Widok O KOBIECYCH OBRAZACH W PROZIE MICHAIŁA ARCYBASZEWA

UWM Olsztyn Acta Neophilologica, XX (1), 2018 ISSN 1509-1619

3DWU\N:LWF]DN

8QLZHUV\WHW.D]LPLHU]D:LHONLHJR

2.2%,(&<&+2%5$=$&+

:352=,(0,&+$,â$$5&<%$6=(:$

.H\ZRUGV0LNKDLO$UWV\EDVKHYZRPHQLQOLWHUDWXUHQDWXUDOLVP5XVVLDQHPLJUDWLRQ 5RVMDRG]DUDQLDVZRLFKG]LHMyZE\ãDSHãQDNRQWUDVWyZNWyUHZ\QLNDã\

]ZLHORNXOWXURZRĤFLLPLHV]DQLDVLčZSã\ZyZ:VFKRGXL=DFKRGX&]HUSDQLH

]UyİQ\FKĮUyGHãNXOWXURZ\FKRGFLVQčãRVZRMHSLčWQRUyZQLHİQDW]ZNZHVWLL

NRELHFHMLVWDWXVLHNRELHWZVSRãHF]HęVWZLHURV\MVNLP=MHGQHMVWURQ\SRF]ĈZV]\

MXİRGĤUHGQLRZLHF]DFRMHVW]XSHãQLH]UR]XPLDãHELRUĈFSRGXZDJčRJyOQRHX

URSHMVNLHWHQGHQFMHREVHUZXMHP\Z5RVMLVLOQĈPDVNXOLQL]DFMčVSRãHF]HęVWZD

LNU]HSQLčFLHSDWULDUFKDOQHJRPRGHOXURG]LQ\]GUXJLHM]DĤ²NRELHW\RGHJUDã\

RJURPQĈUROčQLHW\ONRZVIHU]HNXOWXU\OHF]WDNİHZIRUPRZDQLXSDęVWZRZRĤFL

URV\MVNLHM:;9,,,VWXOHFLXSU]HFLHİ5RVMĈU]ĈG]Lã\DİF]WHU\PRQDUFKLQLH

D5RV\MVNĈ$NDGHPLĈ1DXNNLHURZDãD-HNDWHULQD'DV]NRZD-XULMâRWPDQ

]DXZDİDİHWRZãDĤQLHZ;9,,,ZLHNXSRF]\QDMĈFRGSDQRZDQLD3LRWUD,NR

ELHW\DNW\ZQLHZãĈF]\ã\VLčZQXUWEXU]OLZLH]PLHQLDMĈFHJRVLčİ\FLDL]DF]čã\

RGJU\ZDþFRUD]EDUG]LHM]QDF]ĈFHUROHVSRãHF]QH1DOHİ\MHGQDNSRGNUHĤOLþİH

SU]HPLDQ\WHGRW\F]\ã\SU]HGHZV]\VWNLPZ\VRNRXURG]RQ\FKNRELHWLPLDã\

QDMF]čĤFLHMSRZLHU]FKRZQ\FKDUDNWHU6WDWXVSUDZQ\NRELHWUyZQLHİV]ODFKFLD

QHNQLHXOHJDãSRSUDZLHDİGR;;ZLHNX3R]\FMDVSRãHF]QDLSUDZQDNRELHW\

]DOHİDãDRGVWDQRZLVNDSLDVWRZDQHJRSU]H]MHMRMFDSU]HG]DPĈİSyMĤFLHPOXE

PčİD>âRWPDQ@-HV]F]HQDSRF]ĈWNX;;VWXOHFLDMDNSU]HNRQXMH

(ZD.RPLVDUXNÅNRELHWDSR]RVWDZDãDRVREĈ©ZLHF]QLHPDãROHWQLĈªMHGQRVWNĈ

RVWDWXVLHSRUyZQ\ZDOQ\P]HVWDWXVHPRVyEQLHSHãQRVSUDZQ\FKXP\VãRZRF]\

WHİZ\MčW\FKVSRGSUDZDµ>.RPLVDUXN@

=DV\JQDOL]RZDQDZ\İHMZRJURPQ\PVNUyFLHV\WXDFMDVSRãHF]QDNRELHW

Z5RVMLQDSU]HVWU]HQLZLHNyZVWDQRZLWãRRUD]SU]\F]\QHNGRUR]ZDİDę

QDWHPDWSU]HPLDQNXOWXURZ\FKSU]HãRPX;,;L;;ZLHNX^:UD]]QDVWDQLHP

=SRZRGXRJUDQLF]HęREMčWRĤFLRZ\FKDUW\NXãXV]NLFKLVWRULLV\WXDFMLNRELHWZ5RVML]RVWDã]D

U\VRZDQ\EDUG]RSRELHİQLH1DOHİ\MHGQDNSRGNUHĤOLþİHMHVWWR]DJDGQLHQLHMXİGREU]HRSUDFRZDQH

 3DWU\N:LWF]DN

IHUPHQWXPRGHUQLVW\F]QHJRZ]URVãR]DLQWHUHVRZDQLHSãFLĈFLHOHVQRĤFLĈHURW\NĈ

=DF]čWRSRV]XNLZDþQRZHJRW\SXERKDWHUDDFR]DW\PLG]LHQRZHMWRİVDPRĤFL

NRELHW'RG\VNXVMLQDWHPDWNZHVWLLNRELHFHM]RF]\ZLVW\FKZ]JOčGyZZãĈF]\OL

VLčSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPPčİF]\ĮQLNWyU]\XSURJX;;ZLHNXQDGDORGJU\ZDOL

ZLRGĈFĈUROčQDQLZLHURG]LPHMOLWHUDWXU\1DWDOLD2UãRZD]DXZDİDWDNİHLQQH

SU]\F]\Q\FKčWQHJRVLčJDQLDSU]H]PčİF]\]QSLVDU]\SRSUREOHPDW\NčNRELH

FĈZVZRLFKXWZRUDFKÅȚȡȔȥȖțȎ ȜȣȜȠțȜ ȑȜȐȜȞȖȠ Ȝ ȔȓțȧȖțȓȜ ȔȓțȟȘȜȚ

Ȝ ȐȓȥțȜȗ ȔȓțȟȠȐȓțțȜȟȠȖǴȓțȧȖțȎȜȒȖțȖȕȐȎȔțȓȗȦȖȣȘȜțȘȡȞȓțȠȜȐ

ǽȜȫȠȜȚȡȔȓțȧȖțȎȒȜșȔțȎȏȩȠȪȒȖȟȘȞȓȒȖȠȖȞȜȐȎțȎ«(«ȀȓȘȟȠȎȚȖ

ȜȔȓțȧȖțȓȜțȚȡȔȥȖțȎȟȠȞȓȚȖȠȟȭȝȜȒȥȓȞȘțȡȠȪțȓȟȜȟȠȜȭȠȓșȪțȜȟȠȪ

ȔȓțȟȘȜȑȜȣȡȒȦȓȟȠȪȔȓțȟȘȜȑȜ«µ>ǼȞșȜȐȎ@

-HGQ\P]W\FKNWyU]\SRGMčOLVLčSUyE\XND]DQLDSR]\FMLNRELHW\ZyZ

F]HVQ\PVSRãHF]HęVWZLHURV\MVNLPEH]SU]HNãDPDęE\ã0LFKDLã$UF\EDV]HZ

3LVDU]RVNDUİDQ\RSRUQRJUDILčLãDPDQLHSRZV]HFKQLHSDQXMĈF\FK

NRQZHQDQVyZ]DVã\QĈãSRZLHĤFLĈ6DQLQ (ǿȎțȖțLZ\NUHRZDQ\PZQLHM

REUD]HPQRZHJRW\SXERKDWHUD²QDGF]ãRZLHNDZLĤFLHQLHW]VFKHDęVNLPVW\OX

1LH]DOHİQLHRGPRUDOQHMRFHQ\G]LHãD$UF\EDV]HZDQLHGDVLčQLH]DXZDİ\þMHJR

QLH]DSU]HF]DOQHJRZSã\ZXQDW]ZURV\MVNĈOLWHUDWXUčSRSXODUQĈQD]\ZDQĈ

WDNİHEXOZDURZĈ-DN SU]HNRQXMH 1LNRãDMHZ

«ȏȩșȜȐȞȓȚȭȘȜȑȒȎǮȞȤȩȏȎȦȓȐȟȥȖȠȎșȟȭȓȒȐȎșȖțȓȟȎȚȩȚȝȜȝȡșȭȞțȩȚ

ȝȖȟȎȠȓșȓȚǾȜȟȟȖȖǵȎȐȞȓȚȭȝȞȜȦȓȒȦȓȓȟȐȩȣȜȒȎȝȓȞȐȩȣȓȑȜȝȡȏșȖȘȎȤȖȗ

ȐȟȎȚȜȚțȎȥȎșȓȒȐȎȒȤȎȠȜȑȜȐȓȘȎȖȒȜȑȜȒȎȓȑȜȠȐȜȞȥȓȟȠȐȡȏȩșȜȝȜȟȐȭȧȓțȜ

ȘțȖȑȖȘȞȡȝțȩȣȑȎȕȓȠțȜȔȡȞțȎșȪțȩȣȟȠȎȠȓȗțȓȑȜȐȜȞȭȡȔȓȜȏȓȟȥȖȟșȓț

țȜȚȚțȜȔȓȟȠȐȓȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȜȜȏȕȜȞțȩȣȡȝȜȚȖțȎțȖȗ>ǻȖȘȜșȎȓȐRQOLQH@

:G\VNXUVLHQDXNRZ\PIXQNFMRQXMHQDZHWSRMčFLHÅDUF\EDV]HZV]F]\]Q\µ

ÅȎȞȤȩȏȎȦȓȐȧȖțȎµFKDUDNWHU\]XMĈFHVSRUĈJUXSčXWZRUyZSRZVWDã\FK

Z5RVMLQDSRF]ĈWNX;;ZLHNXSRGZ\UDĮQ\PZSã\ZHP6DQLQDZNWyU\FK

SRGHMPRZDQR]DJDGQLHQLDHJRFHQWU\]PXRUD]SãFL>ǺȖȣȎȗșȜȐȟȘȖȗ

@&RZDUWHSRGNUHĤOHQLDZĤUyGDXWRUyZNWyU]\LQVSLURZDOLVLčSRZLH

ĤFLĈ$UF\EDV]HZDZ\PLHQLDVLčUyZQLHİNRELHW\PLQ$QDVWD]Mč:LHUELFNĈ

-HZGRNLč1DJURGVNĈL/LGLč=LQQRZLHZĈ$QQLEDã

>ǺȖȣȎȗșȜȐȟȘȖȗ@3URWDJRQLVWNDNRQWURZHUV\MQHM

SRZLHĤFL.OXF]HV]F]čĤFLD (ǸșȬȥȖȟȥȎȟȠȪȭ:LHUELFNLHM²0DULD²ZLHG]LH

G\VSXW\QDWHPDW$UF\EDV]HZVNLHJRXWZRUX]LQQ\PERKDWHUHP-DQHP6LFNLP

ǮȐȩȥȖȠȎȓȠȓÅǿȎțȖțȎµ"²ȟȝȞȎȦȖȐȎȓȠȜțȎȞȎȕȝȞȓȞȩȐȎȭȥȠȓțȖȓ²ǼȒȎ

ǿȜȑȞȜȚțȩȚȖțȠȓȞȓȟȜȚǮȐȩ"²ȀȜȔȓȥȖȠȎȓȚȝȜȠȖȣȜțȪȘȡ«ǸȎȘȜȓȜțȔȖ

ȐȜȠțȜȓ«²ǰȫȠȜȗȘțȖȑȓǺȎțȭȭȐȖȔȡȭȞȘȖȗȝȞȜȠȓȟȠȝȞȜȠȖȐȕȎȘȎȚȓțȓȐȦȖȣ

ȚȜȞȎșȪțȩȣȤȓțțȜȟȠȓȗ«ǵȒȓȟȪȏȜșȪȦȓȟȘȎȕȎțȜȐȕȎȧȖȠȡșȖȥțȜȟȠȖȥȓȚȐȜ

ȐȟȓȗȕȎȝȎȒțȜȓȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȜȗșȖȠȓȞȎȠȡȞȓ>ǰȓȞȏȖȤȘȎȭ@

ZOLWHUDWXU]HSU]HGPLRWX'ODWHJRWHİİHE\XQLNQĈþQLHSRWU]HEQ\FKSRZWyU]HęZDUWRSU]\ZRãDþ

SUDFHSRGUHGDNFMĈ:/DV]F]DNZNWyU\FKSUREOHPİ\FLDNRELHWZ5RVML]RVWDãZ\F]HUSXMĈFR

LNRPSHWHQWQLHSU]HGVWDZLRQ\>/DV]F]DN$PEUR]LDN/DV]F]DN@

2NRELHF\FKREUD]DFKZSUR]LH0LFKDLãD$UF\EDV]HZD 

.RELHW\SLVDUNLWZRU]\ã\İHęVNLHRGSRZLHGQLNL6DQLQDRGU]XFDMĈFHJRSU]H

VWDU]DãHQRUP\VSRãHF]QH:]DãRİHQLXW\FKDXWRUHNQRZDNRELHWDPLDãDE\þ

EH]SUXGHU\MQDSRZLQQDVDPRG]LHOQLHSRGHMPRZDþGHF\]MHRUD]SRVLDGDþSUDZR

GRDXWRQRPLLQLHW\ONRHPRFMRQDOQHMOHF]WDNİHFLHOHVQHM>.RPLVDUXN

@7DNDSRVWDZDZ]EXG]DãDVSRG]LHZDQ\VSU]HFLZVSRãHF]HęVWZD]GRPL

QRZDQHJRSU]H]PčİF]\]QL]DNRU]HQLRQHJRZSDWULDUFKDOQHMWUDG\FMLPLQLRQ\FK

VWXOHFLDOHMHGQRF]HĤQLHNVLĈİNLNWyUHZ\FKRG]Lã\VSRGSLyUZ\PLHQLRQ\FK

Z\İHMSLVDUHNVSU]HGDZDã\VLčZRJURPQ\FKQDNãDGDFKFRĤZLDGF]\ãRRSR

WU]HELHSRGMčFLDG\VNXVMLQDWHPDWZHU\ILNDFMLVWDWXVXVSRãHF]QHJRNRELHW\

>ȅȓȞțȭȘ@

-DNVLčRND]XMHWZyUF]RĤþ$UF\EDV]HZDZNWyUHMNU\W\NDSRZLHU]FKRZ

QLH]DXZDİDãDSU]HGPLRWRZHSRGHMĤFLHGRNRELHWSU]H]VDPH]DLQWHUHVRZDQH

WUDNWRZDQDE\ãDMDNRZDİQ\JãRVZVND]XMĈF\QDSDOĈFHSUREOHP\URV\MVNLFK

SU]HGVWDZLFLHOHNSãFLSLčNQHM:]ZLĈ]NX]W\PSRGVWDZRZ\P]DGDQLHPMDNLH

SU]HGVREĈVWDZLDP\ZQLQLHMV]\PV]NLFXMHVWSUyED]ZHU\ILNRZDQLDSRZV]HFK

QLHXWDUWHJRSRJOĈGXQDWHPDW$UF\EDV]HZDMDNR]DWZDUG]LDãHJRPL]RJLQD

NWyU\QDNDUWDFKVZRLFKXWZRUyZQLHXVWDQQLHSRQLİDãNRELHW\1DV]ĈDQDOL]č

RSU]HP\QLHW\ONRQDGRVNRQDOH]QDQHMLQLHMHGQRNURWQLHDQDOL]RZDQHMMXİ

ZZLHOXNRQWHNVWDFKSRZLHĤFL6DQLQOHF]WDNİHQDXWZRUDFKHPLJUDQWDNWyUH

GRW\FKF]DV]QDMGRZDã\VLčQDPDUJLQHVLH]DLQWHUHVRZDQLDOLWHUDWXUR]QDZFyZ

-HGQ\P]SLHUZV]\FKXWZRUyZZNWyU\P$UF\EDV]HZ]ZUDFDVLčNXSUR

EOHPRZLNRELHWMHVWQRZHODKuprijan (ǸȡȝȞȖȭțNWyUDPDFKDUDNWHU

DZDQWXUQLF]\DZFHQWUXPMHMIDEXã\]QDMGXMHVLčWUyMNĈWPLãRVQ\3RSLčFLX

ODWDFKVãXİE\ZRMVNRZHMGRURG]LQQHMZVLZUDFDİRãQLHU]-HJRU6]\EDMHZDQD

PLHMVFXGRZLDGXMHVLčLİQLHGRĤþİHİRQD]GUDG]LãDJR]NRQLRNUDGHP²W\WX

ãRZ\P.XSULMDQHPWRGRGDWNRZRSRZLãDMHJRNRQNXUHQWRZLV\QD6]\EDMHZ

MHV]F]HSU]HGSRZURWHPGRGRPXQDVãXİELHF]čVWRZVSRPLQDãİRQčMHGQDNÅțȓ

ȝȜȠȜȚȡȥȠȜȏȩȜțȓȓșȬȏȖșȎȝȜȠȜȚȡȥȠȜȜțȥȡȐȟȠȐȜȐȎșȟȓȏȭȟȜșȖȒțȓȓ

ȖȚȓȭȔȓțȡȖȒȜȚµ>ǮȞȤȩȏȎȦȓȐ,@-Xİ]WHJRNUyWNLHJRIUDJPHQWX

Z\QLNDİHNRELHWDZWHMUHODFMLVSURZDG]RQD]RVWDãDGRSU]HGPLRWXF]čĤFL

LQZHQWDU]DJRVSRGDUF]HJRNWyU\ZDUWRSRVLDGDþ0DP\WXZLčFGRF]\QLHQLD

]W\SRZĈGODZLHUQHMSDWULDUFKDOQHMWUDG\FMLZLHMVNLHMVSRãHF]QRĤFLUHODFMĈ

PLčG]\İRQĈLPčİHPįRQDZW\PSU]\SDGNXMDZLVLčMDNRNRELHWDXOHJãD

FDãNRZLFLHSRGSRU]ĈGNRZDQDZROLPčİF]\]Q\PĈİ]DĤ²MDNRPčİF]\]QDW\UDQ

2ZDW\UDQLDSU]HMDZLãDVLčZUHDNFML6]\EDMHZDQD]DVWDQĈV\WXDFMč%RKDWHU

QLHPDO]H]ZLHU]čFDãLGRWNOLZLHSRELãİRQčQLHERMĈFVLčİDGQ\FKNRQVHNZHQFML

SRQLHZDİÅȠȐȓȞȒȜȐȓȞȖșȐțȓȟȜȘȞȡȦȖȚȜȟȠȪȟȐȜȖȣȝȞȎȐțȎȒȔȓțȜȗµ>ǮȞȤȩ

ȏȎȦȓȐ,@-HGQDNW\PFRQDMEDUG]LHMSRUDİDZFDã\P]DMĤFLXMHVW

QLHVDPDNWDJUHVMLDFDãNRZLWD]QLHF]XOLFDZLHMVNLHMVSRãHF]QRĤFL:\VWDUF]\

SU]\ZRãDþZ\SRZLHG]LVĈVLDGyZGRW\F]ĈFHORVX0DWULRQ\ÅȥȠȜ ȚțȜȑȜ ȚȡȘȖ ȏȎȏȎ ȝȞȖȚȓȠȠȎȘ ȫȠȜ ȐȓȞțȜ«ǻȎȦȓșȥȓȑȜȔȎșȓȠȪǻȡȖȕȡȞȜȒȡȓȠȜțȓȓ

ȚȎșȜȟȠȪȒȎȖȠȜțȓȠȝȜȠȜȚȡȟȎȚȜȚȡȏȎȏȎțȡȔțȎȎȜȝȜȟșȭȜțȎȓȚȡȓȧȓ

ȦȓȟȠȓȞȩȣȞȓȏȭȠȝȞȖțȓȟȓȠDzȓșȜȜȏțȎȘȜȐȓțțȜȓµ>ǮȞȤȩȏȎȦȓȐ,@

 3DWU\N:LWF]DN

7DNDSRVWDZDĤZLDGF]\RSRZV]HFKQRĤFLWHJRW\SX]DFKRZDęLLFKFDãNRZLWHM

DNFHSWDFML=JRGQLH]SRJOĈGDPLVIRUPRZDQ\PLMHV]F]HZRNUHVLHGDZQHM5XVL

]DGDQLHPNRELHW\E\ãRSLOQRZDQLHRJQLVNDGRPRZHJRPĈİQDWRPLDVWPyJã

NDUDþVZĈİRQč]DQDMPQLHMV]HSU]HZLQLHQLH&RZLčFHMQLHE\ãRWRW\ONRSUDZR

OHF]ZZLHOXSU]\SDGNDFKRERZLĈ]HN>ȍȚȝȜșȪȟȘȎȭ@=DVDG\WHE\ã\

XVDQNFMRQRZDQHZSRVWDFLSLĤPLHQQHMMDNQSZDomostroju (DzȜȚȜȟȠȞȜȗ

GODWHJRZRF]DFKSURVWHJRQDURGXXUDVWDã\RQHGRUDQJLSUDZGREMDZLRQ\FKMDN

WRDQDORJLF]QLHZ\JOĈGDãRZSU]\SDGNX%LEOLLLMHMSRVWU]HJDQLDSU]H]SURVW\

QDUyG=QDPLHQQHİH$UF\EDV]HZSR]D0DWULRQĈQLHZSURZDG]DGRVZRMHJR

XWZRUXLQQ\FKSRVWDFLNRELHF\FK:V]\VWNLHRVĈG\RERKDWHUFHZ\SRZLDGD

QHVĈSU]H]PčİF]\]QFRMHV]F]HEDUG]LHMZ]PDFQLDSRF]XFLHSDWULDUFKDOQHM

VWUXNWXU\VSRãHF]QHMURV\MVNLHMSURZLQFMLSU]HãRPX;,;L;;ZLHNXZNWyUHM

NRELHWDPLDãDQLHZLHOHGRSRZLHG]HQLD6DPHNRELHW\]UHV]WĈ]GDZDã\VLčSR

JRG]RQH]HVZRLPORVHPNWyU\MDZLãLPVLčMDNRFDãNRZLFLH]JRGQ\]QDWXUĈ

0Ĉİ0DWULRQLH ÅȘȎȕȎșȟȭ(«țȓȖȕȏȓȔțȩȚȖțȓȜȠȐȞȎȠȖȚȩȚȎȓȑȜȝȜȏȜȖ

–ȒȜșȔțȩȚȖȖȕȎȟșȡȔȓțțȩȚȖµ>ǮȞȤȩȏȎȦȓȐ,@7DNDSRVWDZD

MHVWFDãNRZLFLH]UR]XPLDãDMHĤOLZHĮPLHP\SRGXZDJčIDNWİHNRELHW\SU]\

]Z\F]DMDQHE\ã\GRWDNLHJRWUDNWRZDQLDRGQDMPãRGV]\FKODWRQHQLH]QDã\

SRSURVWXLQQHJRİ\FLD

:SRGREQ\PWRQLHRNRELHFLHLMHMSU]HGPLRWRZ\PWUDNWRZDQLXSU]H]Pčİ

F]\]QZ\SRZLHG]LDãVLč$UF\EDV]HZZQRZHOL=JUR]D (ȁȔȎȟ3RQRZQLH

VSRW\NDP\VLč]XND]DQLHPNRELHW\MDNREH]ZROQHJRRELHNWXPčVNLHMSU]HPRF\

LSRİĈGDQLD0ãRGDPLHV]NDQNDSURZLQFML]RVWDMH]JZDãFRQDL]DPRUGRZDQD

SU]H]ĤOHGF]\FKNWyU]\SU]\MHİGİDMĈ]PLDVWDJXEHUQLDOQHJRSU]HSURZDG]Lþ

ĤOHG]WZRZLQQHMVSUDZLH1LHRF]HNLZDQLHVWDMĈVLčRQLMHGQDNVSUDZFDPLLQ

QHMVWUDV]OLZHM]EURGQL7\PUD]HP$UF\EDV]HZSRGMĈãUR]ZDİDQLDQDWHPDW

İ\FLD]JRGQHJR]QDWXUĈNWyUHMSU]HFLZVWDZLD]Z\URGQLDã\ĤZLDWF\ZLOL]DFML

DSUREOHPVWRVXQNyZGDPVNRPčVNLFKZSLVDãZV]HUV]\NRQIOLNWVSRãHF]Q\

>:LWF]DN@:NRQWHNĤFLHQDV]HJRWHPDWXZDİQHMHVWXND]DQLH

PčİF]\]QMDNRLVWRWVãDE\FKSRGGDMĈF\FKVLčEH]ZROQLHVZ\PQDWXUDOQ\P

]ZLHU]čF\PZUčF]LQVW\QNWRP$UF\EDV]HZVWRVXMHZRSLVDFKVZ\FKERKDWHUyZ

]DELHJDQLPDOL]DFMLNWyU\F]čVWRSRMDZLDãVLčZOLWHUDWXU]HPRGHUQLVW\F]QHM

'OD OHSV]HJR ]REUD]RZDQLD SU]\ZRãDMP\ NLOND SU]\NãadywÅȐȒȞȡȑȓȑȜșȖȤȜ

ȖȟȘȎȕȖșȜȟȪȟȠȞȎȦțȜȗȔȖȐȜȠțȜȗȕșȜȏȜȗµÅțȎșȖȥȖȘȓȖȟȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȭȐȟȓ

ȟȖșȪțȓȓȖȟȖșȪțȓȓȞȎȕȩȑȞȩȐȎșȜȟȪȥȠȜȠȜȏȓȕȡȒȓȞȔțȜȒȖȘȜȓȘȎȘȜȗȠȜ

ȖȟȠȡȝșȓțțȩȗȐȜȟȠȜȞȑȟȝȎȟȦȓȑȜȟȭȕȐȓȞȭµÅȘȎȘȒȖȘȖȓȕȐȓȞȖȐȘșȓȠȘȓµÅȘȎȘ

ȝȞȖȒȎȐșȓțțȜȓȔȖȐȜȠțȜȓȤȎȞȎȝȎȓȠȕȓȚșȬµÅȕȐȓȞȖțȜȓȏȓȦȓțȟȠȐȜµÅȝȜȣȜ

ȔȖțȎȘȎȘȖȣȠȜȜȑȞȜȚțȩȣȏȓȕȜȏȞȎȕțȩȣȕȎȗȤȓȐµ>ǮȞȤȩȏȎȦȓȐE@

=ZUyþP\XZDJčİHZRPDZLDQ\PXWZRU]HNRELHWDVWDMHVLčNDWDOL]DWRUHP

QDMFLHPQLHMV]\FKLQVW\QNWyZ-HMXURNLIL]\F]QRĤþEXG]ĈZPčİF]\ĮQLHWRFRZ

QLPQDMJRUV]H7DNLHSRVWU]HJDQLHU]HF]\ZLVWRĤFLLSU]HGVWDZLDQLHVHNVXDOQRĤFL

FKDUDNWHU\VW\F]QHMHVWGODG\VNXUVXQDWXUDOLVW\F]QHJR=JRGQLH]SRJOĈGDPL

2NRELHF\FKREUD]DFKZSUR]LH0LFKDLãD$UF\EDV]HZD 

QDWXUDOLVWyZİ\FLHSRGOHJDLPPDQHQWQ\PSUDZRPZ]ZLĈ]NX]F]\PG]LDãDQLD

F]ãRZLHNDQLH]DZV]HLGĈZSDU]H]MHJRGĈİHQLDPL>'HWNR@

:VZRMHMZF]HVQHMWZyUF]RĤFL$UF\EDV]HZVWURQLãRGMHGQR]QDF]Q\FKRFHQ

VWRVXQNyZSDQXMĈF\FKPLčG]\NRELHWDPLLPčİF]\]QDPL6WDZLDãVLčUDF]HM

ZUROLEDF]QHJRREVHUZDWRUDLSHM]Dİ\VW\Kuprijan i =JUR]DVWDQRZLĈVZHJR

URG]DMXV]NLFHQDWXUDOLVW\F]QHSU]HGVWDZLDMĈFHXU\ZNL]İ\FLDURV\MVNLHMSUR

ZLQFML:VZRLFKSyĮQLHMV]\FKGRMU]DOV]\FKMXİSUyEDFKSUR]DWRUVNLFKDXWRU

ZQLNOLZLHMSRFK\OLãVLčQDGSUREOHPHPNRELHF\P-HGQ\P]WDNLFKXWZRUyZ

MHVWZVSRPQLDQDZ\İHMSRZLHĤþ6DQLQ

-XİSRSRELHİQ\PSU]HF]\WDQLX6DQLQDPRİQD]DXZDİ\þİHSRVWU]HJDQLH

NRELHFHJRSLčNQDSU]H]MHJRDXWRUD]QDF]QLHRGELHJDRGPLWX:LHF]QHM.RELHFRĤFL

ZXMčFLX:ãDGLPLUD6RãRZMRZDNWyUHJRSRJOĈG\VLOQLH]DDNFHQWRZDQH]RVWDã\

ZOLWHUDWXU]HSRF]ĈWNX;;ZLHNXV]F]HJyOQLHZWZyUF]RĤFLV\PEROLVWyZWDNLFK

MDN$QGULHM%LHã\)LRGRU6RãRJXEF]\:DOHULM%ULXVRZ7RFRQDMZDİQLHMV]H

LGHD6RãRZMRZDZSLVDQDMHVWZNRQWHNVWV\PEROLNLUHOLJLMQHM0LãRĤþL]EOLİHQLH

PLčG]\NRELHWĈLPčİF]\]QĈXUDVWDGRUDQJLPLVW\F]QHJRPLVWHULXP(URW\]P

MHVWWXW\ONRĤURGNLHPSURZDG]ĈF\PGRVWZRU]HQLDMHGQRĤFLL]EOLİHQLDVLčGR

%RJDDQLHZDUWRĤFLĈVDPĈZVRELH&KDUDNWHU\]XMĈF6RILč0ĈGURĤþ%RİĈ

XRVDELDMĈFĈ:LHF]QĈ.RELHFRĤþURV\MVNLP\ĤOLFLHOXİ\ZDVIRUPXãRZDęÅQLH

ELDęVNLOD]XUµF]\ÅNRVPLF]QHSLčNQRµSRGNUHĤODMĈFMHMZ\MĈWNRZRĤþ>.LHM]LN

5]HF]\FND@$UF\EDV]HZGODRGPLDQ\NRQFHQWUXMH

XZDJčQDXND]DQLXIL]\F]Q\FKDWXWyZVZRLFKERKDWHUHN,FKGXFKRZDJãčELD

SR]RVWDMHFDãNRZLFLHSR]DVIHUĈMHJR]DLQWHUHVRZDQLD$XWRUSLV]ĈFRNRELH

WDFKZ6DQLQLHSU]HGVWDZLDMH]SHUVSHNW\Z\PčVNLFKERKDWHUyZF]\QLĈF

]QLFKSRUD]NROHMQ\RELHNWVHNVXDOQ\:\VWDUF]\SU]\ZRãDþNLONDZ\SRZLHG]L

RNRELHWDFKMDNLHSDGDMĈ]XVWPčİF]\]QQDVWURQLFDFKWHMJãRĤQHMSRZLHĤFL

ȟȎȚȜȓȑșȎȐțȜȓȐȔȓțȧȖțȓȖȫȠȜȑȞȡȒȪǴȓțȧȖțȎȟȝșȜȣȖȚȠȜȞȟȜȚȒșȭȚȓțȭ

țȓȟȡȧȓȟȠȐȡȓȠ«ȐȔȓțȧȖțȓȟȎȚȜȓȑșȎȐțȜȓȟȝȖțȎȖȕȑȖȏ«ǴȓțȧȖțȎ

ȟȎȚȘȎȖȫȠȜȝȞȓȔȒȓȐȟȓȑȜ«ǿȞȓȒȖȚȡȔȥȖțȣȜȠȪȜȒțȜȑȜțȎȠȩȟȭȥȡȓȧȮ

ȚȜȔțȜțȎȗȠȖȠȎȘȜȑȜȘȜȠȜȞȩȗȕȎȟșȡȔȖșțȎȕȐȎțȖȓȥȓșȜȐȓȘȎȎȔȓțȧȖțȩ«

țȖȜȒțȜȗȚȓȔȒȡțȖȚȖDZȜșȩȓȞȜȕȜȐȩȓȔȖȞțȩȓȏȓȕȐȜșȜȟȩȓȜȏȓȕȪȭțȩȐȜȠ

ȖȐȟȮ>ǮȞȤȩȏȎȦȓȐ@

0DP\WXWDMGRF]\QLHQLD]HVNUDMQ\P]GHJUDGRZDQLHPVWDWXVXNRELHW\VSUR

ZDG]HQLHPMHMGRSR]\FML]ZLHU]čFLD2LOHZ=JUR]LH$UF\EDV]HZVWRVRZDã

]DELHJLDQLPDOLVW\F]QHZFHOXRGGDQLDEHVWLDOVWZDPčİF]\]QRSUDZFyZRW\OH

ZW\PSU]\SDGNXSRGREQHFKZ\W\OLWHUDFNLHZUčF]SU]HFLZQLHMXİSRQLİDMĈ

VDPĈNRELHWč

0RİQD]DãRİ\þİHSRJOĈG\ERKDWHUyZ6DQLQDZ]QDF]Q\PVWRSQLXVĈ]ELHİ

QH]SRJOĈGDPLVDPHJRDXWRUDģZLDGF]ĈRW\PZVSRPQLHQLDRVyE]RWRF]HQLD

SLVDU]D:HGOH]DSHZQLHę-HZVLHMD$VSL]D0LFKDLã$UF\EDV]HZF]čVWRZUDFDã

ZVZRLFKUR]PRZDFKGR]DJDGQLHQLDXERJRĤFLGXFKRZHJRİ\FLDNRELHW0LDã

SU]HNRQ\ZDþİHÅȍ ȡȚȎ ȡ ȔȓțȧȖț țȓ Ȗȧȡ«ȐȔȓțȧȖțȓȚȓțȭȖțȠȓȞȓȟȡȓȠ

 3DWU\N:LWF]DN

ȠȜșȪȘȜȢȖȑȡȞȎȖȕȭȧȓȟȠȐȜȠȓȚȝȓȞȎȚȓțȠȘȞȎȟȜȠȎșȖȤȎȑȞȎȤȖȜȕțȜȟȠȪ

ȒȐȖȔȓțȖȗȖȝȞµ>ǮȟȝȖȕ@= SU]\WRF]RQĈZ\SRZLHG]LĈGRVNRQDOH NRUHVSRQGXMH opis /LG\VLRVWU\ W\WXãRZHJR 6DQLQD

ǰțȓȗȝȜȞȎȔȎșȖȠȜțȘȜȓȖȜȏȎȭȠȓșȪțȜȓȟȝșȓȠȓțȖȓȖȕȭȧțȜȗțȓȔțȜȟȠȖȖșȜȐȘȜȗ

ȟȖșȩȟȠȞȎȟȠțȜȑȜȞȒȓșȖȐȜȓȐȩȞȎȔȓțȖȓȕȎȠȓȚțȓțțȩȣȑșȎȕȖȚȭȑȘȖȗȕȐȡȥțȩȗ

ȑȜșȜȟȘȜȠȜȞȩȚȜțȎȑȜȞȒȖșȎȟȪȖȖȑȞȎșȎǼțȎȚȓȒșȓțțȜȟșȓȑȘȎȐȜșțȡȭȟȪțȎ

ȣȜȒȡȐȟȓȚȠȓșȜȚȘȎȘȚȜșȜȒȎȭȘȞȎȟȖȐȎȭȘȜȏȩșȎȟȝȡȟȠȖșȎȟȪȟȘȞȩșȪȤȎșȜȐȘȜ

ȖȡȐȓȞȓțțȜȝȜȒȏȖȞȎȭȟȐȜȓȒșȖțțȜȓȟȓȞȜȓȝșȎȠȪȓ>ǮȞȤȩȏȎȦȓȐ@

7DNDPL]RJLQLF]QDSRVWDZDQLHE\ãDQLF]\PREF\PZV\PEROLVW\F]QHMNXOWXU]H

=DFKRGXSRF]ĈWNX;;ZLHNXFRE\ãRUH]XOWDWHPSHãQHMIDWDOL]PXLWUDJL]PX

NRQFHSFMLPLãRĤFL$UWXUD6FKRSHQKDXHUDRUD]QDVLODMĈFHJRVLčUXFKXHPDQ

F\SDF\MQHJRNWyU\EXU]\ãGRW\FKF]DVRZ\SDWULDUFKDOQ\SRU]ĈGHNVSRãHF]Q\

2GU]XFDMĈFNRQFHSFMčPLãRĤFLMDNRSRãĈF]HQLDGZyFKGXV]$UF\EDV]HZ

SU]HNRQ\ZDãİHNRQWDNW\PLčG]\PčİF]\]QDPLLNRELHWDPLZ\Sã\ZDMĈ]QD

WXUDOQ\FK]ZLHU]čF\FKSRSčGyZNWyUHOXG]LHF]čVWRSUyEXMĈZVRELHWãDPVLþ

6DQLQQLHMHGQRNURWQLHSRGNUHĤODSLčNQRQDJLHJRNRELHFHJRFLDãDLMHJRRGG]LD

ã\ZDQLHQDPčİF]\]QÅǻȓȠ țȖ ȜȒțȜȑȜ ȚȡȔȥȖțȩȘȜȠȜȞȩȗ ȏȩ țȓ ȣȜȠȓș ȐȖ

ȒȓȠȪ ȘȞȎȟȖȐȡȬ ȑȜșȡȬ ȔȓțȧȖțȡµ>ǮȞȤȩȏȎȦȓȐ@:LQQ\PPLHMVFX

SRZLHĤFLQDSRW\NDP\QDVWZLHUG]HQLHİHQLHPDPčİF]\]Q\ÅȘȜȠȜȞȩȗ ȣȜȠȪ ȞȎȕ ȏȩ Ȑ ȔȖȕțȖ ȣȜȠȪ ȚȓșȪȘȜȚ ȏȩ țȓ ȝȜȟȚȜȠȞȓș (țȎ ȔȓțȟȘȜȓ țȎȑȜȓ ȠȓșȜ

²3:µ>ǮȞȤȩȏȎȦȓȐ@2G]ZLHUFLHGOHQLHPWHJRSRJOĈGXMHVWKLVWRULD

]QDMRPRĤFLVWXGHQWDLGHDOLVW\-XULMD6ZDURİ\FDLSURVWHMRUD]SHãQHMZLWDOQRĤFL

=LQ\.DUVDZLQ\3RF]ĈWNRZR -XULM VWDUDãsičzwracaþXZDJčprzede ZV]\VWNLP QDSR]DFLHOHVQHDWXW\NRELHW\FRX]QDZDã]DSU]HMDZV]DFXQNXZREHFQLHM

MHGQDNQLHE\ãRQZVWDQLHQLHP\ĤOHþRMHMVHNVXDOQRĤFL

ǰȟȓȠȜȥȠȜȜțȒȡȚȎșȜȓȓȟȖȚȝȎȠȖȥțȜȟȠȖȥȖȟȠȜȠȓȖȒȡȦȓȐțȜȗȑșȡȏȖțȓ

ȝȓȞȓȒȎȐȎșȜȟȪȓȚȡȥȓȞȓȕȓȓȘȞȎȟȜȠȡȖțȓȔțȜȟȠȪȖȝȜȥȓȚȡȠȜȌȞȖȗțȓȝȞȖ

ȕțȎȐȎșȟȭȟȓȏȓȐȫȠȜȚȖȟȠȎȞȎșȟȭȡȐȓȞȖȠȪȟȎȚȜȑȜȟȓȏȭȥȠȜȒȓȐȡȦȘȎțȞȎȐȖȠȟȭ

ȓȚȡțȓȝșȓȥȎȚȖȑȞȡȒȪȬȑșȎȕȎȚȖȖȑȜșȜȟȜȚȎȖȚȓțțȜȟȐȜȓȬȒȓȐȟȠȐȓțțȜȟȠȪȬ

ȖȥȖȟȠȜȠȜȗ>ǮȞȤȩȏȎȦȓȐ@

1DOHİ\SRGNUHĤOLþİHERKDWHUNL6DQLQD]GDMĈVRELHVSUDZč]WHJRMDNLH

ZUDİHQLHURELĈQDPčİF]\]QDFKLVWDUDMĈVLčF]HUSDþ]WHJRSU]\MHPQRĤþWDN

MDNPčİF]\ĮQLSRGGDMĈVLčQDWXUDOQ\PLQVW\QNWRPFKRþQLH]DZV]HSU]\FKRG]L

LPWRãDWZR&]čVWRWDUJDQHVĈPLčG]\FKčFLĈ]DVSRNRMHQLDVZRLFKSRSčGyZ

DRJUDQLF]DMĈF\PLMHVNRVWQLDã\PLSDWULDUFKDOQ\PLWUDG\FMDPL, WDN /LGD

ÅȝȞȜȣȜȒȭȚȖȚȜȚȡȔȥȖțȜțȎȥȡȠȪȥȡȠȪȝȜȠȭțȡșȎȟȪȐȟȓȚȠȓșȜȚȖȑșȎȕȎ

ȡțȓȮțȎȚȑțȜȐȓțȖȓȟȠȎșȖȕȎȑȎȒȜȥțȩȖȠȓȚțȩȥȠȜȠȜȜȏȓȧȎȭȥȠȜȠȜȑȜ

ȐȜȞȭµ>ǮȞȤȩȏȎȦȓȐ@:F]HĤQLHM]DĤF\WRZDOLĤP\IUDJPHQWZNWyU\P

/LGDĤZLDGRPLHNRNLHWXMHVZRLPGĮZLčF]Q\PJãRVHP6LRVWUD6DQLQD]DXZDİD

İHSRGREDVLčPčİF]\]QRPLSRGHMPXMH]QLPLJUč6WDUDVLčSU]HNRQDþVDPĈ

VLHELHİHMHVWZVWDQLHF]HUSDþ]NRQWDNWyZ]PčİF]\]QDPLSU]\MHPQRĤþ

ÅǽȞȜȟȠȜȚțȓșȬȏȜȝȩȠțȜȕȎȏȎȐțȜ«µ>ǮȞȤȩȏȎȦȓȐ@²WDNERKDWHUND

2NRELHF\FKREUD]DFKZSUR]LH0LFKDLãD$UF\EDV]HZD 

UR]P\ĤODSRF]XãRĤFLDFKMDNLHRND]\ZDãMHM=DUXGLQ:LQQ\PPLHMVFXZLG]LP\

MDN/LGDĤZLDGRPLHSRGGDMHVLčGRPLQXMĈFHPXRILFHURZL

ȁǹȖȒȩȟșȎȒȘȜȖȔȡȠȘȜȝȜȝșȩșȎȑȜșȜȐȎǸȎȘȖȐȟȓȑȒȎȘȜȑȒȎȜțȎȜȏțȖȚȎșȎȟȪ

ȟǵȎȞȡȒȖțȩȚȓȓȜȣȐȎȠȖșȜȟȠȞȎțțȜȓȥȡȐȟȠȐȜȜțȎȕțȎșȎȥȠȜǵȎȞȡȒȖțȏȓȟȘȜ

țȓȥțȜțȖȔȓȓȓȝȜȡȚȡȖȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȬȥȠȜȜțȎțȖȘȜȑȒȎțȓȚȜȔȓȠȏȩȠȪȝȜȒȥȖțȓțȎ

ȓȚȡțȜȐȠȜȔȓȐȞȓȚȭȏȩșȜȝȞȖȭȠțȜȖȔȡȠȘȜȝȜȕȐȜșȭȠȪțȎȫȠȖȝȞȖȘȜȟțȜȐȓțȖȭ

ȟȖșȪțȜȚȡȏȜșȪȦȜȚȡȘȞȎȟȖȐȜȚȡȚȡȔȥȖțȓ>ǮȞȤȩȏȎȦȓȐ@

-DNVLčMHGQDNRNDİH]GDQLHP$UF\EDV]HZDNRELHW\MHV]F]HQLHSRWUDILã\

FDãNRZLFLHRGG]LHOLþVIHU\HPRFMRQDOQHMRGVIHU\FLHOHVQHMSRQLHZDİSRU]X

FRQD/LGDZSDGãDZUR]SDF]LE\ãDEOLVNDVDPREyMVWZDFKRFLDİSRF]ĈWNRZR

WUDNWRZDãDRILFHUDMDNRWHJRNWyU\]DVSRNDMDãZ\ãĈF]QLHMHMIL]\F]QHSRWU]HE\

8ZLGDF]QLDVLčWXWDMW\PVDP\PSRGNUHĤODQDF]čVWRSU]H]SLVDU]DNRELHFD

QDLZQRĤþRUD]VãDERĤþ

5yZQLHİL=LQD.DUVDZLQDĤZLDGRPLHSRGGDãDVLčPčVNLHMVLOH6DQLQD

SR]EOLİHQLXIL]\F]Q\PMHGQDNQLHPRJãDXZROQLþVLčRGZ\U]XWyZVXPLHQLD

Z\QLNDMĈF\FK]HVWUDFKXSU]HGRVWUDF\]PHPVSRãHF]Q\PÅȏȡȒȡȧȎȭȔȖȕțȪ

ȐȐȖȒȓȠȮȚțȩȣȞȎȕȜȞȐȎțțȩȣȖȑȞȭȕțȩȣȘșȜȥȪȓȐȖȕȟȝșȓȠȓțțȎȟȚȓȦȓȘ

ȑȜȞȭȖȟȠȩȒȎȒȜȣȜȒȭȧȓȑȜȒȜȝȜȕȜȞȎ«µ>ǮȞȤȩȏȎȦȓȐ@-DNVLč

Z\GDMHREUD].DUVDZLQ\PDJãčEV]HV\PEROLF]QH]QDF]HQLH3U]HGHZV]\VW

NLPQDOHİ\]ZUyFLþXZDJčQDIDNWLİ$UF\EDV]HZSRGNUHĤODMHMQLVNLHSR

FKRG]HQLHSURVWRWčVLOQĈZLčĮ]SU]\URGĈDFR]DW\PLG]LH]UR]XPLHQLHGOD

SUDZG]LZ\FKSRWU]HEF]ãRZLHND.DUVDZLQD]GDQLHP=LQDLG\&]XEUDNRZHM

MHVWİHęVNLPZ\UD]LFLHOHPSRJOĈGyZ6DQLQDQDWHPDWGRQLRVãRĤFLOXG]NLHJR

LQG\ZLGXDOL]PXLSRGSRU]ĈGNRZ\ZDQLDVLčQDWXUDOQ\PLQVW\QNWRP>ȅȡȏȞȎ

ȘȜȐȎ@'RGDWNRZRPRİQDSRNXVLþVLčRVWZLHUG]HQLHİHXZ\SXNODMĈF

SRFKRG]HQLH.DUVDZLQ\LOXG\F]QRĤþMHMZL]HUXQNX$UF\EDV]HZQDZLĈ]XMHGR

NRELHF\FKREUD]yZ;,;ZLHF]Q\FKNODV\NyZURV\MVNLFKLMHGQRF]HĤQLHãDPLH

LFKNRQZHQFMRQDOQRĤþ

1LHXOHJDZĈWSOLZRĤFLİHPLãRĤþPLčG]\NRELHWĈDPčİF]\]QĈPDZ6D

ninieZ\ãĈF]QLHIL]\F]Q\FKDUDNWHURGDUWDMHVWRQD]H]QDPLRQPLVW\F\]PX

*ãyZQ\P]DGDQLHPNRELHW\]JRGQLH]SRJOĈGDPL$UF\EDV]HZDMHVW]DVSRND

MDQLHPčVNLFKSRSčGyZ%ãčGQHE\ãRE\MHGQDNVWZLHUG]HQLHİH$UF\EDV]HZ

ZVZRMHMSRZLHĤFLSRQLİDNRELHW\1DOHİ\SDPLčWDþRZLRGĈFHMLGHLWHJRXWZRUX

LSUyELHVWZRU]HQLDREUD]XQDGF]ãRZLHNDXRVDELDQHJRSU]H]6DQLQD3LVDU]

SRGNUHĤODİHĮUyGãHPZV]HONLFKOXG]NLFKQLHV]F]čĤþMHVW]DJãXV]DQLHVZ\FK

QDWXUDOQ\FKSRWU]HE3U]\F]\PWU]HEDSRGNUHĤOLþİH$UF\EDV]HZVWDMHZUROL

SURSDJDWRUDUyZQRXSUDZQLHQLDERZLHPSRSU]H]VãRZDLG]LDãDQLD6DQLQD

SU]HNRQXMHİHNRELHW\PDMĈWDNLHVDPRSUDZRGRV]F]čĤFLDMDNPčİF]\ĮQLLQLH

SRZLQQ\ZVW\G]LþVLčVZHMFLHOHVQRĤFLOHF]Z\NRU]\VW\ZDþMĈGRGRVWDUF]DQLD

UDGRĤFLQLHW\ONRPčİF]\]QRPOHF]WDNİHVRELH

,GHHJãRV]RQHZ6DQLQLH]QDOD]ã\NRQW\QXDFMčZRVWDWQLHMSRZLHĤFL$UF\

EDV]HZD .RELHWD VWRMĈFD SRĤURGNX (ǴȓțȧȖțȎ ȟȠȜȭȧȎȭ ȝȜȟȞȓȒȖ 

 3DWU\N:LWF]DN

-DNZVND]XMHVDPW\WXãW\PUD]HPRELHNWHPVZRMHJR]DLQWHUHVRZDQLDXF]\QLã

$UF\EDV]HZNRELHWč²1LQčGDMĈFMHMQLHMHGQR]QDF]QĈRFHQč.LHUXQHNLQWHU

SUHWDF\MQ\Z\]QDF]DQDGDQ\SRZLHĤFLELEOLMQ\HSLJUDI

ȀȡȠȘțȖȔțȖȘȖȖȢȎȞȖȟȓȖȝȞȖȐȓșȖȘțȓȚȡȔȓțȧȖțȡȐȕȭȠȡȬȐȝȞȓșȬȏȜȒȓȭ

țȖȖ«ǼțȖȔȓȡȟșȩȦȎȐȦȖȠȜȖȏȡȒȡȥȖȡșȖȥȎȓȚȩȟȜȐȓȟȠȪȬȟȠȎșȖȡȣȜȒȖȠȪ

ȜȒȖțȕȎȒȞȡȑȖȚțȎȥȖțȎȭȜȠȟȠȎȞȦȖȣȒȜȝȜȟșȓȒțȖȣȖȜȟȠȎșȟȭȜȒȖțǶȖȟȡȟ

ȖȔȓțȧȖțȎȟȠȜȭȧȎȭȝȜȟȞȓȒȖǶȖȟȡȟȐȜȟȘșȜțȖȐȦȖȟȪȖțȓȐȖȒȭțȖȘȜȑȜȘȞȜȚȓ

ȔȓțȧȖțȩȟȘȎȕȎșȓȗǴȓțȧȖțȎDZȒȓȠȐȜȖȜȏȐȖțȖȠȓșȖ">ǶȜȎț@>ǮȞȤȩȏȎȦȓȐ

,,,@

-DNPRİQD]DNãDGDþQDSRGVWDZLHSU]\WRF]RQHJRIUDJPHQWX$UF\EDV]HZ

SRGREQLHMDNZ6DQLQLHGDMHNRELHFLHSU]\]ZROHQLHQDSRVWčSRZDQLH]JRGQH

]ZãDVQ\PLSU]HNRQDQLDPLLLQVW\QNWDPLRVNDUİRQRMĈSU]HFLHİRFXG]RãyVWZR

1LNWQLHPDSUDZDRVĈG]DþG]LDãDęNRELHW\:DUWR]ZUyFLþXZDJčQDMHV]F]H

MHGHQDVSHNWDPLDQRZLFLHQDWRİHPčİF]\ĮQLRGHV]OLJU\]LHQLZ\U]XWDPL

VXPLHQLD]GDMĈFVRELHVSUDZč]WHJRİHWRRQLZLQQLVĈV\WXDFMLZMDNLHM

RVĈG]RQDVLč]QDOD]ãD=MHGQHMVWURQ\ZLčFGDMH$UF\EDV]HZNRELHFLHSUDZR

GRQLH]DOHİQRĤFL]GUXJLHM]DĤVXJHUXMHİHMHVWRQDEH]ZROQĈLVWRWĈ]DOHİQĈ

RGG]LDãDęPčİF]\]Q

.RELHWDVWRMĈFDSRĤURGNXWRKLVWRULDPRUDOQHJRXSDGNXRVRE\NWyUDSR

GHMPXMHZDONčRZãDVQĈJRGQRĤþ1LHNWyU]\EDGDF]HGRVWU]HJOLZWHMSRZLHĤFL

SROHPLNč$UF\EDV]HZD]WUDG\FMĈWZyUF]RĤFL,ZDQD7XUJLHQLHZD$QQD Gra

czewa w zwiĈ]NX z W\P NRQNOXGXMH

ǽȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȓǮȞȤȩȏȎȦȓȐȎȏȩșȜȑȜȞȪȘȜȖȞȜțȖȥȓȟȘȖȚȝȞȜȧȎțȖȓȚȟȜȒțȖȚ

ȖȕȖȕșȬȏșȓțțȩȣÅȟȐȓȞȣȠȖȝȜȐµȞȡȟȟȘȜȗșȖȠȓȞȎȠȡȞȩ;,;Ȑ³ÅȠȡȞȑȓțȓȐȟȘȜȗµ

ȒȓȐȡȦȘȜȗȋȠȜȏȩșȎȖȟȠȜȞȖȭȞȎȟȠșȓțȖȭȒȓȐȖȥȪȓȗȒȡȦȖȐȘȜȠȜȞȜȗȝȜȟȠȓȝȓțțȜ

ȜȠȚȖȞȎșȜȐȟȓșȡȥȦȓȓȜȘȎȕȎȐȦȓȓȟȭțȖȘȜȚȡțȓțȡȔțȩȚǽȜȣȡȒȜȔȓȟȠȐȓțțȜȗ

ȟȠȞȡȘȠȡȞȓȝȜȐȓȟȠȪǮȞȤȩȏȎȦȓȐȎȐȜȟȝȞȜȖȕȐȜȒȖșȎȟȬȔȓȠțȡȬȟȣȓȚȡȞȜȚȎțȜȐ

ȀȡȞȑȓțȓȐȎȟȜȟȠȜȭșȎȖȕȤȓȝȜȥȘȖȟȬȔȓȠțȩȣȡȕșȜȐ³șȬȏȜȐțȩȣȟȐȖȒȎțȖȗ

ȐȘȎȔȒȜȚȖȕȘȜȠȜȞȩȣȑȓȞȜȗȜȘȎȕȩȐȎșȟȭȒȡȦȓȐțȜțȓȟȜȟȠȜȭȠȓșȪțȩȚ>DZȞȎȥȓȐȎ

RQOLQH@

1LQč²SURWDJRQLVWNčSRZLHĤFL²SR]QDMHP\NLHG\MHVWRQDMHV]F]HQLHZLQQĈ

LQDLZQĈQDVWRODWNĈ]XSHãQLHQLHUR]XPLHMĈFĈ]DVDGJU\UR]JU\ZDMĈFHMVLčQLH

XVWDQQLHPLčG]\NRELHWDPLLPčİF]\]QDPL$XWRUSRGNUHĤODG]LHFLQQRĤþVZRMHM

ERKDWHUNLÅȑȜșȜȟȜȘ ȓȓ ȝȞȜȕȐȡȥȎș ȠȎȘ ȝȜȒȓȠȟȘȖ ȥȖȟȠȜµ>ǮȞȤȩȏȎȦȓȐ

,,,@QLHGRMU]DãRĤþZ\W\ND1LQLHWDNİHMHMSLHUZV]\XNRFKDQ\²VWXGHQWâXJD

QRZLF]Åǰȩ ȓȧȓ ȞȓȏȓțȜȘȐȩȖțȓȔȖșȖȐȜȐȟȓµ>ǮȞȤȩȏȎȦȓȐ,,,@

3U]\F]\QĈEXU]OLZHJRUR]VWDQLD]DNRFKDQ\FKE\ãDQLH]DVSRNRMRQDİĈG]DVWXGHQ

WDNWyU\SU]HNRQ\ZDãMDNE\F\WXMĈF6DQLQDİHÅǿȥȎȟȠȪȓ Ȑ ȠȜȚȥȠȜȏȩ ȔȖȠȪ ȝȜșțȜȗ ȔȖȕțȪȬȏȓȕ ȝȞȓȑȞȎȒ Ȗ ȕȎȝȞȓȠȜȐ«µ>ǮȞȤȩȏȎȦȓȐ,,,@

1LQDMHGQDNE\ãD]ZROHQQLF]NĈSODWRQLF]QHMPLãRĤFLUR]XPLDQHMMDNRGXFKRZH

SRãĈF]HQLHGZyFKGXV]6SUDZ\ FLHOHVQH RGU]XFDã\ MĈ

2NRELHF\FKREUD]DFKZSUR]LH0LFKDLãD$UF\EDV]HZD 

DzșȭțȓȓȫȠȜȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȠȓșȪțȜȏȩșȜȠȎȘȞȎȕȐȓțȓȒȜȟȠȎȠȜȥțȜȞȎȒȜȟȠȖȖȟȥȎȟȠȪȭ

ȐȠȜȚȥȠȜȜțȖȐȚȓȟȠȓȥȠȜșȡțȎȟȐȓȠȖȠȠȎȘȭȞȘȜțȜȥȪȠȎȘȟȐȓȠșȎȖȠȖȣȎ

ȟȘȜșȪȘȜȓȟȠȪȠȎȘȜȑȜȜȥȓȚȣȜȥȓȠȟȭȞȎȟȟȘȎȕȎȠȪȠȜșȪȘȜȒȞȡȑȒȞȡȑȡ"«ǮȠȜȑȞȡ

ȏȜȓȑȞȭȕțȜȓȝȜȦșȜȓȕȎȥȓȚ"«ǾȎȕȐȓșȬȏȜȐȪȐȫȠȜȚ"««ȋȠȜțȓșȬȏȜȐȪ«

>ǮȞȤȩȏȎȦȓȐ,,,@

3RF]ĈWNRZDQLHZLQQRĤþ1LQ\MHV]F]HEDUG]LHMSRGV\FDDSHW\W\RWDF]DMĈF\FK

MĈPčİF]\]QNWyU]\]DSXQNWKRQRUXVWDZLDMĈVRELH]GRE\FLHWZLHUG]\MHMFLDãD

3U]HãRPRZHGODERKDWHUNLRND]XMHVLčVSRWNDQLH]LQİ\QLHUHP:\VRFNLPNWyU\

GRVNRQDOHZLHMDNVLč]DFKRZ\ZDþLFRPyZLþİHE\]GRE\þ]DXIDQLHG]LHZF]\Q\

3RGPDVNĈV]DUPDQFNLHJRGİHQWHOPHQDMDNĈ:\VRFNLQDNãDGDãZREHFQRĤFL

1LQ\LMHMQDMEOLİV]HJRRWRF]HQLDNU\ãVLčMHGQDNVNUDMQ\PL]RJLQLVWDNWyU\

ZVZ\PSRQLİDMĈF\PSRVWU]HJDQLXNRELHW\V]HGãGXİRGDOHMQLİâXJDQRZLF]

LSURSDJDWRUQLHVNUčSRZDQHMFLHOHVQHMPLãRĤFL²6DQLQ,Qİ\QLHUZSURVWPyZL

RQLHQDZLĤFLGRNRELHWLRW\PİHLFKMHG\Q\Pİ\FLRZ\P]DGDQLHPMHVWSU]\

QRV]HQLHFLHOHVQHMSU]\MHPQRĤFLPčİF]\]QRP

ǺȩȐȟȓȝȞȓȘȞȎȟțȜȕțȎȓȚ«ȥȠȜțȖȘȠȜȖȕțȎȟțȓȝȖȠȎȓȠțȖȚȎșȓȗȦȓȑȜȡȐȎȔȓ

țȖȭȘȔȓțȧȖțȓ«ǺȩȐȟȓȟȥȖȠȎȓȚȖȣȞȎȕȐȞȎȠțȩȚȖșȔȖȐȩȚȖȖȒȜȟȠȡȝțȩȚȖ

ǺȡȔȥȖțȎȝȞȓȕȖȞȎȓȠȔȓțȧȖțȡțȜȝȞȓȟșȓȒȡȓȠȓȓȘȎȘȟȜȐȓȞȦȓțțȓȗȦȓȓȜȞȡȒȖȓ

țȎȟșȎȔȒȓțȖȭȝȜȘȎȜțȎȚȜșȜȒȎȖȣȜȞȜȦȎ>ǮȞȤȩȏȎȦȓȐ,,,@

%RKDWHUQLHPDSRV]DQRZDQLDQDZHWGODPDWHNVWZLHUG]DMĈFİHZ\SHã

QLDMĈRQHWDNĈVDPĈELRORJLF]QĈUROčMDNĤZLQLDZVWRVXQNXGRVZRLFKSURVLĈW

:\SRZLHGĮzaĤkoęF]\ NRQNOX]MĈÅǶȓȟșȖȏȩȚȩȜȠȥȓȠșȖȐȜȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐșȭșȖ

ȟȓȏȓȘȎȘțȖȥȠȜȔțȜȚȎșȎȞȜșȪȔȓțȧȖțȩȐȚȖȞȜȐȜȗȘȡșȪȠȡȞȓțȎȚȏȩ

ȟȠȎșȜȭȟțȜȥȠȜȚȎȠȪȐȜȟȝȖȠȎȠȓșȪțȖȤȎțȓȚȜȔȓȠȖȒȠȖȒȎșȪȦȓȎȕȏȡȘȖ

ȒȎȖȠȜȟȜȥȖțȓțțȜȗȚȡȔȥȖțȜȗµ>ǮȞȤȩȏȎȦȓȐ,,,@

=QDPLHQQHİH:\VRFNLZVZRLFKUR]ZDİDQLDFKRGZRãXMHVLčGRSRMčFLD

ÅZLHF]QHMSLčNQRĤFLµÅȐȓȥțȜȗ ȘȞȎȟȜȠȩµNWyUD]DĤRGV\ãDQDVGRZVSRPQLDQHM

MXİLGHL:LHF]QHM.RELHFRĤFL6RãRZMRZDMHGQDNUR]XPLHMĈQLHZNDWHJRULDFK

GXFKRZ\FKDVSURZDG]DGRSR]LRPXXFLHFKFLHOHVQ\FK'ODSRWZLHUG]HQLDSR

VWDZLRQ\FKSU]H]VLHELHWH]ERKDWHUZVSRPLQDWDNİHELEOLMQ\HSL]RGNWyU\VWDã

VLčHSLJUDIHPXWZRUXOHF]LW\PUD]HP]QLHNV]WDãFDMHJRSU]HVãDQLH>ǮȞȤȩ

ȏȎȦȓȐ,,,@:\VRFNLZVWDZLHQQLFWZR-H]XVDZREURQLHFXG]RãRİQLF\

LQWHUSUHWXMHMDNRSU]\]ZROHQLHQDWHJRW\SXG]LDãDQLDLXVSUDZLHGOLZLHQLH

SRVWčSRZDQLDPčİF]\]QMDNE\]XSHãQLH]DSRPLQDMĈFİH=EDZLFLHOİHJQDMĈF

VLč]NRELHWĈSURVLDE\ZLčFHMMXİQLHJU]HV]\ãD>-@

3RPLPRWHJRİH:\VRFNLHPXQLHXGDãRVLč]DZãDGQĈþFLDãHP1LQ\]QD

MRPRĤþ]QLPRGHJUDãDRJURPQĈUROčZİ\FLXG]LHZF]\Q\3URWDJRQLVWNDSR

]DZRG]LHPLãRVQ\PZ\MHFKDãDGR&KDUNRZD]PLHQLRQD3RNLONXGQLDFKUR]SD

F]\]DF]čãDZUDFDþGRİ\FLDLNXZãDVQHPX]G]LZLHQLXRGF]XZDþSU]\MHPQRĤþ

]]DLQWHUHVRZDQLD]HVWURQ\PčİF]\]Q>ǮȞȤȩȏȎȦȓȐ,,,@.ZHVWLĈ

F]DVXE\ãRSRGGDQLHVLčERKDWHUNLLXWUDWDSU]H]QLĈWHJRRFRWDN]DFLHNOH

ZDOF]\ãD²JRGQRĤFL7\PNWyUHPXXGDMHVLč]DZãDGQĈþFLDãHPERKDWHUNLMHVW

 3DWU\N:LWF]DN

SLVDU]$UVHQLHZ1LQD]JRG]LãDVLčĤZLDGRPLH]RVWDþMHJRNRFKDQNĈZLHG]ĈF

İHPDRQİRQčLURG]LQč]DPLHQLãDVLčW\PVDP\PZW\SERKDWHUNLRILDU\

ĤZLDGRPLHGHF\GXMĈFHMVLčQDFLHUSLHQLHLF]HUSLĈFHM]QLHJRZSHZQ\PVWRSQLX

SU]\MHPQRĤþF]\VDW\VIDNFMč*DOLQD 6RãRZLM WUDIQLH ]DXZDİaİeÅǼȠȜȟȜȕțȎțȖȭ

ȟȐȜȓȗȜȏȞȓȥȓțțȜȟȠȖȐșȬȏȐȖțȓȐȞȜȕǻȖțȩșȖȦȪȡȟȡȑȡȏșȭȓȠȟȭȖȝȓȞȓȣȜȒȖȠ

ȐȟȠȎȒȖȬțȎȟșȎȔȒȓțȖȭȜȠȏȜșȖȡțȖȔȓțȖȭµ>ǿȜșȜȐȖȗ@

$UF\EDV]HZZLHęF]\VZRMĈSRZLHĤþSRQRZQ\PVSRWNDQLHP1LQ\LİRQD

WHJRMXİâXJDQRZLF]DNWyU\SU]\MHFKDãGR&KDUNRZDZLQWHUHVDFK1LQDWHİ

]UHV]WĈRND]DãDVLčMXİ]DPčİQĈL]XSHãQLHRGPLHQLRQĈ²VLOQĈLSHZQĈVLHELH

NRELHWĈ%RKDWHURZLZNRęFXXGDãRVLčSRVLĈĤþ1LQčMHGQDNSRZV]\VWNLPQLH

E\ã]DGRZRORQ\]HVZRMHJRF]\QX1LQD QDWRPLDVW VPXWQR NRQVWDWRZDãaÅǻȡ

ȒȎ«ȭȒȞȭțțȎȭȞȎȕȐȞȎȠțȎȭȝȜȒșȎȭȔȓțȧȖțȎ«țȜȘȠȜȔȓȟȒȓșȎșȚȓțȭ

ȠȎȘȜȬ"«(«ǰȩȠȜșȪȘȜȝȓȞȐȩȗȝșȬțȡșȐȚȜȬȒȡȦȡ–ȝȞȜȒȜșȔȎșȎȜțȎ

(«ȝȓȞȐȩȗȝȜȕțȎȘȜȚȖșȖȚȓțȭȟȑȞȭȕȪȬȖȝȜȦșȜȟȠȪȬ«ȟ ȐȎȦȓȗ ȝȜȒșȜȗ Ȗ ȑȞȭȕțȜȗ ȚȡȔȟȘȜȗ ȒȡȦȜȗµ>ǮȞȤȩȏȎȦȓȐ,,,@

6ãRZD1LQ\QLHW\ONRNRUHVSRQGXMĈ]HSLJUDIHPSRZLHĤFLOHF]WDNİHVWD

QRZLĈVZRLVWHSRGVXPRZDQLHSRJOĈGyZ$UF\EDV]HZDQDWHPDWSR]\FMLNRELHW\

ZyZF]HVQ\PVSRãHF]HęVWZLHSRJOĈGyZNWyUHWUXGQRMHGQR]QDF]QLHRFHQLþ

1LHXOHJDZĈWSOLZRĤFLİHDXWRUZVZRMHMWZyUF]RĤFLXND]XMHNRELHW\MDNRQD

U]čG]LH]DVSRNDMDQLDPčVNLFKİĈG]LHSDWXMHLFKVHNVXDOQRĤFLĈ%ãčGQHE\ãRE\

MHGQDNVWZLHUG]HQLHİHE\ã$UF\EDV]HZPL]RJLQLVWĈF]HJRGRZLyGãVZĈRVWDWQLĈ

SRZLHĤFLĈ3LVDU]VWDMHQDSR]\FMLRUčGRZQLNDUyZQRXSUDZQLHQLDLSRGGDMH

NU\W\FHPčİF]\]QNWyU]\QLHMHGQRNURWQLHVĈSU]\F]\QĈXSDGNXPRUDOQHJR

NRELHWQLHPRJĈFZ\MĤþSR]DJUDQLFHNWyUHVDPLZ\]QDF]\OL5HFHSWĈMHVW

]GDQLHP$UF\EDV]HZDF]HUSDQLHSU]\MHPQRĤFL]NRELHFHJRFLDãDLSR]ZDODQLH

NRELHWRPQDWRVDPREH]LFKRVĈG]DQLD0RİQDE\SRNXVLþVLčWDNİHRVWZLHU

G]HQLHLİRSRZLHG]LDQĈSU]H]$UF\EDV]HZDKLVWRULčPRİHP\LQWHUSUHWRZDþ

MDNR]HUZDQLH]WUDG\F\MQ\PREUD]HPNRELHW\QLHZLQQHMLURG]LQQHMMDNLF]čVWR

SRMDZLDãVLčZ;,;ZLHF]QHMNODV\F]QHMOLWHUDWXU]HURV\MVNLHML]ZUyFHQLHVLč

NXZL]HUXQNRZLIHPPHIDWDOHREHFQ\PZOLWHUDWXU]HPRGHUQLVW\F]QHM:DUWR

GRGDþUyZQLHİİHWZyUF]RĤþ$UF\EDV]HZDF]čVWRVWDZDãDVLčLQVSLUDFMĈGOD

ZLHOXZVSyãF]HVQ\FKPXSLVDU]\DQDMHJRSRZLHĤFL6DQLQZ]RURZDã\VLčWHİ

NRELHW\SLVDUNLFRGRZRG]LWHJRLİQLHRGF]\W\ZDã\RQHMHJRVSXĤFL]Q\OLWH

UDFNLHMMDNRG\VNU\PLQXMĈFHMSãHþSLčNQĈDZUčF]SU]HFLZQLH²GRVWU]HJDã\

ZQLHMWHQGHQFMHHPDQF\SDF\MQH'DQXWD6]\PRQLN]DXZDİDİHZOLWHUDWXU]H

6UHEUQHJR:LHNXPRİQD]DREVHUZRZDþHZROXFMčREUD]XNRELHW\RGW\SX3LčNQHM

'DP\GRSRVWDFLEDUG]LHMUHDOQHM²HSDWXMĈFHMFLHOHVQRĤFLĈ-DZQRJU]HV]QLF\

>6]\PRQLN@$UF\EDV]HZZSLVDãVLčZLčFVZ\PSLVDUVWZHPZV]HUV]\

OLWHUDFNLNRQWHNVWHSRNL

2NRELHF\FKREUD]DFKZSUR]LH0LFKDLãD$UF\EDV]HZD 

%LEOLRJUDILD

$UF\EDåHY0LKDLO.XSUkQ:,GHP6REUDQLHVRĀLQHQLMYWUHKWRPDK70RVN

YDTerra>ǮȞȤȩȏȎȦȓȐǺȖȣȎȖșǸȡȝȞȭț :,GHPǿȜȏȞȎțȖȓȟȜȥȖțȓțȖȗȐȠȞȓȣ

ȠȜȚȎȣȀǺȜȟȘȐȎȀȓȞȞȎ@

$UF\EDåHY0LKDLO8çDV:,GHP6REUDQLHVRĀLQHQLMYWUHKWRPDK70RVNYD

Terra>ǮȞȤȩȏȎȦȓȐǺȖȣȎȖșȁȔȎȟ :,GHPǿȜȏȞȎțȖȓȟȜȥȖțȓțȖȗȐȠȞȓȣȠȜȚȎȣ

ȀǺȜȟȘȐȎȀȓȞȞȎ@

$UF\EDšHY 0LKDLOæenƂina stokƂakposredi:,GHP6REUDQLHVRĀLQHQLMYWUHK

WRPDK70RVNYDTerra>ǮȞȤȩȏȎȦȓȐǺȖȣȎȖșǸȡȝȞȭț :,GHPǿȜȏȞȎțȖȓ

ȟȜȥȖțȓțȖȗȐȠȞȓȣȠȜȚȎȣȀǺȜȟȘȐȎȀȓȞȞȎ@

$UF\EDåHY0LKDLO6DQLQ:,GHP6DQLQ5RPDQ3RYHVWLLUDVVND]\0RVNYD

(NVPR>ǮȞȤȩȏȎȦȓȐ ǺȖȣȎȖșǿȎțȖț :,GHPǿȎțȖțǾȜȚȎțǽȜȐȓȟȠȖ

ȖȞȎȟȟȘȎȕȩǺȜȟȘȐȎȋȘȟȚȜ@

Aspiz (YVHM9RVSRPLQSQLko M3$UF\EDševe3LVүma $UF\EDševa EM$VSL]X

Å9RSURV\OLWHUDWXU\µɊ>ǮȟȝȖȕ dzȐȟȓȗǰȜȟȝȜȚȖțȝțȖȭ Ȝ Ǻǽ

ǮȞȤȩȏȎȦȓȐȓǽȖȟȪȚȎǮȞȤȩȏȎȦȓȐȎdzǺǮȟȝȖȕȡÅǰȜȝȞȜȟȩșȖȠȓȞȎȠȡȞȩµɊ

@

ÿernkk 0LKDLOMassovakOLWHUDWXUD ;; vka8Āebnoe posobie0RVNYD)OLQWD

>ȅȓȞțȭȘǺȖȣȎȖșǺȎȟȟȜȐȎȭșȖȠȓȞȎȠȡȞȎȃȃȐȘȎȁȥȓȏțȜȓȝȜȟȜȏȖȓǺȜ

ȟȘȐȎȂșȖțȠȎ@

ÿXEUDNRYD =LQDLGD  6ODYknskie akcenty v sisteme personaçej romanov 0*RUүNRJR Å0DWүµ i M$UF\EDševa Å6DQLQµ:RusskokzyĀnakOLWHUDWXUD v kontekste vostoĀQRVODYknskoj NXOүtury5HG5\EDOމĀenko T7RPVN,78>ȅȡȏȞȎȘȜȐȎǵȖ

țȎȖȒȎǿșȎȐȭțȟȘȖȓȎȘȤȓțȠȩȐȟȖȟȠȓȚȓȝȓȞȟȜțȎȔȓȗȞȜȚȎțȜȐǺ DZȜȞȪȘȜȑȜ

ÅǺȎȠȪµȖǺ ǮȞȤȩȏȎȦȓȐȎÅǿȎțȖțµ :ǾȡȟȟȘȜȭȕȩȥțȎȭșȖȠȓȞȎȠȡȞȎȐȘȜțȠȓȘȟȠȓ

ȐȜȟȠȜȥțȜȟșȎȐȭțȟȘȜȗȘȡșȪȠȡȞȩǾȓȒǾȩȏȎșȪȥȓțȘȜȀȀȜȚȟȘǶȀȁ@

'HWNR-DQ=QDF]HQLHQDWXUDOL]PX:1DWXUDOL]P:\E.Q\V]7RPDV]HZVND'

.XOF]\FND6DORQL-:DUV]DZD3:1

*UDĀHYD$QQD$UF\EDåHY0LKDLO3HWURYLĀ:KWWSZZZKURQRUXELRJUDIELRBDDUF\

EDVKHYPSSKS>'RVWXS,@>DZȞȎȥȓȐȎ ǮțțȎǮȞȤȩȏȎȦȓȐ ǺȖȣȎȖș ǽȓȠȞȜȐȖȥ :KWWSZZZKURQRUXELRJUDIELRBDDUF\EDVKHYPSSKS >DzȜȟȠȡȝ,@

,VWRULkUXVVNRMNXOүtury5HGÇPSROމVNDk70RVNYD(NVPR>ǶȟȠȜȞȖȭ ȞȡȟȟȘȜȗ ȘȡșȪȠȡȞȩǾȓȒȍȚȝȜșȪȟȘȎȭ ȀǺȜȟȘȐȎȋȘȟȚȜ@

.LHM]LN/LOLDQQD:ãRG]LPLHU]6RãRZMRZ=LHORQD*yUD:\GDZQLFWZR:63

.RPLVDUXN(ZD&LHUSLHQLHMDNRV\JQDWXUDNRELHFRĤFLZSUR]LHSLVDUHNURV\MVNLFK

SRF]ĈWNX;;ZLHNX:5RVVLFD/XEOLQLHQVLD9².RELHWDLMDNRLQQ\0LWLILJXU\

NRELHFRĤFLZOLWHUDWXU]HLNXOWXU]HURV\MVNLHM;,;;;,ZLHNX5HG&\PEURVND/HERGD

0*R]GHN$/XEOLQ:\GDZQLFWZR80&6

.RPLVDUXN(ZD'\VNXUVROLWHUDFNLFKNUHDFMDFKÅQRZHMNRELHW\µZURV\MVNLHM

SU]HVWU]HQLNXOWXURZRVSRãHF]QHMSRF]ĈWNX;;ZLHNX:/LWHUDWXU\LMč]\NLZVFKRG

QLRVãRZLDęVNLHZREHFVZHJRF]DVX5HG.VHQLF]$âXF]\N0=LHORQD*yUD:\

GDZQLFWZR8=

âRWPDQ-XULM5RVMDL]QDNL.XOWXUDV]ODFKHFNDZZLHNX;9,,,LQDSRF]ĈWNX;,;

3U]Hãį\ãNR%*GDęVN6ãRZRREUD]WHU\WRULD

0LčG]\WUDG\FMĈDQRZRF]HVQRĤFLĈWRİVDPRĤþNRELHW\ZSU]HVWU]HQLGRPXZKLVWRULL

NXOWXU]HLQDGURJDFKHPDQF\SDFML5HG/DV]F]DN:$PEUR]LDN'3XGHãNR

%2SROH:\GDZQLFWZR82

 3DWU\N:LWF]DN

0LKDMORYVNLM,JRUމÅ$UF\EDåHYƂLQDµLVRFLDOүQRNXOүturnyj kontekstÅ3ROLWLĀHVNDk

OLQJYLVWLNDµɊ>ǺȖȣȎȗșȜȐȟȘȖȗǶȑȜȞȪÅǮȞȤȩȏȎȦȓȐȧȖțȎµ ȖȟȜȤȖȎșȪțȜȘȡșȪȠȡȞțȩȗȘȜțȠȓȘȟȠÅǽȜșȖȠȖȥȓȟȘȎȭșȖțȑȐȖȟȠȖȘȎµɊ

@

1LNRODHY0LKDLO2VREHQQRVWLWYRUĀHVWYD03 $UF\EDåHYD:KWWSZZZOLEUX5866/,7

$5&<%$6+(:QBDUW]W[WBZLWKELJSLFWXUHVKWPO>'RVWXS9@>ǻȖȘȜșȎȓȐ

ǺȖȣȎȖșǼȟȜȏȓțțȜȟȠȖȠȐȜȞȥȓȟȠȐȎǺǽ ǮȞȤȩȏȎȦȓȐȎǰKWWSZZZOLEUX

5866/,7$5&<%$6+(:QBDUW]W[WBZLWKELJSLFWXUHVKWPO>DzȜȟȠȡȝ9@@

2UORYD 1DGHçdaMuçĀina kak subҰekt XGRYROүstvik:)HQRPHQXGRYROүstvik

v NXOүture6DQNW3HWHUVEXUJ&HQWU L]XĀenikNXOމWXU\>ǼȞșȜȐȎǻȎȒȓȔȒȎ

ǺȡȔȥȖțȎȘȎȘȟȡȏȨȓȘȠȡȒȜȐȜșȪȟȠȐȖȭ :ȂȓțȜȚȓțȡȒȜȐȜșȪȟȠȐȖȭȐȘȡșȪ

ȠȡȞȓǿȎțȘȠǽȓȠȓȞȏȡȞȑȄȓțȠȞȖȕȡȥȓțȖȭȘȡșȪȠȡȞȩ@

3LyUHPLZG]LčNLHP.RELHW\ZSDQWHRQLHOLWHUDWXU\URV\MVNLHM5HG/DV]F]DN:

$PEUR]LDN'2SROH:\GDZQLFWZR82

5]HF]\FND0RQLND)HQRPHQ6RILL:LHF]QHM.RELHFRĤFLZSUR]LHSRZLHĤFLRZHM

V\PEROLVWyZURV\MVNLFK$QGULHMD%LHãHJR)LRGRUD6RãRJXEDL:DOHULMD%ULXVRZD

*GDęVN:\GDZQLFWZR8*

6RORYLM*DOLQDæHQVNRHYPXçVNRPWHNVWH0LKDLOD$UF\EDåHYDÅæHQƂLQDVWRkƂDk

SRVUHGLµL9LNWRUD'RPRQWRYLĀDÅ'YĀLQD]YHGPHGLNRPµ:5RVVLFD/XEOLQLHQVLD9

².RELHWDLMDNRLQQ\0LWLILJXU\NRELHFRĤFLZOLWHUDWXU]HLNXOWXU]HURV\MVNLHM;,;;;,

ZLHNX5HG&\PEURVND/HERGD0*R]GHN$/XEOLQ:\GDZQLFWZR80&6

>ǿȜșȜȐȖȗDZȎșȖțȎ ǴȓțȟȘȜȓȐȚȡȔȟȘȜȚȠȓȘȟȠȓǺȖȣȎȖșȎǮȞȤȩȏȎȦȓȐȎ

ÅǴȓțȧȖțȎȟȠȜȭȧȎȭȝȜȟȞȓȒȖªȖǰȖȘȠȜȞȎDzȜȚȜțȠȜȐȖȥȎÅDzȐȥȖțȎȕȐȓȒȚȓȒȖȘȜȚµ

:5RVVLFD/XEOLQLHQVLD9².RELHWDLMDNRLQQ\0LWLILJXU\NRELHFRĤFLZOLWHUDWXU]H

LNXOWXU]HURV\MVNLHM;,;;;,ZLHNX5HG&\PEURVND/HERGD0*R]GHN$/XEOLQ

:\GDZQLFWZR80&6@

6]\PRQLN'DQXWD2G3LčNQHM'DP\GR-DZQRJU]HV]QLF\2ÅVUHEUQRZLHF]QHMµ

NRQFHSFMLNRELHW\LNRELHFRĤFL:5RVVLFD/XEOLQLHQVLD9².RELHWDLMDNRLQQ\0LW

LILJXU\NRELHFRĤFLZOLWHUDWXU]HLNXOWXU]HURV\MVNLHM;,;;;,ZLHNX5HG&\PEUR

VND/HERGD0*R]GHN$/XEOLQ:\GDZQLFWZR80&6

9HUELFNDk$QDVWDVLk.O€ĀLVĀDVWүk0RVNYD6HYHUR=DSDG>ǰȓȞȏȖȤȘȎȭǮțȎȟȠȎ

ȟȖȭǸșȬȥȖ ȟȥȎȟȠȪȭǺȜȟȘȐȎǿȓȐȓȞȜǵȎȝȎȒ@

:LWF]DN3DWU\N.RQFHSFMDF]ãRZLHNDQDWXUDOQHJRZNRQWHNĤFLHPRW\ZX]EURGQL

ZSUR]LH0LFKDLãD$UF\EDV]HZDÅ5XV\F\VW\F]QH6WXGLD/LWHUDWXUR]QDZF]HµW



Summary

:20(1,17+(0(1·6(<(6²)(0,1,1,7<,17+(3526(

2)0,.+$,/$576<%$6+(9

7KLVDUWLFOHIRFXVHVRQWKHZRUNVE\0LNKDLO$UWV\EDVKHYSUHVHQWLQJDIRUPDWLRQ

RIDQHZUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQPHQDQGZRPHQ$UWV\EDVKHYGHSLFWVZRPHQ·VDVSLUDWLRQV

WRIUHHWKHPVHOYHVIURPPDVFXOLQLVHGDQGSDWULDUFKDOVRFLHW\DVZHOODVWKHLUGHVLUHWR

EHFRPHPRUHLQGHSHQGHQW$UWV\EDVKHY·VPDLQIHPDOHFKDUDFWHUVWU\WRPRYHEH\RQG

WUDGLWLRQDOUROHVRIZLYHVDQGPRWKHUV7KHLUUHEHOOLRQDJDLQVWVRFLDOQRUPVDQG

SURKLELWLRQVWDNHVYDULRXVIRUPV

.RQWDNW]$XWRUHP

ZLWF]DNSWUN#ZSSO