Porównanie właściwości lessowych utworów glebowych na dnie wąwozu drogowego, wąwozu zadrzewionego oraz na polu ornym

S T E F A N Z IE M N IC K I, S A T U R N IN Z A W A D Z K I

C O M P A R IS O N O F P R O P E R T IE S O F LO ESS SO ILS O N TH E B O T T O M OF A R O A D G U L L Y ,

A F F O R E S T E D G U L L Y A N D O N A R A B L E F IE L D *

Departm ent of Land Reclam ation and Farm Building Agricu ltu ral U n iversity o f Lublin

S oil Science Laboratory of the Institute fo r Land Reclam ation and Grassland Farm ing in Lublin

IN T R O D U C T IO N

On hilly loes territories o f the south-eastern part of Poland a con­ siderable num ber of gullies occurs [1, 8, 9, 11, 12]. The gullies formed in consequence o f deepening soil roads are defined as road gullies [12]. The soil bulk on the road gully bottom changes its physical properties undergoing condensation despite frequent runoffs. The road level on the loess slope is lowering b y about 5 cm per year [12], although during exceedingly heavy w ater runoff the outwash depth can reach even 2-3 metres [12, 13].

The road gullies are characterized by a relatively slight 'bottom gra­ dient, up to 10%, as w ell as with of a lack catchment area, rectilinear route and a lack of lateral embranchments.

To consolidate a road gully the road must be cancelled, and after carrying out necessary technical measures [13] tree planting on the gully bottom and slopes is recommended [1, 7, 9, 13].

A IM A N D L O C A T IO N OF TH E IN V E S T IG A T IO N S

B y the authors of the w ork the properties of loess formations in soil profiles on a road gully and an afforested gully with cancelled road as w ell as on the nearby arable field w ere investigated. The aim of the

1 The respective investigations w ere p artly subventioned by the US D e ­ partm ent of Agriculture, A gricu ltu ral Research Service, as authorized b y the Public L a w 480.

2 7 0 S>. Ziem nicki, S. Zaw adzki

investigation w as to explain, to what extent the soil profile regeneration on the gully bottom and recovering the soil properties enabling cultivation of crops would be possible.

The investigations w ere carried out in three objects in the same period, i.e., in 1972, under similar conditions, viz.: at Werbkowice, on the south-eastern Lublin Upland margin [1, 8], at Elizówka near Lublin [11] and at Zdanów, on the eastern Sandomierz Upland margin. In the present w ork the results are presented on an example of Zdanów, as in the two remaining objects the results w ere similar.

IN V E S T IG A T IO N M E TH O D S

In field investigations at Zdanów the soil outcrops w ere made, mor­ phological properties of the exposed soil profiles described and the sam­ ples for laboratory analyses taken. Also in field the soil compactness was determined (Table 2) w hile driving a rod of 10 mm in dia by means of a w eight dropping from the height o f 1 m. The compactness values in kg/cm2 w as calculated from the Frei-ŒCeller’s formula.

x *R *h

where :

X— -number of blows, R — weight gravity in kg,

h— dropping height in cm, e— rod deepening in cm, F— rod area in cm2.

A t the laboratory the organic matter content by the Tyurin’s method, C a C 0 3 content by the Scheibler’s method and pH potentiometrically in I N KC1 and in H 20 were determined.

The granulometric composition was determined b y the Bouyoucos method, modified by Casagrande-Prószyński (Table 1). The actual moist­ ure content and bulk density were determined by use of cylinders of 100 cm3 capacity. Total porosity w as calculated [5]. The sucking power of soil at different p F values and the sorption curves connected therewith w ere determined by means of sandbox apparatus, kaolin sandbox appa­ ratus and pressure membrane apparatus [3, 6]. B y means of the modified W i t’s apparatus the permability coefficient was determined at the labor­ atory [4]. The results of these investigations are presented in Table 2.

T a b l e 1 Chemical properties and mechanical composition

of soils in three profiles at Zdanów

Profile No. Location Depth in cm Organic matter content % CaCOj content % pH Percentage of fractions in mm 1 N KC1 h2o 0,1 1- 0,1-0,05 0,05-0,02 0,02-0,006 0,006-0,002 0,002< sum < 0 , 0 2 Arable fielu 0-5 4,90 0,00 6,3 6,9 7 7 46 23 6 11 40 1 15-20 4,90 0,00 6,1 6,4

4

4

4 , 4 8

1

4

The microbiological investigations2 consisting in determination of number of microorganisms in soil profiles were made by means of cult­ ures on the Petri dishes.

D IS C U S S IO N OF T H E R E S U LTS

A short description of the arrangement of levels in 3 profiles o f soils developed from total loess at Zdanów is as follows :

The soil outcrop No. 1 made on arable field on a slope with inclination of 5% represents the degraded chernozem:

0 - 7 0 cm— humus layer of dark-brown colour with a grey shade with­ out any response to HC1,

70-145 cm— transitory layer of grey-yellow colour, without any re­ sponse to HC1,

below 145 cm— parental rock of loess of the straw-yellowish colour, with a strong response to HC1.

The outcrop No. 2 w as made at the distance of about 100 m from the afforested gully on a soil road with the gradient of 4% in a shallow gully. The arrangement of horizons in the soil profile is as follows:

0-20 cm— layer of brigt-grey colour with yellowish shade, showing a w eak response to HC1,

below 20 cm— loess rock of yellow colour showing a strong response to HC1.

2 The m icrobiological investigations w ere carried out by Dr. W iesław Słup­ czyński from the Institute o f Soil Science and Agricu ltu ral Chemistry, the A g r i­ cultural U niversity in Lublin.

T a b l e 2 Physical properties of soils in three profiles at Zdanów

Profile No. Location Depth in cm » Moisture content in vol. % Bulk density in g/cm^ Total porosity, %

Per cent of moisture at pF 1 ERU % PRU % Water permeability coefficient К cm/min _Compac­ tness p kg/cm 2,0 3,0 4,2 after the 1st measure­ ment day after 10 days of measure­ ment Arable field 1 0-5 11,35 1,17 55,86 44,0 17,5 9,0 26,5 35,0 0,1096 0,0456 65,69 15-20 16,63 1,22 53,97 43,0 19,5 10,5 23,5 32,5 0,0468 0,0294 127,59 45-50 17,62 1,26 52,47 38,5 18,0 9,0 20,5 29,5 0,0250 0,0594 I5O-I55 29,34 1,51 43,05 35,5 20,0 9,5 15,5 26,0 0,0067 0,0080 Road gully bottom 2 0-5 14,56 1,29 51,33 43,0 19,0 9,0 24,0 34,0 0,0162 0,0071 114,65 15-20 14,72 1,45 45,30 37,0 16,5 8,5 20,5 28,5 0,0089 0,0082 152,87 45-50 20,16 1,44 45,67 37,5 17,0 9,0 20,5 28,5 0,0120 0,0101 Road gully • bottom 5 0-5 29,40 1,72 35,11 31,5 24,5 12,0 7,0 19,5 0,0017 0,0016 229,29 15-20 28,60 1,54 41,90 33,5 17,0 9,5 16,5 24,0 0,0020 0,0052 280,25 45-50 32,32 1,48 44,16 35,0 11,0 8,5 24,0 26,0 0,0055 0,0110 27 2 S . Z ie m n ic k i, S . Z a w a d z k i

In all the soil profiles investigated w e have to do with the same initial material, i.e. parental rocik of loess with the granulometric com­ position typical for this formation. The differences in morphological structure of the profiles and in soil properties occurred under effect of many mutually over-lapping factors. The reference can constitute the profile on arable field developed in conditions of natural soil-forming process. It is characterized by the w ell-form ed chernozem level rich in organic matter, carbonate-free, with slightly acid and in low er part ne­ utral reaction (Table 1). The bulk density and compactness increase, while permeability and total porosity decrease along with the depth (Table 2). It is caused b y cultivation of surface layer and by the action of roots, plants, soil fauna and microflora (Table 3).

T a b l e 3 Number of microorganisms in three profiles at Zdanów

Profile Ko. Location

Depth in cm

Number of microorganisms in thous. per 1 g of soil Number of ammonifi­ cation bacteria - in thous. per 1 g of soil Number of cellulose bacteria per 1 S of soil bacteria

acti-nomyces fungi total

Arable field 1 0-5 15-20 45-50 150-155 59 000 28 000 6 900 220 5 000 1 000 400 50 11 000 500 30 < 1 0 55 000 29 500 7 330 270 9 500 4 500 15 15 950 1500 0 3 Road gully bottom 2 0-5 15-20 ^5-50 45 000 44 000 4 700 5 000 7 000 140 8 000 700 100 58 000 51 700 4 940 9 500 2 500 * 250 4 500 2 000 45 Road gully bottom 3 0-5 15-20 45-50 34 000 2 000 400 5 000 < 100 <100 1 000 <100 <100 40 000 2 000 400 15 000 300 250 9 500 * 3 0

It was an anthropogenic factor which exerted a predominant influence on the soil profile formation in the afforested gully. In 1954 the road on the gully bottom was cancelled and then the gully was afforested, accord­ ing to the project of Ziemnicki [9]. It can be assumed that the morph­ ological factors as well as physical, chemical and biological properties of the above profile, prior to execution of the project mentioned, corres­ ponded with those which at present characterize the profile No. 4 on the road. The latter represents a loess rock, while a low organic matter content (about 1%) in the 20 cm thick surface layer proves that it con­ stitutes a counterpart of the low er chernozem layer part of arable soil (the road is deepened b y 0,3 m below surface level).

2 7 4 S. Ziem nicki, S. Zaw adzki

Coming back to the profile in the afforested gully, it could be ascer­ tained that 18 years after introduction of vegetation a distinct soil-form -

process effect occurred. The humous level rich in organic matter was formed. It is characterized b y neutral reaction, as it developed from byloess rook rich in calcium carbonate. Bulk density and compactness increase along with the depth, but they considerably exceed the results obtained in the corresponding depths in the profile No. 1 of cultivated soil. Porosity decreases quickly along with the depth.

In the profile No. 3 on the road the determination of bulk density, total porosity, permeability and compactness prove a considerable soil bulk condensation in superficial layer. This condensation gradully decre­ ases along with the depth.

The comparison of sorption capacity connected with porosity of the soil formations investigated is given in two Figures (Figs 1 and

2

jiF A jiF В jiF С

g НОН/1 0 0 cm 3 soif g НОН/100cm 3 soiI g HOH/100cm 3soit

Fig. 1. Comparison of the arrangem ent o f pF curves fo r particular depth in three soil profiles at Zdanów

A — depth o f 0— 5 cm, В — depth o f 15— 20 cm, С — depth o f 45— 50 cm, I — a ra b le field, 2 — afforested g u lly bottom, 3 — road

In Fig. 1 the pF curves in soil profiles on arable field, on the afforest­ ed gully bottom and on the road are put together, for three subsequent layers: 0-5 cm (Fig. 1A), 15-20 cm (Fig. IB ) 45-50 cm (Fig. 1C). It is evident that for the surface layer (Fig. 1A) the p F curves on the arable field and on the afforested gully bottom are running parallelly. They prove a high (43-44%) water capacity at pF 2.0 and a low one (9.0%) at pF 4.2. It results in a very high potenial value of useful retention

jiF IP F

g HO H/100 cm 3 soii g НОН/ 10Q c m 3 soi!

10 20 ЗС о НО H/100 c m 2 s i

Lr j 45

Fig. 2. Comparison of the arrangem ent of pF curves in three soil profiles at Zdanów

A — a ra b le field, В — afforested gully, С — ro a d ; 1 — depth of 0—5 cm, 2 — depth of 15— 20 cm, 3 — depth o f 45— 50 cm, 4 — depth o f 150—155 cm

(P R U ) 3, amounting to 34-35% and effective useful retention (E R U ) 4 a- mounting to 24.0-26.5%. The pF curve shape in the surface layer on the road deviates distinctly from the two mentioned formerly. A s for loess it shows too low total porosity (35%), low value at pF 2.0 (31.5%) and higher one (12.0%) at pF 4.2. The values of P R U (19.5%) and E R U (7.0%) are low ones and prove a considerable condensation of soil bulk.

It follows from Figs IB and 1C that on two subsequent depths in­ vestigated in three profiles the curve for the road is nearing two rema­ ining ones. The differences between three curves are marked properly only at low er pF values (below pF 2.2) in the layer of 15-20 cm, w hile at greater depths they vanish even at these pF values.

In Fig. 2 the pF curves determined for particular depths in three soil profiles on the arable field (Fig. 2A), on the afforested gully depth (Fig. 2B) and on the road (Fig. 2C) are presented. In Fig. 2A the curves characterizing particular layer within the interval below pF 2.2 consecu­ tively from right to left along with the depth. A bo w e pF 2.2 all the curves a common beam. In Fig. 2B the arrangement is similar, at which the water capacity within the interval below pF 2.2 assumes somewhat lower values. Fig. 2C essentially differs from the former two. First of all, the arrangement of curves in a reverse order than in the profiles determined previously deserves attention.

3 P R U — w ater capacity w ith in the pF in terval of 2.0-4.2. 4 E R U — w ater capacity w ith in the pF in terval o f 2.0-3.0.

276 S. Ziem nicki, S. Zaw adzki

The steepest course determining low P R U and E R U values shows the curve of the surface layer. In this layer most essential changes of physical properties of the soil formation, unfavourable from agricultural view ­ point, occurred. The curves for lower situated levels of the soil profile on the road show almost identical course as in the profiles described above, but only above pF 2.2; below, however, i.e., in the macropore zone, some differences are visible.

Thus the most considerable changes w ere found in the profile on the road in the surface layer, while somewhat less changes occurred at the depth of 15-20 cm and the least ones— at the depth of 45-50 cm.

C O N C L U S IO N

The comparison of morphological features and physical, chemical and biological properties of loess soil formations in the three profiles inves­ tigated has proved that the soil profile properties in the afforested gully approximate very much to those of the arable soil profile. On the other hand, it is the profile on the road that differs with its properties from the above. A common feature making the profile on the road similar to that in the afforested gully is the calcium carbonate content in the whole profile investigated.

The analysis of the invesigation results allows to state that the intro­ duction of plant in the road gully acts as a soil-forming factor and at the same time protects the soil against w ater erosion.

R EFERENCES

[1] D o b r z a ń s k i В., Z i e m n i c k i S.: P ro je k t układu pól na erodowanych czarnoziemach w W erbkowicach. Ann. U M CS Sec. E, 6, 1951, 3.

[2] R e n i g e r A.: Zalesienie i zadrzew ienie śródpolne jako czynnik ochrony gleb Polski przed erozją. Rocz. Nauk roi. 54, 1950, 1.

[3] S t a k m a n W. P., van der H a r s t G. G.: S oil moisture retention curves I. Inst, vor Land and W ater Man. Res. W ageningen 1965.

[4] W i t K. F.: Apparatus fo r measuring hydraulic conductivity of undisturbed soil samples. Technical Biulletin 52 Inst, fo r Land and W ater Man. Res. W a ­ geningen 1967.

[5] Z a w a d z k i S.: A n approxim ate method of determ ining w ater retention capacity of soils. Pol. Journal of Soil Science 3, 1970, 2.

[6] Z a w a d z k i S.: Laboratoryjn e oznaczanie zdolności retencyjnych utw orów glebowych. Wiad. IM U Z 11, 1973, 2.

[7] Z i e m n i c k i S., M o z o ł a R.: W prow adzanie zadrzew ień przeciw erozyjnych. Wiad. IM U Z . 6, 1966, 3.

[8] Z i e m n i c k i S.: W prow adzenie przeciw erozyjn ego układu pól na czarnozie- m ie w W erbkowicach. Rocz. Nauk roi. 71-F-l, 1955.

[9] Z i e m n i c k i S.: P ro je k t p rzeciw erozyjnego układu pól w Zdanowie. Zesz. probl. Post. Nauk roi. z. 8, 1957.

[10] Z i e m n i c k i S.: Zm iany glebow e w Sław inie pod w p ływ em zabiegów prze-ciw erozyjnych w latach 1948-1958. Rocz. Nauk roi. 74-F-2, 1960.

[11] Z i e m n i c k i S.: Ochrona gleby przed erozją wodną w Elizówce. Ann. U M CS Sec. F, 4, 1960/1962, 2.

[12] Z i e m n i c k i S.: Road gullies in loess territories. Rocz. glebozn. 25, 1974, 241. [13] Z i e m n i c k i S.: Consolidation of road gullies in a loess territory. Rocz.

glebozn. 25, 1974, 255. С. З Е М Н И Ц К И , С. З А В А Д З К И С Р А В Н Е Н И Е С В О Й С ТВ Л Е С С О В О Й П О Ч В Ы Н А ДНЕ Д О Р О Ж Н О ГО Н ЕО Б ЛЕ С Е Н Н О ГО И О Б ЛЕ С Е Н Н О ГО О В Р А Г А И Н А П А Ш Н Е Каф едра мелиорцаии и сельского строительства Сельскохозяйственной академии в г. Лю бли не Лаборатория »мелиоративного почвоведения Института мелиорации и луговодства в г. Л ю блине Р е з ю м е Ц елью труда бы ло разъяснение, возм ож но-ли и в каких пределах восста­ новление почвенного проф иля в дорожном овраге и возвращение ему свойств позволяю щ их зем ледельческое использование почвы. Описываются проведен­ ные в 1972 г. исследования трех почвенны х проф илей образованных из одной и той ж е материнской породы (лёсса), располож енны х рядом на площ ади о б ъ ­ екта Зданув [9, 12, 13]. П роф и ль № 1 представляет проф иль деградированного чернозема и сп оль­ зуемого в качестве пашни на склоне с уклоном 5%. Этот пр оф и ль является элементом отнесения, п оск ольку он характеризует почву неразруш енную эро­ зионными процессами. П роф и ль № 3 располож ен на расстоянии около 100 ж от предыдущего, на грунтовой дороге с уклоном 4% ведущ ей по дну мелкого оврага. Этот проф и ль представляет лёссовую почву с небольш им содержанием органического ве­ щества в поверхностном слое, соответствующего нижней части черноземного слоя обрабатываемой почвы (дорога у гл уб лен а на около 0,3 ж ниже отметки площади). Р езульта ты определений ф изических свойств показывают (табл. 2), что почвенный материал в проф и ле № 3 гораздо более сгущ ены й в связи с по­ стоянным давлением. П роф и ль № 2 располож енный на расстоянии около 20 ж от проф иля № 1 находится на дне оврага с глубиной 1,5 ж облесенного в 1954 г. [9]. Этот овраг до облесения использовался в качестве дороги. Авторы предполагают, что про­ ф и ль № 2 до облесения характеризовался морфологическими свойствами сход­ ными с профилем № 4. Р езульта ты полевы х и лабораторны х исследований м орф ологических свойств почвены х профилей, а такж е их химических, ф изических и биологических свойств сведены в таблицах 1, 2, 3 и в рисунках 1 и 2. Сравнение указанны х

2 7 8 S. Ziem nicki, S. Zaw adzki t свойств и качеств в трех исследуем ы х п р оф и лях показали, что почвенный пр оф и ль в облесенном овраге очень приближ ен к проф илю на пашне. Значи­ тельн ы е ж е различия в сравнении с двумя предыдущ ими показывает п р оф и ль залож енны й на грунтовой дороге. Общим свойством делаю щ им проф и ль на дороге сходным с проф илем в облесенном овраге является содержание карбо­ ната кальция во всем исследуемом профиле. А н а ли з результатов исследований приводит к заключению, что введение растительности в дорожный овраг действует одновременно как почвообразо­ вательны й фактор и как противоэрозионное мероприятие. S. Z IE M N IC K I, S. Z A W A D Z K I C O M P A R A IS O N DES C A R A C T E R IS T IQ U E S DES F O R M A T IO N S DE LO ESS A U FO N D D U R A V IN R O U T IE R , D U R A V IN B O ISÉ E T SU R U N C H A M P C U L T IV É Chaire d’Am elioration et de la Construction A gricole,

U niversité Agronom ique de Lublin Laboratoire de Pédologie, Institut d’Hydraulique

A grico le et des Herbages à Lublin

R é s u m é

L e but du tra va il a été établir l ’explication jusqu’à quel point est possible la régénération du p ro fil du sol au ravin routier et la restitution des caractéristiques rendant possible la production des plantes.

En 1972, on a fa it une comparaison des qualités morphologiques et des p ro­ priétés chimiques, physiques et biologiques (tab. 1, 2, 3, dess. 1, 2) aux trois profils observés: au champ, au ravin routier et au ravin boisé en 1954. C ’était une route qui traversait précédem m ent le fond du ravin boisé.

L ’analyse des résultats des essais obtenus autorise à constater que l ’introduction de la végétation au ravin routier a agi comme un élém ent pedogénétique et comme élém ent protecteur contre l'érosion par Peau.

S. Z IE M N IC K I, S. Z A W A D Z K I

V E R G L E IC H D ER E IG E N S C H A F T E N V O N LÖ SSB O D E N A U F D EM BO D EN E IN E R U N B E W A L D E T E N

U N D B E W A L D E T E N W E G E S C H L U C H T S O W IE A U F D EM A C K E R F E L D Lehrstuhl fü r Landw irtschaftliches M eliorations- und Bauwesen

der Landw irtschaftlichen U niversität in Lublin M eliorations- Bodenkundliches Laboratorium ,

Institut fü r M eliorationswesen und Grünlandforschung in Lublin

Z u s a m m e n f a s s u n g

Z w eck der vorliegenden A rb e it w a r zu erklären, in w iew eit die Regeneration des Bodenprofils auf dem Wegeschluchtboden und W iederherstellung seiner den Kulturpflanzenbau erlaubenden Eigenschaften m öglich sei.

In 1972 w urde die Untersuchungen zwecks V ergleich der morpholiogischen, chemischen, physikalischen und biologischen Eigenschaften der Böden (Tab. 1, 2, 3 und Abb. 1, 2) in drei P ro filen : auf dem A ck erfeld sow ie in einer unbewäldeten W egeschlucht durchgeführt. Den bewaldeten Schluchtboden entlang v e r lie f 18 Jahre vorh er ein Grundweg.

Die Analyse der Untersuchungsergebnisse erlaubt zu schliessen, dass die E in­ führung von P flan zen in die Wegeschlucht als ein bodenbildender Faktor und gleichzeitig als eine Gegenerosionsmassnahme w irken kann.

S. Z IE M N IC K I, S. Z A W A D Z K I

P O R O W N A N IE W Ł A Ś C IW O Ś C I L E S S O W Y C H U T W O R Ó W G L E B O W Y C H N A D N IE W Ą W O Z U D RO G O W EG O , W Ą W O Z U Z A D R Z E W IO N E G O

O R A Z N A P O L U O R N Y M

K atedra M eliora cji i Budownictwa R olniczego A k ad em ii Rolniczej w Lublinie Pracow nia G leboznawstwa M elioracyjn ego IM U Z w Lu blin ie

S t r e s z c z e n i e

Celem pracy było wyjaśnienie, jak dalece m ożliw e jest zregenerow anie p rofilu glebow ego w w ąw ozie drogow ym i przyw rócenie mu właściw ości um ożliw iających produkcję roślin. Przedstaw iono w ykonane w 1972 r. badania trzech p ro filó w g le ­ bow ych w ytw orzon ych z tej samej skały m acierzystej (less), położonych obok siebie na tym samym obiekcie Zdanów [9, 12, 13].

O dkryw ka nr 1 przedstawia p ro fil czarnoziemu zdegradowanego, użytkowanego jako pole uprawne na stoku o spadku 5%. P r o fil ten stanowi w tych badaniach elem ent odniesienia, charakteryzuje glebę nie naruszoną przez procesy erozyjne.

O dkryw ka nr 3 w ykonana została w odległości około 100 m od poprzedniej, na drodze gruntow ej o spadku 4% w płytkim w ąw ozie. Przedstaw ia ona skałę lessową z n iew ielką ilością substancji organicznej w w arstw ie pow ierzchniow ej, która sta­ n ow i odpow iednik dolnej partii poziomu czarnoziem nego gleby uprawnej (droga jest bow iem zagłębiona około 0,3 m poniżej pow ierzchni terenu). W y n ik i oznaczeń fizycznych właściw ości w skazują (tab. 2), że m ateriał gleb ow y w p rofilu nr 3 jest znacznie zagęszczony wskutek ciągłego ugniatania.

O dkryw kę nr 2, zlokalizow aną w odległości kilkunastu m etrów od pierw szej odkryw ki, wykonano na dnie w ąw ozu o głębokości 1,5 metra, zadrzew ionego w roku 1954 [9]. W ą w óz ten przed zadrzew ieniem traktow any był jako w ą w óz drogowy. A u torzy przyjm ują, że p ro fil nr 2 przed zadrzew ieniem charaktery­ zow ały cechy m orfologiczne i właściwości podobne do tych, które dziś ma p ro fil nr 4.

W yn ik i przeprowadzonych w polu i w laboratorium badań cech m orfologicz­ nych p ro filó w glebow ych oraz ich w łaściw ości chemicznych, fizycznych i biolo­ gicznych zestawiono w tabelach 1, 2, 3, a także na rysunkach 1 i 2. Porów nanie w ym ienionych cech i właściwości w trzech zbadanych profilach wykazało, że p ro fil glebow y w w ąw ozie zadrzew ionym jest bardzo zbliżony (podobny) do profilu gleby uprawnej. P r o fil na drodze natomiast znacznie różni się w łaści­ w ościam i od dwu poprzednich. W spólną cechą upodabniającą p ro fil na drodze do

2 8 0 S. Ziem nicki, S. Zaw adzki

profilu w w ą w ozie zadrzew ionym jest zawartość węglanu w apnia w całym ba­ danym profilu.

A n aliza przytoczonych w yn ik ó w z przeprowadzonych badań upoważnia do stwierdzenia, że w prow adzenie do w ąw ozu drogow ego roślinności podziałało jako czynnik glebotwórczy, a jednocześnie chroniący przed erozją wodną.

P r o f . d r S te fa n Z ie m n ic k i

K a te d r a M e l i o r a c ji i B u d o w n ic t w a R o ln ic z e g o A R L u b lin , ul. L e s z c z y ń s k ie g o 9