Problemy rewaloryzacji historycznych krajobrazów w kontekście przepisów ochrony przyrody

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Problems

Key words: historical landscape, protection of monuments, nature protection

Introduction

In the light of recent legal regulations, the protection and preserva- tion of historic landscapes is subject to procedures related to legal nature protection to a much greater extent than before. Until 2018, all decisions concerning works conducted in areas entered in the Register of Monuments were issued by Voivodeship Conser- vators only pursuant to the Act on the 3URWHFWLRQRI+LVWRULFDO0RQXPHQWV

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regulations, concerning, among others, the removal of trees in the area of real property entered in the Register of Monuments, entered into force. Since then, the tree removal permits issued by conservators have been additionally based on the provisions of the Nature Conservation Act. As a result, the procedures are more complicated and it is necessary to extend design documentation by aspects that have not been subject to analyses required by Conservation Offices so far (e.g.

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nests and identification of species as well as obtaining special permits to destroy nests in the event of need to remove the tree where they are located). It is obvious that any actions related to forest stand management and any interference with the tree crown arrangement should be taken

in the non-breeding season. Still, one should admit that the related removal of nests results in deteriorated living conditions of the species in the given ecosystem. This is, however, not the only issue discussed in the paper. Numerous other problems connected with the conflict between the protection of cultural heritage and conservation of nature have become manifested in recent times. The space that we inhabit is becoming increasingly urbanised, and the natural environment is standing on the brink of the abyss like never before as a result of our, human activities. As humans have caused mass extinction of species, no wonder that we are attempting to introduce new forms of preventing further degradation of nature. Unfortunately, we are not always well prepared to implement them into the existing procedural system. This refers, among others, to issues related to protecting habitats of various groups of animals that inhabit historical parks and gardens, where performing restoration works often means temporary or permanent destruction of habitats. This problem becomes even more pressing if we are dealing with protected species, as it is necessary to create appropriate living conditions for them, which, in the circumstances of traditional conservation activities, poses serious difficulties.

Pr o b le m s o f R es to ra tio n o f H is to ric L a nd sc a p es in th e L igh t o f N a tu ra l Pr o te ct io n R egu la tio ns Ma ³go rz a ta Mi le ck a

Problemy

rewaloryzacji historycznych krajobrazów w kontekœcie przepisów

ochrony przyrody

DOI: 10.30825/5.ak.172.2019.64.3

6áRZDNOXF]RZH: historyczny krajobraz, ochrona zabytków, ochrona przyrody

Wprowadzenie

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Subject, objective, and state of research

The aim of the paper is to present certain issues that have not been included so far in typical design studies on the restoration of historic landscapes. In the light of recently introduced legal regulations, they are still more often required in the process of negotiating project documentation and at the stage of obtaining the required permits to perform the designed works, both from the Voivodeship Conservator and from the Regional Environmental Protec- tion Director. The author used the analysis of subject literature, legal documents, requirements of authorities that issue the relevant permits to perform construction works in historical parks, and, finally, her own experience, to present issues that should be subject to analysis in the process of analysing the historical resources of a landscape and included in the restoration documentation in the present circumstances. As a result, it will be possible to obtain the required permits based on comprehensive documentation taking into account issues related to the protection of both cultural and natural values. This should result in the proper perfor- mance of restoration works, without posing a threat to groups of animals that inhabit parks, or in moving them to places that will provide safe living conditions while at the same time

protecting the cultural resource from their harmful activity.

The issues presented in the paper have not been widely discussed in literature. The conflict between legal nature conservation and the protection of cultural heritage under Polish law was analysed in the broadest WHUPVE\.U]\V]WRI*UXV]HFNL>@

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works, which are justified from the point of view of protecting cultural values, are generally conflicting with the designated form of nature SURWHFWLRQs 7KXV DQ\ SRVVLEOH DF- tivities become strictly limited by the complexity of the process of issuing decisions by competent public administration authorities. As a result, the condition of the protected object often deteriorates gradually, in terms of both cultural and natural values.

In this respect, foreign literature offers a wider variety of analyses, although it is difficult to refer to it in the light of Polish legislation, as, for example, in England it is permitted to shoot birds that are considered to be invasive species.

Methodology

The present article is based on collected data required to prepare documentation for the restoration of the historical post-mansion park in Belzatka in Piotrkow Trybunalski.

It presents certain serious conflicts in the realisation of recommendations that resulted, on the one hand, from currently binding principles of monument protection, and on the other hand from the requirements of new natural protection regulations, in particular concerning the protection of animal habitats (here, the requirements to protect habitats of rook, which were considered to be controversial in the protection of a historical park). As a result, these requirements limited conservation activities in selected areas of the park, e.g. by making reasonable tree management impossible (with respect to the removal of dead wood and correct- ing the crowns of trees that required such treatment), and even limited the rational arrangement of the park (lack of recreational development in places where bird colonies live, although it is worth noting that these colonies are growing). The development of a historical park, which serves as a publicly available space designated in the local zoning plan to fulfil the leisure and recreational needs of city residents, posed numerous conflicts with the recommendations resulting from nature conservation regulations. As a result, it was necessary to prepare conservation documents with a widely extended programme of environmental analyses in order to ensure the correctness of the design and realisation procedures. Moreo- ver, it hindered the rational management of the park. These problems

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have been outlined and discussed in the present paper.

The paper discusses the conflicts between cultural protection of historic parks and transforming them into a kind of nature reserves, which significantly limits restoration possibilities and prevents conducting the optimum scope of revitalisation works. Another aim was to present the conservation issues with a con- clusion that extended landscape and nature analyses are required in order to meet the requirements of new legal procedures that will enable to obtain permits for investment works in historical complexes, while at the same time protecting the living conditions of local fauna. Moreover, a holistic approach to landscape shaping is required, and a common ground for action should be created on the level of cultural and natural protection.

Presentation of the park and issues related to its restoration

The Belzacki Park, which is the subject of this case study, is located in Piotrkow Trybunalski, at Belzacka Street, in the former Belzatka village.

Currently it is a suburb of Piotrkow Trybunalski. The park was entered in the Register of Monuments under No. 664, based on Decision No. KI.

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Conservator. The borders of the park

were then clearly defined by Deci- sion of the Voivodeship Conservator 1R362=uRIWKH^th of July 1995. The total area of the park is 5.92 ha, including water bodies (a large and small pond as well as a river and drainage ditches) that oc- cupy the area of 0.8 ha. The complex has the shape of an irregular polygon.

The terrain is generally flat, with a small inclination towards the set of ponds located in the northern part (Fig. 1). The park has major natural values, due to its overmature stand characterised by a very interesting and valuable structure of species and several outstanding natural monuments. The health condition of the existing tree stand may be estimated as medium and sanitary and maintenance treatment is required. Areas that require maintenance include in particular those with traces of the activity of beavers and damage caused by them (the area adjacent to the water arrangement and young trees at the eastern border of the park), but also the area with the tallest trees (with a large breeding habitat of rooks located in the branches), situated mainly in the eastern section of the park.

A comprehensive discussion of all issues requires presenting at least DQRXWOLQHRIWKHSDUNqVKLVWRU\DQGLWV

current values in the light of damages to the historic structure. Originally, a farm was located in Belzatka. Re- mains of this farm, severely damaged by improper management, are visible to the west of the park. The mansion

park itself, in a form whose remains survived until today, was established by Karol Czaykowski at the beginning of the 20^th century, in form of an irregular quadrangle, as a landscape ar- UDQJHPHQW>ćZLöWRU]HFNDHWDO@

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designed based on an earlier complex, as the oldest trees were planted in mid-19^th century. An outstanding asset of the park is a large pond, ap- proximately 150 m long, surrounded by a rich, overmature tree stand.

Apart from numerous deciduous species, it contains several interesting coniferous trees, such as the Eastern white pine, Canadian hemlock, Douglas fir, Norway spruce and blue spruce, as well as larches and thuyas.

This previously picturesque park was disfigured in the second half of the 20^th century by the introduction of rEORFNs GHYHORSPHQW 2IILFH EXLOG- ings and barracks were constructed in the historical arrangement. This blurred the character of the park, seriously damaged its natural form and destroyed landscape values.

Numerous species that had originally grown in the park did not survive until today as a result of degradation of the historic structure both on the arrangement and natural matter levels.

Among the plants that disappeared were old Arolla pines that were cut to construct a stage for a voivodeship harvest festival organised in the park

In the past, the most important architectural structure in the park was the former Belzatka inn. The building was erected on a hill in

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the western part of the park, facing the north, towards the pond. It was a one-storey, two-bay brick building with a half-hipped roof covered with sheet metal, with a partial basement, a hall at the main axis and a nine-axis IDÅDGHGDWLQJIURPWKHWXUQRIWKH^th and 19^th FHQWXULHV >ãR]LþVNL @

In the second half of the 19^th century it was transformed into a residential PDQVLRQ >%LXUR ,QZHQWDU\]DFML =D- E\WNÑZ @ ,Q LWV RULJLQDO

form was changed by adding a wing on the western side. In the year 1924, Marceli Stokowski conducted renovation works in the building¹. The last attempts at renovation were made in 1968, although they did not protect the building from being demolished.

As a consequence, the mansion was removed from the register of monuments based on the Decision of the 29^thRI6HSWHPEHULVVXHG

by the Minister of Culture and Art based on the Decision of the 28^th RI $XJXVW RI WKH 9RLYRGHVKLS

Conservator in Lodz and the decision of the Department of Construction, Town-planning and Architecture of the National Municipal Council in 3LRWUNRZ 7U\EXQDOVNL ,Q WKH

damaged structure was demolished, justifying it by the disastrous state of repair of the building resulting from the devastation that it was subjected WRLQWKH\HDUVuDQGODFNRI

sufficient funds for restoration.

After the mansion had been demolished, new office buildings were introduced to the park in a form that may be described as modernist.

The new development was arranged rather haphazardly and it did not take into account the layout of the park.

Additionally, the area of the park was subject to geodesic divisions accord- ing to the new functional divisions connected with the designation of the buildings. Each of the buildings with its closest surroundings formed a separate compositional and functional unit, while, at the same time, all of them degraded the historical arrangement of the park. With time, it resulted in spontaneous emergence of a wholly new network of internal pathways along the shortest routes between entrances to the park and individual buildings, thus destroying the historical layout of park paths.

The described buildings and commu- nication routes have been functioning XQWLOWRGD\7KH\LQFOXGH7KHEXLOG- ing of Occupational Therapy Classes located on plot 192/1, with independ- ent traffic infrastructure on the side of Dworska Street, the unused former warehouse located at the eastern border of plot 192/2, the building in the VRXWKHUQSDUWRIWKHDUHDuFXUUHQWO\

the seat of the Municipal Road and Maintenance Administration, and the former canteen building located at the northern border of plot 192/2.

In the past, the park used to be partly fenced, although the exact course of the fence is unknown. During the construction of the new buildings, the fence was demolished and partly re- placed by partitions from fencing net and concrete slabs. The only remains of the historic fence are small parts

of a brick wall at the eastern border of the park and single poles at the HQWUDQFHJDWHV>0LOHFNDHWDO@

These post-war transformations significantly affected the natural and landscape values of the park, even more so as the newly created park interiors and routes were reinforced by planting new tree and scrub ar- rangements, consisting mainly of species that were not present in the historical plant cover. In fact, the only elements that were not affected by WKLVrWUDQVIRUPDWLRQsZHUHWKHZDWHU

arrangement in the northern section of the park, the long hornbeam avenue along the eastern border, and individual majestic specimen of monumental trees growing in the direct vicinity of the pond. These elements should be currently considered as the most important and at the same time the most valuable ones in the structure of Belzacki Park.

The park has been used as the surrounding of office buildings and its condition has deteriorated for many years²+RZHYHULQWKHVHFRQGGHF- ade of the 21^st century, in the wake of increasingly popular revitalisations of historic spaces, the park finally attracted the attention of the community who expected some changes, as well as o the city authorities. Con- sidering the value of the park and its enormous recreational potential, this objective was included in the local spatial development plan. Confronted with the needs of district and city inhabitants, the municipal authorities started to consider a comprehensive

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revitalisation that would restore the landscape and utility values of the park and enable community members to use it. Following the guidelines GHYHORSHGE\WKH&RQVHUYDWRUqV2I- fice, a revitalisation programme was prepared along with the documentation including detailed analyses of natural resources. Stocktaking of flora

and fauna resources was conducted.

It was even more urgent, as the extensively used park was undergoing a naturalisation process and it had been home for numerous species of animals, including protected ones, for quite some time. These species included beavers that inhabited the park and caused many damages to

the trees close to the water arrangement consisting of a flow-through pond with a small fish pond and the connected system of drainage ditches (Fig. 3). Additionally, research conducted by the Ornithological Society in Poznan confirmed the presence of a rich variety of birds, in particular an enormous colony of rooks³ (Fig. 4).

Thus, it was obvious that the restoration of the park would have to be comprehensive, so the stocktaking of resources had to include analyses of aquatic species of animals (protected species of fish and molluscs).

Due to the planned revitalisation of the water system, the analyses covered also non-terrestrial species.

The developed documentation was the basis for obtaining the relevant SHUPLWVERWKIURPWKH&RQVHUYDWRUqV

Office (thee Voivodeship Conser- YDWRUqV 2IILFH DQG HQYLURQPHQWDO

authorities (Regional Directorate for Environmental Protection). Building permit and water law permit were also obtained for the renovation of the pond and the connected water- FRXUVHV +RZHYHU WKH SURFHVV RI

applying for external subsidies for the costly comprehensive revitalisation of the park took a long time, so, after several years it became necessary to update the documentation of the park (slightly modified to take into account new legal regulations) and to obtain the required permits once again. The updated documentation contained all the previously required documents and analyses (Fig. 5, 6).

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(6)

changes in the natural arrangement of the park it became necessary to repeat the previous studies and conduct additional analyses, which later significantly influenced the scope of planned revitalisation works and, in fact, forced major modifications of the project.

First of all, apart from preparing applications to the Voivodeship Conservator to obtain permits for the relevant tree stand maintenance works and the removal of dead or sick trees as well as those that degrade the historical arrangement, it was necessary to obtain similar permits for tree removal under the Nature Conserva- tion Act. All trees planned for removal had to be analysed in terms of the existence of nests and identification of bird species to which those nests belonged. It was also necessary to prepare the required documents for the Regional Directorate for Environ- mental Protection to apply for consent for their removal, although tree stand management works were planned for late autumn and winter, i.e. outside the breeding and protection periods in the schedule of works. Thus, there was no risk of destruction of inhabited nests, though these activities would doubtlessly limit the conditions of further growth of the population. In the opinion of the design team, the refusal by the competent authorities to grant consent for the removal of dead wood and the correction of tree crowns of selected specimen was controversial, as these treatments are essential for direct protection of )LJ0DSVRIDQLPDOREVHUYDWLRQVLWHVHODERUDWHGE\

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na rewaloryzacji parku na siedlisko

(7)

trees in the condition of increasingly frequent strong winds and gales in our region⁴. Another problem was the determination of the actual number of nests of the most bird colony, which, in this case, was the population of rooks. Analyses conducted by the design team in November/December revealed the presence of approx. 90 QHVWV +RZHYHU WKH LQVWLWXWLRQDO⁵ inspection of the park in April of the following year found nearly 300 of them. This resulted in a dispute with the decision-making organs concerning the reliability of the prepared documentation. Further analyses clarified the reasons of this mistake.

Firstly, it was obvious that the number of nests in winter cannot be identi- cal to that which exists at the peak of the breeding season. Secondly, the borders of the area for which the documentation was to be prepared were specified by the investor as the borders of the area entered in the register of monuments, because this was the area for which the revitalisation project was prepared. On the other hand, the conciliation authority used the number of nests that existed in the whole forested area, i.e. also in the forest stand belt surrounding the park, in particular a large and dense mass of coincidence seedlings adjacent to the park on its south-eastern side.

This experience seems important, because, as it turns out, the analysed territory may be understood completely differently by different parties, and a clear determination of its area by reference to administration plots

to which the documentation refers is not always effective. Additionally, as far as fauna analyses are concerned, it is worth referring the borders of the documented area to territories with uniform animal living conditions.

+RZHYHUWKHIRFXVRIWKHDQDO\- sis should be shifted to the problem of protecting the habitats of rooks in a historic park, in particular to the viability of preparing a program that would minimise the negative impact of the investment in park revitalisation on the habitats of this species only in order to meet the requirements of legal procedures. The analyses of the discussed case demonstrates that if the revitalisation process is to be effective and correct, one should consider the possibility to create substitute habitats for the species whose presence in the given area might be undesirable due to the safety of users or the functioning of the facility (in this case, the threats include the park being soiled by bird IDHFHVDQGIRUEHDYHUVuDFWXDOGDQJHU

to human life that might be caused by an animal fighting to protect its lodge).

It is obvious that the functioning of a historic park, whose cultural values are highlighted in the whole revitalisation process, and which is saturated by various recreational elements, is at least problematic in the presence of an enormous colony of birds that soil certain parts of the complex and generate noise. If the decision is made to restore a park, and the revitalisation plan is created with the participation of the Voivodeship Conservator, then the aim is certainly not to exclude

a major part of the park from use as a QRPHQRPHQornithological reserve (obviously, if there are no special recommendations from the Nature Conservator, which, in this case, were not provided). As far as the Belzacki Park is concerned, it is the landscape complex created by humans that is protected as cultural heritage by the entry in the Register of Monuments.

The park was populated by rooks as a secondary process, as a result of lack of proper maintenance works, including the removal of branches that often pose a danger for park users from the tallest trees, and thus uDVDUHVXOWRIWKHODFNRISURSHUWUHH

stand management. In this case, the negligence that was supposed to be fixed by the revitalisation program, proved to be the beginning of changes in the functioning of the park that hindered its restoration. Unfortunately, it turns out that recent regulations on obtaining the relevant permits under two acts of law related to monument and nature protection may result in limited possibilities to perform works that actually protect the tree stands in favour of maintaining the presence of birds that, in fact, damage them.

Paradoxically, another preposterous decision of nature conservation authorities concerning the presence of a rook colony in a different historic park (QRWD EHQH located in the city centre) was also issued in Piotrkow 7U\EXQDOVNL r3LRWUNRZ WRZQ FOHUNV

were perplexed to receive the answer from the Regional Directorate for Environmental Protection in Lodz to

tego gatunku powoduje tylko po to, E\ VSURVWDè SURFHGXURP SUDZQ\P

Analiza opisywanego przypadku SRND]XMH ĔH Z FHOX VNXWHF]QRĈFL

LSRSUDZQRĈFLSURFHVXUHZDORU\]DFML

QDOHĔ\UR]ZDĔ\èPRĔOLZRĈFLVWZRU]H- QLDVLHGOLVND]DVWöSF]HJRGODJDWXQ- NX NWÑU\ QD GDQ\P REV]DU]H PRĔH

RND]DèVLöQLHSRĔñGDQ\]XZDJLQD

EH]SLHF]HþVWZRMHJRXĔ\WNRZQLNÑZ

lub funkcjonowanie obiektu (w tym wypadku zanieczyszczanie parku przez odchody ptasie, a w przypadku EREUÑZ ]H Z]JOöGX QD ]DJURĔHQLH

Ĕ\FLDMDNLHPRĔHVWDQRZLèGODF]äR- ZLHND ZDOF]ñFH R REURQö JQLD]GD

]ZLHU]ö2F]\ZLVWHMHVWĔHIXQNFMR- QRZDQLH]DE\WNRZHJRSDUNXNWÑUHJR

ZDUWRĈFLNXOWXURZHZFDä\PSURFHVLH

UHZDORU\]DFMLVñXZ\SXNODQHLNWÑU\

Z\V\FDVLöUÑĔQRURGQ\PLHOHPHQWDPL

VäXĔñF\PLUHNUHDFMLZV\WXDFMLLVWQLH- QLDRJURPQHMNRORQLLSWDNÑZ]DQLH- F]\V]F]DMñF\FK Z\EUDQH IUDJPHQW\

]DäRĔHQLDLXFLñĔOLZ\FKDNXVW\F]QLH

MHVWFRQDMPQLHMSUREOHPDW\F]QH-HĈOL

podejmowana jest rewaloryzacja par- NXNWÑUHMSURJUDPG]LDäDþSRZVWDMH

SU]\ ZVSÑäXG]LDOH ZRMHZÑG]NLHJR

NRQVHUZDWRUD]DE\WNÑZWR]SHZQR- ĈFLñQLHSRWRE\]QDF]QñF]öĈèSDUNX

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QRPHQRPHQ rezerwat ornitologiczny RF]\ZLĈFLHRLOHQLHPDVSHFMDOQ\FK

]DOHFHþ]HVWURQ\NRQVHUZDWRUDSU]\- rody, a w opisywanym przypadku WDNLHJR ]DOHFHQLD QLH E\äR : SDU- ku Belzackim, na podstawie wpisu do rejestru zabytku, chroniony jest kompleks krajobrazowy stworzony UöNñ F]äRZLHND MDNR GREUR NXOWXU\

=DVLHGOHQLHSU]H]JDZURQ\QDVWñSLäR

Z VSRVÑE ZWÑUQ\ QD VNXWHN EUDNX

wykonywania stosownych prac pie- OöJQDF\MQ\FK PLöG]\ LQQ\PL XVX- ZDQLD ] QDMZ\ĔV]\FK GU]HZ F]öVWR

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JDäö]LLNRQDUÑZD]DWHP]SRZRGX

EUDNXZäDĈFLZHMJRVSRGDUNLGU]HZR- stanem. W tym wypadku zaniedbania SLHOöJQDF\MQH NWÑUH PLDä QDSUDZLè

SURJUDP UHZDORU\]DFML RND]Dä\ VLö

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VWRVRZQ\FK]H]ZROHþZWU\ELHGZÑFK

XVWDZRGQRV]ñF\FKVLöGRRFKURQ\

]DE\WNÑZLRFKURQ\SU]\URG\VNXWNR- ZDèPRJñRJUDQLF]HQLDPLZSUDFDFK

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U]HF]XWU]\PDQLDREHFQRĈFLSWDNÑZ

NWÑUHSRZRGXMñMHJR]QLV]F]HQLD3D- UDGRNVDOQLHZäDĈQLHQDWHUHQLH3LRWU- NRZD7U\EXQDOVNLHJRPDP\SU]\NäDG

]GXPLHZDMñFHM GHF\]ML VäXĔE RGSR- ZLHG]LDOQ\FK ]D RFKURQö SU]\URG\

Z ]DNUHVLH REHFQRĈFL NRORQLL JDZ- URQÑZQDREV]DU]HLQQHJR]DE\WNR- wego parku, QRWD EHQH SRäRĔRQHJR

Z FHQWUXP PLDVWD e.RQVWHUQDFMö

ZĈUÑG SLRWUNRZVNLFK XU]öGQLNÑZ

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SäRV]HQLHJDZURQÑZZSDUNX3RQLD- WRZVNLHJR]XĔ\FLHPVRNRäD'HF\]MD

RGPRZQD]DZLHUDSRUDGöE\äDZNL

NWÑUH]QDMGXMñVLöSRGJQLD]GDPLSR

SURVWXSU]HVWDZLès⁶.

:UDFDMñF GR SUREOHPDW\NL

ochrony nie tylko kulturowej, ale

WDNĔH SU]\URGQLF]HM SDUNX %HO]DF- NLHJR ZDUWR QDGPLHQLè ĔH RERN

zbiornika wodnego (zasiedlonego OLF]Q\PLRUJDQL]PDPLĔ\Z\PLZäD- ĈQLHGU]HZRVWDQSDUNRZ\ZV]F]H- JÑOQRĈFLVWDURGU]HZVWDQRZLQDMZ\Ĕ- V]ñ ZDUWRĈè ]DäRĔHQLD 2]QDF]RQR

Z QLP äñF]QLH JDWXQNL GU]HZ

L NU]HZÑZ ] SU]HEDGDQ\FK

egzemplarzy. Z analizy struktury gatunkowej, wiekowej i kompozy- F\MQHMGU]HZRVWDQXZ\QLNDĔHVNäDG

gatunkowy historycznego drzewo- VWDQX XOHJä ]QLHNV]WDäFHQLX SU]HGH

wszystkim przez nadmiernie rozra- VWDMñFHVLöVDPRVLHZ\D]QLV]F]HQLD

GU]HZ Vñ Z\QLNLHP ZLHOROHWQLHJR

EUDNX SLHOöJQDFML 6WUXNWXUö JDWXQ- NRZñGU]HZRVWDQXSU]HGVWDZLRQRQD

SRQLĔV]\PZ\NUHVLHU\F1DU\- FLQLHSRPLQLöWRJDWXQNLZ\VWöSXMñFH

ZIRUPLHVNXSLQF]\Ĕ\ZRSäRWÑZ]H

Z]JOöGXQDEUDNPRĔOLZRĈFLGRNäDG- QHJRSROLF]HQLDLFKOLF]E\6WUXNWXUö

ZLHNRZñGU]HZRVWDQXSU]HGVWDZLR- no na rycinie 8.

Analiza wiekowa drzewostanu SROHJDäDQDRV]DFRZDQLXZLHNXSR- V]F]HJÑOQ\FK GU]HZ QD SRGVWDZLH

tablic wiekowych L. Majdeckiego (1986) i zaklasyfikowaniu ich do RNUHĈORQ\FK JUXS ZLHNRZ\FK 3R- G]LDäX GRNRQDQR ZHGäXJ VWDGLÑZ

UR]ZRMRZ\FKGU]HZRVWDQXLHWDSÑZ

KLVWRU\F]Q\FK ]ZLñ]DQ\FK ] NROHM- Q\PLHWDSDPLXĔ\WNRZDQLDSDUNX

Z analizy wiekowej wynika, LĔ Z SDUNX GRPLQXMñ QDVDG]HQLD

ZZLHNXRGGRODW6WDQRZLñ

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Egzemplarze w wieku do 20 lat

(8)

their motion for permit to scare rooks in the Poniatowski Park with use of a falcon. The refusal contained a sug- gestion to simply move the benches WKDW DUH ORFDWHG XQGHU WKH ELUGVq

QHVWVfs⁶.

To return to the issues of protecting not only the cultural, but also the natural values of Belzacki Park, it is worth mentioning that, apart from the water reservoir (which is inhabited by numerous organisms), it is precisely the tree stand, in particular the overmature trees, that are the most valuable element of the complex.

42 species of trees and bushes were found there among 1138 analysed specimen. The analysis of the species, age, and layout structure of the tree stand revealed that the composition of species in the historic tree stand was distorted mainly by overgrown coincidence seedlings, and the damages to trees result from long-term lack of maintenance. The structure of species in the tree stand is presented LQWKHGLDJUDPEHORZ)LJ6SHFLHV

that exist in form of clusters or hedges were omitted, as it was impossible to determine the exact number of specimen. The age structure of the tree stand is presented in Figure 8.

The age analysis of the tree stand consisted in estimating the age of individual trees based on the age tables by L. Majdecki (1986) and clas- sifying them to specific age groups.

The classification was based on the development stages of the tree stand and historic periods connected with consecutive stages of use of the park.

The age analysis revealed that WKH SDUN LV GRPLQDWHG E\ WR

year old plants. They account for approx. 34% of the whole stand.

Specimen below 20 years of age account for 16% of all analysed trees, ZKLOHDUHu\HDUVROGDQG

DSSUR[ RI WUHHV DUH u

years old. Trees older than 100 years account for approx. 6%. The oldest VSHFLPHQV EHORQJ WR WKH VSHFLHV

)UD[LQXV H[FHOVLRU, 4XHUFXV UREXU,

7LOLD FRUGDWD, RU )DJXV V\OYDWLFD

These are also the tallest trees, while old ash trees are most frequently inhabited by rooks.

Discussion

The problem presented in the article may seem trivial, but it certainly deserves attention and it is quite common in many historic parks. These places face similar situ- ations, which, in consequence, often discourage local residents from fully using the assets of the parks. When preparing the documentation for the revitalisation of each historic landscape, the team of authors together with the co-operating authorities and supported by communities involved in the social participation process, attempts to revive the social, cultural, and, obviously, natural aspects of the space that has been degraded and sometimes even devastated for years.

As a result, revitalisation documentation is prepared that should first of all meet the objectives of the Florence )LJ6WUXFWXUHRIVSHFLHVLQWKHSDUNWUHHVWDQGHODERUDWHGE\00LOHFND

5\F6WUXNWXUDJDWXQNRZDGU]HZRVWDQXSDUNRZHJRRSUDF00LOHFND

VWDQRZLñZV]\VWNLFKEDGDQ\FK

drzew. Egzemplarze w wieku od 20 GRODWREHMPXMñZZLHNXRG

GRODWRNGU]HZ2NRäR

VWDQRZLñ GU]HZD SRZ\ĔHM

lat. Do najstarszych egzemplarzy ]DOLF]DMñVLöGU]HZDQDOHĔñFHPLQ

GRJDWXQNÑZ)UD[LQXVH[FHOVLRU,4X

HUFXVUREXU,7LOLDFRUGDWDczy)DJXV

V\OYDWLFDLWRZäDĈQLHWHGU]HZDQD- OHĔñGRQDMZ\ĔV]\FK]DĈQDMFKöWQLHM

]DVLHGODQH SU]H] JDZURQ\ Vñ VWDUH

jesiony.

Dyskusja

Przedstawiony w artykule pro- EOHP PRĔH Z\GDè VLö EäDK\ DOH

WDNLP QLH MHVW SRQDGWR MHVW GRĈè

powszechny w wielu historycznych parkach. Spotykamy w nich ana- logiczne sytuacje, w konsekwencji F]öVWR SURZDG]ñFH GR ]QLHFKö- FHQLD PLHV]NDþFÑZ GR NRU]\VWD- QLD ] LFK ZDORUÑZ 3U]\JRWRZXMñF

GRNXPHQWDFMöUHZDORU\]DFMLNDĔGHJR

KLVWRU\F]QHJR NUDMREUD]X ]HVSÑä

DXWRUVNL ZUD] ]H ZVSÑäSUDFXMñF\PL

]QLPXU]öGDPLZVSRPDJDQ\SU]H]

JUXS\ VSRäHF]QH ]DDQJDĔRZDQH

Z SURFHV SDUW\F\SDFML VWDUD VLö

SU]\ZUÑFLèGRĔ\FLDQDSäDV]F]\ĒQLH

VSRäHF]QHMNXOWXURZHMLRF]\ZLĈFLH

SU]\URGQLF]HM SU]HVWU]Hþ NWÑUD RG

ODW E\äD GHJUDGRZDQD D QLHNLHG\

nawet dewastowana. Zgodnie z tym przygotowywana jest dokumentacja UHZDORU\]DFMLNWÑUDZLQQDVSHäQLDè

SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP ]DäRĔHQLD .DUW\

Florenckiej MDNR GRNXPHQWX PLö- G]\QDURGRZHJRGHILQLXMñFHJR]DVD- G\RFKURQ\KLVWRU\F]Q\FKRJURGÑZ

i stosownych ustaw krajowych. War- WRMHGQDNSRNXVLèVLöRUHIOHNVMöE\

ZFDä\PSURFHVLHX]JRGQLHQLRZ\P

RNUHĈODMñF\P SU]\V]ä\ VWDWXV KLVWR- rycznego krajobrazu i zasady jego IXQNFMRQRZDQLD ZH ZVSÑäF]HVQ\FK

ZDUXQNDFKWRZäDĈQLHRUJDQ\RSLQLX- MñFH RGSRZLHG]LDOQH ]D SU]\V]äRĈè

QDV]HJR ZVSÑOQHJR G]LHG]LFWZD

przyrodniczego, jak i kulturowego ]DGEDä\8RZVSÑäLVWQLHQLHW\FKSäDV]- F]\]Q .RQLHF]QH Vñ ] SHZQRĈFLñ

szersza analiza krajobrazowa oraz RNUHĈOHQLHGRVWöSQRĈFLSU]HVLHGODQLD

niechcianych w parkach zabytko- Z\FK JDWXQNÑZ ]ZLHU]ñW : SDUNX

%HO]DFNLP SUREOHP WHQ SRMDZLä VLö

]DUÑZQRZSU]\SDGNXEREUÑZGOD

NWÑU\FKWUXGQRE\äR]QDOHĒèPLHMVFH

SU]HQLHVLHQLDMDNLJDZURQÑZNWÑUH

SU]HSäRV]RQH]H]UHZDORU\]RZDQHJR

SDUNX3RQLDWRZVNLHJRVWDä\VLöQLH- FKFLDQ\PLORNDWRUDPLWDNĔHZSDUNX

Belzackim.

Przeanalizujmy zatem na nieco LQQ\PSR]LRPLHSUREOHP]DLVWQLDä\

w obu piotrkowskich parkach. Wie- P\ĔHJDZURQ\WRNRPHQVDOH]MDGD- MñFH UHV]WNL SRĔ\ZLHQLD Z\U]XFDQH

SU]H] F]äRZLHND 1LH eVSU]ñWDMñs

MHGQDNQDV]\FKPLDVW%\WXMñFZVñ- siedztwie siedzib ludzkich, swoimi RGFKRGDPL]DQLHF]\V]F]DMñSU]HGH

ZV]\VWNLP WHUHQ\ SRäRĔRQH SRQLĔHM

PLHMVF VZHJR JQLD]GRZDQLD ]DĈ

JURPDGQLH SU]HVLDGXMñF QD GU]H- ZDFK ]DQLHF]\V]F]DMñ VWRMñFH SRG

QLPL VDPRFKRG\ D WDNĔH XEUDQLD

SU]HFKRGQLÑZ QLV]F]ñ HOHZDFMH

EXG\QNÑZ L ]LHORQH SU]HVWU]HQLH

VäXĔñFH UHNUHDFML ,FK JäRĈQH JUR- madne krakanie nie jest przyjemne dla ludzkiego ucha, lecz raczej iry- WXMñFH 7UXGQR Z\SRF]\ZDè Z LFK

WRZDU]\VWZLH V]F]HJÑOQLH JG\ VWD- QRZLñOLF]QñJUXSö1LHVWHW\WRQD

F]äRZLHNXVSRF]\ZDRGSRZLHG]LDO- QRĈè ]D ]DFKRZDQLH W\FK ]ZLHU]ñW

L VWZRU]HQLH ZDUXQNÑZ DE\ VZRMñ

(9)

Charter as an international docu- ment that defines the principles for the protection of historic gardens, and of the applicable national legislation.

+RZHYHULWLVZRUWKFRQVLGHULQJWKDW

it is precisely the decision-making authorities that are responsible for the future of our cultural and natural heritage should ensure⁸ the harmoni- ous coexistence of these two aspects in the whole negotiation process that defines the future status of a historic landscape and the principles of its functioning in contemporary conditions. It is doubtlessly necessary to conduct wider landscape analyses and to determine the possibility to resettle the species of animals that are undesirable in historic parks. In Belzacki Park, this problem refers both to beavers, for which it was hard to find a new settlement, and to rooks, which, although scared away from the renovated Poniatowski Park, became unwanted residents of this park as well.

Let us analyse the problem of both parks in Piotrkow Trybunalski on a slightly different plane. It is known that rooks are commensals that eat food leftovers thrown away E\ KXPDQV +RZHYHU WKH\ GR QRW

clean our towns. As they inhabit the vicinity of human settlements, their faeces soil mainly the areas located under their nesting places. Large groups sitting in trees pollute the cars parked below, as well as the clothes of passers-by; they destroy building facades and recreational green areas.

Their cawing is not music to human

ears. To the contrary, it is rather an irritating noise. It is difficult to relax in their presence, especially, if there is a large group of birds. Unfortunately, humans are responsible for preserving this species and to create such conditions that will minimise the damages caused by birds⁹. Obviously, no one will attempt to hurt these birds or to eliminate them from the environment.

The aim is to find proper habitats for them in urban ecosystems. It is well known that rooks inhabit the tallest trees, in particular if they are located near sources of food. The most attrac- tive sources in urban environment are dumps and areas adjacent to arable lands, i.e. at the outskirts of towns.

Let us now refer this information to the situation of Belzacki Park and the Poniatowski Park located in the city centre, as these two cases are connected. It should be noted that, when renovation works were conducted in Poniatowski Park several years ago, the rooks that had inhabited it moved to Belzacki Park (the nearest area with tall trees, where they were additionally not disturbed, as the park was used extensively). Figure 9 shows the areas of both parks (the borders are marked green) in the light of the management of Piotrkow Trybunalski.

The dots mark two waste dumps. It is worth noting, that the Poniatowski Park, where, (as sources inform) it was forbidden to use the help of a falconer in scaring away the rooks and it was recommended to move the benches in the area inhabited by rooks, is situated right next to the

southern waste collection facility. Just a simple analysis of these locations demonstrates that, in the discussed situation, in the urban ecosystem, it was the rook that proved to be more rational, as it settled in the nearest convenient area located right next to WKHVRXUFHRIIRRG+RZHYHULWLVKX- mans who are responsible for spatial management, including the location of dumps or landfills and greenery management, and who creates the living conditions for other species.

The urban landscape is currently wholly formed by humans, and, as it is completely devoid of the possibility of self-regulation, it requires constant participation of human factor in shaping its form. Thus, in the described case it would be reasonable, firstly, to refuse consent for the placement of a waste dump next to a historic park¹⁰+RZHYHUILUVWRI

all, at the stage of creating the city development plan the authorities should ensure creating appropriate zones of greenery, including tall trees, in the vicinity of areas planned for landfills, placed reasonably in the landscape. Obviously, the problem of finding appropriate places to live in urban landscape applies to numerous other species. The awareness of this issue should be raised as soon as possible and solutions in form of preserves should be implemented throughout the country, because the situation of animals in increasingly ecologically fragmented landscape is becoming dramatic. It is certain that such places, properly arranged

REHFQRĈFLñZ\U]ñG]Dä\MDNQDMPQLHM

V]NÑG⁹2F]\ZLĈFLHQLNWQLH]PLHU]D

do krzywdzenia czy eliminowania ]H ĈURGRZLVND SU]\URGQLF]HJR W\FK

SWDNÑZDOHGR]QDOH]LHQLDZHNRV\V- temach miejskich odpowiednich dla QLFKPLHMVFE\WRZDQLD:LDGRPRĔH

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REU]HĔDFKPLDVWD2GQLHĈP\WHLQIRU- macje do sytuacji parku Belzackiego LSRäRĔRQHJRZFHQWUXPPLDVWDSDUNX

LP3RQLDWRZVNLHJRERZLHPVñRQH

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przeprowadzono prace rewalory- zacyjne parku Poniatowskiego, za- PLHV]NXMñFHJRJDZURQ\F]öĈFLRZR

SU]HQLRVä\VLöGRSDUNX%HO]DFNLHJR

QDMEOLĔV]HJR REV]DUX ] Z\VRNLPL

drzewostanami, gdzie dodatkowo nie niepokojono ich z uwagi na ekstensywne wykorzystanie parku).

Na rycinie 9 przedstawiono tereny REXSDUNÑZJUDQLFHZNRORU]H]LH- ORQ\P Z NRQWHNĈFLH ]DJRVSRGDUR- ZDQLD3LRWUNRZD7U\EXQDOVNLHJR]DĈ

kropkami oznaczono dwa miejsca VNäDGRZLVNĈPLHFL1DXZDJö]ZUD- FD LVWQLHMñF\ WXĔ SU]\ XORNRZDQ\P

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park im. Poniatowskiego, gdzie (co ZLHP\]HĒUÑGHä]DND]DQRSRPRF\

VRNROQLND GR SU]HSäRV]HQLD JDZUR- QÑZL]DRUG\QRZDQRSU]HVWDZLDQLH

äDZHN Z VWUHILH ]DVLHGORQHM SU]H]

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w opisywanej sytuacji w ekosystemie miejskim racjonalnym gatunkiem RND]DäVLöJDZURQ]DMPXMñF\QDMEOLĔ- V]HPXGRJRGQHWHUHQ\SRäRĔRQHWXĔ

SU]\PLHMVFXĔHURZDQLD$OH]D]D- gospodarowanie przestrzenne, w tym ORNDOL]DFMHZ\V\SLVNF]\VNäDGRZLVN

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ZDUXQNLGODSR]RVWDä\FKJDWXQNÑZ

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