• Nie Znaleziono Wyników

Feminizm a demokracja : krytyka i reinterpretacja

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Share "Feminizm a demokracja : krytyka i reinterpretacja"

Copied!
12
0
0

Pełen tekst

(1)

.DWDU]\QD=LHOLĔVND*

)(0,1,=0$'(02.5$&-$±.5<7<.$

I REINTERPRETACJA

'HPRNUDFMDZVZRLP]DáRĪHQLXSRZLQQD]QRVLüZV]HONLHUyĪQLFHSRPLĊG]\SáFLDPLUDVDPLNODVDPLHWQLF]QR- ĞFLDPLZLHNLHPSRSU]H]GH¿QLRZDQLHZV]\VWNLFKMHGQRVWHNSU]\QDOHĪQ\FKGRGDQHMZVSyOQRW\ZNDWHJRULDFK

UyZQ\FK RE\ZDWHOL L RE\ZDWHOHN FLHV]ąF\FK VLĊ WDNLPL VDP\PL SUDZDPL L RERZLą]NDPL -HGQDN NU\W\F]NL

IHPLQLVW\F]QHZ\UDĨQLHSRND]XMąLĪSHZQHXNU\WH]DáRĪHQLDOHĪąFHXSRGVWDZUyĪQ\FKV\VWHPyZGHPRNUD- W\F]Q\FKPRJąZ]QDF]Q\VSRVyEUyĪQLFRZDüSR]\FMĊNRELHWRUD]PĊĪF]\]QZGDQHMZVSyOQRFLHSROLW\F]QHM

&HOHPDUW\NXáXMHVWSU]HGVWDZLHQLHNU\W\NLIHPLQLVW\F]QHMZ\VXZDQHMSRGDGUHVHPWHRULLGHPRNUDFMLRUD]

SRND]DQLHSUyELFKUHLQWHUSUHWDFMLPDMąF\FKQDFHOXSHáQLHMV]HZáąF]HQLHNRELHWGRV\VWHPXGHPRNUDW\F]QHJR

6áRZDNOXF]RZHGHPRNUDFMDOLEHUDOQDGHPRNUDFMDUHSXEOLNDĔVNDGHPRNUDFMDSDUW\F\SDF\MQDGHPRNUDFMD

GHOLEHUDW\ZQDIHPLQL]PNU\W\NDIHPLQLVW\F]QD

'HPRNUDFMDMHVWMHGQ\P]JáyZQ\FKWHPDWyZZQDXNDFKVSRáHF]Q\FK8MHMSRGVWDZ

OHĪ\ SRMĊFLH UyZQRĞFL FKRü QD SU]HVWU]HQL F]DVX UyĪQRURGQLH L F]ĊVWR Z\ELyUF]R UR]X- PLDQHM 'HPRNUDFMD DWHĔVND F]ĊVWR VWDZLDQD MDNR SURWRW\S RSDUWD E\áD QD Z\NOXF]HQLX

FDá\FKJUXSVSRáHF]Q\FK±NRELHWLQLHZROQLNyZ6LHGHPQDVWRZLHF]QL¿OR]RIRZLHSLV]ąF\

RXPRZLHVSRáHF]QHMF]ĊVWRSU]\MPRZDOLPLOF]ąFH]DáRĪHQLHLĪXPRZDWDGRW\F]\PĊVNLHM

F]ĊĞFL VSRáHF]HĔVWZD L ]D]Z\F]DM W\ONR WHM EĊGąFHM Z SRVLDGDQLX RGSRZLHGQLFK ]DVREyZ

PDWHULDOQ\FK 3DWHPDQ   1LHZąWSOLZLH SRMĊFLH UyZQRĞFL NOXF]RZH GOD GHPRNUDFML

MHVWMHGQ\P]HOHPHQWyZáąF]ąF\FKMą]IHPLQL]PHPFKRüUHODFMDWDV]F]HJyOQLHZVZRMHM

SRF]ąWNRZHMID]LHSR]RVWDZDáDGRĞüEXU]OLZD 3KLOOLSV 'RELWQLHZVND]XMąQDWR

JáRV\SLHUZV]\FKIHPLQLVWHNNU\W\F]QHZREHFZ\NOXF]HQLDNRELHW]JUXS\ZROQ\FKRE\ZD- WHOLNWyU]\E\OLSRGPLRWHPSU]\]DZLHUDQLXXPRZ\VSRáHF]QHM-DNVLĊRND]DáRRGU]XFHQLH

DEVROXWQHMZáDG]\PRQDUFK\QLHR]QDF]DáRRGU]XFHQLDLQQ\FKZHUVMLWHMZáDG]\SU]\NáDGRZR

WHMVSUDZRZDQHMSU]H]PĊĪF]\]QĊZPDáĪHĔVWZLH'RELWQLHLOXVWUXMąWĊVSU]HF]QRĞüVáRZD

Mary Astell z 1700 roku „skoro wszyscy ludzie [PHQ@URG]ąVLĊZROQLGODF]HJRZV]\VWNLH

NRELHW\URG]ąVLĊQLHZROQLFDPL"´ $VWHOO :SRGREQ\PWRQLHZ\SRZLDGDáDVLĊ

0DU\:ROOVRQHFUDIWNWyUDSRGNUHĞODáDSRWU]HEĊSRVLDGDQLDSU]H]NRELHW\ZáDVQHMUHSUH]HQ- WDFMLLNU\W\NRZDáDEUDNPRĪOLZRĞFLLFKEH]SRĞUHGQLHJRZSá\ZDQLDQDGHF\]MHSRGHMPRZDQH

SU]H]U]ąG :ROOVWRQHFUDIW 

  8QLZHUV\WHW-DJLHOORĔVNLNDWDU]\QD]LHOLQVND#XMHGXSO

http://dx.doi.org/10.7494/human.2012.11.2.81

(2)

%DUG]LHMV\VWHPDW\F]QDIHPLQLVW\F]QDNU\W\NDWHRULLGHPRNUDFML]DF]\QDVLĊRGODW

;;ZLHNX 2NLQ3DWHPDQ 2GMHMSRF]ąWNXZ\UDĨQLHZLGDüDPELZDOHQWQ\VWR- VXQHNIHPLQL]PXGRNODV\F]Q\FKNRQFHSFMLP\ĞOLGHPRNUDW\F]QHM=MHGQHMVWURQ\NODV\F]QL

DXWRU]\MDNSRGNUHĞOD/LQGD=HULOOLZ\NOXF]\OLNRELHW\]NDWHJRULLQLH]DOHĪQ\FKSRGPLRWyZ

SROLW\F]Q\FKGH¿QLXMąFMH]DOHGZLHMDNRGRGDWHNGRPĊĪF]\]QNWyU]\ZW\PF]DVLH]\VNDOL

SRGPLRWRZRĞü L RE\ZDWHOVWZR 7DNLH VWDQRZLVNR QDWXUDOQLH G\VNZDOL¿NXMH MDNLHNROZLHN

SR]\W\ZQHSRZLą]DQLDSRPLĊG]\IHPLQL]PHPDNODV\F]QąP\ĞOąSROLW\F]Qą=GUXJLHMVWURQ\

NDQRQ]DFKRGQLHMP\ĞOLSROLW\F]QHMMHVWNRQVW\WXW\ZQ\GODZV]\VWNLFKSRMĊüSROLW\F]Q\FK

NWyU\FKZVSyáF]HĞQLHQLHVSRVyESRPLQąüDZLĊFMHJR]XSHáQH]DNZHVWLRQRZDQLHQLHMHVW

PRĪOLZH:SUDNW\FHIHPLQL]PSU]\MąáZLĊFUROĊNU\W\NDLGHPDVNDWRUDP\ĞOLSROLW\F]QHM

=HULOOL    -HJR FHOHP E\áR SRND]DQLH XNU\W\FK ]DáRĪHĔ QD NWyU\FK P\ĞO WD VLĊ

RSLHUDRUD]Z\QLNDMąF\FK]QLFKRJUDQLF]HĔLZ\NOXF]HĔ.U\W\NDVWDáDVLĊUyZQLHĪSXQNWHP

Z\MĞFLDGRUHLQWHUSUHWDFMLP\ĞOLSROLW\F]QHMSUyESU]HGH¿QLRZDQLDNODV\F]Q\FKSRMĊüRUD]

ZáąF]HQLHGRQLFKNRELHWRUD]LQQ\FKZ\NOXF]RQ\FKJUXS

 )(0,1,=0$'(02.5$&-$/,%(5$/1$±./$6<&=1('(%$7<

.U\W\F]QDOHNWXUDNODV\F]Q\FKWHNVWyZOLEHUDOQHMP\ĞOLSROLW\F]QHMZ\UDĨQLHSRND]XMH

Z\NOXF]HQLH NRELHW ] UR]ZDĪDĔ R XPRZLH VSRáHF]QHM SRU /RFNH  5RXVVHDX 

+REEHV 8SRGVWDZWHMWUDG\FMLSR]RVWDMH]DáRĪHQLHGRW\F]ąFHMHGQRVWNLNWyUD]RVWD- MH REGDU]RQD ZROQRĞFLą L UyZQRĞFLą -DN MHGQDN SRGNUHĞODMą IHPLQLVWNL QHXWUDOQH SRMĊFLH

MHGQRVWNL Z U]HF]\ZLVWRĞFL RGQRVL VLĊ W\ONR GR PĊĪF]\]Q &R ZLĊFHM PLPR LĪ WUDG\FMD

OLEHUDOQDRGQRVLVLĊJáyZQLHGRLQG\ZLGXDOQ\FKMHGQRVWHNMDNRSRGVWDZRZ\FKHOHPHQWyZ

V\VWHPXSROLW\F]QHJRWREOLĪV]DOHNWXUDWHNVWyZSRND]XMHĪHWDNQDSUDZGĊFLNWyU]\REMĊFL

VąNRQWUDNWHP]]DáRĪHQLDVąJáRZDPLURG]LQ7R]NROHLQLHVLH]DVREąV]HUHJLPSOLNDFML

GODXPLHMVFRZLHQLDREXSáFLZV\VWHPLHSROLW\F]Q\PLXWRĪVDPLDNRELHW\]HVIHUąSU\ZDWQą

%UHQQDQL3DWHPDQ .ROHMQąNZHVWLąSUREOHPDW\F]QąMHVWWUDNWRZDQLHLQWHUHVyZ

NRELHW0LPRLĪZVZRLP]DáRĪHQLXP\ĞOOLEHUDOQDRSLHUDVLĊQDSU]HNRQDQLXRVSU]HF]QRĞFL

LQWHUHVyZMHGQRVWHNZĪ\FLXVSRáHF]Q\PWRUyZQRF]HĞQLHZSU]\SDGNXURG]LQ\SU]\MPRZDQH

MHVW]DáRĪHQLHRLFK]JRGQRĞFL,QWHUHV\NRELHWVąZLĊFSRGSRU]ąGNRZDQHSDWULDUFKDOQHMUR- G]LQLHLXWRĪVDPLDQH]LQWHUHVDPLJáRZ\URG]LQ\:NRQVHNZHQFMLNRELHW\LLFKSDUW\NXODUQH

SRWU]HE\]QLNDMą]Ī\FLDSROLW\F]QHJR 2NLQ 

&RFLHNDZHSU]HGVWDZLFLHOHNODV\F]QHMP\ĞOLOLEHUDOQHMSRSU]H]Z\NOXF]HQLHNRELHW

F]ĊVWRSR]RVWDZDOLZMDZQHMVSU]HF]QRĞFL]JáyZQ\PLVSRáHF]Q\PLLHW\F]Q\PLSU]HVáDQNDPL

VZRLFKWHRULL:LGDüWRZ\UDĨQLHZDQDOL]LHJáyZQ\FK]DáRĪHĔNRQFHSFMLXPRZ\VSRáHF]QHM

NWyUD GDáD SRGZDOLQ\ SyĨQLHMV]\P WHRULRP OLEHUDOQHM GHPRNUDFML 'OD 7KRPDVD +REEHVD

  -HDQ-DFTXHV¶D 5RXVVHDX   F]\ 7KRPDVD /RFNH¶D   XPRZD VSRáHF]QD

MHVWMHG\Q\PVSRVREHPXVWDQRZLHQLDLSRGWU]\P\ZDQLDSRU]ąGNXVSRáHF]QHJRDOHUyZQLHĪ

]DNZHVWLRQRZDQLDZáDG]\DEVROXWQHMPRQDUFK\'ODLFKUR]ZDĪDĔQDGU]ĊGQH]QDF]HQLHPDMą

WDNLHNDWHJRULHMDNZROQRĞüLUyZQRĞüZ\QLNDMąFH]VDPHMQDWXU\F]áRZLHND FKRüZNDĪG\P

SU]\SDGNXQDWXUDWDMHVWUyĪQLHUR]XPLDQD :VWDQLHQDWXU\]DUyZQRNRELHW\MDNLPĊĪF]\ĨQL

SRVWU]HJDQLVąMDNRUyZQLLZROQL&RMHGQDN]QDPLHQQHZVWDQLHVSRáHF]Q\PZNWyU\P

(3)

RERZLą]XMHXPRZDVSRáHF]QDZ\UDĨQLHZLGDüLĪSU]\PLRW\WH]RVWDMą]DUH]HUZRZDQHW\ONR

GODPĊĪF]\]Q&RG]LHMHVLĊ]ZROQRĞFLąLUyZQRĞFLąNRELHW"8+REEHVDZROQDNRELHWDPDMąFD

ZáDG]ĊQDGVZRLPLG]LHüPLZVWDQLHQDWXU\ZVWDQLHVSRáHF]Q\P]QLND2GQLHVLHQLDGRQLHM

SRMDZLDMąVLĊW\ONRZNRQWHNĞFLHSDWULDUFKDOQHMURG]LQ\ZNWyUHMSR]RVWDMHSRGSRU]ąGNRZD- QDPĊĪF]\ĨQLH=GDQLHP6XVDQ2NLQSU]HNRQDQLD+REEHVDGRW\F]ąFHSR]\FMLNRELHWLLFK

SRGSRU]ąGNRZDQLDZVSRáHF]HĔVWZLHRUD]ZPDáĪHĔVWZLHPĊĪF]\ĨQLHQLHSR]ZROLá\PXQD

ORJLF]QHUR]ZLQLĊFLH]DáRĪHĔMHJRWHRULLGRW\F]ąF\FKZROQRĞFLLUyZQRĞFLMHGQRVWNLWDNDE\

REMąüQLPLUyZQLHĪNRELHW\ 2NLQ 

3RGREQDQLHVSyMQRĞüZLGRF]QDMHVWZP\ĞOL-HDQ-DFTXHV¶D5RXVVHDX:VWDQLHQDWXU\

SU]HGVWDZLFLHOHREXSáFLZLRGąQRPDG\F]Q\WU\EĪ\FLDQLHEXGXMąWUZDá\FK]ZLą]NyZLSR- ]RVWDMąRGVLHELHQLH]DOHĪQL,FKRND]MRQDOQHVSRWNDQLDVáXĪąMHG\QLH]DVSRNRMHQLXSRWU]HE

VHNVXDOQ\FK=DUyZQRPĊĪF]\ĨQLMDNLNRELHW\ZVWDQLHQDWXU\VąZROQLLUyZQL3R]\FMD

REXSáFL]PLHQLDVLĊMHGQDNGLDPHWUDOQLHZVSRáHF]HĔVWZLHRE\ZDWHOVNLPXVWDQRZLRQ\PQD

SRGVWDZLHXPRZ\VSRáHF]QHM3RGF]DVJG\PĊĪF]\ĨQLSRSU]H]XPRZĊVSRáHF]QąXWU]\PXMą

VZRMąZROQRĞüLUyZQRĞüNRELHW\VąSR]EDZLRQHW\FKSRGVWDZRZ\FKSU]\PLRWyZ5RXVVHDX

QLHGDMHNRELHWRPSUDZZ\ERUF]\FKLUDG\NDOQLHRJUDQLF]DPRĪOLZRĞüXF]HVWQLF]HQLDZIRU- PRZDQLXZROLRJyáX0RJąRQHNV]WDáWRZDüWHQSURFHVMHG\QLHZVSRVyESRĞUHGQL±SRSU]H]

ZSá\ZQDVZRLFKPĊĪyZ 2NLQ± 

6SU]HF]QRĞFLSRPLĊG]\SR]\FMąNRELHW\ZVWDQLHQDWXU\LZVWDQLHVSRáHF]Q\PPRĪQD

UyZQLHĪ]DXZDĪ\üZSLVPDFK-RKQD/RFNH¶D:VWDQLHQDWXU\]DUyZQRNRELHW\MDNLPĊĪ- F]\ĨQLVąSRVWU]HJDQLMDNRZROQLLUyZQL-HGQDNZVWDQLHVSRáHF]Q\PWHSU]\ZLOHMH]RVWDMą

]DUH]HUZRZDQHW\ONRGODPĊĪF]\]QDNRELHW\]RVWDMąLFKSR]EDZLRQH:]DVLĊJXW\FKRVWDWQLFK

SR]RVWDMąZSUDZG]LHWDNLHSUDZDMDNSUDZRGRĪ\FLDRUD]GRVSUDZRZDQLDZáDG]\QDGVZRLPL

G]LHüPLDOHVąRQHSR]EDZLRQHPRĪOLZRĞFLSRGHMPRZDQLDGHF\]MLZVSUDZLHZáDVQRĞFL'OD

/RFNH¶DMHVWEH]G\VNXV\MQHĪHPĊĪF]\]QDVSUDZXMHZáDG]ĊZPDáĪHĔVWZLHFKRüZ\QLND

WRQLH]QDWXU\DOH]FKDUDNWHUXXPRZ\NWyUąMHVWNRQWUDNWPDáĪHĔVNL1LHPQLHMMHGQDNMHVW

GODQLHJRRF]\ZLVWHĪHZROQDLUyZQDNRELHWD]DZV]H]GHF\GXMHVLĊQDPDáĪHĔVNLNRQWUDNW

XVWDZLDMąF\MąZSRGSRU]ąGNRZDQHMZREHFPĊĪDSR]\FMLERSRGSRU]ąGNRZDQLHPĊĪF]\ĨQLH

Z\QLND]VDPHMQDWXU\NRELHW\:\UDĨQLHZLGDüWXWDMVWRVRZDQLHRGPLHQQ\FKVWDQGDUGyZ

ZREXVIHUDFK±ZáDG]DMHGQHMRVRE\QLHPRĪHE\üX]DVDGQLRQDZĪ\FLXVSRáHF]Q\PDOHPRĪH

E\üX]DVDGQLRQDZURG]LQLHJG]LHZRODPĊĪF]\]Q\ZNZHVWLDFKGRW\F]ąF\FKLFKZVSyOQHJR

Ī\FLDPDGHF\GXMąFH]QDF]HQLH %UHQQDQL3DWHPDQ 

-HG\Q\PP\ĞOLFLHOHPSRF]ąWNyZWUDG\FMLOLEHUDOQHMNWyU\VZRLPLSRVWXODWDPLREHMPXMH

NRELHW\E\á-RKQ6WXDUW0LOO3R]RVWDZDáRQNU\W\F]Q\ZREHFVXERUG\QDFMLNRELHWLGRPDJDá

VLĊLFKHPDQF\SDFML7DNLHSRVWXODW\E\á\ORJLF]QąNRQVHNZHQFMąXW\OLWDUQ\FK]DáRĪHĔMHJR

WHRULL±SRVWĊSOXG]NRĞFLQLHMHVWPRĪOLZ\EH]]DSHZQLHQLDQDMZLĊNV]HJRV]F]ĊĞFLDQDMZLĊNV]HM

OLF]ELHRVyE 0LOO0LOO =UyZQDQLHSR]\FMLNRELHW]SR]\FMąPĊĪF]\]QQLHE\áR

ZLĊFFHOHPVDP\PZVRELHDOHE\áRUyZQLHĪSRVWU]HJDQHMDNRĞURGHN]DSHZQLDMąF\SRVWĊS

OXG]NRĞFL 2NLQ 0LPRWDNUHZROXF\MQHJRVWDQRZLVNDZREHFNZHVWLLHPDQF\SDFML

NRELHWUyZQLHĪZSU]\SDGNXMHJRWHNVWyZPRĪQDRGQDOHĨüZ]PLDQNLSRGNUHĞODMąFHSU\PDW

URG]LQ\ QDG ZROQRĞFLą NRELHW .RELHW\ Z RSLQLL 0LOOD PRJą ZSUDZG]LH Z\ELHUDü NDULHUĊ

]DPLDVWĪ\FLDURG]LQQHJRMHGQDNE\áRGODQLHJRRF]\ZLVWHLĪZLĊNV]RĞü]QLFKEĊG]LHGDOHM

Z\ELHUDüĪ\FLHZPDáĪHĔVWZLHNWyUHSR]RVWDZDáR]RUJDQL]RZDQHZHGáXJSDWULDUFKDOQHJR

(4)

Z]RUXSRG]LDáXRERZLą]NyZLUyO3ULRU\WHWRZHWUDNWRZDQLHURG]LQ\LSRGSRU]ąGNRZDQDUROD

NRELHW\ VWDQRZLá\ SRGZDĪHQLH MHJR SRSDUFLD GOD HPDQF\SDFML L SUDZ Z\ERUF]\FK NRELHW

:MHGQ\P]HVZRLFKWHNVWyZ0LOOSU]\]QDMHZUĊF]ĪHNRELHW\EH]]E\WQLHMVWUDW\PRJą

E\üZ\NOXF]RQH]JáRVRZDQLDSRQLHZDĪLFKLQWHUHV\VąLWDNZáąF]RQHZLQWHUHV\PĊVNLFK

F]áRQNyZUHSUH]HQWXMąF\FKLFKURG]LQ\ 0LOO 

3RJOąG\SUHNXUVRUyZP\ĞOLOLEHUDOQHMQDWHPDWUROLNRELHWWUDIQLHSRGVXPRZXMHNRPHQWDU]

Teresy Brennan i Carole Pateman:

.RELHW\DZV]F]HJyOQRĞFL]DPĊĪQHNRELHW\VWDQRZLąVWDá\SUREOHPLVWDáHZ\]ZDQLHGODOLEHUDOQHM

WHRULLSROLW\F]QHM-HĞOL]D]Z\F]DMQLHMHVWWRSU]\MPRZDQHGRZLDGRPRĞFLWRW\ONRGODWHJRĪH

WHRUHW\F\U]DGNR]DGDMąVRELHWUXGDE\]DVWDQRZLüVLĊF]\LFKDUJXPHQW\VWRVRZDQHGRPĊĪF]\]Q

PDMąMDNLHNROZLHNRGQLHVLHQLHGRNRELHW %UHQQDQL3DWHPDQ 

.ROHMQ\HOHPHQWOLEHUDOQHMWUDG\FMLNWyU\]RVWDáSRGGDQ\RVWUHMNU\W\FHIHPLQLVW\F]Q\FK

WHRUHW\F]HNWR]DNáDGDQ\SU]H]QLąLPSOLFLWHSRG]LDáQDVIHUĊSXEOLF]QąLSU\ZDWQą.RU]HQL

WHJRSRG]LDáXQDOHĪ\V]XNDüMXĪXVWDURĪ\WQ\FKP\ĞOLFLHOL3ODWRQL$U\VWRWHOHVSU]HFLZVWDZLDOL

VIHUĊSXEOLF]QąZNWyUHMGRPLQXMąWDNLHFHFK\MDNUDFMRQDOQRĞüPąGURĞüKHURL]PĞZLDWX

SU\ZDWQHPXNWyU\E\áZSUDZG]LHSRVWU]HJDQ\MDNRQLH]EĊGQ\DOHFKDUDNWHU\]RZDáVLĊSUR- ]DLF]QRĞFLąLVNXSLHQLHPQDSURGXNFMLLUHSURGXNFML 2NLQ 3RG]LDáWHQMHVWUyZQLHĪ

ZLGRF]Q\XNODV\NyZP\ĞOLOLEHUDOQHM-DNNRPHQWXMHWR$QQH3KLOOLSV

 XWZRU]HQLHVSRáHF]HĔVWZDSROLW\F]QHJR]F]DVHP]DF]ĊáRE\üSRVWU]HJDQHMDNRZ\WZyU]JRG\

RVLąJQLĊWHMSU]H]PĊĪF]\]Q [PHQ@DZLĊFZFHQWUXPP\ĞOLOLEHUDOQHMSR]RVWDáDUHODFMDSRPLĊG]\

W\P PĊVNLP VSRáHF]HĔVWZHPLMHJR PĊVNLP U]ąGHP 3KLOOLSV 

.U\W\F]NLIHPLQLVW\F]QHSRGNUHĞODMąUyZQLHĪQLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞüVDP\FKSRMĊüÄSU\ZDWQH´

LÄSXEOLF]QH´5D]SRG]LDáWHQRGQRVLVLĊGRUR]UyĪQLHQLDSRPLĊG]\SDĔVWZHPDVSRáHF]HĔ- VWZHP LQQ\PL ]DĞ UD]HP RNUHĞOD SRG]LDá SRPLĊG]\ Ī\FLHP GRPRZ\P L SR]DGRPRZ\P

:REXSRGHMĞFLDFKSDĔVWZRMHVWWUDNWRZDQHMDNRSU]\QDOHĪQHGRVIHU\SXEOLF]QHMSRGF]DV

JG\URG]LQDGRVIHU\SU\ZDWQHM3UREOHPMHGQDNSRMDZLDVLĊSU]\SUyELH]DNZDOL¿NRZDQLD

VIHU\ÄSRPLĊG]\´RNUHĞODQHMPLDQHPVSRáHF]HĔVWZDRE\ZDWHOVNLHJR±ZSLHUZV]\PSRGHMĞFLX

MHVWRQDXPLHV]F]DQDZVIHU]HSU\ZDWQHMZGUXJLHMZVIHU]HSXEOLF]QHM 2NLQ 

:SU]\SDGNXSU]\WDF]DQ\FKZF]HĞQLHMWHRULL+REEHVD/RFNH¶D5RXVVHDXF]\QDZHW0LOOD

UR]G]LHOHQLHQDVIHUĊSU\ZDWQąF]ĊVWRXWRĪVDPLRQą]HVIHUąURG]LQQąLVIHUĊSXEOLF]QąMHVW

ZLGRF]QH2ELHWHVIHU\U]ąG]ąVLĊLQQ\PL]DVDGDPLDVSRVyELFKGH¿QLRZDQLDMHVWĞFLĞOH

]ZLą]DQ\]RNUHĞORQ\PL]DáRĪHQLDPLGRW\F]ąF\PLQDWXU\NRELHW\LPĊĪF]\]Q\:\NOXF]HQLH

NRELHW]HVIHU\SXEOLF]QHMLRJUDQLF]HQLHLFKIXQNFMRQRZDQLDGRVIHU\SU\ZDWQHMMHVW]D]Z\F]DM

X]DVDGQLDQHLFKVSHF\¿F]QąNRQVWUXNFMąSV\FKRORJLF]QąLELRORJLF]Qą QSLUUDFMRQDOQRĞü

VHNVXDOQRĞüIXQNFMHUHSURGXNF\MQH FRSRVWU]HJDQHE\áRMDNRSRWHQFMDOQH]DJURĪHQLHGOD

LFKIXQNFMRQRZDQLDZVIHU]HSXEOLF]QHMLGODVDPHMVIHU\SXEOLF]QHM

: SU]\SDGNX ZVSyáF]HVQHM WHRULL SROLW\F]QHM UR]G]LDá REX VIHU MHVW QDGDO ZLGRF]Q\

DNZHVWLHGRW\F]ąFHVIHU\SU\ZDWQHMRUD]URG]LQQHMVą]XSHáQLHZ\NOXF]RQH]REV]DUXMHM

]DLQWHUHVRZDQLD 2NLQ    5yZQLHĪ UROD NRELHW\ Z URG]LQLH QLH ]RVWDMH SRGGDQD

UHÀHNVMLFRZ\UDĨQLHZLGDüZSRPLMDQLXSU]H]WHRULĊOLEHUDOQąNZHVWLLZ\QDJURG]HQLD]D

SUDFĊZGRPXRUD]SRG]LDáXRERZLą]NyZGRPRZ\FK .\POLFND 

(5)

=SRG]LDáHPQDVIHUĊSU\ZDWQąLSXEOLF]QąZLąĪHVLĊWHĪSUDZRGRSU\ZDWQRĞFLNWyUH

UyZQLHĪVWDáRVLĊSU]HGPLRWHPIHPLQLVW\F]QHMNU\W\NL:SUDNW\FHSUDZRWRR]QDF]DEUDN

LQWHUZHQFML]HVWURQ\SDĔVWZDZSU\ZDWQąVIHUĊURG]LQQą±EUDNRFKURQ\GODNRELHW]HVWUR- Q\SDĔVWZDSU]HGSU]HPRFąGRPRZąJZDáWHPPDáĪHĔVNLPRUD]EUDNX]QDQLDGODZDUWRĞFL

SUDF\ GRPRZHM -HVW WR MHGQRF]HĞQLH Z\UD] Z\NOXF]HQLD VIHU\ SU\ZDWQHM ] ]DVWRVRZDQLD

]DVDGVSUDZLHGOLZRĞFLRERZLą]XMąF\FKZVIHU]HSXEOLF]QHM .\POLFND 7UDIQLH

SRGVXPRZXMąWRVáRZD&DWKULQH0DF.LQQRQÄGRNWU\QDSU\ZDWQRĞFLVWDáDVLĊWULXPIHP]U]H- F]HQLDVLĊRGSRZLHG]LDOQRĞFL]DNRELHW\SU]H]SDĔVWZR ZLPLĊZROQRĞFLLVDPRGHWHUPLQDFML´

0DF.LQQRQ 1LHUyZQRĞFLZVIHU]HSU\ZDWQHM]RVWDá\SRWUDNWRZDQHMDNRQLHPD- MąFH]QDF]HQLDGODMDNRĞFLGHPRNUDFMLRUD]ZSá\ZXQDV]DQVHNRELHWQDSROLW\F]QąUyZQRĞü

7UDNWRZDQLHVIHU\SU\ZDWQHMMDNRSR]RVWDMąFHMEH]]ZLą]NX]HVIHUąSXEOLF]QąSR]RVWDZDáR

Z MDZQHM VSU]HF]QRĞFL ] ]DáRĪHQLDPL IHPLQL]PX SRVWXOXMąFHJR LĪ ]DVDG\ GHPRNUDW\F]QH

SRZLQQ\E\üSUDNW\NRZDQHQLHW\ONRZVIHU]HSXEOLF]QHMDOHUyZQLHĪÄZNXFKQLĪáRENX

LZV\SLDOQL´ 3DWHPDQ 7DNLHVWDQRZLVNR]GHF\GRZDQLHEDUG]LHM]EOLĪDIHPLQL]P

GRWUDG\FMLGHPRNUDFMLSDUW\F\SDF\MQHMQLĪGRGHPRNUDFMLOLEHUDOQHM

 75$'<&-$5(38%/,.$ē6.$$.:(67,$.2%,(7

7UDG\FMDUHSXEOLNDĔVNDPD]QDF]QLHGáXĪV]ąKLVWRULĊQLĪWUDG\FMDOLEHUDOQD,GHHJUHFNLHM

UHSXEOLNLPRĪQDRGQDOHĨüZH:áRV]HFKRNUHVXUHQHVDQVXF]\ZZDUWRĞFLDFKDPHU\NDĔVNLHM

UHZROXFML-HGQDNZHZV]\VWNLFKSU]HMDZDFKWUDG\FMDWDE\áDGDOHFHOHNFHZDĪąFDGODNRELHW

FRZ\UDĨQLHZLGDü]DUyZQRZWHNVWDFK$U\VWRWHOHVDMDNUyZQLHĪZWHNVWDFK0DFKLDYHOOHJR

SRU8OLĔVNL 7RVSRZRGRZDáREDUG]RNU\W\F]QąSLHUZRWQąUHFHSFMĊP\ĞOLUHSXEOL- NDĔVNLHM]HVWURQ\IHPLQL]PX-DNNRPHQWXMHWR-XGLWK$9HJDUHSXEOLNDQL]PZ\GDMHVLĊ

E\üXRVRELHQLHPNZLQWHVHQFMLG\VF\SOLQXMąFHJRLPĊVNLHJRPRGHUQL]PXREVHVMDQDSXQN- FLHZV]HFKPRFQRĞFL WKHRPQLSRWHQW NWyUąPXVLSRVLDGDüNRQVWUXNFMDSROLW\F]QHMZáDG]\

LXSUDZRPRFQLHQLHHJRFHQWU\F]QHJRNRQNXUXMąFHJRLNRQWUROXMąFHJRSRGPLRWXSROLW\F]QHJR

±REDSU]HVLąNQLĊWHQLHXNU\ZDQ\PVWUDFKHPLSRJDUGąZREHFNRELHW 9HJD±  :VZRMHMZVSyáF]HVQHMIRUPLH±F]ĊVWRXWRĪVDPLDQHM]SUDFDPL+DQQDK$UHQGW±UHSX- EOLNDQL]PMHVWSU]\FK\OQLHMWUDNWRZDQ\SU]H]IHPLQL]P$UHQGWWUDNWXMHSROLW\NĊMDNRVSHF\-

¿F]Q\W\SDNW\ZQRĞFLMDNRZ\UyĪQLRQąVIHUĊFKDUDNWHU\VW\F]QąGODOXG]L:WDNLPNRQWHNĞFLH

E\FLHRE\ZDWHOHPR]QDF]DSU]HNUDF]DQLHLQG\ZLGXDOQ\FKLQWHUHVyZMHGQRVWNLOXEJUXS\RUD]

]DDQJDĪRZDQLHLDNW\ZQRĞüQDU]HF]GREUDZVSyOQHJR 3KLOOLSV =GDQLHP$UHQGW

WDOHQWLSDVMDGRSROLW\NLQLHVąUyZQRPLHUQLHUR]áRĪRQHZVSRáHF]HĔVWZLHZ]ZLą]NX]F]\P

X]DVDGQLRQHMHVWRGGDQLHVSUDZSXEOLF]Q\FKZUĊFHRFKRWQLNyZDQJDĪXMąF\FKVLĊZVSUDZ\

SXEOLF]QH7RX]DVDGQLDLVWQLHQLHHOLWSROLW\F]Q\FK 3KLOOLSV 

:VSyáF]HVQ\UHSXEOLNDQL]P]GDMHVLĊNRQFHQWURZDüQDWU]HFKJáyZQ\FKWHPDWDFKNWyUH

SR]RVWDMąZĞFLVá\PFHQWUXP]DLQWHUHVRZDQLDIHPLQL]PX3RSLHUZV]HMHVWNU\W\F]Q\ZREHF

UHGXNRZDQLDSROLW\NLGRDPRUDOQHJRSHUWUDNWRZDQLDRUD]Z\PLDQ\SRPLĊG]\UyĪQ\PLJUX- SDPLLMHGQRVWNDPLSUyEXMąF\PLUHDOL]RZDüVZRMHLQWHUHV\:W\PSXQNFLHUHSXEOLNDQL]P

Z\GDMHVLĊE\üGRĞüEOLVNLP\ĞOLIHPLQLVW\F]QHMNWyUDSRGNUHĞODLĪSROLW\NDVNRQFHQWURZD- QD QD XPRZDFK RUD] QHJRFMDFMDFK EĊG]LH Z U]HF]\ZLVWRĞFL Z]PDFQLDáD SR]\FMĊ JUXS MXĪ

(6)

XSU]\ZLOHMRZDQ\FK3RQDGWRSROLW\NDRSDUWDQDLQWHUHVDFK]DNáDGDLFKVWDáRĞüLSU]HZLG\ZDO- QRĞüSRGF]DVJG\±MDNZVND]XMąIHPLQLVWNL±LQWHUHV\F]ĊVWRIRUPRZDQHVąZNRQWHNĞFLH

DNWXDOQ\FK RNROLF]QRĞFL 3RWHQFMDOQ\ DOLDQV PLĊG]\ UHSXEOLNDĔVNą NU\W\Ną LQWHUHVX RUD]

SRGNUHĞODQLHPSRWU]HE\WZRU]HQLDGREUDZVSyOQHJRLP\ĞOąIHPLQLVW\F]QąMHVWMHGQDNNUXFK\

±NU\W\F]NLIHPLQLVW\F]QHSRGNUHĞODMąRGPLHQQRĞüLQWHUHVyZNRELHWLF]ĊVWH MDNSRND]\ZDáD

WRKLVWRULD LFKZ\NOXF]HQLH]SRMĊFLDGREUDZVSyOQHJR 3KLOOLSV± 7UDIQLH

SRGVXPRZXMHWHQG\OHPDW,ULV<RXQJ

:VSRáHF]HĔVWZLHZNWyU\PQLHNWyUHJUXS\VąXSU]\ZLOHMRZDQHDLQQHXFLVNDQHQDFLVNDE\RVR- E\MDNRRE\ZDWHOHRGFLQDá\VLĊRGVZRLFKSDUW\NXODUQ\FKD¿OLDFMLLGRĞZLDGF]HĔWDNDE\SU]\Mąü

RJyOQ\SXQNWZLG]HQLDVáXĪ\W\ONRZ]PRFQLHQLXXSU]\ZLOHMRZDQLD3HUVSHNW\ZDRUD]LQWHUHV\

XSU]\ZLOHMRZDQ\FKEĊGąPLDá\WHQGHQFMHGRGRPLQRZDQLDZW\P]XQLIRUPL]RZDQ\PVSRáHF]HĔ- VWZLHPDUJLQDOL]XMąFOXEZ\FLV]DMąFLQWHUHV\LQQ\FKJUXS <RXQJ 

3RVWXODWZ\FKRG]HQLDSR]DZáDVQHLQWHUHV\RUD]Z\PyJEH]VWURQQRĞFLZ\GDMąVLĊV]F]H- JyOQLHWUXGQHGODJUXSNWyUHGRSLHUR]DF]\QDMąZ\UDĪDüVZRMHGRW\FKF]DVSRPLMDQHSRWU]HE\

'RWHMNDWHJRULLQLHZąWSOLZLH]DOLF]DMąVLĊUyZQLHĪNRELHW\

3RGUXJLHUHSXEOLNDQL]PNRQFHQWUXMHVLĊQDNU\W\FH]DOHĪQRĞFLLGRPLQDFMLRUD]GH¿QLXMH

ZROQRĞüZNDWHJRULDFKEUDNXGRPLQDFML.OXF]RZąUROĊPDUyZQLHĪSRGNUHĞODQLH]QDF]HQLD

DXWRQRPLL.ODV\F]QHWHNVW\NRQFHQWUXMąVLĊZSUDZG]LHQD]DOHĪQRĞFLLGRPLQDFMLZNRQ- WHNĞFLH SR]RVWDZDQLD SRG ZSá\ZHP W\UDQyZ OXE QLHREOLF]DOQ\FK ZáDGFyZ DOH DUJXPHQW

WHQPRĪQDUyZQLHĪUR]V]HU]\üQDLQQHIRUP\GRPLQDFML±QSGRPLQDFMĊSUDFRGDZFyZQDG

SUDFRZQLNDPLOXEQDGRPLQDFMĊPĊĪDQDGĪRQą 3KLOOLSV :W\PPLHMVFXSRMD- ZLDVLĊSXQNWZVSyOQ\]IHPLQL]PHPZNWyUHJRFHQWUXPNU\W\NLSR]RVWDMąUyZQLHĪUHODFMH

ZáDG]\NZHVWLDGRPLQDFMLRUD]]DOHĪQRĞFL UyZQLHĪ¿QDQVRZHM V]F]HJyOQLHZRGQLHVLHQLX

GR PDáĪHĔVWZD$QDOL]\ V]F]HJyOQLH ;,;ZLHF]Q\FK L ;;ZLHF]Q\FK IHPLQLVWHN EDUG]R

F]ĊVWRSRGHMPRZDá\WHPDWPDWHULDOQHJRSRGSRU]ąGNRZDQLDNRELHWLWRQLHZąWSOLZLHSR]RVWDMH

Z]JRG]LH]]DáRĪHQLDPLUHSXEOLNDQL]PX-HGQDN

 WDPJG]LHUHSXEOLNDQL]PNRQFHQWUXMHVLĊQDV\VWHPLHSROLW\F]Q\PZUDPDFKNWyUHJRPRĪQD

]DNZHVWLRQRZDüGRPLQDFMĊMHVWEDUG]LHMSUDZGRSRGREQHĪHIHPLQL]PEĊG]LHSRGNUHĞODáĨUyGáR

QLHUyZQRĞFLNWyUHGRWHJRGRSURZDG]Lá\ 3KLOOLSV 

7U]HFLHOHPHQWSR]RVWDMąF\ZFHQWUXP]DLQWHUHVRZDQLDUHSXEOLNDQL]PXWRQDFLVNQDVIHUĊ

SXEOLF]QąLMHMUDG\NDOQHRGG]LHOHQLHRGVIHU\SU\ZDWQHMF]\OLNRQFHQWURZDQLHVLĊQDXQL- ZHUVDOQ\FKNZHVWLDFKLZ\NOXF]HQLXSDUW\NXODU\]PyZDZLĊFUyZQLHĪWHJRFRSU]\QDOHĪQH

VIHU]HGRPRZHMLURG]LQQHM:DUWRĞFLRZDQLHVIHU\SXEOLF]QHMSU]H]UHSXEOLNDQL]PRUD]MHJR

NU\W\NDXSDGNXL]QDF]HQLDVIHU\SXEOLF]QHMQDU]HF]SRGSRU]ąGNRZDQLDSROLW\NLLQWHUHVRP

SU\ZDWQ\PLHNRQRPLLZ\GDMąVLĊWZRU]\üSXQNWZVSyOQ\]IHPLQL]PHPNWyU\RGSRF]ąWNX

QDFLVNDáQDNRQLHF]QRĞüGRVWĊSXNRELHWGRVIHU\SXEOLF]QHMMDNRMHGHQ]ZDUXQNyZLFKZRO- QRĞFL 3KLOOLSV -HGQDNZ\NOXF]HQLH]HVIHU\SXEOLF]QHMNZHVWLLSDUW\NXODUQ\FK

VWDQRZLáR SRZDĪQ\ SXQNW ]DSDOQ\ L GOD IHPLQL]PX VWDQRZLáR R VáDERĞFL UHSXEOLNDQL]PX

3UREOHPDW\F]QHSR]RVWDZDáRSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPZąVNLHGH¿QLRZDQLHWHJRFRSXEOLF]QH-DN

SLV]H+DQQDK$UHQGWVWDURĪ\WQLSRVWU]HJDOLSU\ZDWQRĞüZNDWHJRULDFKGHSU\ZDFML±ÄR]QDF]DáD

RQDGRVáRZQLHVWDQSR]EDZLHQLDF]HJRĞDQDZHWSR]EDZLHQLDF]áRZLHNDMHJRQDMZ\ĪV]\FK

(7)

LQDMEDUG]LHMOXG]NLFK]GROQRĞFL´ $UHQGW :VSyáF]HĞQLHQLHPyZLVLĊMXĪRWHM

sferze w kategoriach deprywacji, ale nadal jest ona przeciwstawiana sferze politycznej, a od QRZRĪ\WQRĞFL±UyZQLHĪVIHU]HVSRáHF]QHM2]QDF]DWRZ\NOXF]DQLH]HVIHU\WHJRFRSXEOLF]QH

DVSHNWyZFLHOHVQ\FKLNZHVWLL]ZLą]DQ\FK]RGF]XFLDPLRVRELVW\PL)HPLQL]PV]F]HJyOQLH

GUXJLHMIDOLSU]H]VZRMHKDVáRÄSU\ZDWQHMHVWSROLW\F]QH´]DNZHVWLRQRZDáWHQVSRáHF]Q\SR- G]LDáQDVIHUĊSXEOLF]QąLSU\ZDWQąRUD]RGSRZLDGDMąF\LPRGPLHQQ\SRU]ąGHNLQVW\WXFMRQDOQ\

LSU]\SLV\ZDQHPXRGPLHQQHOXG]NLHDWU\EXW\3U]HNáDGDVLĊWRMDNSRGNUHĞOD,ULV<RXQJQD

GZLH]DVDG\ÄĪDGQHLQVW\WXFMHF]\SUDNW\NLVSRáHF]QHQLHSRZLQQ\E\üDSULRULZ\áąF]RQH

MDNR ZáDĞFLZ\ SU]HGPLRW GHEDW\ SXEOLF]QHM LSXEOLF]QHM HNVSUHVML´ RUD] ĪH ÄĪDGQH RVRE\

G]LDáDQLDF]\DVSHNW\Ī\FLDOXG]LQLHSRZLQQ\PXVLHüSR]RVWDüZVIHU]HSU\ZDWQHM´ <RXQJ

 3RGREQHDUJXPHQW\VąSRGQRV]RQHSU]H]1DQF\)UDVHUNWyUDPyZLRZLHORĞFL

VIHUSXEOLF]Q\FKWZRU]RQ\FKZRNyáRGPLHQQ\FKVLHFLNRPXQLNDFMLVSRáHF]QHM SRU)UDVHU

 )HPLQLVW\F]QDNU\W\NDUR]G]LDáXQDVIHUĊSXEOLF]QąLSU\ZDWQąZQRVLZLĊF]QDF]QLH

V]HUV]HQLĪUHSXEOLNDĔVNLHUR]XPLHQLHVIHU\SXEOLF]QHM:]ZLą]NX]W\PQLH]DZV]H]JDG]D

VLĊ]NU\W\F]Q\PLJáRVDPLUHSXEOLNDQL]PXGRW\F]ąF\PLNU\]\VXLXSDGNXVIHU\SXEOLF]QHM

 '(02.5$&-$3$57<&<3$&<-1$±327(1&-$à,=$*52ĩ(1,$

=DLQWHUHVRZDQLDGHPRNUDFMąSDUW\F\SDF\MQąSU]HĪ\ZDMąUHQHVDQVRGODW;;ZLHNX

:VZRLFK]DáRĪHQLDFKMHVWWRMHGQD]QDMEDUG]LHMHJDOLWDUQ\FKIRUPGHPRNUDFML-DNSRGNUHĞOD

Karen Wendling:

-HMFHOHPQLHMHVWMHG\QLHSRZV]HFKQHSUDZRZ\ERUF]HF]\SUDZRGRGHF\GRZDQLDLZSá\ZDQLD

QDOLGHUyZ-HMFHOHPMHVWZIRUPLHLGHDOQHMVSRáHF]HĔVWZRVDPR]DU]ąG]DMąFHVLĊ>VHOIPDQDJLQJ

VRFLHW\@ZNWyU\PQLHPDSROLW\F]Q\FKOLGHUyZZNWyU\PUyZQRĞüSROLW\F]QDR]QDF]DQLHW\ONR

UyZQHSUDZDDOHWDNĪHUyZQ\UR]NáDGVNXWHF]QHMSROLW\F]QHMZáDG]\   :HQGOLQJ  -HGQ\P]JáyZQ\FK]DáRĪHĔGHPRNUDFMLSDUW\F\SDF\MQHMMHVW]DNZHVWLRQRZDQLHVWRVR- ZDQLD]DVDGGHPRNUDFMLW\ONRZRGQLHVLHQLXGRVIHU\SXEOLF]QHMLZ\NOXF]HQLH]MHMZSá\ZX

VIHU\SU\ZDWQHM +LOPHU :\QLNDWR]SU]HNRQDQLDĪHQLHGHPRNUDW\F]QHSUDNW\NL

PDMąFHPLHMVFHZVIHU]HVSRáHF]QHMV]F]HJyOQLHZSUDF\Z]QDF]ąF\VSRVyESRGZDĪDMą

MDNRĞüGHPRNUDW\F]Q\FKU]ąGyZ=WHJRZ\QLNDLĪGODVWZRU]HQLDSUDZG]LZHMGHPRNUDFML

NOXF]RZH MHVW SU]HRUJDQL]RZDQLH V\VWHPX SUDF\ WDN DE\ XPRĪOLZLü Z QLP SUDZG]LZ\

LUyZQ\XG]LDáMHGQRVWNRP]DDQJDĪRZDQ\PZSURFHVSRGHMPRZDQLDGHF\]ML7HQDUJXPHQW

MHVW UyZQLHĪ RSDUW\ QD ]DáRĪHQLX R XF]HQLX VLĊ GHPRNUDW\F]Q\FK SUDNW\N Z SU\ZDWQ\P

ĞZLHFLHURG]LQ\V]NRá\LSUDF\:NRQVHNZHQFMLGHPRNUDFMDMHVWWUXGQDOXEQLHPRĪOLZD

GR ]UHDOL]RZDQLD MHĞOL QLH MHVW SUDNW\NRZDQD L VWRVRZDQD SR]D VIHUą SXEOLF]Qą 3KLOOLSV

± :SUDNW\FH]HVZRLPQDFLVNLHPQDSRWU]HEĊVSRWNDĔLG\VNXVMLQDWHPDW

SRGHMPRZDQ\FKGHF\]MLGHPRNUDFMDSDUW\F\SDF\MQDR]QDF]DRF]HNLZDQLHEH]SRĞUHGQLH- JR ]DDQJDĪRZDQLD Z SRGHMPRZDQLH GHF\]ML Z\NUDF]DMąFHJR SR]D RND]\MQH JáRVRZDQLH

LZ\ELHUDQLHUHSUH]HQWDQWyZ

'HPRNUDFMDSDUW\F\SDF\MQDZ\GDMHVLĊE\üQDMRSW\PLVW\F]QLHMV]ąRSFMąGODZáąF]HQLD

NRELHWGRVIHU\SROLW\F]QHMLQDGDQLDLPUyZQ\FKSUDZ&RZLĊFHMVDPUXFKIHPLQLVW\F]Q\E\á

(8)

URG]DMHPHNVSHU\PHQWX]]DNUHVXGHPRNUDFMLSDUW\F\SDF\MQHME\áĞFLĞOHSRZLą]DQ\]ZDUWR- ĞFLDPLORNDOQ\PLL]RGGROQ\P]DDQJDĪRZDQLHPDNW\ZLVWyZ]]GHFHQWUDOL]RZDQąGHPRNUDFMą

LSU]\ZLą]DQLHPGRSRGHMPRZDQLDZVSyOQ\FKGHF\]MLRUD]]]DáRĪHQLHPĪHGHPRNUDFMDPD

NOXF]RZH]QDF]HQLHZV]ĊG]LHWDPJG]LHZJUĊZFKRG]ąUHODFMHZáDG]\ 3KLOOLSV

:HQGOLQJ 3XQNW\ZVSyOQHPRĪQDUyZQLHĪRGQDOHĨüQDSR]LRPLHWHRUHW\F]Q\P

±PRZDRQDFLVNXNWyU\IHPLQL]PNáDG]LHQDSRWU]HEĊVWRVRZDQLDSUDNW\NGHPRNUDW\F]Q\FK

ZVIHU]HSU\ZDWQHMRUD]X]QDQLXSU]H]IHPLQL]PUyĪQRĞFLLLQQRĞFLZ\PXV]DMąF\FKSRWU]HEĊ

DNW\ZQHM G\VNXVML L XG]LDáX Z VSRWNDQLDFK NWyU\FK FHOHP MHVW Z\SUDFRZDQLH ZVSyOQ\FK

stanowisk i decyzji (Phillips 1991: 41).

Feministyczna krytyka demokracji partycypacyjnej zmierza w kilku kierunkach i w pew- Q\P VHQVLH MHVW UyZQLHĪ RSDUWD QD GRĞZLDGF]HQLX UXFKX NRELHFHJR 3UDNW\ND GHPRNUDFML

EH]SRĞUHGQLHMZUXFKX±SRSU]H]QDFLVNQDSRWU]HEĊRVLąJQLĊFLDZVSyOQHJRVWDQRZLVNDF]\

WHĪ Z\SUDFRZDQLD ZROL RJyáX UHSUH]HQWXMąFHM LQWHUHV\ ZV]\VWNLFK ± F]ĊVWR SURZDG]LáD GR

QLHWROHUDQFMLLNRQÀLNWyZ 3KLOOLSV RUD]GRSRZVWDZDQLDQLHIRUPDOQ\FKVWUXNWXU

ZáDG]\SR]RVWDZLDMąF\FKSUDNW\NĊSROLW\F]QąZVSU]HF]QRĞFL]GXFKHPGHPRNUDFMLSDUW\- F\SDF\MQHM :HQGOLQJ 7RGRĞZLDGF]HQLHSRND]\ZDáRSRWHQFMDOQHRJUDQLF]HQLD

Z\QLNDMąFH]SUDNW\NLGHPRNUDFMLSDUW\F\SDF\MQHM

'RGDWNRZRNU\W\F]NLSRGNUHĞODMąLĪ]DáRĪHQLDGHPRNUDFMLEH]SRĞUHGQLHMQLHELRUąSRG

XZDJĊRJUDQLF]HĔF]DVRZ\FKNWyU\FKGRĞZLDGF]DMąNRELHW\Z]ZLą]NX]GRGDWNRZ\PLRE- FLąĪHQLDPLZ\QLNDMąF\P]LFKQLHRGSáDWQHMSUDF\ZVIHU]HGRPRZHMRUD]RSLHNLVSUDZRZDQHM

QDGG]LHüPLLVWDUV]\PL=W\PDUJXPHQWHPZLąĪHVLĊEH]SRĞUHGQLRNROHMQ\SUREOHP±SR- WHQFMDOQ\EUDNHJDOLWDU\]PXZGHF\]MDFKSROLW\F]Q\FKRSDUW\FKQDG\VNXVMDFKLVSRWNDQLDFK

,PZLĊNV]\QDFLVNQDSRWU]HEĊXF]HVWQLFWZDW\PZLĊNV]HSUDZGRSRGRELHĔVWZRĪHW\ONR

QLHOLF]QLEĊGąIDNW\F]QLH]DDQJDĪRZDQLDZLĊFGHPRNUDFMDEĊG]LHRSDUWDQDGHF\]MDFKJUXS\

RVyENWyUHQLHVąXSUDZQLRQHGRPyZLHQLDZLPLHQLXSR]RVWDá\FK 3KLOOLSV 7HQ

DUJXPHQWPRĪHE\üV]F]HJyOQLHSUDZG]LZ\ZSU]\SDGNXNRELHW]D]Z\F]DMPDMąF\FKPQLHM

F]DVXQDXG]LDáZVSRWNDQLDFK

.ROHMQ\DUJXPHQWSRGQRV]RQ\SU]H]IHPLQLVWNLGRW\F]\MDNRĞFLSDUW\F\SDFML.RELHW\]H

Z]JOĊGXQDVZRMąSRGSRU]ąGNRZDQąSR]\FMĊRUD]VRFMDOL]DFMĊGRWUDG\F\MQHMUROLNRELHFHM

]DNáDGDMąFHMSRVáXV]HĔVWZRLNRQIRUPL]PF]ĊVWRPDMąSUREOHP]XG]LDáHPZVSRWNDQLDFK

L]Z\UDĪDQLHPVZRMHMRSLQLL'RELWQLHLOXVWUXMąWRVáRZD-DQH0DQVEULGJH

  ZLHOH NRELHW WDNLFK MDN MD ± ELDá\FK RE\ZDWHOHN 6WDQyZ =MHGQRF]RQ\FK ] NODV\ ĞUHGQLHM

XURG]RQ\FKZODWDFKWU]\G]LHVW\FKLF]WHUG]LHVW\FK±E\áRXF]RQ\FKDE\QLHPLHü]E\WPRFQR

]GH¿QLRZDQ\FKSRWU]HE 0DQVEULGJH 

)HPLQL]PZVND]XMHUyZQLHĪQD RJUDQLF]HQLDNRELHW]ZLą]DQH] QDFLVNLHPZ WUDG\FML

GHPRNUDFMLSDUW\F\SDF\MQHMQD]QDF]HQLHGRĞZLDGF]HQLDXF]HVWQLFWZDZSáDWQHMSUDF\7HQ

PRGHO GHPRNUDFML ]DNáDGD UR]V]HU]HQLH ZSá\ZX GHPRNUDFML QD VIHU\ ]ZLą]DQH ] VDPR]D- U]ąG]DQLHP ZVSyáSUDFą L GHPRNUDW\F]Q\P SRGHMPRZDQLHP GHF\]ML Z SUDF\ 1DFLVN QD

GRĞZLDGF]HQLHSUDF\]DZRGRZHMSRND]XMHMHGQDNZ\UDĨQLHRULHQWDFMĊWHMWUDG\FMLZNLHUXQNX

PĊVNLHJRGRĞZLDGF]HQLDSRQLHZDĪUHODFMDLGRĞZLDGF]HQLHNRELHWLPĊĪF]\]QZRGQLHVLH- QLXGRSUDF\]DZRGRZHMSR]RVWDMąQDGDORGPLHQQH:LĊNV]RĞüPĊĪF]\]QSUDFXMH]QDF]Qą

F]ĊĞüVZRMHJRĪ\FLDSRGF]DVJG\NDULHU\NRELHWVąF]ĊĞFLHMSU]HU\ZDQHLNRELHW\PDMąGR

(9)

VZRMHMSUDF\ZLĊNV]\G\VWDQV 3KLOOLSV 'HPRNUDFMDNWyUDRSLHUDVLĊQD]DáRĪHQLX

RXF]HQLXVLĊSRSU]H]XG]LDáZU\QNXSUDF\SáDWQHM]]DáRĪHQLDEĊG]LHZLĊFPLDáDGODNRELHW

G\VNU\PLQXMąF\FKDUDNWHU

 '(02.5$&-$=3(563(.7<:<)(0,1,=08±35Ï%$

PODSUMOWANIA

)HPLQLVW\F]QDNU\W\NDWHRULLGHPRNUDFMLSRND]XMHZLHOHMHMVáDERĞFLLRJUDQLF]HĔZPRĪOL- ZRĞFLDFK]DSHZQLHQLDNRELHWRPSHáQHJRLUyZQHJRGRVWĊSXRUD]XG]LDáXZĪ\FLXSROLW\F]Q\P

.U\W\NDMHGQRF]HĞQLHVWDáDVLĊSXQNWHPZ\MĞFLDGRWZRU]HQLDQRZ\FKSURSR]\FML0LPRZLH- ORĞFLSRGHMĞüLSURSR]\FMLNWyUHSRMDZLá\VLĊZRVWDWQLFKGHNDGDFKZP\ĞOLIHPLQLVW\F]QHM

LFKSXQNWHPZVSyOQ\PSR]RVWDMHSU]HNRQDQLHLĪPLQLPDOLVW\F]QDVWUDWHJLDGRGDQLDNRELHWGR

LVWQLHMąFHJRV\VWHPXSROLW\F]QHJRQLHSR]ZROLZ\HOLPLQRZDüQLHUyZQRĞFLLRJUDQLF]HĔ$E\

]EXGRZDüGHPRNUDW\F]QHLVSUDZLHGOLZHVSRáHF]HĔVWZRZNWyU\PNRELHW\ LLQQHG\VNU\PL- QRZDQHGRWąGJUXS\ X]\VNDMąZROQRĞüLUyZQRĞüNRQLHF]QDMHVW]PLDQDFDáHJRV\VWHPXZUD]

]PRG\¿NDFMąLVWQLHMąF\FKUDPRUD]SRMĊüWHRUHW\F]Q\FKLPSOLFLWHSU]\MPXMąF\FKV\WXDFMĊ

LGRĞZLDGF]HQLHPĊVNLHMDNRSDUDG\JPDW\F]QH =HULOOL :DUXQNLHPWUDQVIRUPDFML

V\VWHPXMHVWZLĊFNU\W\F]QHSU]HGH¿QLRZDQLHNOXF]RZ\FKGODWHRULLGHPRNUDFMLSRMĊüWDNLFK

MDNZáDG]DSUDZDUyZQRĞüZROQRĞüZ\QLNDMąFH]X]QDQLDNRELHWMDNRLVWRWSROLW\F]Q\FKRUD]

]RGU]XFHQLDSRG]LDáXQDVIHUĊSU\ZDWQąLSXEOLF]Qą LELGHP 3KLOOLSV  SRGVXPRZXMąF

ZVSyáF]HVQHUHODFMHSRPLĊG]\IHPLQL]PHPDGHPRNUDFMąZ\UyĪQLDWU]\JáyZQHQXUW\WHRUHW\- ]RZDQLD]WHJRREV]DUX3LHUZV]\QXUWGRW\F]\NZHVWLLRE\ZDWHOVWZDUR]XPLDQHJRZNDWHJR- riach uniwersalnych (VDPHQHVV LNZHVWLLRE\ZDWHOVWZDRSDUWHJRQDUyĪQLF\ĝFLHUDQLHVLĊW\FK

GZyFKSRGHMĞüE\áRV]F]HJyOQLHZLGRF]QHZGHEDWDFKSURZDG]RQ\FKZODWDFK;;ZLHNX

±MHGHQREy]GRPDJDáVLĊWUDNWRZDQLDLSRVWU]HJDQLDPĊĪF]\]QLNRELHWGRNáDGQLHZWDNLVDP

VSRVyEGUXJLSRGNUHĞODáLĪVSHF\¿F]QHFHFK\NRQVW\WXW\ZQHNRELHWZ\PDJDMąWUDNWRZDQLD

RGPLHQQHJRRGPĊĪF]\]Q QSNZHVWLDPDFLHU]\ĔVWZD 2EHFQLHZUDPDFKIHPLQLVW\F]Q\FK

WHRULLSURSRQRZDQHVąSRGHMĞFLDáąF]ąFHRELHSHUVSHNW\Z\=MHGQHMVWURQ\LVWQLHMHSRWU]HED

VSUREOHPDW\]RZDQLDXQLZHUVDOQHJRSRMĊFLDRE\ZDWHOVWZDNWyUHQDMF]ĊĞFLHMQRVLáR]QDPLRQD

PĊVNLHMGRPLQDFML MDNZ\UDĨQLHSRND]DáDWRNU\W\NDIHPLQLVW\F]QD =GUXJLHMNRQLHF]QHMHVW

SRVWU]HJDQLHRE\ZDWHOVWZDZSHZQ\FKXQLZHUVDOQ\FKNDWHJRULDFKSU]\MHGQRF]HVQ\PX]QDQLX

UyĪQLF\ 3KLOOLSV 7UDIQLHSRGVXPRZXMHWR3DWHPDQÄUyZQHSROLW\F]QHSRVWU]HJDQLH

RE\ZDWHOVWZDMHVWNRQLHF]QHGODGHPRNUDFMLLGODDXWRQRPLLNRELHW´DOHQLHR]QDF]DWRĪH

ZV]\VF\RE\ZDWHOHPXV]ąE\üWUDNWRZDQLMDNPĊĪF]\]QLDOERĪHÄZV]\VWNLHNRELHW\PXV]ą

E\üWUDNWRZDQHZWDNLVDPVSRVyE´ 3DWHPDQ 

'UXJLP ZDĪQ\P ZVSyáF]HVQ\P QXUWHP UR]ZDĪDĔ QD WHPDW IHPLQL]PX L GHPRNUDFML

]GDQLHP3KLOOLSV  MHVWXG]LDáIHPLQL]PXZUR]ZRMXJáyZQHJRQXUWXWHRUHW\]RZDQLD

QDWHPDWGHPRNUDFML6]F]HJyOQLHMHVWWRZLGRF]QHZGHEDWDFKGRW\F]ąF\FKGHPRNUDFMLGH- OLEHUDW\ZQHM7HRUHW\F]NLIHPLQLVW\F]QH]MHGQHMVWURQ\HQWX]MDVW\F]QLHSRG]LHODá\JáyZQH

]DáRĪHQLDWHJRQXUWXGRW\F]ąFHNU\W\NLGHPRNUDFMLRSDUWHMQDLQWHUHVDFKUyĪQ\FKJUXSLRND- zjonalnym JáRVRZDQLXRUD]GRFHQLDá\GHPRNUDFMĊREDUG]LHMLQNOX]\MQ\PFKDUDNWHU]HRSDUWą

QDGHOLEHUDFML=GUXJLHMVWURQ\ZVND]\ZDá\QDV]HUHJRJUDQLF]HĔWHJRQXUWXZVND]XMąFQD

(10)

QLHEH]SLHF]HĔVWZD]ZLą]DQH]SU]\MĊFLHPSHZQ\FK]DáRĪHĔGRW\F]ąF\FKZDUXQNyZGHOLEH- UDFMLRUD]FHQWUDOQHJRGODGHPRNUDFMLGHOLEHUDW\ZQHMSRMĊFLDGREUDZVSyOQHJRNWyUHPRJą

SURZDG]LüGRSRGWU]\P\ZDQLDLVWQLHMąF\FKQLHUyZQRĞFL 0DQVEULGJH<RXQJ 

=QDF]HQLH IHPLQL]PX Z JáyZQ\P QXUFLH G\VNXVML WHRUHW\F]Q\FK MHVW UyZQLHĪ ZLGRF]QH

ZGHEDFLHQDWHPDWGHPRNUDFMLZVSRáHF]HĔVWZDFKZLHORNXOWXURZ\FKLZLHORHWQLF]Q\FK.OX- F]RZH]QDF]HQLHPDMąWXWDMUR]ZDĪDQLDQDWHPDWUyZQRĞFLLUyĪQLF\LQVSLURZDQHS\WDQLDPL

RWRZMDNLVSRVyEZVSyáF]HVQHZLHORHWQLF]QHLZLHORNXOWXURZHGHPRNUDFMHPRJą]DSHZQLü

VZRLPRE\ZDWHORPLRE\ZDWHONRPUyZQRĞüUHVSHNWXMąFSU]\W\PLFKRGPLHQQRĞü 3KLOOLSV

 .ZHVWLDSáFLMDNRNDWHJRULLUyĪQLF\QDMF]ĊĞFLHMMHVWWXWDMáąF]RQD]LQQ\PLZ\PLDUDPL

WDNLPLMDNZLHNUHOLJLDHWQLF]QRĞüNODVDHWF 2NLQ3KLOOLSV 

7U]HFLPRVWDWQLPQXUWHPZVSyáF]HVQ\FKUR]ZDĪDĔQDWHPDWIHPLQL]PXLGHPRNUDFML

MHVWREVHUZRZDQ\UHQHVDQV]DLQWHUHVRZDQLDOLEHUDOL]PHP=ZURWWHQPRĪHE\üSRVWU]HJDQ\

MDNRF]ĊĞüV]HUV]HJRWUHQGXZP\ĞOLSROLW\F]QHMLRGURG]HQLH]DLQWHUHVRZDQLDOLEHUDOQąGH- PRNUDFMą 3KLOOLSV :UD]]XSDGNLHPVRFMDOL]PXRUD]]UR]F]DURZDQLHP]ZLą]DQ\P

]RJUDQLF]HQLDPLGHPRNUDFMLSDUW\F\SDF\MQHMZLHOHIHPLQLVWHNSRQRZQLH]ZUyFLáRVLĊZNLH- UXQNXGHPRNUDFMLOLEHUDOQHMZLG]ąFZQLHM±SRNRQLHF]Q\FKSU]HNV]WDáFHQLDFK±SRWHQFMDá

dla znalezienia punktów wspólnych dla demokracji i feminizmu.

)HPLQL]PSRSU]H]NU\W\NĊLVWQLHMąF\FKWHRULLGHPRNUDFMLRUD]DNW\ZQ\XG]LDáZWUZDMą- F\FKG\VNXVMDFKQLHZąWSOLZLHSU]\F]\QLáVLĊGRVSUREOHPDW\]RZDQLDZLHOXNZHVWLL]ZLą]D- Q\FK]GHPRNUDFMąRUD]GRMHMRWZDUFLDQDUyĪQLFĊ:Sá\ZWHQZ\UDĨQLHZLGDüZREHFQ\FK

GHEDWDFKQDWHPDWRE\ZDWHOVWZDF]\VSUDZLHGOLZRĞFLVSRáHF]QHM7HRUHW\F]QHUR]ZDĪDQLD

]QDMGXMąUyZQLHĪRG]ZLHUFLHGOHQLHZEDGDQLDFKHPSLU\F]Q\FKNWyUHNRQFHQWUXMąVLĊQDNZHVWLL

XG]LDáXNRELHWZĪ\FLXSROLW\F]Q\PRUD]LFKIXQNFMRQRZDQLDZLVWQLHMąF\FKGHPRNUDFMDFK

.OXF]RZHSR]RVWDMąWXWDMWDNLH]DJDGQLHQLDMDNUHSUH]HQWDFMDNRELHWZV\VWHPDFKSROLW\F]Q\FK

GHVNU\SW\ZQDLVXEVWDQFMDOQD ]QDF]HQLHSROLW\NIHPLQLVW\F]Q\FKGODZáąF]HQLDL]ZLĊNV]H- QLDOLF]E\NRELHWZSROLW\FHLZVIHU]HSXEOLF]QHM HZDOXDFMDNZRWJHQGHUPDLQVWUHDPLQJX IHPLQL]PXSDĔVWZRZHJR ]DJDGQLHQLDGRW\F]ąFHVSUDZLHGOLZRĞFLVSRáHF]QHMX]QDQLDRUD]

UHG\VWU\EXFML,VWQLHMHWHĪQXUWEDGDĔNRQFHQWUXMąF\VLĊQDNU\W\F]QHMRFHQLHIXQNFMRQRZDQLD

GHPRNUDFMLSRSU]H]VWRVRZDQLHÄJHQGHURZHJR´DXG\WXLVWQLHMąF\FKV\VWHPyZSROLW\F]Q\FK

SURFHVXSRGHMPRZDQLDGHF\]MLRUD]ZSURZDG]DQ\FKSROLW\N'HEDW\WHRUHW\F]QHRUD]SURZD- G]RQHEDGDQLDVWDQRZLąSXQNWZ\MĞFLDGRGDOV]\FKG\VNXVMLNWyU\FKFHOHPMHVWVWZRU]HQLH

WHRULL GHPRNUDFML EDUG]LHM LQNOX]\MQHM L RWZDUWHM QD UyĪQLFĊ RUD] EDUG]LHM RGSRZLDGDMąFHM

Z\PRJRPZVSyáF]HVQHJR]JOREDOL]RZDQHJRĞZLDWD

%,%/,2*5$),$

Arendt, Hannah. 2000. .RQG\FMDOXG]ND, Warszawa: Aletheia.

Astell, Mary. 1970. 6RPH5HÀHFWLRQV8SRQ0DUULDJH1HZ<RUN6RXUFH%RRN3UHVV

Brennan, Teresa i Carole Pateman. 1979. „0HUH$X[LOLDULHVWRWKH&RPPRQZHDOWK´:RPHQ

DQGWKH2ULJLQVRI/LEHUDOLVP, „Political Studies” 2, s. 183–200.

Fraser, Nancy. 1990. 5HWKLQNLQJWKH3XEOLF6SKHUH$&RQWULEXWLRQWRWKH&ULWLTXHRI$FWXDOO\

([LVWLQJ'HPRFUDF\, „Social Text” 25/26, s. 56–80.

(11)

Hilmer, Jeffrey D. 2010. 7KH 6WDWH RI 3DUWLFLSDWRU\ 'HPRFUDWLF 7KHRU\, „New Political Science”, 32(1), s. 43–63.

+REEHV7KRPDV/HZLDWDQF]\OL0DWHULDIRUPDLZáDG]DSDĔVWZDNRĞFLHOQHJRLĞZLHF

NLHJR, Warszawa: Aletheia.

Kymlicka, Will. 1990. &RQWHPSRUDU\ 3ROLWLFDO 3KLORVRSK\ DQ ,QWURGXFWLRQ, Oxford: Cla- rendon Press.

/RFNH-RKQ'ZDWUDNWDW\RU]ąG]LH, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.

MacKinnon, Catharine A. 2007. :RPHQ¶V/LYHV0HQ¶V/DZV&DPEULGJH+DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\

Press.

0DQVEULGJH-DQH)HPLQLVPDQG'HPRFUDF\, w: Anne Phillips (ed.), )HPLQLVPDQG

3ROLWLFV2[IRUG1HZ<RUN2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVV±

Mill, John. 1955. $Q(VVD\RQ*RYHUQPHQW1HZ<RUN/LEHUDO$UWV3UHVV

Mill, John. 1995. 2U]ąG]LHUHSUH]HQWDW\ZQ\PSRGGDĔVWZRNRELHW.UDNyZ=QDN

Mill, John. 2003. 2ZROQRĞFLR]DVDG]LHXĪ\WHF]QRĞFL, Warszawa: De Agostini Polska.

Okin, Susan Moller. 1979. :RPHQLQ:HVWHUQ3ROLWLFDO7KRXJKW, Princeton: Princeton Uni- versity Press.

Okin, Susan Moller. 1998. *HQGHUWKH3XEOLFDQGWKH3ULYDWH, w: Anne Phillips (ed.), )HPL

QLVPDQGSROLWLFV2[IRUG1HZ<RUN2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVV±

Okin, Susan Moller (ed.). 2011. ,V0XOWLFXOWXUDOLVP%DGIRU:RPHQ", Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Pateman, Carole. 1988. 7KH6H[XDO&RQWUDFW, Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Pateman, Carole. 1989. 7KH'LVRUGHURI:RPHQ'HPRFUDF\)HPLQLVPDQG3ROLWLFDO7KHRU\, Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.

Pateman, Carole. 1992. (TXDOLW\'LIIHUHQFH6XERUGLQDWLRQWKH3ROLWLFVRI0RWKHUKRRGDQG

:RPHQ¶V&LWL]HQVKLS, w: Gisela Bock i Susan James (eds.), %H\RQG(TXDOLW\DQG'LIIHUHQ

FH&LWL]HQVKLS)HPLQLVW3ROLWLFVDQG)HPDOH6XEMHFWLYLW\/RQGRQ5RXWOHGJHV±

Pateman, Carole. 2007. %UDWHUVNDXPRZDVSRáHF]QDGRVWĊSRQOLQHZZZHNRORJLDV]WXNDSO

pdf/pateman.pdf [15.12.2011].

Phillips, Anne. 1991. (QJHQGHULQJ 'HPRFUDF\, University Park: Pennsylvania State Uni- versity Press.

Phillips, Anne. 1992. 0XVW)HPLQLVWV*LYH8SRQ/LEHUDO'HPRFUDF\", „Political Studies” 40, s. 68–82.

Phillips, Anne. 1999. 'HPRFUDF\ Z$OLVRQ -DJJDU L ,ULV <RXQJ HGV  $ &RPSDQLRQ WR

)HPLQLVW 3KLORVRSK\ 2[IRUG 8. %ODFNZHOO 3XEOLVKLQJ V± GRVWĊS RQOL- QH KWWSZZZEODFNZHOOUHIHUHQFHFRPSXEOLFWRFQRGH"LG JBFKXQNB g978063122067152 [3.04.2012].

Phillips, Anne. 2000. )HPLQLVPDQG5HSXEOLFDQLVP,V7KLVD3ODXVLEOH$OOLDQFH", „Journal of Political Philosophy” 2, s. 279–293.

Phillips, Anne. 2009. 0XOWLFXOWXUDOLVP :LWKRXW &XOWXUH, Princeton: Princeton University Press.

5RXVVHDX-DQ-DNXE2XPRZLHVSRáHF]QHM, Warszawa: De Agostini Polska.

8OLĔVNL0DFLHM.RELHWDLPĊĪF]\]QDG]LHMHUHÀHNVML¿OR]R¿F]QRVSRáHF]QHM, Kraków:

Aureus.

(12)

9HJD-XGLWK$)HPLQLVW5HSXEOLFDQLVPDQGWKH3ROLWLFDO3HUFHSWLRQRI*HQGHU, w:

Martin van Gelderen i Quentin Skinner (eds.), 5HSXEOLFDQLVP$6KDUHG(XURSHDQ+HUL

WDJH&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVGRVWĊSRQOLQHKWWSG[GRLRUJ

CBO9780511490767 [3.02.2012].

Wendling, Karen. 1997. 8QDYRLGDEOH ,QHTXDOLWLHV 6RPH ,PSOLFDWLRQV IRU 3DUWLFLSDWRU\

'HPRFUDWLF7KHRU\, „Social Theory & Practice” 2, s. 161–179.

Wollstonecraft, Mary. 1796. $9LQGLFDWLRQRIWKH5LJKWVRI:RPDQZLWK6WUXFWXUHVRQ3ROLWLFDO

DQG0RUDO6XEMHFWV/RQGRQ--RKQVRQGRVWĊSRQOLQHKWWSERRNVJRRJOHSOERRNV"LG TKF)$$$$4$$- SULQWVHF IURQWFRYHU KO SOY RQHSDJH T I IDOVH>@

<RXQJ,ULV0DULRQ3ROLW\DQG*URXS'LIIHUHQFH$&ULWLTXHRIWKH,GHDORI8QLYHUVDO

&LWL]HQVKLS, „Ethics” 2, s. 250–274.

<RXQJ,ULV0DULRQ%H]VWURQQRĞüLRE\ZDWHOVNDVIHUDSXEOLF]QD1LHNWyUHLPSOLNDFMH

IHPLQLVW\F]QHMNU\W\NLWHRULLPRUDOQHMLSROLW\F]QHMGRVWĊSRQOLQHKWWSZZZHNRORJLDV]- tuka.pl/pdf/f0087_iris_m_young.pdf [1.02.2012].

<RXQJ,ULV0DULRQ,QFOXVLRQDQG'HPRFUDF\, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

=HULOOL/LQGD)HPLQLVW7KHRU\DQGWKH&DQRQRI3ROLWLFDO7KRXJKW, w: John S. Dryzek, Bonnie Honig i Anne Phillips (eds.), 7KH2[IRUG+DQGERRNRI3ROLWLFDO7KHRU\, Oxford:

Oxford University Press, s. 106–124.

)(0,1,60$1''(02&5$&<±&5,7,&,60$1'5(,17(535(7$7,21

'HPRFUDF\LVEDVHGRQWKHSUHPLVHRIHOLPLQDWLQJDOOWKHGLIIHUHQFHVEDVHGRQVXFKIDFWRUVDVJHQGHUUDFH

FODVVHWKQLFLW\DJHE\GH¿QLQJDOOZKREHORQJWRWKHFRPPXQLW\DVHTXDOFLWL]HQVHQMR\LQJWKHVDPHULJKWV

and duties. However, feminist critics clearly show that the hidden premises underlying various democratic systems can to a great extent differentiate the position of women and men in the given political community.

7KHREMHFWLYHRIWKLVDUWLFOHLVWRVKRZWKHIHPLQLVWFULWLTXHRIGHPRFUDWLFWKHRULHVDQGDWWHPSWVDWUHLQWHUSUHWLQJ

them which aim at fuller inclusion of women in the democratic system.

.H\ZRUGVUHSXEOLFDQGHPRFUDF\SDUWLFLSDWRU\GHPRFUDF\OLEHUDOGHPRFUDF\GHOLEHUDWLYHGHPRFUDF\IHPL- nism, feminist criticism

Cytaty

Powiązane dokumenty

W tak rozumianej ortotanazji zawarta jest synteza etyczna szacun- ku dla ludzkiego życia i prawa do godnej śmierci człowieka, ponieważ godność człowieka domaga się również,

Respektując wnioski wynikające z przeprowadzonej analizy, wydaje się, że do przepisów wykazujących cechy lois de police protectrices, które potencjalnie mogłyby zostać uznane

In the CDLM, particle positions and dynamics are restricted to district locations on a regular underlying lattice where particles interact subject to excluded volume conditions as

darności we wszystkich dziedzinach życia — nie tylko w jednostkach produkcyjnych, ale także w jednostkach terytorialnych od komitetów blokowych czy wspólinot wiejskich

Claudio Guillén, Princeton, New Yersey 1971, Princeton University

[r]

Stosowana do wykonywania pasemek na krótkich włosach w celu wyeksponowania końcówek włosów. Włosy mocno stapirować i spryskać lakierem. Nanieść rozjaśniacz na

Based on a comprehensive database, Danka and Zhang (2015) derived new multivariate equations to estimate three dike breaching parameters: breaching length along the dike,