Monthly Journal of the Institute of Metals and Metallurgical Abstracts, Vol. 1, Part 3

Contains papers to be printed in the half-yearly volum e:

Journal o f the Institute o f Metals, 1934, V ol. LIV.

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Part 3.

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The Monthly Journal of the

INSTITUTE OF METALS

an d

METALLURGICAL A B S T R A C T S

MARCH, 1934

Copyright} [Entered a t Stationers’ H all

T H E “ M ONTH LY JO U R N A L ” NOW C O N T A IN S ADVANCE C O P IE S OF P A P E R S T O B E P R E S E N T E D A T T H E G EN ERA L M E E T IN G S OF T H E

IN S T IT U T E . N O O T H E R ADVANCE C O P IE S W ILL B E IS S U E D .

Refractories

B y F. H . No r t o n. 694 pages, 6 x 9, 376 illu stration s. 36/- net.

Thin 1» a co m prehensive tr e a tis e on th e m a n u fa c tu re , te stin g a n d use of re frac to ries.

T h e basio p rin c ip le s in v o lv ed In th e v a rio u s p rocesses a re carefu lly

m o s t u p -to -d a te m e th o d s o f m a n u fa c tu re a n d te stin g a re fu lly d e s c n b e d a n d i m i s t r a t « d w ith p h o to g ra p h s of m o d e rn e q u ip m e n t. T h e a im h a s b een b o th to a id th e p ro d u c e r in m a n u fa c tu rin g b e tte r refrac to ries, a n d th e u s e r to o b ta in lo n g e r service fro m th e m .

Handbook of Non-Ferrous Metallurgy

B y Do n a l d M. Li d d e l l, Editor-in-Chief, assisted b y 33 specialists.

A bout 1500pages, 6 x 9 , two volum es (not sold separately). 72/- net.

A n a u th o rita tiv e engineering h a n d b o o k of th e esse n tia l p ro fessio n al referen ce d a ta of Those0o p e ra tio n s, a p p a r a tu s a n d m e th o d s w hich a re fu n d a m e n ta l to a ll b ra n c h es o f non- ferro u s m e ta llu rg y receive first tr e a tm e n t a n d th is sec tio n o i th e b o o k is follow ed b y s e p a ra te c h ap ters o n th e m e ta llu rg y o f th e In d iv id u al m e ta ls. E a c h c h a p te r Is th e w o rk of o ne o r m o re sp ecialists.

A Textbook of Metallurgical Problems

B y Al l i s o n Bt jt t s. 425 pages, 6 x 9 , illustrated. 24/- n e t . P re s e n ts p ra c tic a l p ro b le m s designed to acc o m p a n y courses in m e ta llu rg y , o u tlin e s a n d gives ex am p les of th e m e th o d s u sed in calcu la tio n , w ith ta b le s su p p ly in g th e necesaary d a ta . A fe a tu re of t h e b o o k is th e b rin g in g to g e th e r o f th e a p p lic a tio n of p rin cip les of ch em istry , p h y sics, a n d o th e r s u b je c ts in single pro b lem s.

McGRAW-HILL PU B L ISH IN G CO., L TD .,

ALDWYCH H O U SE, LONDON, W .C.2

F oundrym en , In d u stria lists

Engineers , F ou n dry M anagers F orem en o r A rtisa n s

You ought to

become a member of the

FOUNDRY TECHNICAL ASSOCIATION

which will bring lo you most useful

and im portant data through

its MONTHLY JO URN A L THE W O R K AND its BI-MONTHLY CONFERENCES & RESEARCH OF ITS

its ANNUAL CONCRESSES COMMITTEES

You will be kept continually conversant with the progress realised in the sphere of your profession;

You will benefit from the experience of your colleagues;

You will gain time by adding quickly to your experience.

Write fo r particulars to the

ASSOCIATION TECHNIQUE DE FONDERIE

44, r u e de H ern ies, P A B I S ( V I 0)

The BRITISH ALUM INIUM CO M PAN Y Ltd.

The BRITISH ALUMINIUM OS). Ltd.

HEAD OFFICE: A D E L A I D E H O U S E , K I N G W I L L I A M S T . L O N D O N . E.C.4-.

TiLEPHONE: MANSION HOUSE 5561 5 8074 ($ LINES) TELECRAMS:CRYOLITE. BILGATE, LONDON.

A l u m i n i u m is

(3) H Y G I E N I C

The hygienic quality and cleanliness of aluminium is instanced by its use for the storage of milk. The illus­

tration shows tanks which are aluminium inside and out,

with cork insulation between th e o u te r casingand the inner

vessel proper. These tanks were built by the Aluminium

Plant & Vessel Co., Ltd., for a large dairy in the Midlands.

V I T R E O S I L

(Pure fused quartz or silica)

T he hard smooth surface of V IT R E O S IL , its constancy of weight and its complete in­

difference to extreme changes of tem perature, are a few of the properties which cause it to be used in most industrial laboratories. May we send you our list?

THE THERMAL SYNDICATE LTD.

WALLSEND-on-TYNE

E stablished over a q u a rte r of a century

London D epot: THERMAL HOUSE, OLD PYE ST., S.W .l.

D IA M O N D DIES TUNGSTEN

C A R B I D E M E T A L DIES SPECIAL MACHINES

f o r d r a w i n g t u n g s t e n w i r e f o r l a mp s .

Complete Equipments delivered by T H E W O L F R A M

D IA M O N D M A C H IN E M A N U F A C T U R E R S

B E R L I N - Z E H L E N D O R F 3

D

J A M E S BOOTH 6-

C O H P A M Y o s ' s ) L I M I T E D ArgifleSt. Y/orks.Ncclidls.

BIRMINGHAM,?.

C O P P E R

C U P R O ­

N I C K E L

A L U M I N I U M '

B R A S S

We also m ake Sheet an d S trip in Erass, Copper, Bronze and Nickel Silver, etc., E x tru d ed Rods and Sections, an d also

“ DURALUMIN" of w hich we a re the

sole M akers.

6

THE INSTITUTE’S LIBRARY

Donations of any of the undermentioned would be welcomed to complete the Institute’s files :

Agricola’s “Dc R e Metalhca.” Hoover’s Translation.

Encyclopaedia Britannica (latest issue).

Sutton H. “A Systematic Handbook of Volumetric Analysis.’’

(J. & A. Churchill.)

"Brass W orld.” Volumes 1 - 6 .

Electrochemical and Metallurgical Industry. Volumes 1 - 3 .

Metallurgical and Chemical Engineering (Chemical and M etal­

lurgical Engineering). Volumes 1 2 - 2 1 . Foundry Trade Journal. Volumes 1 - 25 .

Journal of the Electroplaters’ and Depositors' Technical Society.

Volumes 1 - 3 incl.

Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute. Volumes 1 — 1 5 . Volume 63 ( 1903 ).

M etal Industry (London). Volumes 1 - 4 . Metalln <i rise baft. Volumes 1 - 5 .

Mitteilungen aus dan Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut filr Eisenforschung zu Düsseldorf Volumes 1 - 10 .

Proceedings of the Institute of British Foundrymen. 1 9 1 6 - 1 7 (Volume 10 .)

Reiue de Métallurgie. Volume 1 .

Transactions of the American Electrochemical Society. Volumes 1-3 and Volume 1 1 .

Transactions of the American Foundrymen’s Association. Volumes 1 — 1 5 , 18 -2 7

Transactions of the A merican Institute of Metals (American Brass Founders’ Association). Volumes 3 - 5 .

6

Pyrometers at the Suindon Works of the Great Western Railnay, regulat- ir.g gas-fired heat-treatnient furnaces— a repeat order.

ELECTROFLO ^AUTOMATIC

TEMPERATURE REGULATORS

I N D I C A T I N G &

R E C O R D I N G

PYROMETERS • • •

Catalogues free on request.

M O S T S A T I S F A C T O R Y - M O S T E X T E N S I V E L Y U S E D

Advt. of ELECTROFLO METERS CO., LTD., ABBEY RD„ PARK ROYAL, LONDON, N.W.10 Fig. 1 shows the Eleclroflo Indicating Control Pyrometer

for the automatic regulation of the temperature of electric furnaces, and the temperature and atmosphere of fuel-fired furnaces, etc. It employs a knife-edge method of temperature detection, ensuring control within extremely fine limits, a high resistance, shock- proof moving element and an integral signal system.

Fig. 2 shows the Electroflo Single or Multipoint

Continuous Temperature Recorder, with 6 wide,

1600 hour, "straight-line" chart exposing the records of 12 hours' operation.

Fi g. i

7

BIRMINGHAM ELECTRIC FURNACES IP/

lBIRLEC WORKS TYBURN ROAD-ERDINGTON* BIRMINGHAM/

Trtcpwo».»! t M i t w u i ' i n l tc u « o » M S » p v tf * o h i d'««m

I

A ccu racy o f ± I o C. fo r all tem p eratu res fro m 0 ° to 1000° C.

T h e “ P E R F E C T A ” is adaptable to any gas-operated installation.

P e r f e c t a G a s T h e r m o s t a t s L t d .

2 4 4 , HIGH

H O L B O R N ,

W .C .l

T E L E P H O N E : C H A N C E R Y 7 8 9 7 T E L E G R A M S : T H E R M . H O L B , L O N D O N

9

PERIODICALS FOR SALE

CANADIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH.

JOURNAL OF THE CHEMI­

CAL SOCIETY.

JOURNAL OF THE INSTITU­

TION OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS.

JOURNAL OF THE IRON AND STEEL INSTITUTE.

MINING JOURNAL.

MINUTES OF THE PRO­

CEEDINGS OF TH E IN­

S T IT U T IO N OF C IV IL ENGINEERS.

TRANSACTIONS OF THE I N S T I T U T I O N O F NAVAL ARCHITECTS.

tgig Vol. i to 19J2 Vol. 7 incl . complete ( Vols. 1-6 bound, Vol. 7 unbound), y vols.

i8yg Vol. 36 to 1883 Vol. 44 incl. ; 1883 Vol. 47 to 1898 Vol.

73, Part 1, incl. ; 1913 Vol. 108 to 193Z incl. {bound except 1931).

91 vols.

1904-3 Vol. 34 to 193Z Vol. 7 1 and Index Volume 19IZ-ZI ( 'bound }.

40 vols.

1900 Vol. J7 ; 1909 Vol. 80 ; 1910 Vol. 81 ; 191Z-14 Vols. 83- 90 incl. (bound}. 39 vols.

1901 Vol. 7 1 to 19ZJ Vol. 139 incl. {bound}. 34 vols.

1901-z Vol. 130, Part 4 ; 190Z-3 Vol. 134, Part 4 ; 1909-10 Vol.

I J 9 ,

Part 1, to 1930-31 Vol. 232, Part 2 {bound}.

Name Index 1894— 3 to 1906—y ; Charter and List of Members, 1910,

igiz, 1914. 60 vols.

1909 Vol.■ 31 to 193Z Vol. 74 incl. {bound}.

Index volumes : 1903—iz ; 1903- Z3 ; 1926-30. Z9 vols.

O ffers for any or all o f the above should be addressed to Box N o . 2 0 , M o n th ly Journal o f th e In s titu te o f M etals, 36, V icto ria Street, L ondon, S .W .i.

ttr* ttr> o*rt»r* «'ttfttr' mrw* nr* mr-tir* n jfttn airttr» nafttr» «"wrtr» mrttr» m f ttr* w

10

S I E M E N S - S C H U C K E R T

E L E C T R IC B R IG H T

A N N E A L IN G FU R N A C E S

Steam produced from the electrode boiler h provides the non-oxydising atmosphere. Rapid cooling-down is effected by lowering the charge into the water-bath below. This furnace is designed for continuous operation, and produces " d e a d " soft material with a surface free from blemishes.

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1 4 1

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Advt.of Siemens-Schuckert (Gt. Britain Ltd.) 30 /34 New Bridge St. London E.C.4. Phone Central 8461

F E R R O - A R C E L E C T R O D E S

E L E C T R I C A R C W E L D I N G

The Ferro-Arc range of electrodes includes types for stainless, heat- resisting, nickcl-chromium, and mild steels; cast iron and hard deposit.

Soft machinable welds in the cold are possible where cast iron Type D. is used. Type T.C.l deposits true grey cast iron, the weld being indistinguish­

able from the parent metal.

Hardness from Brinnell Nos. 200 to 600 is obtainable where Ferro-Arc H ard Deposit types are used. Of these the N.C.M. is designed for hard wear resisting welds.

688

/J

Sole S e llin g A g en ts fo r F E R R O -A R C W EL D IN G C O . L T D ., W O L V E R H A M P T O N

T H E B R ITISH OXYGEN CO., LTD.,

V I C T O R I A S T A T I O N H O U S E , L O N D O N , S .W . 1

A PP O IN T M EN T S REQ U IRED

By M em bers of th e In stitu te o f M etals.

M e t a l l u r g i s t ( i s t Class H o n s.), aged 27, seeks new po st, i y ear's research oxidation o f m ild ste e l;

5 years w o rk s' assistant large non- ferrous com pany, w ith experience in ro astin g , draw ing office, furnace design an d c o n stru ctio n , erectio n , concrete w ork, etc. (Box N o . 15.)

Enquiries in connection with these advertisements should be addressed to the Box numbers given, Institute 0} Metals, 36 Victoria Street, Lon­

don, S .W .i.

PAPERS FOR A U T U M N M E E T I N G

Authors who desire to subm it papers for presentation at the Autum n Meeting of the In stitu te should advise the Secretary of the subject of their proposed papers as early as possible.

MSS. m ust be subm itted in duplicate not later than April 3 0 . For requirem ents as to the form of illustrations, see p. 4 of the Jan u ary issue of the Monthly Journal.

12

Electric Furnaces

FOR A L L P U R P O S E S

Built in England of British Materials.

Ingot and Billet Heating Furnaces

360-KW Rolling-feed Billet Furnace

w ith Ju n k e r Rim-type H eating Elem en ts (patent pending) in a m odern M etal W o rk s, fo r heating B ra s s and C o p p e r

B ille ts 2 ft. 4 ins. long X 7 | ins. diam eter.

Length o f heating zone about 20 ft.

O utput : 3 tons p er hour.

Heat loss at 8 0 0 ° C . : 15 K W .

C o n su m p tio n : 110 to 120 K W h p er ton B rass, at 8 2 0 ° to 8 5 0 ° C . billet tem p eratu re.

F o r fu rth e r particulars apply to :

J. L. B R O O K L A N D

W A T E R L O O H O U S E , W A T E R L O O S T R E E T ,

B IR M IN G H A M , 2

’Phone: Midland 4 2 4 2. ’Grams: “ Brookland, Birm ingham ."

Also W a te r C ooled M o uld s fo r B rass, C o p p e r and N ickel Alloys.

13

INDEX TO ADVERTISERS

M A R C H , 1 9 3 4

A dvertising A ssociation . A lum inium P la n t & Vessel Co., L td.

Am sler & Co., Alfred J .

Association T echnique De Fonderie A ppointm ents R equired . Avery, L td ., W. & T.

Birm ingham E lectric Furnaces, L td.

Bolton & Sons, L td ., T hom as . B ooth & Co. (1915), I.td ., Jam es B ritish A lum inium Co., L td ., The B ritish M etal Corporation, L td ., The B ritish Oxygon Co., L td ., T he . B rookland, J . L.

Busch O ptical Co., L td ., Em il . Calorizing Corp. of G reat B ritain, L ti Chapm an & H all, L td.

Cooke, T roughton, & Simms, L td . E bonestos In su lato rs, L td.

E lectric R e sistarce Furnace Co., L td.

E b etroflo M eters Co., L td . E llio tt Bros. (London), L td . E lto n , L evy & Co., L td . . Erichsen, A. M.

F o rd a th Engineering Co., L td . . F oster In stru m en t Co.

G eneral E lectric Co., L td.

Goodlass W all & L ead In d u stries, Lti H igh-D uty Alloys, L td . .

12

o

3 20 12

13

Hilger, L td ., Adam I.C .I. M etals, L td . .

Johnson, M attliey & Co., L td . . J u n k e r, O tto , G .m .b.H . . K ru p p G rusonw erk, A .-G.

L eitz (London), E. . . . Locke, L ancaster & W . W . & R . Jo h n

son & Sons, L td . .

McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., L td . McKechnic Bros., L td .

M etropolitan-Vickers, L td . Mills, L td ., W m. . N atio n al Alloys, L td . Pearson, E. J . & J ., L td . P erfecta Gas T herm ostats, L td . P itm a n & Sons, L td ., Sir Isaac .

“ P rio r ” Oil B urners L td ., T h e.

R atcliff (Metals) L td ., J . F.

Schloemann. A.-G. .

Siem ens-Schuckert (G t. B ritain ) L td . Stew arts an d Lloyds, L td .

T herm al Syndicate, L td . . U niversity College of Sw ansea . W atson & Sons, L td ., W.

W ild-Barfield E lectric Furnaces, L td W olfram D iam ond M achine M am

facturers, T he Zeiss (London), L td ., Carl

16 13

2 19 20 18 19 9

14 11

4

15 4

In 1878

^{r ___ ^} when we were established, ihe successful production of rolled brass and copper was largely in the hands of ihe brass easier. On his skill depended the qualify of the metal, and by the rule of thumb methods of the roller and annealer this was worked to the size and temper considered most suitable for the purpose.

To-day, our metallurgist determines the most suitable mixture, annealing is controlled scientifically and our modern plant produces rolled metal correct to the smallest fraction of an inch in thickness and width.

By continual research, experiment and experience, the manufacture of non-ferrous rolled metals has grown from a small trade to an important and highly developed branch of the metal industry.

W e have recently published a new booklet which will interest all users

of brass, copper and phosphor bronze. M ay we send you a copy ?

J. F. RATCLIFF (METALS) LTD.

NEW SUMMER STREET - BIRMINGHAM

14

Send to us for anillustrated brochure I.F.233, which gives full details regarding Air Circulation as applied to the Heat-Treatment of Ferrous and

Non-Ferrous Metals.

W I L D - B A R F I E L D E L E C T R I C F U R N A C E S

LTD. - E L E C F U R N W O R K S - N O R T H R O A D - H O L L O W A Y - L O N D O N - N , 7

UNIFORMITY IN HEAT TREATMENT

D E MA ND S A CENTRIFUGAL F A N /

15

JOHNSON MATTHEY

& COMPANY LIMITED

9 77 o

e c i a

MATERIALS

i n

M ET AD

where the resistance to tarnish, wearing and electrical properties are superior to the ordinary

L et us quote f o r you r next requirements. O ur assist­

ance and service are a t you r

L O N D O N , E . G . i

16

Ed it o r ia l Of f i c e: 30 Victoria Street,

London, S.W .l.

Telephone : V ictoria 2320.

Editor:

G. SHAW SCOTT, M.Sc., F.O.I.S.

M ołithly Journal of the

INSTITUTE OF METALS

ADVERTISING De p a r t m e n t: T . G . Sc o t t & So n,

L t d . G3 Ludgate Tí ill,

London, E.C.4.

TELEPHONE : CITY 4211 (2 lines).

A ss istant E ditor : S. C. GUILLAN.

V o lu m e 1 M A R C H , 1 9 3 4 P a r t 3

CONTENTS

C .B .E ., D .S c ., P h .D .

M onel M e ta l.” By O w en W E llis,

C ry sta l S tru c - In stitu te N ew s and A n nouncem ents

L e tte rs to th e E d ito r Personal N otes .

O b i t u a r y ...

L ocal Sections N ew s

P resid en tial A d d ress. By H . M oore

" T h e M alleability o f N ickel and o M .S c ...

"A llo y s o f M agnesium R esearch. P a rt I.—T h e C o n stitu tio n of the M a g ­ nesium —R ich Alloys of M agnesium an d N ick el.” By Jo h n L . H a u g h - to n , D .S c ., and R onald J. M . P ay n e, B .S c ...

A u th o r Index to " M etallurgical A bstracts ” ...

M E T A L L U R G IC A L A B S T R A C T S I . P ro p e rtie s o f M etals

I I . P ro p e rtie s o f Alloys

I I I . S tru c tu re (M e ta llo g ra p h y ; M acrograph}

t u r e ) . . . . . .

IV . C orrosion . . . . - •

V. P ro te c tio n (o th e r th a n E le ctro d e p o sitio n ) V I. E le c tro d e p o sitio n . . . .

V I I . E le c tro m e ta llu rg y a n d E le c tro c h e m istry (o th e r th a n E le ctro - d e p o sitio n a n d E lectro -refin in g )

V I I I . R efining (in clu d in g E le ctro -refin in g ) .

I X . A n aly sis . . . . .

X . L a b o ra to ry A p p a ra tu s , In s tru m e n ts , &c.

X I . P h y s ic a l a n d M echanical T e s tin g , In s p e c tio n , a n d R adiology X I I . T e m p e ra tu re M e a su re m e n t a n d C ontrol

X I I I . F o u n d ry P ra c tic e a n d A p p lian c es X IV . S e c o n d ary M etals : S c ra p , R esidues

X V . F u rn a c e s a n d F u e ls

X V I. R e fra c to rie s a n d F u rn a c e M a terials X V I I . H e a t-T re a tm e n t

X V I I I . W o rk in g . . . .

X I X . C leaning a n d F in ish in g . X X . J o i n i n g ...

X X I . In d u s tria l U ses a n d A p p lica tio n s X X I I . M iscellaneous

X X I I I . B ib lio g ra p h y . . . . X X IV . B o o k R eview s

PAO F

129 . 131 . 131 . 131 . 132 . 133

&c.

149

105 175

113 119 126 129 133 134 138 139 139 140 141 143 144

146

147 149 150 151 152 152 155 157 158

T h e m o n th ly issue o f M etallurgical A bstracts m a y b e c u t u p fo r c a rd indexes, as m em b e rs w ill receiv e e a rly in 1935 th e y e a r ’s a b s tr a c ts in b o u n d form . T h e P apers w ill b e re p rin te d w ith d iscu ssio n , if a n y , in th e b o u n d h a lf-y e a rly

J o u rn a l. ^

17 ^ 5 ^ ,

iPOUTECHNIKil

M A Z A K

REGD. TRA D E MARK (FORMULAE PATENTED)

Mazak range of A lloys have been proved the m ost satisfactory of 1,200 investigated in Zinc—A lum inium

•—Copper—M agnesium Series.

Mazak Alloys have rem arkable physical properties and are practically free from D im ensional Changes in n orm al, elevated or depressed tem perature service.

Mazak A lloys are the m o st suitable Zinc A lloys for p ressure D ie Casting and are exten sively used in the MOTOR—W IRELESS—E N G IN E E R IN G IN D U STR IES.

Our technical Service w ill advise on all m atters apper­

taining to Zinc A lloy Die C asting. We w ill be pleased to forward to you upon request our la test publication on Mazak A lloys.

N A TIO N A L ALLOYS ^LTD.

95 GRESHAM ST R EET, LONDON, E.C.2

’Phone : Met 9252 (6 lines).

SOLE SELLING AGENTS : MORRIS ASHBY, LTD.,

17

LAURENCE POUNTNEY LANE, LONDON, E.C

^.4

’Phone: Mansion House 8383 (Private Branch Exchange). ’Grams: “Ashby, London.”

Gxstçt cases and tkcrmctmeicr housings—Zinc die casi.

the new

zinc base alloys

IS

A n n u a l General M eeting, L ondon.

M arch 7 -8 , 1934.

Th e .T w en ty -S ix th A n n u a l G eneral M eeting o f th e I n s t i tu t e w as hold in th e H a ll o f th e I n s titu tio n o f M echanical E n g in eers, S to re y ’s G ate, W e s tm in ste r (b v k in d p e rm issio n o f th e I n s titu tio n ), on M arch 7 a n d 8 . A fte r th e K ep o r o f th e C o uncil* a n d th e R e p o rt o f th e H o n o ra ry T re a s u re r* h a d b een p r e ­ se n te d , th e now P re s id e n t, D r. H . M oore, C .B .E ., w as in d u c te d in to th e C h air b y S ir H e n ry F ow ler, K .B .E ., L L .D ., D .S c., a n d d eliv ered h is P re s i­

d e n tia l A ddress, w h ich is p rin te d in th is issu e o f th e M o n th ly J o u rn a l. A fte r­

w a rd s th e re w ere p re se n te d a n d d iscussed P a p e rs N os. 651-661, a s e n u m e ra te d o n p . 67 o f o u r F e b ru a ry issu e . T w o p a p ers, X os. 662 a n d 663, w ore ta k e n a s re a d a t th e m eetin g , a n d th e s e are re p ro d u c e d in o u r p re s e n t issue.

I n th e a fte rn o o n o f M arch 8 a p a r ty o f m em b e rs v isite d th e P o s t Offico E n g in e erin g R o search S ta tio n a t D ollis H ill. O n b o th d a y s o f th e m ee tin g m em b e rs lu n c h e d to g e th e r in fo rm a lly a t S t. E rm in s R e s ta u r a n t. I n th e ev en in g o f M arch 7 th e A n n u a l D in n e r a n d D a n ce w as successfully h e ld a t

th e T ro cad ero R e s ta u r a n t, 270 m em b e rs a n d g u e s t s b ein g p re sen t. T h e T o a s t o f “ T h e I n s t i tu t e o f M etals (coupled w ith th e n a m e o f th e P re sid e n t) w as p ro p o se d b v S ir W illia m L ark e , K .B .E . D r M oore rep lied . Sir J o h n C am pbell, K .C .M .G ., re sp o n d ed to th e T o a s t o f The G u ests, w h ich w as

p ro p o sed b y M r. E . L. M orcom , M. A. .

A fu ll a c c o u n t o f th e m ee tin g , in clu d in g a re c o rd o f th e discussion o f th e p a p e rs a n d w ritte n co m m u n ica tio n s u p o n th e m , w ill be p u b lish ed in th e h alf-y e arly v o lu m e o f th e J o u rn a l (Vol. L IV ) to b e p o s te d to m em b e rs m J u n e . I n th e v o lu m e w ill b e r e p rin te d a ll th e M a rch M eetin g p a p e rs t h a t h a v e p re v io u s ly a p p e a re d in th e M o n th ly Jo u rn a l.

A T our lo r M etallurgists.

U n d e r th e a b o v e h e a d in g th e B irm in g h a m P ost o f F e b ru a ry 19 p rin te d th e follow ing co m m e n ts on th e I n s t i tu t e ’s fo rth co m in g E d u c a tio n a l T o u r to B e lg iu m :—

“ J u n io r m em b ers o f th e I n s t i tu t e o f M e tals a re in v ite d to jo in a n e d u ca tio n a l to u r, th e first o f th is k in d o rg a n iz ed b y th e I n s titu te , to B elgium fro m A pril 8 t o 14 A rra n g e m e n ts h a v e b e en m ad e b y th e N a tio n a l U n io n of S tu d e n ts to e n ab le th is w eek o f to u rin g to b e offered to p a rtic ip a n ts a t a n in clu siv e co st o f £6 10s. a h e ad . T h e firs t tw o d a y s w ill b e s p e n t in L iege a n d d is tric t.

V isits will b e p a id to fo u r larg e m e ta llu rg ic a l e sta b lis h m e n ts , in clu d in g th e n a tio n a l m u n itio n s fa c to ry . O n th e n e x t d a y C harleroi w ill be v isite d , w h ere a n e lectrical w o rk s a n d a g re a t b las t-fu rn a co u n d e rta k in g w ill be o p e n to in sp e ctio n . Tw o re m a in in g d a y s in B elgium w ill b e s p e n t in g e n era l s ig h t­

seeing first a t B russels, w hore a v is it to th e U n iv e rs ity m ay be a rra n g e d , a n d a fte rw a rd s in th e ch arm in g m ediaeval c ity o f B ru g es. B elg ian m eta llu rg ic a l e n te rp ris e is ren o w n ed for u p -to -d a te m eth o d s a n d efficient p la n t. S tu d e n ts o f th e scientific side o f h e a v y in d u s try c a n n o t fail to find m u c h o f in te r e s t a n d p ro fit in a p e rso n al in sp e ctio n u n d e r sk illed g u id an c e. T h e o rg an iz ers o f th o t o u r h a v e a rra n g e d fo r facilities su c h a s n o u n a tta c h e d v is ito r co u ld e x p e c t to receive. T h e I n s titu te o f M etals is a n in te rn a tio n a l o rg a n iz a tio n w ith a m em b e rsh ip in clu d in g d istin g u ish e d scientific w o rk e rs in ev ery im p o r ta n t in d u s tria l c o u n try . T h is to u r w ill bo a first e x p e rim e n t in offering to s tu d e n ts a n o p p o rtu n ity e arly in th e ir c areers o f c u ltiv a tin g a n in te rn a tio n a l o u tlo o k .”

* See M o n th ly J . In s t. M e ta ls, 1934, F e b ., 7 6 -8 4 . 129

Institute News and Announcements

T h e requisite m in im u m num ber to enable the lour to take place having been reached, the tour w ill definitely be m ade. S tu d e n t m e m b e rs a re re m in d e d t h a t th e d a te fo r in tim a tin g th e ir in te n tio n to p a rtic ip a te w as M arch 12. A t th e m o m e n t o f w ritin g th e re is, h o w ev er, ro o m fo r a fow a d d itio n a l p a rtic ip a n ts , a n d applications to jo in the tour can still be considered provided that they reach the Secretary forthw ith.

M em bers a re re m in d e d t h a t th e A n n u a l M ay L e c tu re w ill be giv en in th e H a ll o f th e I n s titu tio n o f M echanical E n g in e ers, S to re y ’s G ate, W es tm in ster, a t S p .m ., on W ed n e sd a y , M ay 9, w h en P ro fesso r E . K . R id ea l, F .R .S ., w ill d eliv er a d iscourse e n title d “ G ases a n d M etal S u rfaces.”

V isito rs a re c o rd ia lly in v ite d to th e L e c tu re . M em bers w ill s h o rtly receive c a rd s o f in v ita tio n t h a t aro a v ailab le fo r th e u se o f v isito rs.

I n c o n n ec tio n w ith th e L e c tu re a n electio n o f m em b e rs is b ein g a rra n g e d o n A p ril 5. P e rso n s w hose m em b e rsh ip a p p lic a tio n s a re in th e S e c re ta ry ’s h a n d s n o t la te r th a n t h a t d a te c a n bo e lected in tim e fo r p a rtic ip a tio n as m em b e rs a t su b s e q u e n t m e e tin g s o f th e I n s titu te , in c lu d in g n o t o n ly th e M ay L e c tu re , b u t also th e A n n u a l A u tu m n M eeting w h ich is to bo h eld in M a n ch ester fro m S e p tem b e r 3 -6 .

T h e s u b s c rip tio n s o f p e rso n s jo in in g th e I n s titu te o n A p ril 5 co v er th e e x te n d e d p e rio d e n d in g J u n e 30, 1935.

P a p e rs aro in v ite d fo r th e A u tu m n M e e tin g ; th e s e sh o u ld b e s u b m itte d in d u p lic a te to th e S e c re ta ry n o t la te r th a n A p ril 30.

F o rth co m in g M eetings a n d E lections.

M em bership A dditions.

T ho follow ing p e r s jn s w ere d u ly e le cted o n F e b ru a ry 15, 1934 :—

A s M em bers.

N a m e. T ow n.

Ba d o c k, S ta n le y H u g h , L L .D . (H on.) . Be r m a n n, P ro fe sso r S am uel

B u r s , R o b e rt D a v id so n , M .Sc.

Ma tig n o n, P ro fe sso r C am ille Mo r r is, R o la n d W illiam

Or l a n d o, C av. U ff. D o tt. S a lv ato re Sk ao, C hia C hin, A .R .S .M . . St r a u ss, K o ssy , D r.-In g . St r in g e r, R ic h a rd A lfred

W e s tb u ry -o n -T ry m , B risto l.

M oscow, U .S .S .R . L o n d o n .

P a ris , F ra n c e . L o n d o n . M ilano, I ta ly . W u ch a n g , C hina.

B irm in g h a m . L o n d o n . A s S tu d e n t M em bers.

As h t o n, A rnold B ro a d b e n t, B .Sc.

Br o w n, B e rn a rd

Gr e e n w o o d, H u b e rt, M .Se. . Ha r r is o n, S ta n le y T a y lo r, B .Se.

Tim m s, W illiam , B .S c .'.

Wa d d in g t o n, J o h n , B .Se. .

O ld h a m . L eed s, Y o rk sh ire . T o d m o rd en . M an ch ester.

B irm in g h a m C litheroe.

130

L E T T E R S T O T H E E D I T O R

New System ol P u b licatio n . I w ish to c o n g ra tu la te th e P u b lic a ­ tio n C o m m itte e o f th e I n s t i tu t e on th is ex ce lle n t new sy s te m o f m ark in g th e A b s tra c ts , so t h a t one c a n pick o u t th e m o re im p o r ta n t m a tte r . 1 fin d t h a t i t n o w o n ly ta k e s m o one- q u a r te r o f th e tim e to go th ro u g h th e a b s tra c ts , a s I a m chiefly in te re s te d in new research p a p e rs d escribing o rig in al in v es tig a tio n s.

I t is also a g re at co n v en ien ce to h a v e th e p a p e rs fo r th e G en eral M ee t­

ing p u b lis h ed in a d v a n c e in th e M o n th ly Jo u rn a l.

L . H . Ca l l e n d a r. M an ch ester.

[T he new sy s te m is e x p la in e d in M etallurgical A bstracts, 1934, J a n ., p ag e 1.—Ed.]

E d u ca tio n a l T our.

W e th a n k y o u fo r y o u r le tte r o f F e b ru a ry 19, a n d w ish to c o n g ra tu la te y o u on y o u r e n te rp ris e in arra n g in g for a n e d u ca tio n a l to u r in B elgium .

W e w ill give facilities to a n y o f o u r s ta ff w ho w ish to a v ail th em se lv es o f th is o p p o rtu n ity .

D . F . Ca m t b e l l. E le c tric F u rn a c e C o m p an y , L td .,

L o n d o n .

V alue o£ In s titu te M em bership.

A n A m erican m em b e r w rites :—

“ Y o u m a y b e in te re s te d to kn o w t h a t a lth o u g h I f e lt obliged to give u p m y m em b ersh ip in a ll th e A m erican tec h n ica l societies e x c e p t one, I did n o t resig n fro m th e tw o B ritish I n s t i ­ t u te s a s I g e t so m u ch m o re o f v alu e fro m th e m . I t w o u ld b e fine if th e o th e r I n s t i tu t e w o u ld d is trib u te its p re p rin ts m o n th ly , a s th e I n s titu te o f M etals is d o in g .”

T h e E d ito r requests that h is atten­

tion be directed to item s o f interest to m em bers that m ight be included under the “ P ersonal N o te s '' heading. A ll contributions fo r the A p r il issu e of the M o n th ly J o u r n a l should reach the.

E d itor not later than M arch 24.

Mb. R . D . B u r n h a s le ft L o n d o n f o r a v is it to th e U n ite d S ta te s o f A m erica a n d C an ad a.

D r . T . B . Cr o w, C hief M e tallu rg ist to M essrs. E m e ry B ro th e rs , L td ., B irm in g h a m , lia s re c e n tly b e en e lected a n A sso ciate o f th e I n s titu te o f C h em istry .

Pr o fe ss o r Dr. Wil l ia m Gu e r t- l e r, B erlin , h a s b een n o m in a te d a s P ro fe ss o r fü r M e tallk u n d e in th e T ech n isch e H o ch sch u le, B erlin .

Dr. A. Me r t o n is a t p re s e n t on a v is it to A m erica.

Ber g r a t D r . H . Mo se r, o f th e F o r s c h u n g s in s titu t u n d P ro b icr- a m te fü r E d elm etalle in S c h w a b - ische-G m lind, h a s b een a p p o in te d D ire cto r o f th e P ru s s ia n M in t in B erlin . D r.-p h il. E . Ra u b is re p la c ­ in g h im a t th e F o rs c h u n g s in s titu t fü r E d elm etalle.

O bituary.

M r. L . H . Q u ix d ied a t his re s i­

d ence in L o n d o n o n F e b ru a ry 10, a t th e age o f 66. M r. Q uin, w ho w as th e fo u n d e r, p ro p rie to r, a n d e d ito r o f T h e M eta l B u lletin a n d m an a g in g d ire c to r o f M etal In fo rm a tio n B u re a u , L im ite d , h a d b e en a m em b e r o f th e I n s t i tu t e sin ce 1914.

A ddresses M issing.

Be n n e t t, E . H . Cu n n in g h a m, R . O.

Co l l in s, A. H . Cu m m in g, R . J . Gil d e r, F . M.

Je l l e y, H . La r in, A . A . McLe a n, J . H .

Ma l d e n, L ie u t.-C o m m a n d e r G. C.

131

a ho p re s e n t session s a c tiv itie s o f th e six L ocal S ectio n s w ill com e to a n e n d on A pril 12, w hen, in c o n n ectio n w ith th e A n n u a l G en eral M eeting o f th e

- in ’ " ,-' -L o c a l S ection, th ero w ill bo a n o p en discu ssio n on “ M elting M ethods ” T h is d iscussion, w h ich w ill b e opened b y M r. J . E . N ew son, M .M et., w ill bo a? i 'n o f th e S o ciety o f M o to r M a n u fac tu rers a n d T ra d e rs, L td ., 83 P a ll M all, S .W .l, a t 7.30 p .m .

r h e c o m m itte es o f th e v a rio u s L ocal S ec tio n s aro n o w e n g ag ed in p r e ­ p a rin g th e ir p ro g ram m es for th e session 1034-1035, a n d w ill b e g la d to receive o tters of p a p ers. T h e n a m e s a n d a d d resses o f th e H o n o ra ry S ecretarie s o f th e se c tio n s aro g iv en on p p . 70-81 o f th e F e b ru a ry issu e o f th e M o n th ly Jo u rn a l.

A t th e a n n u a l m ee tin g o f th e L ocal S octions C o m m ittee, to b e h e ld in L o n d o n o n M ay 0 in c o n n ec tio n w ith th e M ay L e c tu re , it is e x p e c te d t h a t th e S ecre­

ta rie s o t th e v a rio u s S ectio n s w ill b e in a p o sitio n to p re s e n t o u tlin e p ro - t h e 'p a s t y e a r C° m in g sessio n - as wel1 a s roP ° r ts o f w o rk a cco m p lish ed d u rin g

R E P O R T O F F E B R U A R Y M E E T IN G . Sheffield Section.

R ecovery an d R efining of Precious M etals. B y H . G. D alo. (Feb. 0.) T h is p a p e r d e a lt w ith th e reco v o ry o f th e m e ta ls gold, silver, p la tin u m , p a iaclium, in d iu m , ru th e n iu m , rh o d iu m , a n d o sm iu m fro m sc rap a n d resid u es

tV*50“ c o n ^aiJIjim S th e m a s a ru le in sm a ll q u a n titie s only .

I h e sw eep s,” a s m a te ria ls c o n ta in in g p re cio u s m e ta ls a re g e n era lly called, a re m e lte d w ith lith a rg e, coal slack , a n d fluxes su ch a s lim esto n e, sa n d , a n d p u rp le ore, m a r e v e rb e ra to ry fu rn ac e a t a te m p e ra tu re o f a b o u t 1500° C. T he lead fo rm ed m th is w a y carries w ith i t th e p re cio u s m eta ls , a n d is c a s t in to

• 1 1 a re th e n refined in a sm a lle r c u p ellatio n fu rn ace, in w h ich a ir is blow n o v e r t h t su rfa ce o f th e m o lte n m e ta l. B y th is m e a n s th e lead is o x idized to g e th e r w ith th e b a se m e ta l im p u ritie s, lea v in g b e h in d th e p recio u s m eta ls , th e b u lk o f w hich c o n sists o f silv er a n d gold.

. v , W h c" silv er o n ly is p re s e n t a m e ta l o f 00-7 p e r c en t, p u r ity is o b ta in e d . W hen gold a n d silv e r a re p re s e n t th e m e ta l is g ra in e d a n d d isso lv ed in co n cen ­ tr a te d iijb O j, iro m w h ich so lu tio n p u re silv er is p re c ip ita te d b y c o p p er p la te s , leav in g p u re go ld a s a residue.

W h en all th e m e ta ls a re p re s e n t, th e m e ta l is c a s t in to fia t p la te s , w hich a re th e n u se d a s an o d es in a n ele ctro ly tic refining p ro cess w h ich giv es p u re silv er a t th e c a th o d e a n d th e o th e r m e ta ls a s a n a n o d e slim e. T h e slim es a re refined by so lu tio n in a cid (aqua regia) a n d p re c ip ita tio n o f gold is effected b y e rro u s chloride, a n d p la tin u m (a n d p alla d iu m ) b y a m m o n iu m chloride. T h e in d iu m m e ta ls a re refined b y fusion w ith so d iu m p ero x id e, s e p a ra tio n o f r u th e n iu m a n d o sm ium bein g effected b y d istilla tio n in chlorino g a s, p re c ip ita ­ tio n of in d iu m w ith a m m o n iu m ch lo rid e a n d rh o d iu m w ith m etallic zinc a n d

A b rie f account, follow ed o f th e p re p a ra tio n a n d uses o f th e m e ta ls fo r th e m a rk e t a s s ta n d a r d silver, c a r a t g o ld alloys, &c.

; f 1 lKl lCCtur,e w as lllust f a te d b y la n te rn slides, a n d w as follow ed w ith m u ch in te r e s t b y a large a tte n d a n c e .

„ J f . T Ka s a h ' i0f <?iscu ssi° n a t th e e n d o f th e lec tu re , in w h ich som e p o in ts n o t fu lly b ro u g h t o u t w ere e lu c id ated .

132

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS 664

D e l i v e r e d b y H . M OORE, C .B .E ., D .Sc., Ph.D.

March 7, 1934.

Fo l l o w in g

the example set in previous Presidential Addresses, I shall begin with some observations on current policy and the present position of the Institute, taking, I hope, a not undue advantage of the privilege of being able to express my views on this occasion when they will not be exposed to open discussion.

For three years in succession our expenditure has exceeded our income, although a considerable part of the apparent excess has been due merely to more strict accounting, and paying our bills earlier. Our curve of membership for the last five years shows a type of symmetry which we hope, and believe, will not continue. These are the inevitable effects of the industrial depression from the trough of which we are now rising. There will be, no doubt, a certain lag before we begin to benefit substantially, in our membership and income, from the industrial recovery, just as there was a lag in the effects of the slump. I am confident, however, th at our position is healthy and th at we need not be disquieted about the future, although the Institute’s finances must demand the Council s constant thought and care for the time being. On the question of membership I will only say th at there are still large numbers outside our ranks, fully qualified for membership and engaged in industries which greatly benefit from our work.

Not being an original member myself, I can speak more freely than some others of the remarkable response of the Original Members to the suggestion which arose among them of a special fund to commemorate our twenty-fifth anniversary. The Institute already owed much to these members, for their unfailing support and in many cases for much voluntary and often unrecognized work. I feel th a t we are now still more indebted to them, and th at our best way to requite them is to make the sum raised a starting point for something still more substantial.

As our Honorary Treasurer has so often pointed out, the Institute has

Note to Abstractors and Other Readers.—T his address will be published, in perm anent form , in th e Joxirnal o f the Institute, of Metals, Vol. L IV , 1934.

Reference should accordingly be as follow s: J . In st. Metals, 1934, 54 (Advance copy).

l 133

always had to work on too narrow a financial margin. The Council is considering the best way of employing the Fund for the permanent benefit of the Institute, and I cannot, of course, anticipate the decision.

Speaking only for myself, I should like to see it become a nucleus for a Foundation Fund which would add substantially to our reserves, and to see the interest augmenting th at part of our income used for publication.

The mention of publication leads me to refer to the Council’s emphatic view th a t our first duty, in lean years as well as in fat, is to maintain the high level of our Journal. In some quarters we are accused of giving our members more than their subscriptions warrant.

If this is so, I hope that members will do all they can to enable us to maintain this generous policy. The most notable change introduced last year was the starting of the scheme for the advance publication of all our papers in the Monthly Journal. This step was decided upon only after the fullest discussion, and must still be regarded as experimental.

Those who see objections to it may be assured th at all possible difficulties were fully considered by the Council and were held to be outweighed by the advantages which have been set out elsewhere. Those which most appeal to me are earlier publication of papers, their receipt by members continuously throughout the year instead of in two large batches, and the convenience of being able to consult all papers in the Monthly Journal until such time as they appear in the half-yearly volume. I t should be mentioned th at the secretary and staff were the first to advocate this advance in our methods of publication.

We hear criticism from time to time of the type of papers we publish.

This is a healthy sign, and indicates a real interest in the m atter on the part of our members. As the criticisms we receive from different quarters cancel each other out fairly completely, I think th at there is nothing seriously at fault. There are, however, several considerations which critics should bear in mind. In the publication of original papers the procedure of the Institute is one of selection, together with some editing and possibly revision. I t is rarely th at the Institute asks for, or directly inspires, papers on a particular subject or of a particular type.

The Publication Committee considers impartially all papers, within our field, offered from any quarter; thus the papers we publish are a reflec­

tion of the output of original work carried out by those who consider our Journal an appropriate medium for publication. The quality of the papers is necessarily dependent on the quality of metallurgical research undertaken by the Universities, Government establishments, industrial laboratories, and Research Associations.

There is one familiar complaint on which I might make a suggestion, more serious than may at first appear. The complaint is th at the

134

Institute does not provide a sufficient proportion of “ practical ” papers.

I£ the practical man who wants more practical papers will turn to and write one—or, still better, several—on the subject about which he probably knows more than anybody else, he will rcceive nothing but encouragement from the Publication Committee. A cursory examina­

tion of our list of members will show th at this simple scheme would provide an ample flow of practical papers. The difficulty is really this : The metallurgist who carries out a piece of research always writes a report or paper about it—otherwise his work is almost certainly wasted

—and does his best to have it published unless there is some good reason why he should not. The practical man who has improved his particular line of manufacture beyond the average level is often satisfied with the other well-deserved rewards of his ability and work, and has a natural reluctance to tell us all about it. Quite apart from any desire for secrecy, he is often much too busy to write papers, he has not been accustomed to do so, and sees no special reason why he should. I cannot help thinking, however, th at some sister Institutes are more fortunate in this respect than we are, and th at the leaders in the technical management of their industries recognize some responsibility for describ­

ing, in papers to their Institute, the technical developments they have directed. I t is also my experience th at the first-rate practical man often writes an extraordinarily good paper, not infrequently a model in terse and direct expression which metallurgists might study.

The writing of scientific papers might well form the main subject of a Presidential Address in more competent hands than mine. There are excellent books on the subject, too little known and studied,* and the booklets issued by other Institutions,f as well as our own “ Notes to Authors,” provide valuable guidance on many points of detail. These publications naturally deal chiefly and at some length with the technique of scientific writing, and in reading them it may be a little difficult to see the wood for the trees. I should like to suggest one wTay in which an author might consider his paper before, during, and after writing it, and two or three definite rules which are thus brought into prominence.

The suggestion is the simple one of regarding the paper from the point of view of the probable readers and their needs. These readers may be of several types, b u t in general they are busy, hard-working people who want to enlarge their knowledge and to be helped in their own work.

* T he following are in th e lib ra ry of th e In s titu te of M etals : Clifford A llbutt,

“ N otes on th e Composition of Scientific P apers ” ; H . A. W a tt, “ T he Composition of Technical P apers ” ; Treleaso a n d Yule, “ P rep a ratio n of Scientific a n d T echnical Papers ” ; T. A. R ickard, “ Technical W riting.

t E.g. “ Inform ation Concerning th e P rep aratio n of P a p e rs.” In stitu tio n of M echanical Engineers, 1033.

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They arc not particularly interested in how much labour went to the making of the paper. Sometimes they arc even bored by the author’s speculations, and they arc not examining him as a candidate for a higher degree. The first requirement which is emphasized by this way of looking at a paper is that it should constitute a real addition to know­

ledge. The experimental work must not only have led to trustworthy results, but must be sufficiently important to justify permanent record.

I should have regarded this as too obvious to mention were it not that we sometimes receive papers which are rejected because they do not pass this test.

I consider tlie merit of conciseness to be next in importance to the reader. In my opinion, there are few papers which are not capable of some improvement in this respect. Many an excellent paper might have been more excellent still if the writer had rigorously revised it, cutting out all superfluous matter, and expressing his meaning in the fewest words consistent with clearness. Some papers containing useful information worthy of publication have to be rejected because they also include unnecessary m atter and are far too wordy. There are many ways in which papers may become needlessly lengthy. Abortive experiments may have cost the writer many hours, but the briefest account is usually sufficient to prevent others from doing similar unfruit­

ful work. Experimental evidence must be presented in sufficient detail to support the conclusions reached, but can often be highly condensed with advantage. Polemics can be badly overdone. One of the essential qualities of the good research worker, a clear idea of what he is doing and why he is doing it, is equally important when he comes to write his paper, and will certainly help him to write concisely. Perhaps the worst fault of all, unfortunately not uncommon, is the use in a sentence of twice as many words as are necessary to express the meaning intended. A command of terse, pregnant English is a valuable posses­

sion to the writer of a scientific paper, and is worth much trouble and labour in its cultivation. If an author scrutinizes one sentence after another, he will often be surprised to find how many might be put in fewer and shorter words, with no loss whatever, and often with a gain, in force and clarity. Brevity in papers is important to the Institute in its effect on cost of publication. Printing and publishing costs alone (which are by no means all the expenditure involved) are of the order of 25s. per page of the Journal. With a given limit of expenditure, an average reduction of length of papers by 20 per cent, (not an unreason­

able estimate of what might often be possible, without any injury to the paper) would enable us to publish about seven more papers every year.

In urging authors to be as brief as possible, I do not forget th at occasion-

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ally a paper is written describing some advance which is so outstanding as to justify great detail and elaboration. Possibly some authors are more inclined to put their own papers in this class than are Pub­

lication Committees. Such papers form only a small proportion of the useful research reports which will always constitute the bulk of scientific publication.

In connection with publication costs, members may not be aware that the gross cost of our abstracts is not less than £ 1 per member per annum. I do not think our abstracts are surpassed anywhere in com­

pleteness, promptitude, and quality, but we are now considering whether further improvement might not be possible, perhaps in the direction of excluding a certain proportion of papers of relatively small importance or leaving to other abstracting bodies some fields of work on the border line of our own. The space thus saved might be used for fuller abstracts of papers which are more important to us.

I should like to devote the remainder of my time and space to some broader consideration of the field of work of the Institute and the related branches of industry and of science. In particular, I wish to refer to certain developments in co-operation, actual or possible, within and without our special field, which are of moment to us.

In a recent book * T. A. Rickard has expounded, with a wealth of historical fact, the theme th at “ civilization was developed on a metallic basis.” On this question it is not easy to distinguish between cause and effect. Whether man’s early steps towards civilization led to, or alternatively were conditioned by, his gradually increasing use of metals may be a m atter for argument. Certain it is th at metals are the chief material basis of our present industrial civilization. Some other materials stand higher than the metals as primary necessaries, in the quantities used, or in money value, but every kind of production, industry, transport, and communication is now dependent on metallic tools, machinery, and other equipment. The extent to which this dependence has increased in our lifetime is illustrated by Rickard s statement th at during the first twenty-five years of the present century the world consumed a larger quantity of the metals than in all preceding time. Figures given by Sir Harold Hartley, in the 1933 James Forrest Lecture, for the world’s production of twenty-one metals in 1900 and in 1930 show th at production had at least doubled for all the common metals in these thirty years, whilst in some cases the increase was far greater; for example about thirty-six times as much aluminium was produced in 1930 as in 1900. In quantity produced, iron exceeds all other metals combined. The world is equipped to-day to produce not

* T. A. R ickard, “ M an and M etals.” New Y ork an d L ondon : 1932.

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less than 130 million tons of steel per annum, as compared with probably not more than 8 million tons of other metals in all forms. In variety and value, however, the ratio is very different. Further, one of the main metallurgical trends of the present time is the increasing dependence of iron on non-ferrous metals, both as alloying additions and as protective coatings, for overcoming its corrodibility and improv­

ing its other properties.

An indication of the importance of the non-ferrous metals industries in Great Britain is given by the Census of Production figures for 1930, which show th a t the value of non-ferrous metals and alloys, excluding the precious metals, produced as ingots, castings, plate, rod, tube, and similar forms is not less than £40,000,000 in a normal year, copper and copper alloys accounting for about half this amount.

These few figures are sufficient to show th at the field of this Institute in the study of the non-ferrous metals and their utilization is large, important, and increasing. In this sphere the Institute has played a great part in the encouragement of science. I t exists “ to promote the science and practice of non-ferrous metallurgy,” but as practice becomes more and more dependent on science, I do not think th at I am biassed in suggesting that we are, and must always be, primarily a scientific body.

Although some of our most active and helpful members modestly disclaim any considerable scientific knowledge, they often do them­

selves injustice in this matter, and I think th a t their membership is proof of their interest in and support of science. It is an obvious truth th at the increasingly rapid progress of science and its application to every side of life is one of the outstanding characteristics of the present day. Indeed, our progress in this direction has been blamed for the unpleasant symptoms of industrial and economic dislocation which continue to shake our civilization. That this view is fundamentally erroneous has been well shown very recently by Mr. H. T. Tizard.*

Other causes, immensely potent, amply account for the economic troubles of the world, and I find it impossible'to believe th at our diffi­

culties of the last few years would in any way have been lessened if science and its application had halted in their progress. There is indeed much to be said for the view th at the effects of the industrial depression have been mitigated in some directions by scientific progress, and certainly some of the newer industries which have arisen purely as a result of the advance of science have suffered far less than the primary producing industries and the long-established so-called basic industries.

* “ Science and the In d u strial Depression.” P residential A ddress to th e Science M asters Association, Ja n u a ry 1934.

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Tlie dangers of a civilization which rests so largely on a basis of applied science while a truly scientific outlook is confined to a very small proportion of the population have often been pointed out. I hesitate to say whether they are any greater than the dangers to which all civilizations have been exposed—dangers so abundantly illustrated throughout history. They are, however, very real, and I think th at there can be little doubt th at the stability of our civilization would be steadily strengthened by a growth of the scientific outlook throughout all sections of the population. This is primarily a m atter of education, but education is by no means confined to schools and universities, vastly important though these agents are. I suggest th at in promoting the spread of scientific ideas throughout the metallurgical and other indus­

tries we serve, we are doing far more than merely making these industries more profitable to those ■who arc dependent on them : we are encourag­

ing forces making for stability and ordered progress in civilized life.

I have spoken of stability and of civilization resting on applied science. These expressions may be misleading, hatevcr modern civilization may do, it cannot rest, nor can its stability be of the static kind we seek in our structures. I t can only be a balance, continually adjusted, of powerful forces and perpetual movements. We must abandon the ideas of permanence, of keeping things as they are, of a goal where we can rest when we have reached it. Continual change is our lot. Indeed, it has always been so, although to us it may seem th at the rate of change is faster than ever before.

All this may be thought to be remote from the matters which primarily concern this Institute. "What I want to suggest is th at in the industries and institutions in which we arc interested, we must accustom ourselves to the idea of constant change, of continual progress, of the rapid absorption and application of new knowledge and fresh ideas.

The alternative is growing disharmony in our technical and economic organization as we fail to change in a changing world. In industry it is not merely a m atter of losing markets to our competitors; this is a symptom, though a distressing one, of a failure to take our p art in the march of progress. I t must be admitted th at in some sections of industry there is still great inertia. Reluctance to take part in the search for useful new knowledge, and even to make use of knowledge which is freely offered, is still too prevalent.

Our Institute provides one powerful co-operative agency for over­

coming this inertia. By affording facilities for publication and the exchange of information and opinion among its members and all who are interested throughout the world, it gives a great impetus to the application of science. I t assists and supplements the work of the

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industrial research laboratories and Research Associations which arc the main channels for the utilization of science in manufacture.

Anyone considering the present position of science in industry must first be impressed by the extent to which the industrial scientific organizations, and the use of really scientific methods in manufacture, are the creation of the last twenty years. Some important and active research laboratories have been maintained much longer than this by the dyestuffs and other branches of chemical manufacture, and by the electrical industry, but it is broadly true th at the large industrial research laboratories of to-day either did not exist, or were merely a fraction of their present size, twenty years ago. The staff of the National Physical Laboratory, which has a large output of industrial research as well as other work, was about 150 in 1913 and 590 in 1933.*

A Bulletin of the National Research Council (U.S.A.) issued in 1933 gives particulars of 1575 industrial research laboratories in the U.S.A., few of which were in existence twenty years ago. I t has been estimated th a t about £4,000,000 is spent annually on metallurgical research and development in the United States.f The Mellon Institute of Industrial Research was founded in 1913, and the Battelle Memorial Institute is more recent in origin. These are two outstanding examples of many large institutions undertaking metallurgical research for industrial purposes. None of the British Research Associations is yet twenty years old.

I t is perhaps more interesting to study, beyond the mere growth of industrial research, the ways in which co-operation has fostered this growth. Towards the end of the War the Government began its great experiment resulting in the establishment of more than twenty Research Associations, in which different sections of an industry, and many different industrial concerns, co-operate among themselves and with the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research to carry out research and development for the benefit of the industry. The lately issued Annual Report of the Department gives in some sixteen pages a broad review of the experiment from its beginning, when “ the scheme visualized the formation of national research organizations to stand behind and supply with new ideas, new methods, new standards of quality, the principal industries of a nation dependent for its very existence on its power to feed itself by means of the sale of its manu­

factured articles.” Not less than £3,000,000 has been applied by the Associations in research and related activities within fifteen years, but

* See th e an n u al Reports of th e N a tio n al P hysical L ab o rato ry .

t C. E . MacQuigg, “ Research an d D evelopm ent in M etallurgy',” ./. F ranklin In s t,, 1932, 213, 5S3-604.

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