Biostratigraphical and paleoecological significance of small foraminiferal assemblages of the Silesian (Cieszyn) Unit, Western Carpathians, Poland

BIOSTRATIGRAPHICAL AND PALAEOECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF SMALL FORAMINIFERAL ASSEMBLAGES IN THE SILESIAN (CIESZYN) UNIT, WESTERN CARPATHIANS,

POLAND

Andrzej SZYDŁO

P olish G eological Institute, C arpathian Branch, Skrzatów St. 1, 31-560 Kraków, P o la n d

Szydło, A., 1997. Biostratigraphical and palaeoecological significance o f small foraminiferal assemblages in the Silesian (Cieszyn) Unit, W estern Carpathians, Poland. Ann. Soc. Geol. Polon., 67: 345-354.

A b stra c t: The oldest assemblage o f the nonflysch marly sediments (Low er Cieszyn Shales; Tithonian) is dom inated by calcareous benthic foraminifera. Some foraminifers are reported here for the first tim e (Belorusiella wolinensis, Geinitzinita wolinensis, Frondicularia cf. inderica, Lenticulina cf. ambanjabensis, L. ponderosa). The assemblages may be referred to those o f the European Platform (neritic zone), but the presence o f radiolarians (calcificated) suggest at least the upper bathyal environm ent o f Cieszyn basin.

Foram inifers o f Low er Cieszyn Shales originate from the Malm m icrofauna following destruction o f north carbonate m argins o f Tethys, and subsidence o f basin o f the Tithonian age. The worldwide regression during the late Tithonian and early Berriasian corresponding to the N eocimm erian orogeny may be responsible for the supply o f those neritic form s into the Cieszyn basin.

The younger m icrofossils from the calcareous flysch (pelitic Cieszyn Limestones; Berriasian) and shaly flysch (Upper Cieszyn Shales, Grodziszcze Beds and lower part o f Vefovicc Shales; V alanginian-B arrem ian) are composed o f both calcareous and primitive agglutinated foraminifera reflecting an upper to m iddle bathyal environment. T he foram inifera from shaly-sandy deposits - the upper part o f the V efovice Shales, lower and m iddle part o f Lgota Beds (A ptian-A Ibian) - consist o f arenaceous species (except for Hedbergella sp. and Cibicides sp.) and correspond to lower bathyal conditions. The described assemblages resemble the coeval faunas o f the A lpine flysch troughs.

Two low-oxygen periods in the late Berriasian-V alanginian (assemblage with Pseudoreophax cisovnicensis) and the early A lbian (assemblage w ith Haplophragmoides nonioninoides) have been recognized in the Cieszyn basin.

A b stra k t: W iększość późnojurajskich form w dolnych łupkach cieszyńskich i detrytycznych w apieniach cie­

szyńskich (tytoń), w tym również po raz pierwszy opisane we wspomnianych utworach (Belorusiella wolinensis, Geinitzinita wolinensis, Frondicularia cf. inderica, Lenticulina cf. ambanjabensis, L. ponderosa) w ykazują podobieństw o do zespołów otw om icowych z obszarów platformowych. Obecność radiolarii w tych utworach w skazuje na głębsze środowisko basenu cieszyńskiego - co najmniej górny batiał.

Zespoły w apiennych otwomic w dolnych łupkach cieszyńskich zostały redeponowane z brzegów północnej części Tetydy w czasie form ow ania głębokiego basenu fliszowego. Miało to miejsce w czasie regresji o zasięgu globalnym (tyton/berias), związanej z neokimeryjskimi ruchami górotwórczymi. W czesnokredowa mikrofauna (berias-barem ) je s t zbliżona do fliszowych zespołów otw om icowych K arpat i Alp i wskazuje na sedym entację w warunkach niższej strefy skłonu.

W basenie cieszyńskim doszło do dwóch wydarzeń paleoekologicznych związanych z minim um tlenow ym na przełom ie późnego beriasu i w alanżynu (zespół z P. cisovnicensis) oraz we wczesnym albie (zespól z H.

nonioninoides).

K ey w ords: biostratigraphy, paleoecology, Foraminifera, upperm ost Jurassic (Tithonian), Lower Cretaceous, W estern Carpathians, Poland.

Manuscript received 12 March 1996, accepted 5 March 1997

INTRODUCTION

T h is c o m p re h a n siv e s tu d y on fo ra m in ife ra l a sse m - b a s e d on sam p les ta k e n fro m th e n e ig b o u rh o o d o f th e b la g e s fro m se d im e n ts o f th e S ilesian (C ie sz y n ) U n it is Ż y w ie c te c to n ic w in d o w s (L e ś n ia n k a stre a m , S o ła riv er,

15 — A n n ales...

346

Miocene

Sub - silesian Unit

Silesian Unit

Fig. 1. Location o f the studied outcrops on the base o f tectonic units in the Polish W estern Carpathians; (after K siążkiewicz (ed.), 1962). Outcrops: G - Goleszów, C - Cisownica, Lp - Lipnik stream, Kc - Kam ienica, Km - K am ienna stream, S - Sola, Ls - Leśnianka stream and Leśna Skałka klippe

A p

Arenaceous Foram. Zones (Geroch&Nowak,

1984)

Llthostratigraphy Cieszyn-Bielsko

area (Bieda et al.,1963)

H. n o n lo n ln o id e s

P. v a rla b llls -R . m ln u tu s

G. oblonga?

D .aff.

h a u te riv ia n a

V. n e o c o m ie n s is

P. c is o v n ic e n s is

i i i

L L L

S

Position of studied outcrops

Lower Cieszyn

Shales

Grodzi szcze Beds

I I _Limestones^Cieszyn

Verovice Shales

Upper Cieszyn

Shales

Lgota Beds

Fig. 2. Lithostratigraphy o f the Silesian (C ieszyn) Unit in the Polish W estern Carpathians and position o f the studied samples

L e śn a k lip p e ), th e v ic in ity o f B ie lsk o -B ia ła (L ip n ik stream , K a m ie n n a stre a m , K a m ie n ic a ) an d th e C ie s z y n - U s tro ń a re a (C is o w n ic a , G o le sz ó w ) (F ig . 1). D e ta ile d lo c a tio n o f o u t­

c ro p s is p re s e n te d b y N e s c ie r u k a n d W ó jc ik (in print).

T h e S ile sia n N a p p e c o n sists o f tw o in d e p e n d e n t te c ­ to n ic u n its: C ie s z y n U n it a n d G o d u la U n it in th e P o lish W e s te rn C a rp a th ia n s (B ie d a et al., 1963). T h e first u n it w h ic h is stu d ie d fo r m ic ro fo s s ils in th is p a p e r re p re se n ts u p ­ p e rm o s t Ju ra ssic (T ith o n ia n ) a n d L o w e r C re ta c e o u s se d i­

m e n ts. T h e y b e lo n g to th e fo llo w in g u n fo rm a l lith o stra ti- g ra p h ic a l u n its (F ig . 2): L o w e r C ie sz y n S h a le s (d a rk -g ra y ish m a rly sh a le s), C ie s z y n L im e sto n e s (lig th -c o lo u re d , d e trita l a n d p e litic lim e s to n e s), U p p e r C ie sz y n S h ales (d a rk -g re y , m a rly sh a le s), G ro d z is z c z e B e d s (g re y -b lu ish m a rls a n d sh a le s w ith rare s a n d y in te rc a la tio n ), V e ro v ic e S h ales (b la c k , c la y an d silic e o u s sh a le s) an d L g o ta B ed s su b d i­

v id e d into th re e p a rts: a) lo w e r - c o n g lo m e ra te s an d th ic k - b e d d e d s a n d s to n e s, b ) m id d le - th in -b e d d e d s a n d s to n e s w ith v a rie g a te d sh ales, c) u p p e r - b lu ish ch erts.

RESULTS

T h e fo llo w in g fo ra m in ife ra l a ss o c ia tio n s c o m p a ra b le w ith a ss e m b la g e s o f G e ro c h (1 9 6 6 ) an d b io s tra tig ra p h ic a l

z o n e s b a se d u p o n a g g lu tin a te d fo ra m in ife ra (G e ro c h &

N o w a k , 1984), h av e b e e n re c o g n iz e d d u rin g th e p re s e n t stu d y (F ig . 3.)

1. Assemblage with Palaeogaudryina varsoviensis and Belorusiella wolinensis

T h e o ld e s t a s s e m b la g e d e s c rib e d fro m d a rk -g ra y is h sh ales in G o le sz ó w y ield : B elorusiella w olinensis B ieleck a, P alaeogaudryina cf. taurica (G o rb a c h ik ), P alaeogaudryina varsoviensis (B ie le c k a et P o ż a ry s k i), G einitzinita w olinen­

sis B ie le c k a et P o ż a ry sk i, Vaginulinopsis em baensis (F u rse n k o e t P o le n o v a ), M arginulinopsis robusta (R eu ss), Tristix tem irica (D ain ), L enticulina m ü n steri (R o em er), L enticulina cf. am banjabensis E p ista lié et S ig al, F rondicu- laria cf. inderica F u rse n k o e t P o le n o v a , T rocholina sole- censis B ie le c k a e t P o żary sk i. R a d io la ria n s , d ia to m s and fra g m e n ts o f o stra c o d s are fo u n d in th e s e d e p o sits.

T h is m ic ro p a la e o n to lo g ic a l a s s o c ia tio n can b e c o m ­ p a re d w ith “M ic ro fa u n a J ” re p o rte d fro m th e L o w e r C ie ­ sz y n S h a le s (lo w e r p a rt o f T ith o n ia n ) b y G e ro c h (1 9 6 6 ).

2. Assemblage with Trocholina alpina and Paalzowella feifeli

U p p e r T ith o n ia n a s s e m b la g e s fro m m a r ly sh a le s in ter-

c a la te d b e tw e e n b ro w n s h a le s (L o w e r C ie sz y n S h ales) an d d e tritic lim e s to n e s (C ie s z y n L im e sto n e s) in C iso w n ic a is d o m in a te d b y T rocholina: T. aplina (L eu p o ld ), T. m olesta G o rb a c h ik , T. solecensis B ie le c k a et P o żary sk i, an d L en ­ ticulina'. L. infravolgensis F u rse n k o et P o le n o v a , L. miin- steri (R o e m e r), L. p o n d ero sa M jatliuk, L. cf. vistulae B ie le c k a e t P o żary sk i. M o r e o v e r th e p re s e n c e o f M arginuli- nopsis bettenstaedti (B a rte n ste in et B ran d ), M arginulinopsis striatocostata (R eu ss), V aginulinopsis em baensis (F u rsen k o e t P o le n o v a ), Saracenaria alata-angularis (F ran k e), P aal- zow ella fe ife li (P aa lz o w ), Spirillina m inim a S ch ack o is n o te d h ere.

A c c o rd in g to G e ro c h (1 9 6 6 ), sim ila r fo ra m in ife rid s (“ M ic ro fa u n a J and I”) o c c u rre d in th e L o w e r C ie sz y n S h a le s a n d d e trita l C ie s z y n L im e sto n e s o f late T ith o n ia n ag e, c o rre s p o n d in g to th e lo w e r p a rt o f th e P seudoreophax cisovnicensis Z o n e (G e ro c h & N o w a k , 1984).

3. A s s e m b la g e w ith Pseudoreophax cisovnicensis

P o o r a ss e m b la g e s are fo u n d in sh ales u n d e rly in g th e C ie sz y n L im e sto n e s in th e K a m ie n ic a lo cality . T h e y c o n sist o f n u m e ro u s p rim itiv e a g g lu tin a te d fo ra m in ife ra fro m fa m ­ ily A m m o d is c id a e (G lom ospira), A ta x o p h ra g m iid a e (P seu­

doreophax cisovnicensis G e ro c h ) and scarce calc areo u s b e n th ic fo rm s b e lo n g in g to N o d o s a riid a e , In v o lu tin id a e (T ro c h o lin a p a u c ig ra n u la ta M o u llad e), an d also few rad io - larian s a n d o stra c o d s.

T h is a ss e m b la g e is c h a ra c te ristic o f th e u p p e r p a rt o f C ie sz y n L im e sto n e s o f B e rria sia n age a n d c o rre sp o n d s w ith th e “ M ic ro fa u n a II” sensu G ero ch (1 9 6 6 ) and th e u p p e r p a rt o f th e P seudoreophax cisovnicensis Z o n e (G ero ch &

N o w a k , 1984). H o w e v e r, so m e fe a tu re s o f th e p rim itiv e a g ­ g lu tin a te d sp e c ie s e n a b le c o m p a riso n w ith th o s e fro m th e lo w er p a rt o f th e U p p e r C ie s z y n S h a le s (V a la g in ia n ) - “ M i­

c ro fa u n a III” (G e ro c h , 1966).

4. A s s e m b la g e w ith Praedorothia hauteriviana

Y o u n g e r m ic ro fa u n a w h ic h o c c u r in th e G ro d z isz c z e B ed s (L ip n ik stream ) a n d th e U p p e r C ie sz y n S h ales (K a ­ m ie n n a stre a m , S o ła riv e r) in c lu d e s m a in ly A ta x o p h ra g m ii­

d a e a n d sc a rc e N o d o sa riid a e . T h e fo rm e r are a ssig n ed to: P.

hauteriviana (M o u llad e) w h ich b u ild s its te s t o f carb o n ate m a te ria l. T h e la tte r are re p re s e n te d by a re n a c e o u s sp ecies:

Falsogaudryinella tealbyensis (B a rte n ste in ), P seudoreo­

p h a x cisovnicensis G ero c h , V erneuilinoides neocom iensis (M ja tliu k ), a n d A m m obaculoides carpathicus G eroch.

T h e d e s c rib e d m ic ro fo s sils h a v e b e e n ca lle d “ M ic ro ­ fa u n a IV ” b y G e ro c h (1 9 6 6 ), an d re p re se n t th e D orothia aff.

hauteriviana Z o n e (H a u te riv ia n -th e e a rlie st B arre m ia n ) o f G e ro c h a n d N o w a k (1 9 8 4 ).

5. A s s e m b la g e w ith Verneuilinoides subfiliformis a n d Gaudryinella sherlocki

B a rre m ia n - A p tia n a ss e m b la g e , ty p ic a l o f th e lo w er p a rt o f th e V e ro v ic e S h ales, w a s fo u n d in th e v ic in ity o f L e śn a k lip p e, a t L e śn ia n k a a n d a lso a t L ip n ik stream . O n ly the n o n c a lc a re o u s fo ra m in ife ra fo u n d th ere: P seudobolivina variabilis (V asic e k ), S herochorella m inuta (T ap p an ), V erneuilinoides neocom iensis (M jatliu k ), V subfiliform is B a rte n s te in , G audryina oblonga Z a sp e lo v a , G. filifo rm is

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Fig. 3. Paleoecology o f foram inifera in the Cieszyn basin del­

rioensis (based on: Sliter & Backer, 1972; K siążkiewicz, 1975;

H aig,1979; Sliter, 1980). Foram iniferal assemblages with: 1 - Pa- leogaudryina varsoviensis and Belorusiella wolinensis, 2 - Tro­

cholina alpina and Paalzowella feifeli, 3 - Pseudoreophax cisovnicensis, 4 - Praedorothia hauteriviana, 5 - Verneuilinoides subfiliformis and Gaudryinella sherlocki, 6 - Haplophragmoides nonioninoides, 1 - Recurvoides imperfectus, 8 - Hedbergella del-

B e rth e lin , G audryinella sherlocki B e tte n s ta e d t (s c a rc e sp e ­ cies). T h e ab o v e a sse m b la g e , re p o rte d by G e ro c h (1 9 6 6 ) as

“M ic ro fa u n a V ” fro m C ie s z y n - B ie ls k o area, m a y be c o rre ­ la te d w ith th e G audryina oblonga Z o n e (e a rly B a rre m ia n ) a n d P seudobolivina variabilis—R eo p h a x m inutus Z o n e (late B a rre m ia n - A p tia n ) sensu G e ro c h a n d N o w a k (1 9 8 4 ). T h e y o u n g e s t asso c ia tio n o f sm a ll fo ra m in ife ra fo u n d a t L ip n ik s tre a m is c h a ra c te ristic o f th e m id d le a n d u p p e r p a rt o f L g o ta B eds.

6. A s s e m b la g e w ith Haplophragmoides nonioninoides T h is a ss e m b la g e c o n ists o f g e n e ra lly p o o r an d b a d ly p re s e rv e d a re a n a c e o u s fo ra m in ife ra , p rin c ip a lly L itu o lid a e (H aplophragm oides nonioninoides) an d v e ry rare H ip ­ pocrep in a depressa V asicek , G audryina filifo rm is B e rth e lin a n d Sherochorella m inuta T a p p a n m e n tio n e d fro m the lo w e r p a rt o f V e ro v ic e S h a le s (a t L ip n ik ) as c h a ra c te ristic fo r its u p p e r s e c tio n at th e L ip n ik stre a m . T h e fo ra m in ife ra l

348

a s s o c ia tio n m e n tio n e d a b o v e re p re se n ts “ M ic ro fa u n a V II”

(G e ro c h , 1966), w h ic h can be c o rre la te d w ith th e lo w e st p a rt o f H aplophragm oides nonioninoides Z o n e (e a rly A lb ia n ) o f G e ro c h an d N o w a k (1 9 8 4 ).

7. Assemblage with Recurvoides imperfectus

M a n y sp e c im e n s o f Thalm annam m ina neocom iensis G e ro c h , rare s p e c im e n s o f R ecurvoides im perfectus H an - z lik o v â , P lectorecurvoides irregularis G ero ch , H a p lo ­ phra g m o id es nonioninoides (R eu ss) in d icate an A lb ian age fo r th e L g o ta B e d s sh a le s in th e L ip n ik stre a m . M o re o v e r th e re o c c u rr sp e c ie s: C audam m ina ovula (G rz y b o w sk i), Saccam m ina p la c e n ta (G rz y b o w sk i), A m m odiscus ten- nuisim us (G rz y b o w sk i), G lom ospira charoides (Jo n e s et P ark er).

S im ila r a s s e m b la g e s also c o n ta in in g P lectorecurvoides alternans N o th a n d H aplophragm oides gigas m inor N a u ss are k n o w n as “ M ic ro fa u n a V II” sensu G ero ch (1 9 6 6 ), and c o rre sp o n d to th e P lectorecurvoides alternans Z o n e o f G e ro c h a n d N o w a k (1 9 8 4 ).

8. Assemblage with Hedbergella delrioensis

A v e ry d iffe re n t a ss e m b la g e w ith p la n k to n ie fo ra m in i­

fe ra b e lo n g in g to H edbergella delrioensis (C a rse y ) and H.

p la n isp ira (T a p p a n ), th e b e n th ic fo rm s from g e n e ra o f C i­

bicides, G yroidinoides, so m e rad io la ria n s (D icyom itra cf.

m ulticostata Z ittel), a n d sp o n g e sp ic u le s w as fo u n d in sa m ­ p le s o f sh ales fro m th e L ip n ik stre a m (u p p e r se c tio n o f th e L g o ta B e d s) b e lo w th e M ik u sz o w ic e C h e rts (u p p e rm o st p a rt o f th e L g o ta B e d s); re fle c tin g an A lb ia n age.

T h is ty p e o f a ss e m b la g e d e s c rib e d as “ M ic ro fa u n a V III” , as fo u n d by G e ro c h (1 9 6 6 ) in th in se c tio n s o f s a n d ­ sto n e s an d ch erts.

DISCUSSION

T h e p a la e o e c o lo g ic a l in te rp re ta tio n o f th e a sse m b la g e s d e s c rib e d a b o v e is p rim a rily b a se d o n stu d ie s o f th e life c o n ­ d itio n s a n d b a th y m e try o f th e C a rp a th ia n s fly sc h b asin s (K s ią ż k ie w ic z , 1961, 1975). A n u m b e r o f d e d u c tio n s in th is p a p e r are also b a s e d on m a n y p a la e o e c o lo g ic a l a n a ly sis (c ite d in th is p a p e r) fro m th e A tla n tic a n d P a c ific o c e a n s, as o n e c a n a ss u m e th a t s h a llo w -w a te r e x c h a n g e b e tw e e n th e N o rth A tla n tic , T e th y s S e a an d P a c ific e x is te d b e g in n in g a b o u t 150 M a (M a lm ) a n d th a t th e e x c h a n g e o f m id -d e p th w a te rs e x is te d a t le a s t sin c e A p tia n - A lb ia n tim e s (S liter,

1980; B a rte n s te in , 1979).

O th e r e n v iro n m e n ta l facto rs no d o u b t p la y e d an im p o r­

ta n t ro le in th e fly sc h b a sin . F o r e x a m p le , low o x y g e n an d o x y g e n -m in im u m c o n d itio n s in th e fly sc h b asin s a t d iffe re n t d e p th s , (fro m 2 0 0 m to 2 2 0 0 m a c c o rd in g to R y a n & C ita;

1977), re s tric te d c irc u la tio n d u e to s h a llo w in g o f th e b asin s (E in s e le & v o n R ad , 1 9 7 9 ), e u sta tic se a lev el c h a n g e (C o o ­ p e r, 1977) a n d d e c re a s e d la titu d in a l an d v e rtic a l te m p e ra ­ tu re g ra d ie n ts (c lim a tic c h a n g e s) o r in flu x e s o f la n d -d eriv ed , d e trita l o rg a n ic m a te ria l (S c h la n g e r & Je n k y n s, 1976; W eis- se rt et al., 1979; W ie c z o re k , 1993).

A sse m b la g e w ith P alaeogaudryina varsoviensis and B elorusiella w olinensis (L o w e r C ie sz y n S hales) o rig in ates

fro m th e M alm m ic ro fa u n a fo llo w in g s u b s id e n c e o r d e s tru c ­ tio n o f ca rb o n a te m a rg in s d u rin g th e T ith o n ia n . T h e w o rld ­ w id e re g re ssio n d u rin g th e late T ith o n ia n a n d e a rly B e rri­

asian (Z eiss, 1983) c o rre sp o n d in g to th e N e o c im m e ria n o ro ­ g e n y (N o w a k , 1973) m a y b e re s p o n s ib le fo r th e o c c u rre n c e o f a n e ritic a ss e m b la g e w ith Trocholina alpina and P aalzow ella fe ife li (L o w e r C ie sz y n S h a le s an d d etrita l C i­

e szy n L im e sto n e s ) in a C ie s z y n b asin .

O lsz e w sk a (1 9 8 2 ) re p o rte d ? o ld e s t a g g lu tin a te d fo ra m i­

n ife ra l a ss e m b la g e w ith T rocham m ina sp. (p a rtic u la rly T.

quinqeloba G e ro c h ) a t th e J u ra ssic /C re ta c e o u s b o u n d a ry , in th e C ie sz y n L im e sto n e s. A c c o rd in g to O lsz e w sk a , th e s e m i­

c ro fa u n a , p ro b a b ly re p re s e n t th e o ld e s t a re n a c e o u s fo ra m i­

n ife ra l p o p u la tio n , w h ic h s e ttle d n e w c re a te d fly sc h e n v i­

ro n m e n t in th e O u te r P o lis h C a rp a th ia n s.

In d e e p e r, p a rtly h e m ip e la g ic s e d im e n ts in th e u p p e r p a rt o f th e C ie sz y n L im e sto n e s an d lo w e r p a r t o f th e U p p e r C ie sz y n S h ales (B e rr ia s ia n -V a la n g in ia n ), p o o r a n d b a d ly p re s e rv e d a sse m b la g e w ith P seudoreophax cisovnicensis w as fo u n d (firs t o x y g e n m in im u m ). In th e u p p e rm o s t p a rt o f V e ro v ic e S h ales an d lo w e r p a rt o f L g o ta B e d s (lo w e r A l­

b ian ), a ss e m b la g e w ith H aplophragm oides nonioninoides w as o b serv ed . S h a llo w -w a te r fo ra m in ife rid s (a s se m b la g e s w ith P raedorothia hauteriviana a n d w ith H edbergella sp p .) w ere tra n sp o rte d in to th e a n o x ic b a th y a l z o n e - G ro d z is z c z e B ed s, V e ro v ic e S h a le s a n d L g o ta B e d s (M a lik & O l­

szew sk a, 1984; G e ro c h , 1966).

S e c o n d a u to c h th o n o u s, b u t th e e a rlie s t, so d iv e rsifie d , a g g lu tin a te d fo ra m in ife ra l a ss e m b la g e o c c u rre d in th e B ar- r e m ia n - A p tia n (a s se m b la g e w ith Verneuilinoides subfilifor- mis an d G audryinella sherlocki) in th e u p p e r p a rt o f the V e ro v ic e S h ales, a n d ag ain in th e A lb ia n (a s se m b la g e w ith R ecurvoides im perfectus) in th e m id d le p a rt o f th e L g o ta B ed s. T h e a ss e m b la g e re p re se n ts th e d e e p e r b a th y a l zo n e, n ear o r b e lo w th e lo cal C C D (F ig . 3), a t a w a te r d e p th o f a p p ro x im a te ly 2 0 0 0 m (cf., S liter, 1980; O lsz e w sk a , 1984).

T w o e c o lo g ic a lly m e a n in g fu l a s s o c ia tio n s a re re c o g ­ n iz e d h ere: th e M arssonella A sso c ia tio n a n d th e R ecur­

voides A sso c ia tio n sensu H a ig (1 9 7 9 ). T h e ir b a th y m e tric in­

te rp re ta tio n b a se d on stu d ie s b y O ls z e w s k a (1 9 8 4 ), S lite r (1 9 8 0 ), S lite r a n d B a k e r (1 9 7 2 ), G o rd o n (1 9 7 0 ) is g iv e n b e ­ low .

T h e M arssonella A sso c ia tio n c o m p rise s a g g lu tin a te d a n d c a lc a re o u s sp ecies. T h e fo rm e r a re re p re s e n te d b y A ta x o p h ra g m iid a e (P a leogaudryina varsoviensis, P rae­

dorothia hauteriviana). A sso c ia te d c a lc a re o u s fo ra m in ife ra b elo n g to th e fam ilies N o d o s a riid a e a n d In v o lu tin id a e . T h e se m ic ro fa u n a are c h a ra c te ristic fo r o u te r s h e lf e n v iro n ­ m e n ts a b o v e th e C C D .

F o ra m in ife ra l a s s e m b la g e c o n ta in in g h ig h ly d iv e rsifie d N o d o sa riid a e an d Trocholina (L o w e r C ie sz y n S h ales, d e tri­

tal C ie sz y n L im e sto n e s ) w ith m in o r a g g lu tin a te d fo ra m in i­

ferid s re p re se n ts th e su b lito ra l z o n e - “ s h e l f a s s e m b la g e ” sensu G o rd o n (1 970).

A sse m b la g e c o m p o s e d m a in ly o f A ta x o p h ra g m id a e and few N o d o s a riid a e (ty p ic a l o f th e u p p e r p a rt o f th e C ie sz y n L im e sto n e s, th e U p p e r C ie s z y n S h a le s, th e G ro d z is z c z e B ed s, a n d th e lo w e r p a rt o f V e ro v ic e S h a le s ) m a y re p re se n ts a n u p p e r b a th y a l zo n e e n v iro n m e n t.

R ecurvoides A sso c ia tio n c o m p o s e d o n ly o f silicified

A ta x o p h ra g m iid a e ( Verneilinoides filifo rm is, V. subftlifor- m is, G aud iyin ella sherlocki, F alsogaudrinella tealbyensis;

V e ro v ic e S h ales), L itu o lid a e (R ecurvoides im perfectus, Thalm annam m ina neocom iensis, A m m o d isc id a e , S accam - m id ae; L g o ta B ed s), a n d ra d io la ria n s is c h a ra c te ristic o f th e d e e p e r b a th y a l zo n e (n o t a b y ss a l), c lo se to lo cal C C D (see H a ig , 1979; O lsz e w sk a , 1984).

T h e o c c u rre n c e o f a M arssonella A sso c ia tio n clo se to th e R ecurvoides A sso c ia tio n (cf., G ro d z isz c z e B ed s; M alik

& O lsz e w sk a , 1984) m a y sig n ify re d e p o s itio n fro m c o n ti­

n e n ta l m a rg in s o w in g to te c to n ic a c tiv ity , c h a n g in g e u sta tic se a lev el, o r c h a n g e s in c lim a te d u rin g th e E a rly C re ta c e o u s (W ie c z o re k , 1993).

It is b e lie v e d th a t th e R ecurvoides A sso c ia tio n reflects r e c o lo n iz a tio n th e b a sin flo o r a fte r h o stile a n o x ic p e rio d s c a u se d b y an a b u n d a n t su p p ly o f te rrig e n o u s m a te ria l d u rin g tra n s g re s s io n a l stages. O x y g e n -m in im u m a ss o c ia tio n s d o ­ m in a te d b y p rim itiv e a g g lu tin a te d fo rm s are tra n sitio n a l to th e R ecurvoides eco lo g ic ty p e . F o r ex am p le, a seq u e n c e c o n ta in in g th e d e s c rib e d a s s e m b la g e s in th e u p p e rm o st p a rt o f th e V e ro v ic e S h a le s (w ith H aplophragm oides nonioni- noides) a n d in the lo w er p a rt o f th e L g o ta B ed s (w ith R ec u r­

voides im perfectus) m ay b e an e ffe c t o f re c o lo n iz a tio n fo l­

lo w in g o x y g e n -m in im u m p e rio d s.

CONCLUSIONS

B e n th ic fo ra m in ife ra h a v e im p o rta n t sig n ific a n c e for p a la e o e c o lo g y b e c a u se th e y are v e ry se n s itiv e to c h a n g e s in th e ir e n v iro n m e n t (M o u lla d e , 1984; O lsz e w sk a , 1984).

M a n y o f th e fo ra m in ife ra , a lre a d y k n o w n fro m the L o w e r C ie sz y n S h ales a n d th e d e trita l p a rt o f th e C ie sz y n L im e sto n e s , a n d th o se re p o rte d fo r th e first tim e fro m th e se se d im e n ts (s u c h as B elorusiella w olinensis, G einitzinita w olinensis, F rondicidaria cf. inderica, L enticulina cf. am - banjabensis, L enticulina p o n d ero sa ) m a y b e re fe rre d to th e E u ro p e a n p la tfo rm . L a te J u ra ssic fo ra m in ife ra , d e s c rib e d fro m th e stu d ie d o u tc ro p s in th e S ilesian (C ie s z y n ) U n it m ay b e c o rre la te d w ith th e fo ra m in ife ra l fau n as o f the P o lish L o w la n d s (B ie le c k a & P o ż a ry s k i, 1954; B ie le c k a , 1975), th e W e ste rn P o lish C a rp a th ia n s (B ie le c k a & G ero ch ; 1974;

G e ro c h & O lsz e w sk a , 1990), th e C z e c h C a rp a th ia n s (H a n - zlik o v ä , 1965) an d th e C rim e a (K u z n ie tz o v a & G o rb ach ik ,

1985). T h e L o w e r C re ta c e o u s a sse m b la g e s d e sc rib e d in h e re fro m th e p e litic p a rt o f th e C ie sz y n L im e sto n e s to th e L g o ta B e d s are c o m p a ra b le to th o s e o f th e fly sch b asin s o f the C a rp a th ia n s a n d A lp s. S im ila r a ss e m b la g e s are k n o w n , in p a rtic u la r fro m th e S u b s ile s ia n a n d S k o le u n its in th e P o ­ lish O u te r C a rp a th ia n s (K s ią ż k ie w ic z & L iszk o w a, 1959;

B ie d a e t a i , 1963; G e ro c h et al., 1967; L iszk o w a, 1972;

G e ro c h & N o w a k , 1984; O lsz e w sk a , 1984), C z e c h an d S lo ­ v a k ia n C a rp a th ia n s (H a n z lik o v â , 1956; A n d ru so v , 1959), R o m a n ia n C a rp a th ia n s (N e a g u , 1962), A lp s (D e c k e r &

R ö g l, 19 8 8 ) an d B etic M o u n ta in s (K u h n t, 1995). J u ra ssic / C re ta c e o u s b o u n d a ry an d L o w e r C re ta c e o u s a ss e m b la g e s o f n o n c a lc a re o u s a g g lu tin a te d fo ra m in ife ra a re re g a rd e d as re ­ fle c tin g a d e e p w a te r e n v iro n m e n t in th e C ie sz y n basin.

T h e c a lc a re o u s fo ra m in ife ra fro m th e o ld e s t m a rly se d i­

m e n ts (L o w e r C ie sz y n S h a le s a n d d e trita l C ie sz y n L im e ­

sto n e s) liv ed in a c o m p a ritiv e ly sh a llo w n e ritic zo n e. A s ­ s e m b la g e s c o m p risin g b o th c a lc a re o u s an d p rim itiv e a re n a ­ c e o u s sp e c ie s fro m M arssonella/R ecurvoides asso c ia tio n s in the p e litic C ie sz y n L im e sto n e s , sh a ly -m a rly U p p e r C ie ­ sz y n S h ales, sh aly G ro d z is z c z e B ed s, w e re p ro b a b ly d e ­ riv e d fro m th e u p p e r b a th y a l z o n e a b o v e C C D - c o m p a re w ith “N e o c o m ia n fa c ie s” (B o rz a e t al., 1995). D u rin g this tim e w as an in c re a se d su p p ly o f te rrig e n o u s m a te ria l to th e b asin . N o n c a lc a re o u s a g g lu tin a te d fo rm s (R ecurvoides A s­

so c ia tio n ) fro m s h a ly -sa n d y se d im e n ts (u p p e r p a rt o f th e V e ro v ic e S h a le s, L g o ta B e d s) fo rm e d in lo w e r b a th y a l b u t p ro b a b ly n o t a b y ss a l c o n d itio n s , n e a r th e C C D a t th e la te st E a rly C re ta c e o u s.

W h en a tte m p tin g to re c o n s tru c t th e p a la e o e n v iro n m e n t in th e C ie sz y n b a sin , it sh o u ld b e re m e m b e re d re d e p o s itio n o f fo ra m in ife rid s. T h e a s s e m b la g e w ith H ed b erg ella spp.

m a y be d e riv e d fro m th e s h a llo w e r z o n e o f th e b a sin a n d be e n p la c e d b y su s p e n sio n c u rre n ts in to d e e p e r re g io n s w h ere th e y a c c u m u la te d in th e L g o ta B ed s (G e ro c h , 1966). T h e c a lc a re o u s b e n th o s o c c u rrin g in th e L o w e r C ie s z y n S h a le s (N o w a k , 1973), th e C ie sz y n L im e sto n e s (G e ro c h , 1966;

G e ro c h & O lsz e w sk a , 1990) o r th e G ro d z is z c z e B ed s (M a lik & O lsz e w sk a , 1984) c o u ld be also a llo c h th o n o u s . O th e r e le m e n t in th e p a le o e n v iro n m e n ta l a n a ly s e s is a b a r­

ren c h a ra c te r o f th e facies. T h e p e litic C ie sz y n L im e sto n e s, th e U p p e r C ie sz y n S h ales (a s se m b la g e w ith P seudoreophax cisovnicensis), th e u p p e rm o st p a rt o f th e V e ro v ic e S h ales an d lo w er p a rt o f th e L g o ta B e d s (a s se m b la g e w ith H aplo­

phragm oides nonioninoides) m a y in d ic a te a h ig h ra te o f te r­

rig e n o u s in p u t w h ic h c a u s e d a d ra m a tic rise o f th e C C D (F ig . 3) an d sta g n a tio n o f th e b o tto m w a te r, e lim in a tin g b e n ­ th ic life (B u tt, 1977; K a m in s k i et al., 1995).

SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY

T a x o n o m ic a l d e sig n a tio n o f se le c te d sp e c ie s id e n tifie d in sa m p le s fro m th e S ilesian (C ie s z y n ) u n it liste d in e a rly ch ap te r, is p re s e n te d b elo w . T h e stra tig ra p h ic a l ra n g e o f m a n y sp e c ie s o f th e L ate J u ra ssic a n d th e e a rlie s t C re ta ­ ceo u s w as re p o rte d a fte r m a n y stra tig ra p h ic a l sc h e m e s, so K im m e rid g ia n -T ith o n ia n a n d B e rria s ia n scale a n d c o rre la ­ tio n a c c o rd in g to G ra d ste in e t al. (1 9 9 5 ) is p re s e n te d here (F ig. 4).

A m m obaculoides carpathicus G ero ch , 1966 Fig. 5c

1959. Ammobaculitesl sp.: Geroch, p. 117, pi. 12, figs. 1-3.

1966. Ammobaculoides carpathicus Geroch: Geroch, p. 444, fig.

13(13-22).

R em ark s: Test elongate, initial part form ing a streptospiral whorl;

biserial part is poorly visible and uniserial part consists o f low and rounded chambers (increasing gradually).

O ccu rren ce: Upper Tithonian-B arrem ian (Polish W estern Carpa­

thians); Hauterivian, ?lo\vermost Barrem ian (G resten Klippen Belt, Eastern Alps, Austria).

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Fig. 4. Upper Jurassic (K im m eridgian-Tithonian) and earliest Cretaceous (Berriasian) stratigraphie division and correlation (G radstein et al., 1995)

Pseuclobolivina variabilis (V asicek , 1947) F ig. 5k

1947. Bigenerinci variabilis VaSicek: p. 246, pl. 1, figs. 10-12.

1966. Pseudobolivina variabilis (VaSicek): Geroch, p. 445, fig. 14 (1-4).

R e m a rk s: The textularoid test with, slit-like terminal aperture and sm ooth surface closely resem bles the holotype.

O c c u rre n c e : B arrcm ian-A lbian (Polish and Slovakian W estern Carpathians).

P a la e o g a u d iyin a varsoviensis ( B ie le c k a et P o ż a ry s k i, 1954)

Fig. 5 f

1954. Neobulimina varsoviensis Bielecka et Pożaryski: p. 194, pl.

10, fig. 50.

1966. Palaeogaudryina varsoviensis (Bielecka et Pożaryski):

M aync, p. 12, pl. 6, figs. 5-8.

R e m a rk s: Test elongated w ith triangular outline, poorly devel­

oped initial triserial stage, and biserial stage comprised o f 6 cham ­ bers. Aperture is terminal, comma-shaped.

O c c u rre n c e : Uppermost O xfordian-low er pail o f Kimmeridgian (Central Poland); upper O xfordian-Tithonian (Slovakian Western Carpathians), T ithonian-low er Hauterivian (Outer Polish Carpa­

thians).

B elorusiella w olinensis B ie le c k a , 1975 F ig. 5g

1975. Belorusiella wolinensis Bielecka: p. 313-314, pi. 3, figs. 2—4.

R em ark s: The specimens are badly preserved. Test elongated, flattened with poorly visible initial triserial part and w ell-defined biserial part consisting o f 5 -7 pairs o f chambers. Form s with more chambers are frequent.

O ccu rren ce: M iddle Portlandian (Polish Lowlands); ?upper Tithonian (W estern Polish Carpathians).

G audryinella sh erlo cki B e tte n sta e d t, 1952 Fig. 5j

1952. Gaudryinella sherlocki Bettenstaedt: p. 268, pi. 1, figs. 1-5.

R em ark s: Test is slightly elongated and curved. Triserial part is poorly visible, following biserial part is composed o f large and distinct chambers. Some specim ens have uniserial part with a terminal aperture. Surface is rough.

O ccu rren ce: H auterivian-A lbian (Polish W estern Carpathians).

P seudoreophax cisovnicensis G e ro c h , 1961 F ig. 51

1961. Pseudoreophax cisovnicensis Geroch: p. 159, pi. 17, figs.

1-2 0.

R em ark s: Test elongated, slighty curved and often deformed.

Studied specimens consist o f 4 cham bers in one series. Their surface is smooth.

O ccu rren ce: U pper T ithonian-B arrem ian, most frequent in the Valanginian (Polish W estern Carpathians); H auterivian, ?lowest Barremian (Gresten Klippen Belt, Eastern Alps, Austria).

G einitzinita w olinensis B ie le c k a , 1975 F ig . 6a

1975. Geinitzinita wolinensis Bielecka: p. 335, pi. 6, figs. 11-13.

R em ark s: Elongated lest consists o f 5 curved cham bers; prolocu- lus spherical. The last cham ber higher than the proceeding ones.

O ccu rren ce: M iddle Portlandian (Polish Lowlands); ?upper Tithonian (W estern Polish Carpathians).

Lenticulina cf. a m banjabensis E p ista lié e t S igal, 1963 F ig .6 b

1963. Lenticulina cf. ambanjabensis Epistalié et Sigal: p. 35, pi.

12, figs. 3, 5-6.

R em ark s: This form is com prised o f only 3 cham bers in the final part. Differs from the holotype in its less distinctive terminal stage.

O ccu rren ce: U pper Jurassic-V alanginian (M adagascar); upper Tithonian-H auterivian (Crimea); ?upper Tithonian (W estern Pol­

ish Carpathians).

L e n tic u lin a p o n d e ro sa (M ja tliu k , 1939) F ig. 6d

1939. Cristellaria magna Mjatliuk: p. 52, pi. 3, figs 32a, b, 34a, b.

1971. Lenticulina ponderosa (M jatliuk): M jatliuk p. 200.

R em ark s: Test slightly elongated w ith triangular chambers (about 9) and arcuate sutures. Apertural area is narrow and convex.

O ccu rren ce: ?U pper Tithonian (W estern Polish Carpathians, Caucasus), upper middle Portlandian (Polish Lowlands); middle Volgian (Russian Platform).

Fig. 5. SEM micrographs: a. Caudammina crassa (Geroch), b. Haplophragmoides kirki Wickenden, c. Ammobaculoides carpathicus, d. Pseudobolivina variabilis (VaäiCek), e. Trochammina vocontiana Moullade, f. Palaeogaudiyina varsoviensis (Bielecka ct Pożaryski).

g. Belorusiella wolinensis Bielecka, h. Gaudryina filiformis Berthelin, i. Gaudryina oblonga Zaspelovâ, j. Gaudryinella sherlocki Bettenstaedt, k. Falsogaudryinella tealbyensis (Bartenstein), I. Pseudoreophax cisovnicensis Geroch, m. Verneuilinoides neocomiensis (M jatliuk), n. Verneuilinoides subfiliformis Bartenstein, o. Praedorothia hauteriviana (Moullade). Length o f scale bars - 0.1 mm

Vaginulinopsis em baensis (F u rse n k o et P olen o v a, 1950) F ig. 6g

1950. Crisiellaria embaensis Fursenko et Polenova: p. 36, pi, 3, figs. 9-13.

1975, Vaginulinopsis embaensis (Fursenko et Polenova): Bielecka:

p. 338, pl. 7, figs. 4 -5 ; pl. 8, fig. 2.

R em ark s: Test elongated, flattened on sides with characteristic

ledge-like ribs set parallel to margins along the w hole length o f the test. In the lower part o f the test the ribs form a loop.

O ccu rren ce: Upper Kimmeridgian, lower and m iddle Portlandian (Polish Lowlands); Tithonian (W estern Polish Carpathians), lower and middle Volgian (Russian Platform); Portlandian (Slovakian Western Carpathians, Madagascar).

352

Fig. 6. SEM micrographs: a. Geinitzinita wolinensis Bielecka, b. Lenticulina cf. am banjabensis Epistalie et Sigal, c. Lenticulina ex gr.

miinsteri Roemer, d. Lenticulina ponderosa Mjatluk, e. Marginulinopsis bettenstaedti (Bartenstein et Brand), f. Saracenaria alata-angu- laris (Franke), g. Vagimdinopsis embaensis Fursenko et Polenova, h. Trocholina alpina (Leupold), i. Trocholina sp., j, k. Trocholina molesta Gorbachik. I. Trocholina solecensis Bielecka et Pożaryski, m, n. Paalzowella fe ife li (Paalzow), o, p. Hedbergella delrioensis (Carsey)

T rocholina alpina (L eu p o ld , 1935) F ig. 6h

1935. Conscinocomts alpim is Leupold: Leupold & Bigler: p. 610, pl. 18. figs. 1 - 1 1.

1963. Trocholina alpina (Leupold); Guillaume, pl. 3, figs 38-39,

41-43. 45-48; pl. 4. figs. 49, ?50. ?5 I, 53-55.

R em ark s: Large test formücal part is flat and covered with many granulae o f different size, poorly visible.

O ccu rren ce: Upper Tithonian, Berriasian, upper Valanginian.

lower Hauterivian (Polish O uter Carpathians), Tithonian, Berri­

asian (Russian Platform).

Trocholina solecensis Bielecka et Pożaryski, 1954 Fig. 61

1954. Trocholina solecensis Bielecka et Pożaryski: p. 69, pl. 11, figs. 57a-c.

R e m a rk s: Test shape is a low cone. Ventral part is typically very broad with radially sculptured margin surrouding numerous granu- lae.

O c c u rre n c e : Upper O xfordian, Kimmeridgian, lower Portlandian (Polish Lowlands), Tithonian (Polish W estern Carpathians, Slo­

vakian W estern Carpathians).

Paalzowella feifeli (Paalzow, 1932) Fig. 6m, n

1932. Trocholina feifeli Paalzow: p. 140, pi. 11, figs. 4, 6, 7.

1965. Paalzowella ex. gr. feifeli (Paalzow); Hanzlikova: p. 94, pi.

9, figs. 20a-c, 21.

R e m a rk s: T est trochospiral and conical, often high. Ventral side is covcred by a number o f radially grooves which occupy more than half o f this side.

O c c u rre n c e : Lower Malm (Slovakian W estern Carpathians); Ox­

fordian (Central Poland); ?upper Tithonian (Polish W estern Car­

pathians).

Acknowledgements

Special thanks are offered to M.Sc. P. Nescieruk for supply­

ing part o f samples for this study. Thanks are extended to Dr M. A.

Kaminski, Assist. Prof. B. Olszewska, Dr. A. E. L Holbourn and Dr K. Bąk for their critical and helpful remarks on the manuscript.

REFERENCES

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Streszczenie

BIOSTRATYGRAFICZNE I PALEOEKOLOGICZNE ZNACZENIE ZESPOŁÓW M AŁYCH OTW ORNIC JEDNOSTKI ŚLĄSKIEJ (CIESZYŃSKIEJ) W POLSKIEJ CZĘŚCI

KARPAT ZACHODNICH A n d rze j S zyd ło

Najstarsze osady margliste (tytoń) w jednostce cieszyńskiej (dolne łupki cieszyńskie, detrytyczne wapienie cieszyńskie) zawierają wapienne otwornice dokumentujące sedymentację tych osadów w strefie zewnętrznego szelfu. Pelityczne wapienie cie­

szyńskie, lupkowo-margliste górne lupki cieszyńskie i łupkowe warstwy grodziskie (neokom) są zasobne zarówno w wapienne jak i prymitywne, aglutynujące formy (asocjacje Marssonella/Recur- voiedes), które żyły w środowisku górnego, bądź środkowego ba- tialu w warunkach częstej dostawy materiału terygenicznego.

Łupkowo-piaskowcowe osady (lupki wierzowskie, warstwy lgoc- kie) wzbogacone głównie w formy aglutynujące (zespól z Recitr- voides), tworzyły się w strefie dolnego batialu, w pobliżu CCD.

Świadczyć o tym może obecność wapiennych form aglutynu­

jących (Verneuilinoides neocomiensis), wapiennego bentosu (C i­

bicides) oraz planktonu (Hedbergella). Niemniej jednak mikro­

fauna w tych osadach mogła być redeponowana. Zespół z Hedber­

gella związany, z płytszymi strefami basenu mógł być przemiesz­

czony przez prądy zawiesinowe w głębsze partie, gdzie tworzyły sie warstwy lgockie (Geroch, 1966). Wapienne formy bento- niczne, w tym niektóre Ataxophragmiidae, występujące w dol­

nych łupkach cieszyńskich (Nowak, 1973). detrytycznych wapienich cieszyńskich (Geroch 1966; Nowak, 1973) i warstwach grodziskich (Malik & Olszewska. 1984) mogą mieć również cha­

rakter allochtoniczny.

Ubogie w mikroskamieniałości pelityczne wapienie cieszyń­

skie, górne łupki cieszyńskie (zespół z P. cisovnicensis), naj­

wyższa część łupków wierzowskich (zespół z H. nonioninoides) osadzały się prawdopodobnie w warunkach częstej dostawy mate­

riału terygenicznego, stagnacji przydennych wód przy podwyż­

szonym poziomie CCD.

Większość późnojurajskich form w dolnych łupkach cie­

szyńskich i detrytycznych wapieniach cieszyńskich (tytoń), w tym po raz pierwszy opisanych w tych osadach (B. wolinensis, G.

wolinensis, F. cf. inderica, L. cf. ambanjabensis and L. ponderosa) wykazuje podobieństwo do zespołów otwomicowych z obszarów platformowych. Obecność radiolarii (skalcyfikowanych) wska­

zuje jednak, iż ówczesny zbiornik cieszyński reprezentował głęb­

sze środowisko - co najmniej górny batiał. Mikrofauna wczesno- kredowajest zbliżona do fliszowych zespołów otwomicowych in­

nych części Karpat i Alp.