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D I S T R I B U T I O N A N D A V A I L A B I L I T Y
O N BACK COVER
AGARD-CP-413
NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION
ADVISORY GROUP FOR AEROSPACE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (ORGANISATION D U TRAITE DE L'ATLANTIQUE NORD)
A G A R D Conference Proceedings No.413
AERODYNAMIC AND RELATED HYDRODYNAMIC STUDIES
USING WATER FACILITIES
Papers presented and discussions held at the Symposium of the Huid Dynamics Panel in Monterey,
California, United States, 20—23 October 1986.
THE MISSION OF AGARD
The mission of AGARD is to bring together the leading personalities ofthe NATO nations in the fields of science and technology relating to aerospace for the following purposes:
— Exchanging of scientific and technical information;
— Continuously stimulating advances in the aerospace sciences relevant to strengthening the conunon defence posture; — Improving the co-operation among member nations iu aerospace research and development;
— Providing scientific and teclmical advice and assistance to the Military Conmiitlee in the field of aerospace research and development (with particular regard to its military application);
— Rendering scientific and technical assistance, as requested, to other NATO bodies and to member nations in comiection with research and development problems in the aerospace field;
— Providing assistance to member nations for the purpose of increasing their scientific and technical potential; — Reconunending effective ways for the member nations to use their research and development capabiUties for the
common benefit of the NATO community.
The highest authority within AGARD is Ihe Nalional Delegates Board consistrng of officially appointed senior
representafives ft om each member nation. Tlie mission of AGARD is carried out through the Panels which are composed of experts appointed by the National Delegates, Ihe Consultant and Exchange Programme and the Aerospace Applications Studies Programme. The results of AGARD work are reported to the member nations and the NATO Auihorities through the AGARD series of publications of which this is one.
Participation in AGARD aclivilies is by invitation only and is normally limited to citizens of the NATO nations.
The content of this publication has been reproduced directly from material supplied by AGARD or the authors.
Published June 1987 Copyright © AGARD 1987
All Rights Reserved ISBN 92-835-0419-4
Primed by Specialised Prmting Services Limited 40 Cliigwell Lane, Lotighton, Essex IG103TZ
PREFACE
In recenl years there has been an mereasing use of water facihties for aerodynamic research and preliminary design. These include water tunnels, towing chaimels and stationary tanks and some special devices. The main thrust has been in the application of flow visualization techniques for recognizing and helping in the solution of difBcult flow problems in both extemal and interna! aerodynamics. Examples include flow fields of fighter airplanes; mlet flows; recirculaüng flow patterns in VTOL; ramjet simulation; etc. The difficult problems in such flows are usually connected with large regions of three dimensional flow in which vortices or separated regimes are prominent features.
Water is generally more effective than air for flow visualization because of its much lower diffusivity. There are a numberof modern developments which will make water facilities even more effective and producüve in the future both for flow visualization and for various quantitative measurements. These include laser-Doppler velocimetry, which is easier to use in water than m air; laser mduced fluorescence; and computer aided particle tracking. These techniques are very weU suited to the lower speeds and higher densities of water.
The Symposium recorded in these Proceedings was organized with the purpose of discussing experiences, results and future direcüon in Ihe apphcation of water facihties m aeronautical research and development. An exchange of experiences with Ihe hydrodynamics community was also desired.
These objeclives v/ere largely achieved. The Symposium started with an overaew of the uses of water faciUries, in the paper by Erickson, Peake, Del Frate. Skow and Malcolm: eontmued with papers on various facihties, techniques, applications and results; and ended wilh an iUummatmg historical survey, by M.TuUn, of research on fluid resistance in ship hydrodynamics and its connections to aerodynamics.
;V :•.
Depuis quelques années, on utihse de plus en plus fréquemment des instaUations hydrauliques pour la recherche en aérodynamique et les calculs préüminaires, Parmi ces mstallations, on compte les tunnels hydrodynamiques, les bassms d'essai des carènes et les réservoirs a eau stationnaire, amsi que quelques dispositifs spéciaux. On constate en parlicuUer I'application accrue des techniques de visuaUsation de l'écoulemenl qui permettent d'identifier et de facUiter la solution des problèmes diflïciles d'écoulement, a la fois en aérodynamique externe et en aérodynamique interne, tels que les champs d'écoulement autour des avions de combat, l'écoulement d'entrée. les diagranunes de l'écoulement de recirculation lors des décoUages et alterrissages verticaux. Ia simulation de statoréacteur, etc. Les problèmes posés par ces écoulements concernent généralement les vastes zones d'écoulement tri-dimensioimel caraclérisées essentieUement par des tourbiUons et des décoUements d'écoulement.
L'eau est en général plus appropriée que I'ak pour la visuaUsation de l'écoulement a cause du moindre coefficient de diffusion. U existe un grand nombre de techniques modernes qui permettront a l'avenir de rendre encore plus rentables et plus productives les instaUations hydrauUques a Ia fois pour la visuaUsation, et pour différentes mesures quantitatives. Au nombre de ces méthodes figurent la vélocimétrie laser-Doppler qui est plus facile a appUquer dans l'eau que dans l'air, la fluorescence mduite par laser, et Ie suivi de particules assisté par ordinateur. Ces techniques sont bien appropriées aux faibles vitesses et a la forte densilé de l'eau.
Le Congrès qui a fait l'objet de ces comptes rendus a été organisé dans Ie but d'éhidier les expériences et d'examiner des résullau et les orientations fiitures des appUcations des mslaUations hydrauUques dans Ia recherche et Ie développement aéronautiques. Un échange de vues avec les hydrodynamiciens était aussi souhaité.
Ces objectifs ont été largement atteints. Le symposium a commencé par une vue d'ensemble des instaUations hydrauUques qui ont fait l'objet du rapport étabü par Erickson, Peake, Del Frate, Skow et Malcohn; ensuite des rapports ont été présentés sur différentes instaUations techniques, appUcations et résultals; enfin M.TuUn a brossé un lumineux tableau historique des travaux de recherche effectuées sur la résistance du fluide dans l'hydrodynamique des navires et ses relations avec l'aérodynamique.
AGARD FLUID DYNAMICS PANEL Chairman: Dipl. Ing. P.W.Sacher
Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm GmbH LKI22
Postfach 80 11 60 D-8000 Miinchen 80 Federal Republic of Germany
Chairman: Mr D.H.Peckham
Superintendent A E l Division Royal Aircraft Establislunent R141 Building
Famborough Hants GU14 6TD UK
PROGRAMME COMMITTEE Professor A.Rosliko (Co-Chairman)
Dept. of Aeronautics (MD 105-50) California Institute of Teclmology Pasadena
California 91125, USA Professor J.J.Ginoux Director
Von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics Chaussée de Waterloo 72
B-1640 Rhode-Saint-Genfese, Belgium Dr K.J.Orlik-Ruckemann
National Aeronautics Estabhshment National Research Council, Montreal Rd Ottawa, Ontario K l A 0R6, Canada M.G.Durand
DRET/SDR/G61
75996 Paris Armées, France Professor H.Hornung, Ph.D. DFVLR
Institüt für Experimentelle Stromungsmechanik Bunsenstrasse 10
D-3406 Gottingen, Federal Republic of Germany Dr Ing. G.Bucciantini
Aeritalia-Societa Aerospaziale Italiana Gruppo VelivoH Combattimento Corso Marche 41
10146 Torino, Italy Professor Dr It. JA.Steketee
Department of Aerospace Engineering Delft University of Technology Kluyverweg 1
2629 HS Delft, The Netherlands
Ir. J.W.SIooff (Co-Chairman) National Aerospace Laboratory, NLR Anthony Fokkerweg 2
1059 CM Amsterdam, The Netherlands Professor A.F. de O.Falcao
Pavilhao de Maquinas Instituto Superior Tecrdco
1096 Lisboa Codes, Portugal Major M.Akcay
Ministry of Defence (MSC) Department of R and D (ARGE) Ankara, Turkey
MrP.R.Bignell
BAe PLC, Sowerby Research Centre Naval Weapons Division
FPC 067, P.O. Box 5 FUton
Bristol BS12 7QW,UK Professor E.Reshotko
Dept. of Mechanical & Aerospace Eng. Case Western Reserve University Cleveland
Ohio 44106, USA Dr F.H.Schmitz
Chief, Fluid Mechanics Division Aeromechanics Laboratory
US Army Research & Technology Lab. AVSCOM NASA Ames Research Center
Moffett Field, CA 94035-1, USA
Professor L.N.Persen Institut of Mechanikk The University of Trondheim N-7034 Trondheim-NTH, Norway
FLUID DYNAMICS PANEL EXECUTIVE M.C.Fischer
AGARD/NATO (Mail from Europe) 7 rue Ancelle
92200 Neuilly-sur-Seine France
AGARD/NATO (mail from US and Canada) APO New York 09777
CONTENTS
Page
PREFACE iii FLUID DYNAMICS PANEL iv
SESSION I - FACILITIES AND APPLICATIONS - PART 1 Session Cliairnian: K.J.Orlik-Ruckemann
WATER FACILITIES IN RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT - AN ILLUMINATING TOOL FOR VEfflCLE DESIGN
by G.E.Erickson, D.J.Peake, J.Del Frate, A.M.Skow aud G.N.Makolm 1 VORTEX BREAKDOWN AND CONTROL EXPERIMENTS I N THE AMES-DRYDEN WATER TUNNEL
by F.K.Onen and D J.Peake 2 QUALIFICATION D'UN TUNNEL HYDRODYNAMIQUE POUR DES PESEES DE
MAQUETTES AÉRONAUTIQUES
par B.CIiezleprêtre ct Y.Brocard 3 AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY TO DETERMINE THE FLOW AND THE SUBSONIC STATIC AND
DYNAMIC STABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF AIRCRAFT O P E B J ^ T I N G AT HIGH ANGLES-OF-ATTACK
by A.Goodman and CEJBrown 4 FLOW VISUALIZATION STUDV OF VORTEX MANIPULATION ON FIGHTER CONFIGURATIONS
AT HIGH ANGLES OF ATTACK
byG.N.MalcoImandA.M.Skoiv 5
SESSION I - FACILITIES AND APPLICATIONS - PART 2 Session Chairman: P.R.Bignell
OSCILLATING FLOW OVER BLUFF BODIES I N A U-SHAPED WATER TUNNEL
by T.Sarpkaya 6 THE USE OF THE NRC/NAE WATER FACILITIES IN CANADUN AERONAUTICAL RESEARCH
AND DEVELOPMENT
by R.H.Wickens and N.E.JefTreys 7 PRESENTATION D'UN BASSIN HYDRODYNAMIQUE - ETUDE D'UN MISSILE AUX GRANDES
INCIDENCES
par J.Perinelle et A.Lupieri 8 SHORT DURATION FLOW ESTABLISHMENT ON A PROFILE I N A WATER-LUDWIEG-TUNNEL
by W.Kerres and H.Grönig 9 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF HOVER FLOWFIELDS I N WATER AT THE McDONNELL
DOUGLAS RESEARCH LABORATORIES
by K.R.Saripalli, J.CKroutil and J.R.van Horn 10 AN INVESTIGATION ON DUCTED PROPELLERS I N AXISYMMETRIC SHEAR FLOW
by J.A.C.Falc9o de Campos 11 MEASUREMENTS OF AERODYNAMIC FORCES ON UNSTEADILY MOVING BLUFF PARACHUTE
CANOPIES
by D.J.Cockrell, R.J.Hanvood and C.Q.Shen 12 WATER FLOW VISUALISATION OF A RAMROCKET COMBUSTION CHAMBER
Page SESSION n - TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS - PART 1
Session Cliairnian: E.Reshotko
POSSIBILITES D'ESSAI OFFERTES PAR LES TUNNELS HYDRODYNAMIQUES A VISUALISATION DE L'ONERA DANS LES DOMAINES AERONAUTIQUE ET NAVAL
parH.Wcriè 14 THE USE OF A WATER TOWING TANK FOR AERODYNAMIC TESTING AND METHODS FOR
QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF PHOTOGRAPHS
byH.Bippes 15 FLOW MEASUREMENTS I N A WATER TUNNEL USING A HOLOCINEMATOGRAPHIC
VELOCIMETER
by L.M.Weinstein and G.B.Beeler 16 ETUDE EXPERIMENTALE DE NAPPES TOURBILLONNAIRES EN ECOULEMENT PLAN
par C.Berger, M.Bourgeois, G.Lavergne, C.Leinpereur et J-M.Matlie 17
SESSION Ü - TECHNIQUES AND APPUCATIONS - PART 2 Session Chairman: H.Hornung
THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW VISUALIZATION USING LASER-SHEET SCANNING
by D.M.Nosencliuck and M.K.Lyncli 18 APPLICATION OF HIGH SPEED HOLOGRAPHY TO AERODYNAMIC AND HYDRODYNAMIC
THREE-DIMENSIONAL VELOCIMETRY
by M.Slanislas, O.Rodriguez, M.Dadi and F.Beluche 19 MATCHED INDEX LASER ANEMOMETRY SYSTEMS FOR FLOW STUDIES I N COMPLEX
GEOMETRIES
by A.Dybb$, R.V.Edwards and E.Reshotko 20 MESURES EN TUNNEL HYDRODYNAMIQUE PAR METHODE ELECTROCHIMIQUE
par CTournier et P.FIorent 21 FLOW VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS BY IMAGE PROCESSING OF OPTICALLY MODULATED
TRACES
by M.Gharib, B.Dyne, O.Thomas and CYap 22 A NON-INVASIVE EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF UNSTEADY
VELOCITY AND VORTICITY FIELDS
by L.Lourenco, A.Krothapalli, J.M.BuchIm and M.L.Riethmuller 23
SESSION ni - RESEARCH RESULTS Session Chairman: G.Bucciantini
USE OF WATER TOWING TANKS FOR AERODYNAMICS AND HYDRODYNAMICS
by M.Gad-el-Hak 24 A NEW LAMINAR WATER TUNNEL TO STUDY THE TRANSITION PROCESS IN A BLASIUS LAYER
AND I N A SEPARATION BUBBLE AND A NEW TOOL FOR INDUSTRIAL AERODYNAMICS AND HYDRODYNAMIC RESEARCH
by M.Strunz and J.F.Speth 25 A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF VORTEX FLOWS I N WIND AND WATER TUNNELS
by A.G.Davies 26 INVESTIGATION ON THE MOVEMENT OF VORTEX BURST POSITION WITH DYNAMICALLY
CHANGING ANGLE OF ATTACK FOR A SCHEMATIC DELTA WING IN A WATER TUNNEL WITH CORRELATION TO SIMILAR STUDIES I N WIND TUNNEL
byK.W.Wolirelt 27 SOME VISUALIZATION STUDIES ON TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYERS USING MULTIWIRE
HYDROGEN BUBBLE GENERATION
by R.BIokland and K.Krislina Prasad 28
STRUCTURE OF UNSTEADY FLOWS AT LEADING- AND TRAILING-EDGES: FLOW VISUALIZATION AND ITS INTERPRETATION
by D.Rockwell, R.Atta, L.Kramer, R.Lawsoii, D.Lusseyran, CMagness, D.Sohn and T.Stnubli MEASUREMENTS OF THE TIME DEPENDENT VELOCITY FIELD SURROUNDING A MODEL PROPELLER IN UNIFORM WATER FLOW
by J.BIaurock and G.Laniniers
SESSION IV - MARINE RELATED TOPICS Session Chainnan: J.A.Steketee AERONAUTICS AND NAVAL HYDRODYNAMICS - CONNECTIONS
byM.P.Tulin Paper 32 withdrawn
EXPERIMENTS TO INVESTIGATE THE VORTICES SHED FROM A SUBMARINE-LIKE BODY OF REVOLUTION
by A.R.J,M.LIoyd and I.M.C.Campbcll
A REVIEW OF THE NATO SPECIAL GROUP OF EXPERTS ON NAVAL HYDROMECHANICS AND RELATED PROBLEMS
by J.Ciiarlesworlli and L.J.Leggat ROUND TABLE DISCUSSION
