V ice-President, an d E . G . We s t, Ph.D . :

“ The C onstitution o f C opper-Iron-Silicon Alloys.”

660. Fell, E . W ., D r.-Ing., M.Sc. : “ A N ote on Some Formulas Concerning Viscous an d P lastic Flow in Soft M etals.”

661. Sl a t e r, I . G., M .S c ., P h.D . : “ N ote on tho Influonee o f Gases in a n 8 P er Cent. Copper—A luminium Alloy on N orm al an d Inverso Segregation.”

The following papers will bo form ally presented on M arch 8, b u t will n o t bo discussed ; th ey will be p rin ted in tho M onthly Journal for M arch :—

662. El l i s, O. W ., M .Sc. : “ Tho M alleability o f N ickel an d Monel M etal.”

663. Ha u g h t o n, J . L., D.Sc., a n d R . J . M. Pa y n e, B.Sc. : “ The C onstitu­

tion o f th e Alloys o f Magnesium in Nickel.”

W ith th e exception o f the tw o la tte r papers, all th e above havo been published in rccent issues o f the M onthly Journal, beginning w ith th a t dated N ovember 1933.

G 67

Annual General Meeting

M embers should bring to th e m eeting copies o f th e M o n t h l y J o w m a l con­

tain in g p apers in ■which th e y are interested as no sep arate copies w ill be

available. .

Members ■who a re unable to a tte n d th e m eeting are invited to discuss th e p apers by correspondence. Such w ritten discussion should be received b y th e Secretarv not la te r th a n th e d ate m entioned a t th e h ead o f each paper.

Annual Dinner and Dance.

I t is hoped th a t as m an y m em bers a s can possibly do so will a tte n d t.he m eetings, visit, an d d in n e r.' At th e la tte r th e speeches -will be short, in order to leave as m u c h tim e a s possible for th e dance th a t follows. T ickets for th e dinner an d dance—price 15s. each— can now be o btained front th e Secretary.

A pplication m ay conveniently be m ade on th e previously circulated reply Among those w ho have accepted th e in v itatio n o f th e Council to be th e guests o f i'ie I n s titu te a t th e dinner are :

En g i n e e r Yi c e-Ai i m i e a lH . A . Be o w n (Engineer-in-Chief, T he A d m iralty ).

Sin Jo h x Ca m p b e i x (Chairman, In te rn a tio n a l T in R esearch a n d D evelopm ent Council), Li e u t. - Ge x e e a i. S i r . J . R-o x a l dE . Ch a k l e s (M aster-General o f th e O rdnance, W ar Office), C. Da y. Es q. 'P resid en t, In s titu tio n o f Mechanical Engineers), Ai e-Ma e s h aE Si b H u g h Dow dxstg, Dp- J - T . Du n n (President, Society o f Chemical Industry'!, Sffi Ge o e g e Hi&g i x s {President, In s titu te of M arine Engineers ). M iss E . M . Ke x x e d y (President, W om en's Engineering Society ), SeesW e l x j a m L a e e e (President, In s titu te o f Fuel), . Ma c n a b, E sq . (President, In s titu tio n o f Chemical E ngineers). Th e Rt. Ho x. Th e L okd

Me e c h e t t o r La x t j f o e d, Si e Jo s e p h Pe t a v e e (D irector, X ational Physical L aboratory), Be y a x P o x n r x x , Es q. (M aster, W orshipful Com pany o f A rm ourers a n d Braziers), J . H . S m a r r . Es q- (President-Elect, I n s titu te of Marine Engineers). S i s Fran ts Sm i t e (Secretary, D ep artm en t o f Scientific a n d In d u stria l R esearchl, P e o k e ss o e -J. E- T h o e p e (President, In s titu te o f Chem istry of G reat B rita in an d Ireland), H . T- T iz a e t.. E sq . (Rector, Im perial College of Science a n d Technology). C, E . W ieeiam s, E sq . (President, In s titu te o f B ritish Fo-ondrymen), H . E . W mrKM S, E sq . (D irector of Scientific R esearch, A ir M inistry).

The Post Office Engineering R esearch Station.*

The P o st Office Engineering R esearch S tatio n a t Dollis HOI. w hich m em bers are to v is it on M arch S, consists o f a m ain general research block w ith a large frontage facing south, connected t o a cen tral block a n d to independent lab o ra­

tories by covered w ays, w ith 's orksh : ps a t th e re a r, covering a site o f S acres.

T he arch itectu ral features o f th e building h ave b een k ep t on sim ple lines, brick being used fo r th e facings generally, w ith a lim ited am o u n t of stone dressings a d d ed in th e case o f th e G eneral R esearch block.

In tern ally , th e laboratories an d offices are finished in a sim ple m anner, ru b b er being used on th e corridors a n d staircases. The allocation o f the vario u s buildings can be seen from th e key plan (Fig- i ) .

This R esearch S tation w as designed b y A . R . M yers, E sq., O-B-E., F .S .I., A-RXB-A -. of H is M ajesty's Office o f W orks, a n d w as officially opened by th e Prim e M inister in Oct ober 19S3. P reviously from 1921, research w ork w as carried out in ex-arm y h u ts on th e sam e site.

The following sh o rt account o f metaBographic, spectrographic. an d chem i­

cal work carried o u t w ill be o f special in terest to th e m em bers o f th e In s titu te o f M etals.

T he sm all MetaBographic L ab o rato iy is equipped w ith tw o m etallurgical microscopes o f th e Le Chatelier ty p e , one L eitz (arc illum ination) a n d th e

* W e are indebted to th e In s titu tio n o f E lectrical Engineers for perm is­

sion to reproduce th e tw o figures illustrating th is article,— Ei>.

6S

7 FT. BRICK WALL

Annual General Meeting

IN C IN E R A T O R

T R A N S F O R M E R H O U ! C O N S T R U C T IO N P L A N T P A R K

D E M O N S T R A T IO N 8 U IL D IN Q

A S S E M B L Y

M A C H IN E S H O P i s t o r e

STOREMAIN PETROL PUMP

COIL' W1NOING OARAGE T R A IN IN G S C H O O L

2 F L O O R S 3URASILIT1

TEST LAB.

«t i n;

tWQP

CENTRAL.

SERVICE BUILDING R A D IO

L A B O R A T O R Y

LECTURE THEATRE POWER SU PPL*

W f. ATI NQ DIKING

ETC.

C H E M IC A L L A B O R A T O R Y

MAIN RESEARCH BUILD!HO TELEPHONE. TELEGRAPH A PHYSICAL LABORATORIES

LIBRARY. GENERAL O fflC E S ETC.

F ia. 1.

69

A nnual General Meeting

o th er Beck (Pointolite illum ination). Tho final polishing an d etching o f th e sam ples for exam ination a n d tho developm ent of tho photographic negatives obtained from tho m etallographs aro carried o u t in tho sam e room . T his m akes for speed a n d ease of working, w hich is essential w ith the lim ited staff availablo.

Much pioneer w ork was done in connection w ith extrusion fau lts in lead- sheathed cables. Tho m etallurgical sub-group is consulted by o th er groups an d sections in connection w ith the diagnosis of tho cause of failure o f tele­

phono p a rts w ith a view to change of m aterial or alteration in design. More­

over, problem s come from further afield. Tho undue w earing o f the hardened stool discs used for tho cancellation of postage stam p s m ay bo instanced as one subm itted b y tho p ostal side.

The corrosion of underground cables is a problem o f considerable im p o rt­

ance to tho P o s t Office. Generally speaking, electrolysis causes an in te r­

crystalline a tta c k o f the m etal, w hilst chomical corrosion shows no preferential a tta c k a t th e cry stal boundaries, b u t gives a dendritic etch o f tho m otal.

Small potholes, w hich w hen cleaned show an inter-crystalline a tta c k , are to be found far m ore frequently w ith electrolytic th a n w ith chomical corrosion.

Tho Grconhough binocular microscopo is used oxtensivoly in connection w ith tho diagnosis of th e causes of corrosion.

An adjacent laboratory dovoted entirely to spectrographic analyses is equipped w ith a largo H ilger q uartz spectrograph. E arly w ork w as o f a qualitative nature, a n d chiefly concerned w ith such p a rts as thoriated tu n g ­ sten valve filam ents an d relay contacts. D uring tho p a st tw o or three years calibration d a ta have been obtained enabling results from certain alloys to bo expressed on a q u an titativ e basis. T he m ethod ad o p ted has boon th a t using the ro ta tin g logarithm ic sector, a n d tho P o st Office w as ono o f the pioneers in tho uso of this m ethod for cable sheath alloys. Whilo the m ethod has certain lim itations, th e figure obtained spectrograpliically is sufficiently definite to bo w ithin tho practical lim its o f accuracy required. U se o f tho spectrograph has proved a n oxtrom ely valuable a d ju n c t to chemical m othods of analysis.

I n th e Chomical L aboratory special cham bers have been designed for tho accelerated testing o f th e various finishes w hich are available for th e p ro ­ tectio n of indoor an d outdoor p la n t ag ain st corrosion. Tho cham bers are filled w ith “ artificial fogs ” consisting o f either w ater togother w ith products of gas com bustion, or dilute sulphuric acid, or salt solution, an d designed to represent industrial a n d marino atm ospheres.

Field te s ts are being carried o u t a t fourteen different statio n s in tho country on tho corrosion o f galvanized-iron sta y wires, an d typical sam ples will be availablo for inspection.

Educational Tour.

A rrangem ents for the first E ducational T our for S tu d en ts and other junior mombors o f th e In s titu te aro well advanced, a n d i t is hoped th a t it will bo possible to issue a complete program m e very shortly.

The in tention is to v isit m etallurgical establishm ents in Belgium. Liège, Charleroi, a n d B russels have been tentatively selected as centres. The to u r is expected to s ta rt in the first week in April.

A num ber of mem bers have already signified their in tention to tako p art.

Those interested should send in their nam es to the Secretary of tho In s titu te o f M etals.

May Lecture.

The subject of Professor E . K . R idcal’s previously announced May Lecturo is “ Gases an d Metal Surfaces.” The lecture will be given in th e H all o f the In s titu tio n of Mechanical Engineers, a t 8 p.m ., on W ednesday, May 9. Cards o f in v itatio n will be issued n ex t m o n th . V isitors are cordially invited.

70

A utum n Meeting

1934 A utum n Meeting.

The Council has received from local m em bers an d friends of tho In s titu to

“ a cordial in v itatio n to hold th e In s titu te ’s A utum n M eeting this y ear in M anchester.”

The in v itatio n has been gladly aceeptod, a n d arrangem ents are now being m ade to draw up a program m e for tho m eeting, w hich will be held in Septem ber. T his will be tho th ird m eeting of tho In s titu to to tak e place in M anchester, previous A utum n Meetings having been held in th a t city in 1909 (under the presidency o f tho late Sir W illiam W hite) and in 1923, whon Mr.

Leonard Sum ner occupied tho presidential chair.

Papers are invited for tho M anchester Meeting. Tho E d ito r should bo advised as soon as possible by intending au th o rs w hen their MSS. m ay be expected.

Membership Additions.

Tho following persons were duly elected on Ja n u a ry 18, 1934 :—

A s Members.

Nam e. Town.

Be d d o w s, Jo h n Derek, B .S o . . . . B irm ingham .

Bo b k h a r b t, A rthur, D r.-Ing. . . . Frankfurt-am -M ain, G erm any.

McFa r l a n d, D a v i d F o r d , A .B . , A .M ., M .S .,

P h.D . . . . Pennsylvania, P a., U.S.A.

Ma z z o l a, M a r io . . . . . T u r i n , I t a l y .

Me h l, R obert Franklin, B.S., Ph.D . . P ittsb u rg h , P a., U.S.A.

Mi t c h i n s o n, R obert . . . . Neweastle-on-Tync.

Mu k u m o t o, W asaburow, B.Sc. (Tokyo) . Osaka, Jap an .

Si f f, Alfred, M.A., A.R.S.M . . . . Johannesburg, South Africa.

Sl a t e r, Horace . . . Sydnoy, N .S .W ., A ustralia.

St o r k e, A rth u r Ditchfield . . . London.

Wa r r i n g t o n, H arold George . . . Slough.

A s Student Members.

Homer, Charles E gbert, B.Sc., P h.D . . London.

Je n k i n s, Jo h n E phraim . . . . Treharris, Glamorgan.

Nomination of New Members.

The Council would welcome tho assistance of m em bers in m aking good tho losses th a t have occurred recently through deaths an d resignations, though these are appreciably lower th a n w as th e case a year ago. Inten d in g m em bers m ight usefully be advised t h a t th e present is a particularly appropriate m om ent to apply for m em bership. The first subscription covers the extended period ending June 30, 1935, instead o f th e usual twelve m o n th s; w hilst it brings a corresponding ex tra num ber o f Journals. A convenient m eans of introducing th e w ork of the In s titu te to non-m em bers is to bo found in the newly issued folder— The In s titu te o f M etals; I ts Aims a n d O bjects ” — copies o f which can bo obtained from tho Secretary. A m em bership form will be found in each folder, as well as in each recently issued (bound) volum e of th e Journal. N om inations should be addressed to th e S e c re ta ry ; the next election is due to take place on April 5,1934.

71

L E T T E R S T O T H E E D I T O R

The Monthly Journal.

E x tra c ts from lotters received re ­ cently from m em bers o v erseas:

D. M. Da v i d s o n(Germiston, T ran s­

vaal) w rites : “ I have pleasure in statin g th a t th e M onthly Journal reaches me regularly. Overseas m em ­ bers look forw ard very m uch to the Journal an d Proceedings of the In s ti­

tu te , an d to ¡X) constantly in touch through them w ith th e la te st develop­

m ents o f th e m etal industries.”

O . W . El l i s (Toronto, Canada) w rites : “ I t is a n excellent idea to keep contacts betw een th e p a re n t organization an d outlying p o sts through th e M onthly Journal.

“ T he new developm ent regarding tho issue o f papers I feel to be well w orth while. I noticed in one of tho recent M onthly Journals th a t such a m ove was likely to be m ade, b u t had n o t realized th e significance of the new arrangem ent until m y a tten tio n was called to the effect it m ight havo on overseas m em bers.”

' X . Ha c k n e y (M oghalpura, P u n ­ jab , India) w rites : “ The Council aro to be congratulated on th e m arvellous 1 sendee ’ th a t th e In s titu te gives its mem bers. I assure you th a t I look forward to the regular arrival of the M onthly Journal a n d th e Proceedings w ith eagerness, as I find th a t the in ­ form ation th ey afford is n o t only of scientific interest, b u t o f the greatest practical value to m e in m y p ro ­ fessional w ork.”

P E R S O N A L N O T E S

The Editor requests that his atten­

tion be directed to items of interest to members that might be included under the “ Personal Notes ” heading. A ll contributions fo r the March issue of the M onthly Jo u rn a l should reach the Editor not later than February 25.

M r. A . J . Ai e r shas been appointed W orks S uperintendent, Sunbeam M otor Company, W olverham pton.

Mb. Jo h n Ca r t l a n d, M.C., M.Sc., has been appointed a D irector of F ry ’s Metal Foundries, L td ., London.

H e joinod th e I n s titu te in 1910, b e ­ ing then a stu d e n t o f m etallurgy in the U niversity o f B irm ingham w ork­

ing under Professor T urner. H e g rad u ated in 1911 an d w as a fte r­

w ards w ith Messrs. Jam es C artland a n d Sons, brassfounders, B irm ing­

ham , u n til the outb reak o f w ar when he obtained a com m ission in the R oyal W arw ickshire R egim ent. On dem obilization in 1920 ho w as a p ­ pointed M anager of tho M anchester branch o f F ry ’s M etal Foundries, leaving there in 1929 to ta k e up a London ap p o in tm en t w ith th e firm.

J o in tly w ith o th er authors he con­

trib u ted papers in 1922 on “ W hite M e ta ls” an d in 1923 on “ S tereo­

ty p in g ” .

Mr. G. W . Gi b s o n has been a p ­ pointed a D irector of Messrs. F ry ’s M etal Foundries, L td . Ho has been a m em ber of the In s titu te since 1918.

Mr. Ha r o l d J , Ro a s t is now a c t­

ing in tho capacity of technical a d ­ visor to th e Canadian Bronze Com­

pany, L td . T his organization oper­

ates six p lan ts betw een M ontreal an d Calgary.

Dr. W . Ro s e n h a i n, F .R .S ., has been elected an H onorary Fellow of th e Society, o f Engineers.

Mr. J . P . Sa v i l l e has recently retu rn ed from th e T aq u ah & Aboso Mines, Gold Coast Colony, W est Africa. L otters m ay be addressed to him a t 33 Astloy R oad, H andsw orth, Birm ingham .

Obituary.

Pr o f e s s o r Wi l l i a m Ed w a e d Gi b b s, D.Sc., R am say Professor of Choinical Engineering a t U niversity College, London, died o f blood-poison- ing on J a n u a ry 18 a t the age o f 44.

A m em ber o f th e In s titu te since 1917, he h a d acte d as In v estig ato r to tho Corrosion R esearch Comm ittee of the In s titu te a n d w as jo in t au th o r of the T hird R eport to th e Comm ittee.

Gr a n d’u f f. - In g. Lt t ig i Or l a n d o,

P resident of the Societa M etallurgica Ita lia n a , Milan, an d a m em ber of tho In s titu te since 1925, died on N ovem ­ ber 1, 1933. H is son, Cav. Off. D r.

Salvatore O rlando, h as been elected a m em ber o f th e In s titu te in his place, D r. O rlando being M anaging D irector o f th e Societa.

L O C A L S E C T I O N S N E W S

SY NO PSES O F P A P E R S TO B E R EA D IX MARCH.

London Section.

Spectroscopic and Microchemical Analysis o! Metals and Alloys. By G. B arr, B.A., D.Se., a n d Miss I . H . H adfield, M.Sc. (March 15.)

Spectroscopic m ethods o f exam ination will be described w ith reference to : (1) a p p a ra tu s a n d technique for th e production o f spectrogram s; (2) id e n ti­

fication o f im p o rtan t lines : sim plification o f m ixed sp ectra by th e use of rates uU im es; (3) q ualitative w ork : (a) detection o f traces o f im p u ritie s;

(6) exam ination o f very sm all q u a n titie s; (4) q u an titativ e a n a ly s is : (a) b y com parison w ith sta n d a rd sam ples; (6) b y th e in tern al sta n d a rd m ethod : (!) as u sed by Gerlach, (ii) w ith th e aid o f densitom etric accessories.

Q ualitative microchem ical analysis will be d e a lt w ith under the following headings, w ith illustrations from tests for cations : (1) early d ev elo p m en t;

(2) essential features o f a te s t to be used in chemical m icroscopy; (3) ap p aratu s an d technique; (4) sep aratio n s; (5) sp o t tests.

N orth-East Coast Section.

The Flow o£ Metals in the Extrusion Process. B y C. E . Pearson, M.Met.

(March 13.)

A b rief survey o f th e chief m ethods which have been used in stu d y in g th e course o f flow in m aterial undergoing extrusion. These involve th e use of (a) composite w ax or plasticine billets, (b) com posite m etal billets, (c) etched sections o f e x tru d ed billets. A n a d ap ta tio n o f Siebel an d H uhne s m ethod, in w hich m etal billets are sectioned longitudinally an d inscribed w ith a grid p a tte rn prior to extrusion, will be described a n d its application to th e com ­ parison o f flow in th e direct a n d inverted processes illustrated. This m ethod has also been used in tracing th e origin o f extrusion defects a n d in investigating the flow o f m etal through cties o f varying profile.

Scottish Section.

A nnual General Meeting. (March 12.)

Following th e business o f th e A nnual G eneral M eeting o f th e Section, a p ap er m il be read by Mr. J . A rnott.

Sheffield Section.

“ Nickel-Chrome ” Plating. B y F . Mason. (March 9.)

A historical survey o f chrom ium plating leading to th e in tro d u ctio n o f

“ nickel-chrom e ” plating. T he in te re st displayed in th e in d u stry is show n b y th e n um ber an d ty p e of p a te n ts on th e subject. Some n o tes are given on th e p rep aratio n o f various m etals (ferrous a n d non-ferrous) p rio r to chrom ium plating, a n d th e following are also dealt w ith ; tre a tm e n t a fte r p la tin g ; types o f electrolytes a n d anodes u s e d ; electrical a n d tem p eratu re conditions em ­ ployed for specific deposits an d th eir influence on th e re su lta n t deposited m e ta l;

properties o f “ d ir e c t” a n d “ n ick el-ch ro m e” p la tin g ; th ick deposits for

“ building up ” a n d corrosion p ro tectio n ; porosity' o f deposits in relation to life o f th e la tte r ; throw ing pow er; dull a n d b rig h t d ep o sits; m ethods o f exhausting fum es from p latin g b a th s ; th e applications o f “ direct ” a n d

“ nickel-chrom e ” p latin g to m an y industries are indicated.

Swansea Section.

Discussion on Rolling. Professor L. T averner, A.R.S.M., w ill open a general discussion on " Rolling.” (March 13.)

73

Local Sections News

DISCUSSIONS AT R E C E N T M EETIN G S Scottish Section.

Factors in the Solidification of Molten Metals. By S. W . Sm ith, C.B.E., D.Sc., A.R.S.M . (Jan. 15.)

In tlio course o f th e discussion the lecturer w as th an k ed for his exposition o f th e phenomenon o f “ inverso segregation,” an d in reply referred to an interesting experim ent by Rosenhain an d A rch b u tt who found t h a t by m aking a cylindrical “ slush ” casting of a n alum inium -copper alloy co n tain ­ ing 12 por cent, copper, e.g. by pouring o u t the central portions before solidi­

fication w as completed, evidence w as obtained th a t inverse segregation h a d tak en placo even in th e sh o rt tim e necessary to bring a b o u t the solidification o f th e cylindrical shell.

I t w as pointed out th a t, in th e caso of alloys having a rango o f solidifica­

tion, inverse segregation usually occurs when the m etal is cast under ordinary w orking conditions in chill moulds, b u t th a t if h e a t is w ithdraw n inoro uniform ly, as in th e caso of sand castings, th ere is less tendency tow ards segregation.

The question was raised as to w hether it is possible th a t th e first formed

“ prim aries ” of certain alloys m ay n o t form crystal aggregates beforo actual solidification. In reply, th e lecturer expressed his belief th a t somo analogy m ight bo found to th e “ liquid crystals ” originally describod by L ehm ann.

Certain dendritic stru ctu res often appear to show clear evidence o f th e stages b y which portions have become detached from th e “ stalks ” a n d have form ed rounded globules during solidification.

Conversely, it has been shown b y B ornem ann th a t during the stages o f m elting, the aggregates o f Cu2Sb have a continued existence in the m olten sta te , and Ellis has suggested a sim ilar possibility in regard to the aggregates of SnSb.

Arising from certain analogies betw een under-cooled eutectics a n d th e effects of “ modification ” by th e addition o f certain well-known reagents, som e discussion arose regarding th e change o f balance which occurs as the result of the application o f th is process to th e ahim inium -silicoh alloys an d to certain complex m anganese-bronzes containing alum inium an d zinc.

The lecturer’s rem arks on the relative miscibilities o f m etals were fu rth er illustrated by exam ples in w hich m etals, such as silver an d nickel, although immiscible, could bo rendered miscible w ithin certain lim its by the in te r­

vention of copper an d zinc.

Sheffield Section.

Modem Application oi Electric Heat. B y J . C. H ow ard, B.Mot. (Dec. 8.) In the discussion it w as explained th a t there w as no reason w hy induction furnaces o f the A ja x -W y a tt typo should n o t be used for the m elting of stan d ard silver, biit, so fa r as th e a u th o r knew, this had never been done, m o st probably because i t w as doubtful if an y firm had sufficient o u tp u t of silver to keep such a furnace in regular use. I t w as explained th a t since it is necessary to leave some m olten m etal in tlio furnace after each heat, u n in terru p ted w orking was essential to reap full benefit from th e furnace. H igh-frequency induction furnaces are being used for silver melting.

I t was suggested th a t blisters form ed on stan d ard silver whon annealed in a hydrogen atm osphere were caused by th e reduction o f oxides, an d th a t high furnace tem perature a n d high hydrogen concentration b o th prom oted the form ation of blisters.

If care were used, there was no risk o f dangerous explosion due to the use oi hydrogen in bright h ea t-tre a tm c n t furnaces. The air could either first be sw ept out by some inert gas such as nitrogen or alternatively before th e furnace was closed the hydrogen could be lit to form a je t a t its p o in t o f en try , th en aito r th e furnace w as closed all th e oxygen w ould bo b u rn t aw ay w ithout anv explosion. R isk of explosion w as also obviated by incorporating blow-off valves or seals in th e furnace design.

7-t

Meetings o f Other Societies

I n th e prevontion of dezincification from zinc-containing alloys, it was pointed o u t th a t ovcr-correction of tho zinc vapour pressure in tho furnaco cham ber h ad to bo avoided, an d t h a t b y annealing in tho presence o f free zinc over-correction could resu lt in tho deposition of zinc.

M E E T I N G S OF O T H E R S O C I E T I E S

F R I D A Y , F e b r u a r y 16.

iNivrrruTiON op Welding Engineers, midlands Branch.—B. A. Stephen : “ Developments in Connection w ith th e X -B ay Testing of Welds.” (Jam es W att Memorial Institute, G t. Charles St., Birmingham.)

S A T U R D A Y , FEBRUARY 17.

Institute op British Foundrymen, East Midlands Branch, Lincolnshire Section.

—J . Sherwood : “ General Foundry Prac­

tice.” (Technical College, Monks B d., Lin­

coln, a t 7 p.m.)

Institute op British Foundrymen, Wales and Monmouth Branch.—E. W autier:

“ Coke and its Use in Modern Foundry Prac­

tice.” (University College, Newport lid., CardilT, a t 0.30 p.m.)

T U E S D A Y , F e b r u a r y 20. U n iv e rs ity op London, k i n g ’s C o lle g e.—

H. J . Gough : Course of three Lectures on

“ Fatigue of Metals.” Lecture I.—“ General Characteristics of Fatigue.” (Dept, of Mechanical Engineering, King’s College, Strand, London, W.C.2, a t 5.30 p.m.)

T H U R S D A Y , FEBRUARY 22.

E LECTRODEPOS1TORS' TECHNICAL SOCIETY.—

Birmingham Conference. A. W. Hothersali, S. G. Clarke, and D. J . M acnaughtan: “ The Electrodeposition of Tin from Sodium Stan- nate Solutions w ith the Use of Insoluble Anodes ” ; L. W rig h t: “ The Maintenance of Solutions for Plating Boiled Zinc and Zinc- Base Die-Castings.” (Jam es W att Memorial In stitu te , G t. Charles St., Birmingham, at 4.30 p.m . and 6.45 p.m .-)

Institute of British Foundrymen, Lanca­ shire Branch, ju n io r Section.—E. F low er:

“ Foundry Progress during th e P ast T hirty Years.” "(Engineers’ Club, Albert Sq., Man­

chester, a t 7 p.m.)

Institution o p stru ctura l En g in e e r s.—W.

Bosenliain : “ Metallic Materials of Con­

struction.” (10 Upper Belgrave Sq., London, S.W.1, a t G.30 p.m.)

S A T U R D A Y , FEBRUARY 21.

Institute op British Foundrymen, New­ castle- on -Tyneand District Branch.—a. Logan : “ The Work of the Institu te’s Tech­

nical Committee.” (Neville Hall, Newcastle- ou-Tyue, a t 6.15 p.m.)

T U E S D A Y , FEBRUARY 27.

University op London, King’s college.—

II. J . G ough: Course of three Lectures on

"F a tig u e of Metals.” Lecture I I .—“ Corro- sion-Fatigue.” (Dept, of Mechanical Engin­

eering, King’s College, Strand, London, W.C.2, a t 5.30 p.m.)

W E D N E S D A Y , FEBRUARY 28.

INSTITUTION OP WELDING ENGINEERS, NORTH­

WESTERN Branch.—J . IT. Patterson : “ Be- cent Advances in the Technique and Applica­

tion of Electric Welding.” (College of Tech­

nology, Sackville St., Manchester, a t 7.30 p.m.) North-East Coast Institutionop Engineers and Shipbuilders, Graduates’ Section.—

W. P r a t t : “ Thermocouples.” (Bolbec Hall, Newcastle-on-Tyne, a t 7.15 p.m.)

S A T U R D A Y , MARCH 3.

Institute op British Foundrymen, Lanca­ shire BRANCH.—A. Logan : “ Some Aspects of Non-Ferrous Founding.” (Engineer’s Club, Albert Sq., Manchester, a t 4 p.m.)

T U E S D A Y , M arch 6.

University of London, k in g’s College.—

If. J . G ough: Course of three Lectures on

“ Fatigue of Metals.” Lecture II I .—“ More Fundam ental Aspects of Fatigue.” (Dept, of Mechanical Engineering, King’s College, Strand, London, W.C.2, a t 5.30 p.m.)

W E D N E S D A Y , MARCH 7.

Institute op British Foundrymen, Lanca­ shire BRANCH, PRESTON SECTION.—H. P.

S m ith : “ Metal Treatm ent by the Oxy- Acetylene Process.” Illustrated by Cine­

matograph Film. (Technical College, Cor­

poration S t., Preston, a t 7.30 p.m.) S A T U R D A Y , MARCH 10.

Institute op British Foundrymen, West Biding op Yorkshire Branch.—E. Long- den : “ Porosity.” (Technical College, Brad­

ford, a t 6.30 p.m.)

W E D N E S D A Y , M arch 14.

institutionopw elding Engineers, London BRANCH.—II. W. Hawkins : “ The Collation of Besearch and Application for Welded Fabrications.” (Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Storey’s Gate, London, S.W.1, a t 7.45 p.m.)

MANCHESTER METALLURGICAL SOCIETY.—A. B.

lla p e r: “ The Platinum Metals.” (E n­

gineers' Club, Albert S q., Manchester, a t 7 p.m .)

F R I D A Y , M arch 16.

In stitu tion o f Weld in g En g in e e r s, Mid­ land s BRANCH.—S. E . E v a n s : “ Some A spects o f W eld S tren g th s a s Affecting De­

sig n .” (Jam e s W a tt M emorial I n s titu te , Y ork l t d ., G t. C harles S t., B irm ingham .)

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S u b ject to revision. N o t to be p u b lish ed , w holly o r in p a rt, u n til presen ted a t a M eeting to be h eld on M arch 7. 1934, a t 10 A.M., in th e H a ll of th e in s titu tio n of M echanical E ngineers, S to rey ’s G ate, W estm in ster, L ondon, S .W .l.

R E P O R T O F COUNCIL

fo r the Year ended December 31, 1933.

Th e C o u n c i l h a s p l e a s u r e i n s u b m i t t i n g i t s r e p o r t u p o n t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e I n s t i t u t e d u r i n g t h e p a s t y e a r , a p e r i o d t h a t w a s s p e c i a l l y n o t a b l e b o t h f o r t h e c e l e b r a t i o n o f t h e t w e n t y - f i f t h a n n i v e r s a r y o f t h e I n s t i t u t e ’s f o r m a t i o n a n d t h e s e t t i n g u p o f i m p r o v e d m e t h o d s o f p u b l i c a t i o n .

The In s titu te ended ano th er year of th e long-continued industrial depres­

sion w ith a slight reduction in its m em bership an d financial resources. In spite of th e difficulties encountered, it is felt th a t the usefulness of the In s titu te to its m em bers has n o t only been fully m aintained, b u t even increased. This h as been m ade possible by the encouraging an d continued su p p o rt given by m em bers—financially, in com m ittee, and in other w ays—an d by tho u n ­ wearying efforts of tho staff of th e In s titu te .

Ro l l o f t h e In s t i t u t e.

The num ber of mem bers on th e roll of the In s titu te , for tho second y ear in succession, shows a fall on D ecem ber 31, when the to tals for the various classes of m em bership were as indicated in th e following table, which gives the m em bership during th e p a st five years :—

Deo. 31, 1929.

Dec. 31,

1930. Dec. 31,

1931. Dec. 31,

1932. Dec. 31,

1933.

Honorary Members 5 5 5 5 5

Fellows 9 7 7 8 8

Ordinary Members 2035 2083 2146 2073 2038

Student Members . 73 65 74 79 80

2122 2160 2232 2165 2131

On December 31, 1933, tho nam es o f 122 Original Members were included in tho to ta l of 2038 O rdinary M embers. On D ecem ber 31, 1908—tho end o f th e In s titu te ’s first year—th e Original M embers num bered 355. 133 m em bers an d stu d en ts were elected during th e year, a figure th a t com pares w ith 120 in 1932 a n d 205 in 1931.

Ob i t u a r y.

M any losses by d eath occurred during th e year. Among th e Original Members who died were P. T. Caird a n d W . Cleland. In addition to th e above the deaths of the following were notified to th e Secretary : D r. N. F u k u sh im a ; E . A. H ad ley ; D r. K . H a llm a n n ; D. F. J o h n ; Colonel A. F . M asu ry ; W . D.

P om eroy; J . R olland; J . K e n t S m ith ; Professor H . Specketer; Sir G ilbert V y le; an d C. E . W hiteley.

Me e t i n g s o r t h e In s t i t u t e.

A t the A nnual General Meeting, w hich took place in London on M arch 8 and 9, thirteen papers were presented, the m eeting being followed by a D inner and Dance a t the Troeadero R e sta u ra n t. In th e afternoon of M arch 9 mem bers were privileged to p ay a v isit to the h eadquarters of the B ritish N on-Ferrous Metals Research Association.

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