Ilpa2MamuKa
-
rpyHKl,f,UOHQJlbHQ5/,
nepcneKmuea R3bZKa
AHATOJII1l1 f.
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(Kpac1-1.ooap)c,,rnepreTH'łeCKHH xapaKTep 3BOJIIOIVIH JU!HrBl1CTl1KH KaK CHCTeMbl 3HaHHSI B peTpocneKTHBe nO3BOJU!eT OTMeTHTb uerrhIH p.si.u. aTTpaKTOpOB, KOTOpble npo.s!B HJIH ce6.si B pa3rap YBJie'łeHH.s! CTpyKTypaJIHCTCKH M H lllTY.U.H.s!MH B nonbITKax BbICTpOHTb JIHHrBHCTHKY n o o6pa3UY TO'łHblX HayK. «ATTpaKTOp -nOH.s!THe CUH.ep2emuKu, O3Ha'łaIOl.l.\ee BO3MO)1(HOe COCTO.s!HHe HeycTOH 'łHBOH cucmeMbl, B K OTOp OH ee ycTO H'łHBO CTb BO3pacTa eT. YcTOH'-łHBO HepaBHOBeCHa.si CHCTeMa B cpa3e 6upypKQt{,UU (no!lupypKQt{,UU) HMeeT 6onee O}].HOro A. H , COOTBeTCTBeHHO, HeCKOJibKO napaMemp oB nopROKa. B 3TOH CB.sl.3H pa3JIH'łaIOTc.si THnhI A . . . ATTpaKTop cTpaHHhIH - co cTo.siHHe ycmoutJUBOcmu Ha 6onee BbJCOKOM ypoBHe H epaB H OBeCH.s! co cpe.u.oił». (Ha3apernH
2004: 303).
Cpe.u.11 TaKHX CTpaHHbIX aTTpaKTOpOB HeMaJIOBa)l(HYIO pOJib Hrpana H HrpaeT cpyHKUHOHaJibHa.si CTHJIHCTHKa, B pa3BHTHH KOTopoił 6onhl.lla.si ponh np11Ha}].Jle)l(HTM.H.
Ko)l(HHOH 11 ee lllKOJie. 3To O.U.HO 113 HanpaBJieHHH HCCJie}].OBaHH.s!, KOTOpoe nocTaBHJIO BO rnaBy yrna cpyHKUHOHaJIH3M C cou11aJibHO-nCl1XOJIOrn'łeCKHM YKJIOHO M , HH TerpanrnHbIH B3rrr.si.u. KaK Ha CTHJIHCTHKY pecypcoB, TaK 11 }].HHaMHKY y3yca, 'łTO nO3BOJIHJIO }].aHHOMy HanpaBJieHHIO He TOJibKO coxpaHHTb Hapa60TKH B CTHJIHCTHKe, HO H BKJIIO'łHTb B HCCJie)].OBaTeJibCKYIO npaKTHKY HOBeiłurne Hay'łHbie H}].eH B o6naCTH aHaJIH3a }].HCKypca, nparMaJIHHrBHCTHKH H .u.p.Iil ccrre.u.oBaHHe cpyHKUHOHaJibH O-pe'łeBOH CHCTeMHOCTH no Heo6xo }].HM O CTH BhlTOJIKHYJIO npe.u.cTaBHTeJieH .u.aHHOH lllKOJihl H a yp oBeHh npH3HaHH.s! TeKcTa KaK O C H OBHOH e}].H HHl..\bl aHamn a . A Ha116o nee Cyll.\eCTB eHHbI M }].OCTH)l( e H H e M M O )l( H O C'łH TaTb cp o p M yn11 p o B a H H e
<pyHKQMOHaJih HOH ceMa HTMKO-CTMJIMCTM'łecKoH KaTeropMM (<l>CCK), KOTopaSI onpe,n:errSleTCSI KaK «CMCTeMa pa3HoypoBHeBh!X cpe,ACTB (BKJilO'ł8SI TeKCTOBhie), o6'be,AMHeHHh!X <pyHKQMOHaJibHO-CeMaHTM'łeCKJ.1 Ha TeKCTOBOH ITJIOCKOCTJ.1 (B QeJIOM TeKCTe, TMne TeKCTOB O,AHOro <PYHKU,110H8JlhHOro CTHJISI) T.e. BhinOJIHSIIOI.l\ttX KaKy10-rrtt60 onpe,n:erreHHYIO cj)yHKQttIO, pean11JyIOI.l\YIO TOT HJIJ.1 HH O H K aT e r o p H a Ji b H hl H n p H3 H a K ,n: a H H Oro TeK CTa K a K npe,ACTaB1•1TeJISI COOTBeTCTBYIOI.l\ero <pyHKU,110H8JihHOro CTHJI SI)) (Km1<11Ha 1 998: l 0- 1 1 ). rro OTHOllleHMJO K PSIAY <pyHKQHOHaJibHh!X crnneH (npe)l(,Ae Bcero Hay'IHOMY, HO H ny6JIHQl1CTl1'łeCKOMY) onpe,n:enettHaSI pa6oTa no on11cattHIO <l>CCK Be,n:eTCSI ,n:ocTaTO'łHO HHTeHCHBHO. Bh1,n:eneHhI TaK11e <l>CCK KaK OQeHKM, ,n:11anorn'IHOCT11, cy6'beKTl1BHOCTl1 11 ,Ap. (,r:i:ycKaeBa 2004; Ea)l(eHoBa 200 l ).
Hawe B 11,AeHJile 11ccne,n:0BaTeJibCKl1X npaKTHK IT03BOJISleT YTBep)l(,A8Th , 'ITO B H a CT O SI I.l\ ee B p e M SI 6 o n e e lll 11 p O K l1 H cpo p M a T n p e,n:n a r a e T C SI B nparMaTM'łeCKOM HanpaBneHl111, np11 ycnOBl111 , 'ITO OHO He paCCM8Tpl1BaeTC51 K a K O,AMH 113 yp O B H e H CTPYKTyp HOH ceMHOT HK l1 , a Bhl,AeJISl eTCSI B cpyHKQl10HanhHYIO nepcneKTl1BY 513hIKa. Hama no311QM51 3aKJIIO'łaeTc51 B TOM, 'ITO nparMaTHKa - 3TO nonHaSI ceMl10THKa, B KOTopyIO HHKOpnop11poBaHhl KaK COCTaBJISIIOI.l\Me 'łaCTl1 ceMaHTHKa 11 Cl1HT8KTl1Ka. KpoMe Toro, npar MaTMKa B cyTM CBOeH IlCHXOJIOr11'łHa, M COQ110JIOrl1'łHa (EapaHOB 1 993:
1 2- 1 4). <l>yHKU,HOHaJibHaSI nparMaT11Ka KaK caMO,AOBJieIOI.l\aSI nepcneKTHBa opHeHT11pyeTCSI npe)!(,Ae Bcero Ha TeKCT KaK COU,118Jih HYIO 11HTepaKQ11IO. Ee rnaBHOH 38,Aa'łeH Bh!CTynaeT 11ccne,n:0BaHMe TeKCTa B A11H8Ml1Ke (A11CKypca).
OceBoH MeTo,n:onor11qecKOH 3Bp11CTHKOH cpyHKu,110HaJihHOH nparMaT11K11 BhICTy naeT ccpop MynMpOBaHHOe H . XOMCKHM ITOJIO)l(eH11e, 'ITO 6onee a,n:eKBaTHO paccM aTpHBaTb 513h!K KaK Cl1CTeMy 3HaHHH B 11 HTenneKTe 'łeJIOBeKa, KOTopa51 11MeeT, no,n:qepKHeM, AHHaMH'łeCKYIO HepaBHOBeCHYIO np11po,n:y . . . KorHMT11BHhIH no,n:xo,n: K S13hIKY B ,n:ei1:cTB1111 npe,n:nonaraeT paccMOTpeHHe npo6rreMhl B3aHMOCB51311 513h!Ka, C03HaHHSlll1HTenneKTa 11 ,n:eHCTBl1TeJibHOCTl1 . C oOTB eTCTB e HH O , 11 3 M eH51eTC51 H OTHOlll e H 11e K KOHTeKCTy. Ecn11 AO nep110,n:a <PYHKU,110HaJibHOH nparMaTl1Kl1 06pall\eH11e K KOHTeKCTY 3a npe,n:enaMl1 513h!K0Bh!X OTHOllleHHH 6bIJIO 3Ill130,AM'łeCK11M, TO Tenepb 3TO MeTOAOJIOrH'łeCKOe Tpe6oBaHHe. Bonpoc JI11lllh B TOM, 'ITO paccMaTpHBaTb KaK KOHTeKCT, TO eCTh , 'ITO peneBaHTHO B TOM 11Jll1 HHOM cnyqae 0611\eHHSI. Bo0611\e, 3BOJIIOQ11SI Jil1HrBl1CTMKH B ,ABa,AQaTOM CTOJieT1111 npocJie)!(HBaeTCSI MMeHHO no pacwHpeHHIO KOHTeKCTa, Ha'łHHaSI C nepBb!X nanoB ypOBHeBOH Jil1HrBl1CTl1Kl1.
Ilpa2MamuKa - rjJyHKl,{UOHanbHaR nepcneKmuea fl3blKa
AHAT0.111111 r. 6APAHOB <l> y H K Q l-1 0 H aJi b H hl 11 K O r H l1Tl1 B H O -n p a r M a T11 q e CKl1 !1 TT 0 )J. X O )J. K 11CCJie)J.OBaHl1IO npe)J.nonaraeT, qTo rno6aJibHhIM KOHTeKCTOM BhICTynaeT 11H.D.11 B l1.IJ.YaJibHa5! KorHl1Tl1BHa5! c11cTeMa (MKC) - MHoroMepHa.R 11 MHOroqlaKTOpHa5! CTPYKTypa COQJilaJibHOro OTTbITa qeJIOBeKa. Ilpo6neMa Tl1qHoH )l(e 5!BJI5!eTC5! aKTyanmaQl-151 peneBaHTHhIX cpparMeHTOB onhITa B TOH 11Jll1 11HOH )J.11CKypc11BHOH Cl1TyaQ1111. CJIO)l(HOCTh Bbipa)l(eHl15! 3aBl1CI1T OT KOJI11qecrna 11HcpopMaQ1111, He06XO)J.Ji!MOH )J.nH ero BOCCTa- HOBJieHJilH. Ha 3TO HaQeneHbl MHoroq11cneHHbie MCCJie)J.OBaHl-151. M npo6neMa 3)J.eCh Jie)l(l1T B TOM' qTo 3HaHl15! HeO)J.HOpO)J.Hhl. Ilpe)l()J.e BCero 11X no)J.pa3)J.eJI5!IOT Ha )J.11CKpeTHbie 3HaHI1 5! (HayqHhie} Jil 3HaHI15!-nepe»nrnaHJilH, cpopM aJIJil3aQJilH KOTOpbIX npe)J.CTaBJIHeT orpOMHhie TPY.IJ.H0CTl1. MMeHHO TT03TOMY orpaH11qeHHhl:H yc nex 11MeIOT nporpaMMhl TaK Ha3bIBaeMoro K0HCTPYKTl1BH0r0 n0Hl1MaHJil5! TeK CTa , B K0TOpbIX 0CTa eTCH «o c a)J.OK» 3 H a H JilH-nepe)l( Ji! B a H Jil i1 , H e no)J.)J.a10m11:lłc51 cpopMan11JaQ1111 Hanp.RMyIO. O.IJ.11H 113 nyTe11 - np11MeHett11e repMeHeBT11qecKl1X 3Bp11CTMK
KorHl1TMBHO-nparMaT11qecKl111 TT0)J.X0)J. K aHaJil13Y TeKCTa npe)J.00JiaraeT pacurn:p ett11e KOHTeK CTa . PaccMaTp 11BaH KaK B3al1MOo6ycJIOBJieH Hbie npo6neMy pacw11pett115! K0HTeKcTa nparM aT11qecKoro attan113a 11 npo6neMy TaKCOHOMI111 nparMaTl1K,
r.
Ilapp3 B hI)J.eJIHJI B CBOe BpeMH 051Tb BM)J.0B KOppeJI5!Q11M, nepeKpem11BaIOI.I..{11XC5! 11 ,nonorrH5!IOI.l.{11X .D.pyr )J.pyra: K0-TeKCT KaK K OHTeKCT nparMaTMKa TeKCTa; 3K311CTeHQ11aJibHhll1 K0HTeKCT -nor11qecKa5! nparMaTJi!Ka; Cl1TyaTJilBHhli1 K0HTeKCT - C0Q110nparMaT11Ka; aKQl10HaJihHhIH K0HTeKCT - nparMaT11Ka pe'łeBoro aKTa; nc11xonor11qecK1111 K0HTeKcT - nc11xonornqecKa.R nparMaT11Ka (Parret1 983 : 94-98).
3a)J.a'ła C0CTOHT B TO M , qT06bI paCCMaTp11BaTb 3TJil BJil)J.hl K0HTeKCTOB Jil nparMaTl1K KaK e)J.MHhl:H l1HTerp11poBaHHhll1 KOMnrreKC. BhI)J.eJieH11e 11HTep KOHTeKCTa 11 YTBep)J.11BWeec5! B HaCT05!1.l.{ee BpeM5! noHHTl1e 11HTepTeKCTa no3-BOJI5!IOT HaM BBeCTl1 )J.0n0JIHJi!TeJihH0 KOrHI1TI1BHhll1 K0HTeKCT (KaK 30H Tl11łHhIH Tep Ml1H, OXBaTbIBalOI.l.{1111 ,n:pyrne KOHTeKCTbl) 11 nparMaTMKY K0r Hl1TMBH0ro p5!)J.a.
Mbl paccMaTpl1BaeM '.HY o6JiaCTh pa3blCKaHl111 OCHOBHOH B cp op M11pOBaHl111 COBpeMeHH0ro C0CT05!Hl15! HayK11 O 5!3hIKe - qepe3 pacw11pett11e KOHTeKCTa np011CXO)J.11T Hapa60TKa 11CCJie)J.0BaTeJibCKl1X npoQe)J.yp B C0B peMeHHOH Hay'łHOH napa)J.I.ffMe, B o603Ha'łeHJill1 KOTOpOH Ji!CTT0Jih3YIOTCH pa3Hble TepMl1HbI; HO cyTb O,ll;Ha - nepexo,n: OT 11,n:eaJIOB KJiacc11qecK0H HayK11, KOTOpb!M M0JIHJIOCh CTPYKTypaJIHCTCKOe HanpaBJieH11e, K HeKJiaCCJilqecKOH 11 )J.a)l(e TI0CTHeKJiaCCH'łeCKOH HayKe, r)J.e cymecTBeHHbIMI1 qepTaMH
HCC-ne.n:oBaHHSI HBJIH10TCH: npeo.n:onem1e pe.n:yKUHOHH3Ma KJiaCCH'łeCKOH HayKH,
nmopanH3M CT OJJ:XOJJ:OB, npHHUHn .n:onOJIHHTeJib HOCTH H MeTOA M OA
enHpOBaHHH (Ha3apeTHH 2004: 1 2- 1 4 ). JloMałOTCH rpaHHUa AHCUHCTJil1H 11
HayK, c6Jil1)f(alOTCH MeTOAOJIOrl1'łeCKHe npHHUHCThl TO'łHhIX 11 ryMaHl1TapHbIX
HayK. CymecTBeHHhIMH TO'łKaMH np11pameHHH 3HaHl1H CTaHOBHTCH
npo-6neMHbie o6naCTH, B KOTOpbIX cpe.n:crnaMH pa3Hh!X HayK, HHTerpaTl1BHO
(KOHqmryp11poBaHHe 3HaH11H), peruaJOTCH noCTaBJieHHbie BonpOChl . B Jil1H
rBHCTH'łeCKOM apeane 3HaHHH TaKHMH npo6neMHhlMH o6naCTHMH BhlCTyn
aIOT JJ:Be rno 6 aJibHble 3a)J:a'łH - nop O)l(JJ:eHHe 11 nOHHMaHHe TeKCTa,
pa3pewem1e KOTOpbIX Mhl B11JJ:11M B KOrHl1Tl1BHO-nparMaTl1tfeCKOH nep
cneKTHBe.
JI106oe BhlCKa3bJBaHHe Ha ecTeCTBeHHOM H3h1Ke He 6onee tfeM HaMeK Ha
on11chrnaeMhie o6cTOHTeJihCTBa: « ... a very lean allusion to the very rich set of
circumstances ...
»
(Shank and Kass 1 9894: 1 88). I1o3TOMY BCH cno)l(HOCTh
o6cy)l(JJ:aeMOH npo6neMaTHKl1
-
npHBJietfeHHe pa3H006pa3HhlX
·KOHTeKCTOB
('łTO paBHOCHJibHO 3KCCTJIHKau1111 peneBaHTHhlX 3HaH11H)
-
BhICBe'łl1BaeTCH B
nonhITKe noCTpOHTh H HTepnpeTal..{HOHHYłO MOJJ:eJib _na)l(e tte60Jib WOrO
TeKcTa, onpe.n:enHeMoro KaK «language occurrence in communicative setting»
(Beaugrande 1 985: 48).
PacCMOTp11M cpparMeHT TeKCTa 113 .n:eTeKTHBHOro poMaHa 113BeCTHOro
aBTOpa B nowarOBOM npe,nCTaBJieHHH AHHaMHKH ero pa3BepTbIBaHHH.
I. ... I went to find Stewart ...
No, he had no idea where Billson might have gone. In fact, he knew nothing about Billson, full
stop.
2. 'Isn 't that a little odd for a department head? Surely you know something abo ut your subordina
tes?
3. 'He's a very strange man,' said Stewart. 'Reserved most of the time but capable of the most
frantic outbursts occasionally. Sometimes he can be very difficult.'
4. 'In w hat way?'
5. Stewart shrugged. 'He goes on about injustice; about people not being given the proper credit
for achievement. He's very bitter about it.'
6. 'Meaning himself?'
7. 'No; it was always about others being repressed or cheated.'
(D. Bagley: Flyaway, 1979: William Collins Sons & Co Ltd.,p. 14)
ITepBOHa'łaJibHO tteo6xo,nHMO npe,ncTaBHTh HHcj)OpMal..{HłO, npe,nwec
TBYIOil\YlO ,naHHOMY cpparMeHTY TeKCTa, B COOTBeTCTBHH C npoueAy potty'łeTa
npe,n:wecrnyromeii 11ttcpopMau1111.
flpa2J
vtamuKa
-
cjJyHKitUOHClllbHa.f/. nepcneKmuea fl3btKa
AHATOmti-1 r. 6APAHOBCrncpcpopn, rnaBa oxpaHHoro 610po, norry•rneT CBenem1e o TOM,
1-ITO Ha
06-crry)lnrnaeMOH 11M11 cp11pMe 11cqe3 pa6oTHl1K, 11 ecTb npo6rreMbI c norry'ieH11eM
11HqJOpMau.i,rn no 3TOMY 11Hll,11)].eHTy. Crncpcpopn, KOTOpOMY Ha)].oerra yn
paBJieH'łeCKaSI pa6oTa B OqJHCe (paper-work), pewaeT «pa3BeSITbCSI» 11 JlH'iHO
pa306paThCS1 B 3TOM pyT11HHOM nene (field-work). Ha qrnpMe ero HanpaBnSIIOT
K CTIOapTy' 3aBe)].yIOW.eMy 6yxrarrTep11e11, Henocpe}].CTBeHHOMY Ha'łaJibHl1KY
11cqe3HyBruero OH11rrc0Ha.
B nepBOM mare TeKCTOBOro cpparMeHTa npe)].CTaBrreHa 11HqJOpMaU,11SI O
BCTpe'łe Crncpcpopna 11 CT10aprn 11 Ha'łarre 11x pa:ffoBopa B Krracc11'łecKOM
CKBa)l(HOM MO)].yce nopO)l()].eHl1SI TeKCTa ()K11HKl1H 1998: 65) - BCTpe'ła J1.BYX
pyKOBOJ1.HTenei1, 3HaKO MCTBO, Bonpoc CTacpcpopna , orneT CT10 aprn,
KOTOpblH npe}].CTaBrreH B Bl1)].e Heco6crneHHO-npsiMOH pe1i11. Tiocne}J,Hee
TT03BOJ1SleT aBTopy He TOJlbKO o603Ha'łl1Tb pe3Kl1H OTp11u,aTenbHbIH OTBeT, HO
11 11M nn11u,11THO nonqepKHYTb He)l(enaH11e CT10apTa COTPYJ1.HH'łaTb co
Crncpcj)opnoM qepe3 Bb1pa)l(eH11S1
no idea, might have gone, infact 11 oco6eHHO
full stop. HHcrnTyu,110HaJ1bHasi (nenoBasi ) 6ece}J,a no c6opy 11Hcj)opMau,1111 o
E11nnc0He Ha 'il1HaeT pa3BOpa 'il1BaTbCSI HeKOHBeHLJ,110HaJibHO. CTIOapT Ha
pyruaeT npecynno311u,1111 TaKoi1 6ece)].bI, TO ecTb ee pyT11HHYIO MO)].enb.
BTopoi1 war npencTaBnsieT penn11Ky-peaKLJ,HIO Crncj)cj)op,ua, npe,ucrn
BneHHYIO J1.BYMSI KOCBeHHbIMl1 BbICKa3bIBaHl1SIMl1, CMbICJI KOTOpbIX - 3KC
nrr11Kau,11si npecynno311u,1111 KOHBeHu,110HanbHOH 11HcT11Tyu,110HanbH011 6e
ce)].bI. [«Bbl, KaK PYKOB0)].11Tenb, o6si3aHbl 3HaTb 11 3HaeTe KaKyIO-TO l1H
cj)opMau,1110 o CBOeM nO)].'łl1HeHHOM». «Bbl o6SI3aHbl no norrry cny)K6bI MHe ee
coo6w.11Tb. HHa'łe caHKu,1111 - n yrn11BaH11e 11Hcj)OpMau,1111»].
0Tp11u,aTeJibHO-BOnpoc11TeJibHaS1 cj)opMa nepBoro BbICKa3bIBaHl1SI 11 Bbl
pa)l(eHl1SI
a Little, odd HanoM11HaIOT CT10apTy He TOJibKO o ero o6si3aHHOCTSIX,
HO Bbipa)l(alOT y,u11BneH11e Crncj)cj)opna 11 no6aBJISIIOT 11pOHl1'iHYIO TOH
aJibH0CTb pa3roBopy. BTopoe BbICKa3bIBaH11e TOJlbKO yc111111BaeT ny TOH
aJlbHOCTb' ,uo6aBJISISI T0HaJibHOCTb yrp03bl. 3To )].OCT11raeTCSI KOCBeHHOH
cj)opMOH BbICKa3bIBaHl1H B BOnpOCHTeJibHOH cj)opMe 11 no)].}J,ep)l(11BaeTCSI
TaKl1Ml1 Bblpa)l(eHl1SIMl1 KaK
surely, something, ynoTpe6neHHblM11 B HeCTa
H,n:apTHbIX ycrrOBl1SIX ceMaHTl1'ieCKOH corrracoBaHHOCTl1 (KonnoKaU,110HHOe
OTKJIOHeH11e OT HOpMbI).
,[(anee (ruarn
3, 5, 7),
CTIOapT, npO)].OJI)KaSI CBOIO CTpaTermo yTa11BaH11S1
HHcj)OpMau,1111, MeHSieT TaKTl1Ky. roBopsi O E11nnc0He, OH ,n:aeT 11Hcj)OpMaU,11IO
o6w.ero HepeqiepeHTHoro nrraHa, xapaKTepHyIO nrrsi MHOr11x n10ne11,
yn0Tpe6mu1 cnoaa urnpoKOH, Heonpe.ueneHHOH ceMaHT11K11:
a very strange
man, reserved, difficu/t, goes on about injustice, bitter,
etc.TTp11 He113MeHHOH cTpaTern11 TaKT11Ka Crncpcpop.ua TaK)l(e MeHHeTCH (warn
4, 6):
OH nOCTOHHHO KOpOTKl1MJ,I aonpOCHTenbHblMl1 pennHKaMH TPe6yeT yTO'łHeH11H.TaKoe MOHOTOHHOe pa3B11Tl1e .u11anora np11BO,U11T K MbICnl1 , 'łTO 3a CTpaHHblM nocTynKOM EHnncoHa CKpbrnaeTCH He'łTO 3Ha'łHTenbHOe, TPe6y IOUJ.ee TUJ.aTefilHoro paccne.uoaaH11H. l1 Crncpcpop.u :no noH11MaeT -no'łeMy TaKaH HaCTOpO)l(eHHOCTb CTIOapTa 11 ero He)l(enaH11e .uaaaTb KaKy10-n1160 1rncpopMau1110 o DHTITICOHe, 'łenoaeKe, KOTOpbIH pa6oTaeT Ha He3Ha'łl1-TenbHOH ,ll.Ofl)l(HOCTl1 B 6yxranTep1111, KOTOpblH coaepweHHO He CBH3aH C npO113BO,ll.CTBO M 11 ceKpeTaM11 Q)HpMbl. B ycnOBHHX HeKOH- BeHI.J.HOHanbHOfO Te'ł eHHH ,ll.H anora BO3HHKHOBeHHe TOHaTibHOCTH npocpeCCH OHaTi bHOH HaCTOpO)l(eHHOCTH, TPeBO)l(HOCTH y CTacpcpop.ua anonHe o60CHOBaHa, 'łTO H noKa3brnaeT .uanhHeiiwee pa3BHTHe CIO)l(eTa.
PecpneKCHH Ha.u npoue.uypaMH aHan113a no3aonHeT ccpopMynHpoaaTb HeK OTOpb1e BbIBO,UbI:
l .
MeTO.U HHTepnpeTaU.HH KaK IlOHHMaIOUJ.ee OTHOWeH11e K M11PY HBnHeTCH cyTblO nparMaTH'łeCKOH nepcneKTl1Bbl 11 Bbipa)l(aeTCH B 3KcnnHKau.1111 peneaaHTHbIX 3Hatt11łł pa3HOH np11po,1I.bI (o M11pe, H3bIKe, .UHCKypcHBHOH ,ueHTenbHOCT11) B c11Tyau.11 H noH11M aH11H. «l1HTepnpeTaU.11H eCTb 3aMeUJ.eH11e nOHl1MaeMoro (6y .Ub TO TeKCT 11flH 'łTO-TO eUJ.e) HeKOTOpblM TeKCTOM , K OTOpb!H n o 3 a M bICny ,UOfl)l(eH c.uenaTb nOHHMaeMoe nOHHTHblM 11n 11 n o HHTbI M » ( n 11 T B l1HOB1 996:70).
M bl n o n a r a e M , 'ł T O K ,uaHHO M Y onpe.ueneHl1lO 11HTepnpeTalJ.Hl1 cne.uyeT .u.o6aBHTb BO3MO)1(HOCTb HCnOTTb3O BaHl1H acera Ha6opa 11HTepnpeTaHT (3HepreTH'łeCKaH , 3MOlJ.HOHaflbHaH, nor11'łeCKaS1.), KOTOpbIMl1 onep11pyeT cpyHKU.110HanbHaH CeMl1OTHKa q_ TT11pca B paCKpbITHl1 CYUJ.HOCTH ceMHO311Ca (CM. Pharies1 985: 1 8;
Eco1 990: 2 1 ).
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1 979: 350)
11 repM eHeBTl1KH (Eor11H1993: 6 ),
oco6eHHO B cny'łaHX HeKOHBeHU.11OH3flbHOro pa3BHTHH KOM MYHl1Kau.m1.2. B
l1HTepnpernu.1111 TeKCTa 3a,n:eHCTBOB3Hbl .uae npou.e.uypb! y'łeTa 3H aHl1H: KYMYITHU.1151 11HcpopMau.1111 B npou.ecce pa3BepTbIBaHl1H TeKCTa(botto
m-up procedure)
H 11ttcpopMaU.11H o6UJ.ero cou.11OKynhTypttoro nnaHatop-down
procedure).
B
Ka'łeCTBe Kortt11T11BHOH Mo.uenH («Teop11H») .u11cKypcHBHOHflpa2MamuKa
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1997: 334
11 .n;anee).B Bb!We 113JIO)l(eHHOM a tta11113e cpparMeHTa TeKCTa Mbl o603Ha'-!11Jil1 cpopMaJil13M KOrHHOTHnH'-!eCKOH MO,n;em1 c6opa KOH<jrn,n;eHQHaJibHOH 11Hcpop MaQ1111 K OCBeHHO '-!epe3 BBe,n;ett11e peneBaHTHbIX npecynn0311Q11 H , K3K M bi C Ji l1 T e Ji b H y 10 n p O Qe.n;y p y C B epTbIB a H l1 SI , p a3 B e p T bI B a tt H SI 11 11epapx11lJeCKOro n epeKO.llHp0B3HHSI HHcpopMaQHH. HaM 6bIJIO B3)1(H0 no,n;'-lepKHYTb OTKJIOHeHHe TeKCTa OT K0HBeHQHOHaJibHOCTH. I10JIHOe )l(e n p e,n;cTaBJi e H H e K O r H HOTl1 n l1 '-! e C K l1 X 3 H a H H H , H e o 6 x o ,n: 11 M b! X ,li.Jl .SI B O CCTaH0 BJi eHHH KO repeHTH OCTl1 ,n;aHHOfO TeK CTa , npe,n;cTaBl1JIO 6hl orpOMHbIH 06beM. TeM He Mettee, 11MeHH0 KOrHl1Tl1BHaSI M0,n;eJib (B nonHOH 111111 CBepttyTOH 11n o cTaC11) .SIBJISieTCSI onopoi1 cpopM11poBaHl1.SI 11HTep npeTaQHOHHOH MO,ll.eJIH J.J:JIH ,n;a HHOfO KOHKpeTH0f0 cpparMeHTa TeKCTa.
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KorHl10THn n03BOJI.HeT paccMaTp11BaTb ,ll.l1CKypc11BHYIO .n.eSITeJibHOCTb KaK BKJIIO'-!eH HYlO B .n;p yr11e B11.llbl .n.eSITeJibHO CTl1 Jil1'-IHOCTl1 B p a MKax ee n03HaBaTeJibH0fO B3al1MO)leHCTBl1.SI C MHp0M. C cp1111ococpcKOH T0lJKH 3peHHH Ha 11 6onee n o,n;XO.ll.Sl ll\11M cpopM aJi l13MOM .llJISI noro CJIY)l(l1T Cl1CTeMa MblCJie,n;eHCTBOBaH11.S1 (ll.J.e.n.poB11QKl1H
1987: 1 3 1 ),
nony'-111BWaSI Jil1HrBl1-CTl1'-leCKYIO 11HTepnpeTaQ11lO r.H. Eorntta(1993: 6).
Otta BKJIIO'-!aeT Tp11 noSica: Mh1cne.n;ei1crn0Batt11.si:(M,LI.),
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Cyw,ecTBosam,e cou.110KynhTypHoro, rpynnosoro 11 11 H.u11s 11.uyam,Horo KOrHl10Tl1nOB n03BOJU!eT CTaBl1Tb BOnpoc O nonHOTe 11 KaYeCTBe 3HaHl1ll, a, cne.uosaTenbHO, 11 pa3B11TOCTl1 ceMl10Tl1YeCKOH nl1YHOCTl1. YpoBeHb nopO)l( J].eHl1ll J,f nOHHMaHHll TeKCTa 3aBHCHT OT COOTHOWeHHll cou.110KynhTypHoro Korn11ornna (KaK nonHoro npeJ].CTasneHHll 3HaH11H npeJ].MeTHOH 06nacT11) c 11H,ll;HBl1)].yanbHblM.
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top-down
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,l],HcKypc11BHa51 TOHaJihHOCTh 3KCnJIHQHpyeTCH BO B3aHMO)].eHCTBl111 y 'łaCTHHKOB K 0 M M YHHKaQHH - KaK 3M OQHOHaJibH0-3BaJIIOTHBHaSI p a B H O)].eH CTB yro w.a 51 pa3 H b! X CT Op O H H X K orH HTHB H bi X CH CTe M (paQHOHaJibHOH, 3MOQHOHaJihHOH, nCHXOJIOrH 'łeCKOH, COQHaJlhHOH, CHTyaTHBHOH, aKQHOHaJibHOH H )].p.), npH)].aBaSI TeKCTY B )].HHaMHKe )].Onorr HHTeJibHYIO 0KpacKy H nepcneKTHBY B opraHH3aQHH HH<pOpMaQHOHHOro o6MeHa. TTp11 nop0)K)].eHHH TeKCTa 0Ha npOS!BJI51eTC51 B 11C0OJib30BaHHH pa3HOypoBHeBblX Bep6 aJibHbIX H HeBep6arrhHblX cpe)].CTB KaK Hec neQHQ)H'łeCKHX MapKepoB TOH HJIH HHOH T0HaJibH0CTH. B KOMMYHHKaQHH MO)KHO BhI)].eJIHTh cpopMaJihHYIO, HpOHH'łeCKYIO, wyTJIHBYIO, rpeBO)KHYIO, arrapMHCTCKYIO, KOH<pJIHKTHYIO, KCeHocpo6H'łeCK YIO , TOrrepaHTHYIO, )].OBepHTeJibHYIO H np. Bee 3TH acneKThl )].HCKypCHBHOH KaTeropHH TorrepaHTHOCTH Tpe6yIOT )].aJibHeHwero H3y'łeHHSI. BBHJJ.Y pacnrrhIBYaTOCTH, Heonpe)].eJieHHOCTH (fuzziness) TorrepaHTHOCTH KaK acneKTa KOMMYHHKaQHH, Heo 6XO)].H MO HCCJi e)].OBaHHe n pOBO)].HTb K a K M O)].e rr H p O B a H H e KOM MYHH KaTHBHbIX CHTyaQHH B Bep051TH0CTHO M KJIIO'łe, B pacnpe )].eJieHHOCTH no )].HCKypcaM H )KattpaM.
Il051BHJIHCb y)Ke JJ.pyrne Hapa60TKH: B )Kattpax o6hI)].eHHOro o6w_eHH51 -KOH<pJIHKTHOCTb, TorrepaHTHOCTb (AHHCHMOBa
2004),
B )ł{aHpe peKrraMbl -Bbl)].errettHe Ma)l(OpHOH H MHHOpHOH TOHaJibHOCTH H HX B3aHMO)].eHCTBH51 (llieB'łeHKO2004),
B )Kattpax norrHT)].HCKypca - arpeCCHBHOCTb (P51nOCOBa2002).
HanpHMep, neperoBOpbl Me)K)].yK.
Paiłc 11 C. JlaBpOBbIM B TypQHH OT BOCbMOro cpeBparr512005
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ro,n;a neperoBopoB Me)KJJ.Y npe3H)].eHTaMH PoccHH H CllIA, HO 11 BbrnepKyT0HaJibH0CTH neperoaopoB, T0HaJibH0CTH, n03B0JUllOW.eH 06cy)l(JJ.aTb ca Mbie
pa3JIH4Hbie, BKJII0 4 a 51 0 CTpb! e, Bonp0Cbl - nonHTK0ppeKT0 CTb , T0ne paHTH0CTb, JJ.0Bep11TeJibH0CTb, )l(eCTK0CTb . . .
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AHHCHMOBa A.T.,
2004,
JlUH26UCmu'łeCKUe npoeKL/LIU KOHQJllUKma ( oecKpunmuBHb/U acneKm), ABTOpeq>. JJ.HCC ... KaH)J.. q>Hnon. HayK, KpaCHOJJ.ap.Ear)J.acapj!H T.O . ,
2000,
ToHaJ1bHb1u KOMnoHeHm MOOWlbHOcmu a KOMMYHUKGL/UU (Ha MamepuaJle GH2JILIUCK020 LI pyccK020 J/3b/K06), ABTOpeq>. )J.HCC. KaH)J.. q>Hnon.ttayK, KpacttoJJ.ap.
na)KeHoBa E.A.,
2001 ,
Hay'łHblli meKcm a acneKme nonumeKcmyaJ1bJ-10cmu, IIep Mb. EapaHOB A.f., I 993, <PyHK4uoHaJ1bHo-npa2Mamu'łecKGJ1 KOH4em1uJ1 meKcma, )],11cc.)].OK. q>Hnon. ttayK, KpaCHOJJ.ap.
EapattoB A.f., 1 997, Komuomunu'łNOcmb J/CaHpa, «Stylistyka»VI. EaxTHH M.M., l 979, 3cmemuKa CllOBecHozo maop'łecmaa, MocKBa. Eorntt f.l1 . , 1 993, Cy6cmam1uoHaJ1bHGJ1 cmopoHa noHUMaHw1, TBepb.
)],ycKaeBa
JI.P., 2004,
l(ua.nozu'łecKaR npupooa zmemHblX pe'łeBblX J1caHpoa, ABT opeq>. JJ.HCC ... JJ.OK. q>11non. HayK, CattKT-IleTep6ypr.)1(11HKHH H .l1. , I'paMMamuKa CMblCJla. - H.l1 . )1(1rnKHH, Jl3blK. Pe'łh. Taop'łecmao, MocKBa.
