Alexander Palkin
Зарубежное влияние на
повседневную жизнь уральских
старообрядцев конца ХVIII
-начала ХIХ в.
Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 7/1, 57-652016
Al e x a n d e r Pa l k in
Ural Federal University
3APYBE^HOE R3HHHHE
HA nOBCE^HEBHYro ^H3HB yPA^BCKHX
CTAPOOSPA^EB
KOHH,A X V m - HAHA^A XIX B.1
Foreign Influence in Everyday Life of Ural Old Believers (Late 18th - Early 20th Centuries)
KAronEBbiE c b o b a: p y K o n n c H a a T p aflH p H a, C T apoo6paflB ecT B O , Y p a n , H H o cT p aH H b e HHHOBapHH, KynbTypHoe BnnaHHe, 6bit, orpaHHneHHa nHTaHHa
Key w o r d s: manuscript tradition, Old Believers, Urals, foreign innovations, cultural transfer,
everyday life, food restrictions.
Ab str a c t: The paper is devoted to analysis of the reflection of European innovations in the
manuscripts of Old Believers and their everyday life in the late 18th and early 20th century. The main sources the paper is based on are manuscripts from the depository of the Laborato- ry of Studies in Archaeography of the Ural Federal University - the largest depository of old- printed books and manuscripts in Russia outside Moscow and Saint-Petersburg. In the course of manuscript analysis, it was found that there were main directions of the foreign influence criticism: food restrictions, tobacco, clothes, outward appearance, customs, etc. The Old Believers’ relation to European innovations changed in time. It was determined by economi- cal processes and processes of secularization. The Old Believers tried to substantiate accep- tance of foreign innovations by writing essays in a traditional form. In addition, there were some differences between different social groups of the Old Believers. The Old Believers entrepreneurs accepted foreign innovations faster than other Old Believers.
3apy6e^Hoe (b nepByro oHepeab, eBponeHCKoe) Binarne b Pocchh, b 3aMeTHoń CTeneHH ycm m m eeca co BpeMeHH neTpoBCKHx pe^opM, b toh hhh hhoh Mepe 3aTpoHyao npaKTHHecKH Bce c^ ep b ^h3hh h otoh HaceaeHHa Pocchhckoh
1 CraTba no^roToBneHa b paMKax peaaH3auHH rpaHTa npaBHTeabCTBa P ^ no npHBaeneHHro Be^y^HX yneHMx b poccHHCKHe o6pa3oBaTenbHbie ynpe^aeH H a B bcm ero npo^eccH oH aabH oro o6pa3oBaHHa h HaynHbie y npe^aeH H a rocyaapcTBeHHbx aKa^eMHH HayK h rocyaapcTBeHHbe HaynHbe ueHTpb Pocchhckoh ^e^epauH H . (^a6opaTopHa ^ hhhohhoh apxeorpa$HH, YpanbCKHH ^eaepaabH bH yHHBepcHTeT). .flproBop Ns 14.A 12.31.0004 ot 26.06.2013 r.
58 Alexander Palkin
HMnepHH. He CTaaH HCKaroaeHHeM h oaHH H3 raaBHiix npoTHBHHKOB eBpo- neroapHH CTpaHM - CTapoBepii. Ctoht OTMeTHTB, BnponeM, hto CTapooSpaaui He npeacTaBaaaH h He npeacTaBaaroT eaHHOH oS ^hocth. B3raaati npeacTa- BHTeaeń pa3HMX oS ^h h MoryT CHaBHO pa3aHaaTBca HaH Smtb aHaMeTpaaBHO npoTHBonoao^HiiMH. KpoMe Toro, HeoSxoaHMO yHHTMBart pa3HHpy Me^ay HacTtro cTapoo6paaHecKHx 3aHT2 (npe^ae Bcero, ToproBo-npoMBiraaeHHoń BepxyraKoń) h ocTaaBHMMH cTapoBepaMH. nepBiie Sbmh BOBaeaeHii b npopecc BecTepHH3apHH 3HaHHTentHo SoaBrae, aeM nocaeaHHe.HH^e npeacTaBaeHa nonMTKa peKOHCTpyHpoBaTt TpaaHpHOHHoe CTapooSpaa^ecKoe oTHoraeHHe K SlITOBBIM HHHOBapHHM, HOpMaM H MOaeaaM, npHraearaHM B PoCCHro H3-3a pySe^a (npe^ae Bcero, H3 EBponii), aHSo CHHTaBraHMHca TaKOBMMH. BMecTe C TeM paCCMOTpHM, KaK B3raaatl Ha 3TH aBaeHHa 3BOaropHOHHpOBaaH CO BpeMeHeM. Ochoboh aaa aaHHOH peKOHCTpyKpHH nocay^HaH pyKonHCH KOHpa XVIII - Haaaaa XX b b., xpaHa^Heca b flpeBaexpaHHaH^e HaSopaTopHH apxeorpa^HHecKHx HCcaeaoBaHHH YpaaBCKoro ^eaepaaBHoro yHHBepcHTeTa (PoccHa, r. EKarepHHSypr). flaHHoe coSpaHHe, b kotopom HacHHTiiBaeTca noHTH 6 TMcaa pyKonHceń h CTaponenaTHirc KHHr, coSpaHHiix yaacTHHKaMH apxeorpa$HHecKHx 3KcneaHpHM b 1970-e - Haaaae 2000-x rr. Ha TeppHTopHH otBaTKH ao ToSoaBCKa, npeacTaBaaeTca aocTaTOHHO penpe3eHTaTHBHiiM.
E ^ e cXVII b. b Pocchh Siia H3BecTeH TaSaK. npH MHxaHae OeaopoBHHe hAaeKcee MHxaMaoBHae ToproBaa hm h ero ynoTpeSaeHHe ^ecTOKO KapaaHCB. HHTepecHO OTMeTHTB, hto naMaTB oS 3tom coxpaHHaacB y ypaaBCKHx CTapooSpaapeB, pHTHpoBaBraHx nocTaHOBaeHHa nepBiix P o m3h o b m x bpyKonHCH KOHpa XIX b. (CSopHHK 1).
TaSaK CHHTaaca ataBoatCKHM pacTeHHeM, o aeM CBHaeTeaBCTBOBaaH aereHaii oero npoHcxo^aeHHH, oaHa H3 KOTopiix coxpaHHaacB b fflarpoBCKOM coSpaHHH HAH. CoraacHO 3TOMy npoH3BeaeHHro, TaSaK Biipoc H3 Tpyna ^eH^HHM, SayaHBraeń c 12 aeT b TeaeHHe 30 aeT (oHa, KCTaTH, TO^e Sima po^aeH a ot Sayaa MOHaxHHH) (CSopHHK 2). B 3tom CKa3aHHH TaSaKy npHnHCMBaaHCB CBOHCTBa aoCTaTOHHO Ta^eaoro HapKOTHKa: «h Te [aroaH SyayT pacTaeHH yMOM, h oSaaaeroT, h oSMHpaTH SyayT, h TpacTHca HMyT»,
«h hhh BepTaraeca Se3HHHHo xoaa^y, boyMe nHaHM cy^H», aroaeH onHCMBaroT
KaK «Seca^Hxca» (CSopHHK 2, 3, 4, 6oS.). PeKOHCTpyHpyroTca TaK^e nyTH npoHHKHOBeHHa TaSaKa b PoCCHro. ^ 3m h h h k h («eaaHHH no raH ii») pacnpocTpaHHaH TaSaK «b HeMpu, b TypKH, h b TaTapii, h b HepKacu
[yKpaHHCKHe Ka3aKH], h oTTyay, yBii, hHaM, xpHCTHaHOM...» (CSopHHK 2, 8).
2 OrapooSpaa^ecKHe 3aHTM mo^ho ycaoBHO pa3aeaHTB Ha aBe r p y n n i : ayxoB H ix aHaepoB (cBS^eHHHKH, HHOKH, HaCTaBHHKH H T.a.) H 3a»HTOHHMx K ynaoB, KOTOpie COCTaBaaaH 3KOHOMHHecKyro ocHOBy, S ia H aaMHHHCTpaTHBHMMH aHaepaMH CTapooSpaaaeoKHx oS ^h h. OSe r p y n n i MoraH HrpaTB poaB HHTeaaeKTyaaBHix 3aHT. Ohh pa3paSaTMBaaH CTapooSpaaaecKHe aOKTpHHM, nyTH COCy^eCTBOBaHHa C BHeraHHM MHpOM, O^HaHaaBHOH aepKOBBro H rOCyaapCTBOM.
B coHHHeHHHx cTapoBepoB onncBiBaroTca pa3HMe cnocoSM ynoTpeSaeHHa TaSaKa: KypeHHe ( «m h o3h Ha orHB Toro StiaHa noaararo^H, h aMM ero peBHpaMH B^Mxaxy bo ycTa»), HroxaHHe («oSoHaBaro^t Ho3apaMH cbohmh»),
^eBaHHe («3a ^eKy KaacTH»), nHTHe. 3a ynoTpeSaeHHe TaSaKa noaaraaoct npoKaaTHe «ot cb^tm x anocToa h ot cb^tm x oTep» (CSopHHK 3, 32oS.; CSopHHK 4, 9). B Haaaae XX b. aaa aoKa3areatcTBa Bpeaa TaSaKa c ayxoBHoH h MeflHpHHcKoń tohkh 3peHHa cTaaH Hcnoat3oBaTtca h HayHHMe aaHHMe Toro BpeMeHH, B3aTMe H3 nepHo^HHecKHx H3aaHHH, o^HaKo pacnpocTpaHaBraHeca b Tpa^HpHoHHoH aaa cTapoBepoB $opMe pyKonHcH, HanHcaHHoH noayycTaBoM (CSopHHK 5).
Bpa^aeSH o o t h o c h h h c b cTapooSpaapM h k KapTo^earo, k o t o p m h Ha3MBaaH TaK^e «3eMaaHMe ropox» (CSopHHK 6, 100oS.), «TpaBa...oT Hero [AHTHxpHcTa] 3oBoMaa KapToB, aHTHxpHcToBa noxoTt; HapHparoT to oBo^eM» (CSopHHK 7, 42). HaHSoaee H3BecTHMe h pacnpocTpaHeHHMe «aHTHKapTo- $eatH tie» coHHHeHHa: BMnHcKH H3 «KHHrH EapoHHa», npeacTaBaeHHMe bflpeBaexpaHHaH^e .HAH YpOY noa pa3HMMH Ha3BaHHaMH: «KHHra EapoHHa. 263 raaBa» (CSopHHK 12, 37oS.-38; CSopHHK 13, 33-34; CSopHHK 14, 101oS.- -102oS.; CSopHHK 15, 42-42oS.); «EapoHHa raaBa 60-a» (CSopHHK 11, 1); «KHHra EopoHea. raaBa 9. .Hhct 263» (CSopHHK 12, 169-169oS.), rae 3anpe- ^aeTca ynoTpeSaeHHe KapTo^eaa; BMnHcKH H3 «KHHrH naHaoK. raaBa 28. .H. 68» (CSopHHK 8, 38oS.-40oS.; CSopHHK 9, 1-1oS.; CSopHHK 10, 169oS.-170 oS.; CSopHHK 7, 34-35oS.; CSopHHK 6, 100-101; CSopHHK 16, 42oS.-43oS.), rae roBopHTca o tom, hto KapTo^eat BMpoc H3 Tpyna aoaepH apeBHero papa MaMepa, coBepraHBraeH npearoSoaeaHHe co ncoM. .HereHaa 3Ta HMeaa paa BapHapHH, b KoTopMx, noMHMo npoaero, pa3HHaHct MecTa npoHcxo^aeHHa: nepcHa (CSopHHK 10, 170; CSopHHK 7, 34oS.), AMepHKa (CSopHHK 17, 1), aHSo MecTo He yKa3MBaaoct. E ^ e oaHa BapHapHa coaep^HTca b BMnHcKax H3 «KHHrH naHaoK. EaaBa 45», rae cooS^aeTca, hto KapTo^eat BMpoc H3 Tpyna HaoaonoKaoHHHKa, a MecToM ero npoHcxo^aeHHa onaTt ^ e yKa3MBaeTca «BocToHHaa cTpaHa» (CSopHHK 18, 45-46).
KapTo^earo npHnHcMBaroTca aoBoatHo cTpaHHMe cBoHcTBa: «h BcaK Bo3aroSHT caacTt BeaHro. noMpaaeHHtie HeaoBepM yMoM, aKo ntaHMe, raaroaeT So o HeM cBaTMH CHMeoH Hobmh EorocaoB, aKo cKBepHo, aKo ot PHMa Haaaao HMaTt, pacnaoaHraaca noBcyay h b tom SparaHe HeaoBepM ocKBeptHaTca, aKo flpeBHHH H3paeat» (CSopHHK 16, 42-42oS). flaa ycHaeHHa oTBpa^eHHa kKapTo^earo ero onHcMBaaH caeayro^HM oSpa3oM: « . . .to noraaH SMaHe [SeaMe] ^H ati, a no ^HaaM KpyraMe aMpti, h aoKonaaHct ao KocTeH hBMraao H3 TaHHMx ya KocTeH hohcnaeTeHHHH aHpa» (CSopHHK 16, 43-43oS.).
TaKHe coHHHeHHa, Hapaay c npoH3BeaeHHaMH 3cxaroaorHHecKoro xapaK- Tepa, HrpaaH 3HaHHMyro HaeoaorHHecKyro poat b xoae KpecTtaHcKHx BoaHeHHH, BM3BaHHMx pe^opMoń rocyaapcTBeHHoH aepeBHH, npoBoaHBraeHca noa
60 Alexander Palkin
pyKOBO^CTBOM MHHHCTpa rocyflapcTBeHHtix HMy^ecTB rpa^a n . fl. KHceaeBa b 1837-1841 rr. CaeflyeT otmcthtb, hto nofloSm ie Bo33peHHa He orpaHHHH- BaiHct ToatKo crapooSpaflHecKoM cpefloM, ho h aKTHBHo StrroBaiH cpeflH KpecTtaH - HieHoB o^HpHaatHoM pepKBH, ocoSeHHo bpaMoHax co cMeraaHHtiM HaceaeHHeM (BaMflHH 1979, 95-96).
OflHaKo KapTo^eat b ypaatcKHx ycaoBHax pHcKoBaHHoro 3eMiefle.iHa noiyH aa nocTeneHHoe pacnpocTpaHeHHe KaK KyatTypa HenpHxoTiHBaa h flaro^aa oTHocHTeitHo bmicokhm ypo^aM. noaB H iact HeoSxoflHMocTt onpaBfltiBart ero ynoTpeSaeHHe. Bo BTopoM noaoBHHe XIX - HaHaie XX b.
noaBiaroTca npoH3BefleHHa b 3a^HTy KapTo^eaa, cnepBa o^opMieHHtie b cm ie TpaflHpHoHHoM crapooSpaflHecKoM HeTteM iHTepaiypti - «naHfleKTti
HryMeHa AHTHoxa, KHHra 3, raaBa 13, ih c t 148 Ha oSopoTe. O BHyrpeHHeM co^ep^aHHH MoHacTMpeM, bo BceM naaecTHHe, h nopaflKax SpaTHH, h coflep- ^aHHe nH^H», rfle coo S ^aaoct, hto naaecTHHcKHe MoHaxH Ha cKyflHtix noHBax Bo3fleaMBaroT 3ry Kyitrypy, xoTa caMo c io b o «KapTo$eat» bHcroHHHKe He ynoMHHaeTca, BMecTo Hero ynoTpeSaaroTca TepMHHti «aSaoKo 3eMiaHoe», «aSaoKo SoSoHHoe». BtmHcKH H3 «KHHrH KHpHiia CKH^onoatcKoro. KHHra 8 DiaBa 2. Hhct 52» TaK^e 3a^H^aroT KapTo^eat, cooS^aa, hto oh Sm ii npHHeceH Ha A ^oh npenofloSm iM TpHropHeM HryMeHoM MorncTtipa YcneHHa npecBaToM BoropoflHpti Ha rope CHHaMcKoM, 3flect 3tot obo^ Ha3tiBaeTca «aSaoKo oBo^Hoe» (CSopHHK 19, 5 9 -6 3 ). 3 flect ^aKTti, H3BecTHtie cTapoBepaM no ^HTHro npenofloSHoro TpHropHa CHHaHTa (ok. 1275-1346 (?)) (rpHropHH CHHaHT) - noce^eHHa hm A ^ om - a o i*h h Sm iih cay^HTt flonoiHHTeatHMM noflTBep^fleHHeM hcthhhocth 3tom BepcHH, xoTa b yKa- 3aHHoe BpeMa KapTo^eaa bCrapoM CBeTe e ^ e He Strno.
B Haaaae XX b. Hcnoat3yeTca y^e He aereHflapHaa, a oTHocHTeatHo HayH- Haa apryMeHrapHa, B3aTaa H3 cBeTcKoM nepHoflHKH (*ypHaa «CeatcKHM BecTHHK») h H3 cTapooSpaflHecKoro ^ypHaaa «H,epKoBt» (H3flaBaaca b 1908-1914 rr. npeflcTaBHTeaaMH SeaoKpHHHpKoro coraacHa), rfle paccKa3MBaaact HcTopHa noaBieHHa KapTo^eaa b EBpone h Pocchh, a TaK^e floKa3tiBaiact noat3a flaHHoro npoflyKTa, ocoSeHHo KaK cpeflcTBa cnaceHHa ot roaofla b Heypo- ^aMmie roflM (CSopHHK 17, 2-5).
He npH3HaBaiH cTapoBepti h npoHHe npoflyKTti, npHraeflraHe b PoccHro H3 flpyrHx cTpaH: HaM, Ko$e, KaKao (CSopHHK 20, 36; CSopHHK 11, 1). HaHSoaee pacnpocTpaHeHHtie npoH3BefleHHa no 3ToMy noBofly: BtmHcKH H3 «KHHrH Oeoflopa BaacaMoHa, raaBa 30» h «KHHrH Ha3apea, raaBa 20, i h c t 70»,
bkotopmx HanHcaHo:
A ^ e ktootnpaBocaaBHtix xpncTHaH flep3HeT nHTH TaSaK, tomotcBaTtix oTea, fla SyfleT npoKiaT [...] A ^ e kto otnpaBocnaBHtix flep3HeT nHTH HaM, tomoTHaeTca
npaBocnaBHtix aep3HeT nwm ko^hto, b tom HeaoBeKe 6yaeT kob ayKaBtiń, h He
6yaeT b HeM 6aaroaaTM Bo*Meń, ho BnaaeT TaKoBtiń aecaTOKpar ao aHa^MMoro (C6opHMK 21, 47; C6opHMK 22, 102o6).
B apyroM coHMHeHMM Haro aaeTca caeayro^aa xapaKTepMCTMKa: «Hectr moe aaKoMCTBo, Hectr moe nMTMe ot TpaBti aMCTBMe, nań, M^oao^epTBo KponaeHoe 3MMMHMM ^MpoM, Mcmeamee ot eataMH ^ bihhhkob], KoTopBie 3mhto noKao- HaroTca BMecTo Bora, toecTt KMTań» (CaoBo MHoKa 3axapMa koyHeHMKy cBoeMy
E ^hmhto, 87o6.).
He ^aaoBaaM crapoBepBi h caMoBapti (no pa3HBiM BepcMaM, npMmeamMe bPoccMro c BocToKa MaM 3aBe3eHHtie neTpoM I H3 EBponBi), o HeM noBecTByroT BMnHCKH M3 «KHHrH IoaySHU;BI»:
H3H^eT Ha 6paHB c xpMcTMaHBI MeaHBIń anoK^MncMHecKMH 3MHH, peKoMBIH aatcKaa yrpo6a hbch ero Bo3aro6aT hnpeaaaaTca eMy KpenKo no KoHeHHoMy yMa
noMpaaeHMa h Toń oKaaHHBiń 3MMń MMart BoKpyr ce6a Boay, a BHyrpM oroHt
ropa^Mń, aKo*e b *yneae reeHcKoM 6yayr H3 Hero mho3h HeaoBepBi Ty Boay
caaaue nMTM, n y ^aa oHyro Hpe3 MepcKMń npoxoa 3MMa, peKoMBiń KpaHT hycaaaaT
Boay oHyro TpeoKaaHHoro TpaBoro, eń * e MMa Hań. H mho3h npeatcTaTca H3
xpMcTMaH h BaaayT ce6a bo ocKBepHeHMe noraHoń TpaBBi h MeaHoMy 3mhto. ..
(C6opHMK 23, 47-47o6.).
BnpoHeM, cypoBBie 3anpeTBi coSaroaaaMct oraroat He Bceraa, ^h3hb nocTe- neHHo Spaaa cBoe. Hań ynoTpeSaaaM aoBoatHo HacTo npeacTaBMTeaM pa3HBix caoeB cTapooSpa^HecTBa, o HeM ceTyroT, HanpMMep, repoM-cTapoBepti poMaHa fl. H. MaMKHa-CMSMpaKa «TpM KoHu;a», aeńcTBMe KoToporo npoMcxoaMT b 60-e rr. XIX b. (nepcoHa^M MMeaM peaatHBie npoToranBi): «TomHexoHtKo h raa- aeTt-To Ha hmx, Ha MMpcKMx [crapooSpaaaeB, He npMHaBmMx MoHamecTBo] < ...> Be3ae cBapa m tomctobctbo. 3Hań ceSe Hań xaeSaroT aa TaSaHM^e naaaT», nMaM Hań h npeacTaBMTeaM cTapooSpaaHecKoro MoHamecTBa (MaMMH- -CMSMpaK 1958, 221-222).
B cTapooSpaaHecKoń cpeae SBia TaK^e pacnpocTpaHeH mm^ o 3apySe^HoM npoMcxo^aeHMM He ToatKo «TpaBBi TaSaaeM (TaSaKM)», ho h «xMeatHoro nMTMa», h «3aoń MaTepHoń SpaHM». CHMTaaoct, hto «xMeatHoe nMTMe» noaBMaoct b naaecTMHe «h pa3Hececa to nMTMe b H,Biu;apHro [H,ecapMro, T.e. CBa^eHHyro PMMcKyro MMnepMro, aMSo ABcrpMńcKyro MMnepMro] h b HMTBy, h no BceM aapcTBaM h cTpaHaM, noToM Ha KoHHMHy BeKa cero h k HaM npMMae b PyccKyro 3eMaro Ha norMSeat aymaM xphctmhhckhm h Ha MyKy BeHHyro». OrpaHH, oTKyaa noaBMaact SpaHt h TaSaK He yKa3BiBaroTca (CaoBo ot cTapHecTBa 1, 4oS.-8; CaoBo ot cTapHecTBa 2, 382-382oS.; CSopHMK 24, 17-20oS.; CSopHMK 25, 46oS.-51oS.).
62 Alexander Palkin
EBponeucKHe oSbinai, BHeiiiHHH bhph ope*pa
Crpo^anrae 3anpe^anoct SpapoSpHTHe: «A ^e kto Spapy SpeeT h npecra- BHTCa, aKO HepOCTOHT Hap HHM Cny^HTH, HH COpOKOyCTHe no HeM neTH, hh npOCBHpM, HH CBe^H nO HeM B pepKOBB npHHOCHTH» (CSopHHK 26, 43oS.); «A ^e kto Spapy SpeeT ot CBoero caMoxoTeHHa a ot HenpHHy^peHHa, Toń He HMaTB BHpeTH nHpa Eo^Ha h ocypHTca CO pHaBonoM, aKO TBopa^en Bonro ero» (BMnHCKH H3 «KhhthEapoHHa. 14») (CSopHHK 26, 44oS.).
fla^e CTapooSpappii, cKnoHHiie k KOMnpoMHCCy C o^HpHantHon pepKo- Btro h npHHaBraHe epHHOBepHe3, He cornaraanHct ponycKart kCeSe Ha MoneHHa nHp, Spero^Hx Sopopii h Hoca^Hx «HeMepKoe» nnarte (nanKHH 2013, 81); nopoSHiie TpeSoBaHHa BiipBHranH h npHypantcKHe epHHOBeppii OMyTHH- HCKoro 3aBopa BaTCKoń rySepHHH (O TpeSoBaHHH epHHOBeppaMH OMyTHHp- Koro 3aBopa, 1-1oS.), Hapo nonaraTt, nro Mano oS ^ero C «SpHToy C aMH» ^enanH HMeTt hypantCKHe cTapoBepii.
PaCnpoCTpaHeHHe eBponeńcKHX oSunaeB BOCnpHHHManoCt crapooSpa- ppaMH KaK npH3HaK HacrynneHHa noCnepHHX BpeMeH. B BiinHCKax H3 «KHHrH OrapnecTBo. CnoBo 7, nHCT 283» h hok 3axapHń cciinaeTca Ha npopoKa flaHHHna, KOTopiin aKoSii npeppeKan noaBneHHe orHeCTpentHoro opy^Ha
h nro bohhctbo SypeT Ha3BiBaTtCa «CTpaHHMM HMeHeM caram i - canpaTii».
TaK^e flaHHHn «npoponecTBOBan» o BHeraHeM BHpe h oSinaax:
h Spapti SpHTH HMy^e aKH ntBOBti C ycaMH, H3O yCT j h m Hcxopa^t cMeppa^HH h TeM necTt pero^e. A opeaHHa HMy^e KopoTKoe oSTarHyro h xboct HMy^o, Ha
rnaBax HMyr hochth opna, o HeM * e nHca npopoK E3ppa. CBepxy KOHCKaa onaMa
[...] H npHMyr oStinaH cnaHCKHa npoKnaTtix HeMep. My*He HMyr h o ch th
opeaHHe KopoTKoe, Btirae KoneHy, h raTaHti HararHyrti npe3 paMeHa4, He Mory^e
hm KoneHo noKnoHeHHe t b o p h t h; *eHH * e MHorHa ot XpHCTHaH He Sypyr
cpaMaTHca, Sypyr So HMeTt oSpa3 SecoBCKHn, h rnaBti HenoKpoBeHti HMy^e,
h ynopoSaTca SecoM, nHpa Sypyr Ma3aTH BanaMH5; h opeaHHe Sypyr hochth
HeoSinHoe, SnypHHnecKoe, c nepeTaraKaMH, h BO3nroSaT KOHCKoe pHCTaHHe, h SecoBCKHa Hrpti hnnacaHHa, hnecHH caraHHHCKHa» (CSopHHK 27, 85-87). nopoSHoe oTHoraeHHe keBponeńcKHM 3aHMCTBOBaHHaM S in o pacnpocTpaHeHo npaKTHnecKH cpepH Bcex cnoeB crapooSpapnecKoro HaceneHHa, opHaKo b XIX b. npoH3oranH KyntTypHie H3MeHeHHa, KoCHyBraHeca, npe^pe Bcero, ToproBo- npoMMraneHHon BepxyraKH.
3 EpHHOBepHe - ^opMa npHcoepHHeHHa cTapooSpappeB ko^HpHantHOH pepKBH, npH KOTopoń ohh coxpaHanH Sorocny*eHHe no cTapiM KHHraM h oSpapaM, ho noppHHanHct enapxHanbHOMy HananbCTBy rocnopcTByro^eH pepKBH. noppoSHee o epHHOBepHH cm.: nanKHH 2013; White 2014.
4 PaMeHa - nnenH (flant 1955b, 57).
Kynpbi-CTapooSpHgpbi h eBponeftcKoe b noBcegHeBHOCTH
YpanbCKoe crapooSpa^necKoe KynenecTBo, b SonnraHHCTBe CBoeM, npHHaane- ^aBmee kSernononoBCKoMy cornacHro, a c 1830-x - 1840-x rr. kHacoBeHHoMy, h HacTbro npHHaBraee eaHHoBepHe, Ha npoTa^eHHH XIX b. npeTepneBano KynbiypHyro 3BonropHro. Ee Ba^Hon nepTon Sbino HapacTaHHe eBponeńcKoro BnHaHHa bnoBceaHeBHoń ^h3h h. 3toSbino cBa3aHo c paaoM ^aKTopoB:
Bo-nepBMx, c aepaaHKanroapHen cTapooSpaanecKHx ToproBo-npoMM- raneHHbix 3nHT, HanaBraenca e ^ e bXVIII b. hHMeBraeń 3KoHoMHHecKHe KopHH. KynpaM Sbino hto TepaTb, hyMHparb «3a a3 eaHHbin» ohhy ^e He ^enanH.
Bo-BTopMx, c Sonee raHpoKHM KpyroM oS^eHHa KynpoB (no cpaBHeHHro c SonnraHHCTBoM KpecTbaH h MacTepoBbix). B 3tot Kpyr oS^eHHa BxoaHnH heBponeH3HpoBaHHMe 3nHTbi: Kynpbi h hhhobhhkh.
B-TpeTbHx, Kynpbi HMenH Sonee cboSo^hmik aocTyn HenocpeacTBeHHo k eBponeńcKHM Sm tobm m h KynbTypHbiM HoBraecTBaM, hto no3Bonano hx opeHHBarb Sonee oSbeKTHBHo hb MeHbraen cTeneHH MH$onorH3HpoBarb.
B-neTBepTMx, onpeaeneHHyro ponn b 3tom npopecce Hrpan h nepexoa b e^HHoBepHe 3HanHTenbHon nacTH cTapooSpa^necKon BepxyraKH. EaHHoBepHe, xoTa h npHHHMano Ha Ypane 3anacTyro aocTaroHHo cnepH^HnecKHe ^opMbi, TeM He MeHee cnocoScTBoBano aanbHenraen BecrepHroapHH cTapooSpaanecKHx (BnocneacTBHH h eaHHoBepnecKHx) 3nHT.
Kynpbi-CTapooSpaapbi XIX b. CTpoHnH KaMeHHbie ocoSHaKH b eBpo- neńcKoM cm ae, htoSbino oSycnoBneHo He tohbkoCTpeMneHHeM kpocKoraH, ho h noTpeSHocTbro Ha^e^Ho Bno^HTb KanHTanM - HepeaKo aoMa cny^HnH oSecneneHHeM ToproBbix onepapHń. EcTecTBeHHo, TaKHe aoMa oScraBnanHcn TaK^e no-eBponeńcKH, bhhx cranH noaBnaTbca nopTpeTM, bt. h. hBnaaenbpeB.
nocTeneHHo H3MeHanocn oTHoraeHHe CTapooSpaanecKHx 3nHT kcBeTCKoMy oSpa3oBaHHro h HayKaM. 3aecn noKa3areneH npHMep eKarepHHSyprcKoń ceMBH KynpoB Ka3aHpeBMx. npeacTaBHTenb nepBoro b XIX b. noKoneHHa OoMa Oe^oToBHH (ok. 1786-1832) Sbin Hacroa^HM «cTonnoM» cTapooSpaanecTBa. Ero cmh TaBpHna Oomhh (1806-1874) oSynanca Tpa^HpHoHHo ana CTapo- oSpaapeB - no BacoBHHKy h ncanTbipH, oaHaKo b nocneacTBHH 3aHHManca caMooSpa3oBaHHeM, w ra n MHoro CBeTCKoń nHTeparypM, ero HaxoaHnH HHTe- pecHMM coSece^HHKoM a a ^ e CTonHHHMe HHTenneKTyanM. Oh npHHan e^HHoBepHe b 1846 r., oaHaKo npoaon^an ocTaBarnca h HocHTeneM «apeBne- npaBocnaBHon» KynbTypbi (nanKHH 2012). Ero cmh TaBpHna TaBpHnoBHH, nonyHHn y^e CBeTCKoe oSpa3oBaHHe, 3aHHManca HayKoń, Sbin accHCTeHToM fl. H. MeHaeneeBa (Mhkhtw k 2008).
npHMepHo c cepe^HHM XIX b. cTapooSpaanecKHe h e^HHoBepnecKHe KynpM nepeHHMaroT eBponeńcKHń BHeraHHń bh^: o^eBaroTca, KaK eBponenpm,
64 Alexander Palkin
HaHHHaroT noacrpHraTB Sopoati, a b paae cayaaeB h SpHTtca. H3aroSneHHBiM pa3BaeneHHeM eKaTepHHSyprcKHx KynqoB-cTapooSpaaqeB h e^HHOBeppeB c cepe^HHM XIX b. cTaHoBHTca Tearp, a no3aHee - KHHeMarorpa^.
OflHaKo BecTepHH3apHa cTapooSpaaaecKHx oth t He o3Haaaaa h h noaHoń yTpaTt h m h cTapooSpa^HecKoń HaeHTHHHocm (H3MeHeHHe TpaaHqHH co BpeMeHeM - np oq ecc aocraToaHo 3aKoHoMepHBra), h h TeM Soaee 3HaHHTeatHoro ycHaeHHa 3anaaHoro BaHaHHa Ha ocTaaBHtix cTapoBepoB, KoTopte cyMeaH npoHecm cboh ^h3hchhłihyKaaa ao cero aHa.
EiiÓjmoipu(|)iia
White, J. (2014), A B rid g e to th e Schism : E d in o v erie, R u ssia n O rth o d o x y a n d th e R itu a l Form a- tio n o f C o n fessio n s, 1 8 0 0 -1 9 1 8 . P h D th esis. F irenze.
Bah^hh, B. H. (1979), HoBwe hctohhhkhn o hctophhKpecTtaHcKHx BoaHeHHH Ha Y p a a e b40-e r r . X IX b. B: H3 hctophhayxoBHoh KyabTypw aopeBoaroqHoHHoro Y paaa. CBepaaoBcK, 9 0 -9 7 . rPHroPHH Chhaht (2015), TpHropHH CHHaHT. B: npaB ocaaB H aa 3HqHKaoneaHa. U R L : h ttp ://
w w w .p rav en c.ru /tex t/1 6 8 0 7 3 .h tm l (aaTa oS pa^eH H a 10.09.2015).
^ajł, B. H . (1955a) ToaK oBtifi cao B a p t »H B oro BeaHKopyccKoro a3WKa. MocKBa, t. 1: A -3.
^ajł, B. H. (1955b) ToaK oBtifi cao B a p t »H B oro BeaHKopyccKoro a 3 tiKa. MocKBa, t. 4: P-V . MAMHH-CHBHPaK, ^ . H . (1 9 5 8 ) TpH KoHqa. Y p a atc K a a aeT o n H ct B: M aM H H -C H 6H paK ^.H .
CoSpaHHe coaHHeHHH baecaTH ToMax. MocKBa, t. 7, 7 -3 5 0 .
MHKHTroK, B . n . ( 2 0 0 8 ) K a3aH qeB ra B p H H a raB p H H ao B H a B : r a a B t i r o p o a c K o r o caM o y n p aB aeH H a E K aT epH H S ypra: H cT opH uecK H e oaepK H . 2 - e H 3a., a o n o aH e H H o e. EKaTepHHSypr, 1 3 8 -1 4 1 .
O TpeSoBaHHH eaHHoBepqaMH OMyTHHqKoro 3aBoaa, htoSh He StiaH aonycK aeM ti a o o S ^ e r o MoaeHHa c hhmh aH qa, 3HaM eHyro^Heca TpeMa nepcTaMH B: rocyaapcT B eH H tifi apxHB
Khpobckoho S a a c ra . ® . 237. O n . 12a. 1007.
nAaKHH, A . C. (2 0 1 2 ) K yneq-eaH H oB epeq r . ® . Ka3aHqeB: M e » a y Bepofi h rocyaapcTBoM B: M aTepH aati KoH^epeHqHH «HcTopHaecKaa aHHaMHKa pocchhckhxHpaBoB: KoHcepBaTH3M v s MoaepHH3aqHa». EKarepHHSypr, 4 6 -5 2 .
nAaKHH, A . C. (2 0 1 3 ) EaHHoBepHe b cepeaH He X V III - H aaaae X X b b.: oS^epoccH ficK H fi KoHTeKcT h p erH o H aaraaa cneqH^HKa. ,3,h c... KaHa. hct. HayK. EKarepHHSypr.
CSopHHK 1 B: a A H Y p® Y . X X V I. 10p/ 5367. CSopHHK 2 B: a A H Yp<£Y. X V . 160p/ 938.
CSopHHK 3 B: a A H Yp<£Y. X II. 4 5 p / 1370. a . 3 2 -3 3 . CSopHHK 4 B: a A H Yp<£Y. X V . 193p/ 1258. a . 9 -9 o S . CSopHHK 5 B: a A H Yp<£Y. V II. 7 7 p / 228.
CSopHHK 6 B: a A H Yp<£Y. X IV . 63 p / 685. a . 1 0 0 -1 0 1 . CSopHHK 7 B: a A H Yp<£Y. X II. 4 5 p / 1370. a . 3 4 -3 5 o S . CSopHHK 8 B: a A H Yp<£Y. V . 2 7 p / 646. a . 3 8 o S .-4 0 o S . CSopHHK 9 B: a A H Y p ® Y . V III. 2 1 p / 848. a . 1 -1 o S . CSopHHK 10 B: a A H Yp<£Y. X . 1p/18. a . 1 6 9 o S .-1 7 0 oS. CSopHHK 11 B: a A H Yp<£Y. V III. 2 1 p / 848. a . 1. CSopHHK 12 B: a A H Y p ® Y . V . 2 7 p / 646. a . 3 7 o S .-3 8 . CSopHHK 12 B: a A H Yp<£Y. X . 1p/18. a . 1 6 9 -1 6 9 o S . CSopHHK 13 B: a A H Yp<£Y. X II. 4 5 p / 1370. a . 3 3 -3 4 . CSopHHK 14 B: a A H Yp<£Y. X IV . 63 p / 685. a . 10 1 o S .-1 0 2 o S .
C6opHHK 15 B: R A H Y p ® y . X V . 9 8p/ 876. R . 4 2 -4 2 o 6 . C6opHHK 16 B: R A H y p ® y .X V . 9 8p/ 876. R . 4 2 -4 3 o 6 . C6opHHK 17 B: R A H y p ® y . V III. 2 1p/ 848. R . 1 -10o 6. C6opH0 K 18 B: R A H y p ® y . X . 3 4p/ 1691. R . 4 5 -4 6 . C6opH0 K 19 B: R A H y p ® y . V II. 145p/ 1310. R. 5 9 -6 3 . C6opH0 K 20 B: R A H y p ® y . V . 2 7p/ 646. C6opH0 K 21 B: R A H y p ® y . IX. 153p/ 1899. R . 4 7 -4 7 o 6 . C6opH0 K 22 B: R A H y p ® y . X V . 9 0 p / 868. R. 102o6. C6opH0 K 23 B: R A H y p ® y . IX. 153p/ 1899. R . 4 7 -4 7 o 6 . C6opH0 K 24 B: R A H y p ® y . X . 34p/ 1691. R. 1 7 -2 0 o 6 . C6opH0 K 25 B: R A H y p ® y . X V . 9 0 p / 868. R. 4 6 o 6 .-5 1 o 6 . C6opH0 K 26 B: R A H y p ® y . X V . 98p/876. R . 43 06 ., 44o6. C6opH0 K 27 B: R A H y p ® y . X . 3 4p/ 1691. R . 8 5 -8 7 .
Ctobo 0 HOKa 3 axap0a ko yqeH0 Ky CBoeMy E ^ 0 M0 ro B: R A H y p ® y . X . 3 4p/ 1691. R. 8 5 -8 9 . CnoBo ot CTapnecTBa 1. CnoBO ot CTapnecTBa o coTBopeH00 3n a ro flym e0 a ry 6Haro xMenbHaro
00T0a B :R A H y p ® y . X . 1p/18. R . 4 o 6 .-8 .
CnoBo ot CTapnecTBa 2. CnoBo ot CTapnecTBa o coTBopeH00 3naro flym e0 a ry 6Haro xMenbHaro 00T0a B :R A H y p ® y X IV . 63p/ 685. R. 3 8 2 -3 8 5 o 6 .
